UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
ING. OLAECHEA HUARCAYA , JUAN
GEOSINTETICOS
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL INDICE
1. HISTORIA
Pag.01
2. DEFINICIÓN
Pag.04
3. CLASIFICACION DE LOS GEOSINTETICOS
Pag.05
4. PROPIEDADES GENERALES
Pag.20
5. DEFINICION DE GEOTEXTILES
Pag.21
6. CLASIFICACION DE GEOTEXTILES
Pag.22
7. PROPIEDADES DE GEOTEXTILES
Pag.23
8. FUNCIONES
Pag.25
9. APLICACIONES
Pag.27
10. UTILIZACION DE LA GEOMEMBRANA GEOMEMBRANA Y GEOTEXTIL EN OBRA
Pag.28
11. BIBLIOGRAGIA
pag.31
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL NACIONAL SAN S AN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
GEOSINTETICOS
1. HISTORIA 1879-1910 – ORÍGENES: EL DESARROLLO DEL GAVIÓN El 3 de mayo de 1879, Raffaele Maccaferri fundó la empresa “Ditta Maccaferri Raffaele Officina de Fabbro” en Lavino para la fabricación de productos de hierro fundido. “Ditta Maccaferri” desarrolló el famoso “gavión” para ejecutar obras de protección hidráulica a lo largo del río Reno,
en Casalecchio di Reno, región de Bologna. El gavión proporcionó las condiciones para la transformación de un negocio artesanal en una empresa industrial, resultando en la expansión de la empresa. Los gaviones “saco” fueron seguidos por el nuevo diseño en forma de caja, el cual fue utiliza do
en muchas grandes obras públicas: en el rio Tiber, en el rio Arno y en Sicilia. 1910-1970: LA ERA DE EXPANSIÓN EXP ANSIÓN Inicio del proceso de diversificación de la empresa original hacia distintos sectores industriales: Creación de 18 nuevas empresas a través de fusiones y adquisiciones, como por ejemplo, ICO y Hatù (productos de caucho), Sapaba (canteras), Saddam (azúcar) Samputensili (herramientas de corte y mecanizado de engranajes). Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el nuevo Director Ejecutivo Gaetano Maccaferri orientó la reorganización y el relanzamiento de la producción. Nuevos productos fueron creados; el revestimiento de PVC para alambres galvanizados y el colchón Reno®. Una de las primeras aplicaciones de gaviones con revestimiento revesti miento plástico data de 1956 para la protección de márgenes del canal Bristol en el Reino Unido. La Officine Maccaferri fue la primera empresa en Europa en introducir el galvanizado pesado. En 1966 Florencia fue afectada por fuertes inundaciones. Los gaviones demostraron ser extremadamente eficientes para la reconstrucción de las carreteras y vías fluviales. 1970-1980 – ASCENSO AL MERCADO MUNDIAL La Officine Maccaferri amplió sus actividades en el extranjero. Fueron establecidas fábricas en Canadá, EE.UU. y Brasil. La compañía aceptó el reto de estar presente en los cinco continentes con métodos de penetración del mercado extremadamente agresivos y procesos industriales cada vez más avanzados. La consecuencia de esta correcta estrategia fue un rápido y preciso proceso de presencia geográfica y diversificación de productos. La relación comercial con los clientes fue mejorando en estos años con un enfoque personalizado técnico/promocional dirigido
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL 1980-2000 – NUEVA ESTRATEGIA: DE PRODUCTOS A SOLUCIONES COMPLEJAS En la década del 90 la empresa dio inicio a una política para el desarrollo de una red de socios y conocimiento con el fin de ofrecer a sus clientes un portfolio de soluciones que reúne: bajo impacto ambiental, excelente relación costo-beneficio, durabilidad y conformidad con las normas técnicas internacionales. Partiendo de un único producto, el gavión, para la diversificación de soluciones y la profundización de conocimiento en otras especialidades de ingeniería, el Grupo Officine Maccaferri amplio su relación con los clientes. Estos fueron los años en los que los materiales geosintéticos ingresaron de manera decisiva al portfolio de soluciones de Maccaferri, y el refuerzo de hormigón con fibras metálicas funcionó como una puerta hacia el mundo de túneles y pisos industriales. 2000-2001 – CRECIMIENTO DE LOS SECTORES Y LOS CONOCIMIENTOS: DE GEOSINTÉTICOS GEOSINTÉTICOS A NUEVAS SOLUCIONES AVANZADAS. Maccaferri comenzó la producción de materiales Geosintéticos, incluyendo la adquisición de la compañía inglesa Linear Composites, trayendo las geomallas/geogrillas Paralink y Paragrid al portfolio de la empresa. La construcción de nuevas fábricas permitió la producción de geomallas tejidas, geomantas, geocompuesto y geomembranas en Brasil y la producción de Paralink y Paraweb en la India. La reciente adquisición del fabricante italiano de geosintéticos Italdreni, a finales de 2010, amplió aún más la presencia de Maccaferri en el mundo de los geosintéticos, particularmente dentro del control de la erosión y el drenaje. Este conocimiento en geosintéticos hizo de Maccaferri un líder en el sector de rellenos sanitarios y protección ambiental, especialmente en Italia. La diversificación del sector continuó durante fines de la década con una asociación con ELAS Geotechnica, un proveedor de soluciones especializado para el sector de túneles y fabricante de anclajes de fibra de vidrio, medios de drenaje y aditivos para hormigón. Esto complementa las soluciones de túneles existentes de Maccaferri incluido el suministro de fibras de acero para el refuerzo de hormigón (gunitado y revestimientos prefabricados) en grandes obras de infraestructura, tales como trenes de alta velocidad en Italia, las principales líneas de metro en Barcelona y Madrid en España y túneles de agua en Canadá, EE.UU. y Nueva Zelanda. En la segunda mitad de esta década, Maccaferri también aumentó su presencia en el área de las aplicaciones aplic aciones para la mitigación mitig ación de caída de rocas y nieve. Soluciones dentro de ésta área incluyen obras de protección contra riesgos naturales como desprendimiento de rocas, aludes y avalanchas, y en aplicaciones específicas del sector minero. Productos de avanzada, desarrollados a través de la I + D y evaluaciones de las necesidades del mercado, están siendo cada vez más interesantes para nuestros clientes. El crecimiento de nuestro sector en obras hidráulicas, especialmente obras costeras, ha sido impulsado a través de nuestra participación en grandes proyectos. Lo más notable fue el desarrollo de colchones de grava filtrantes y de los equipos para su instalación bajo el agua para
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL 2015 – NUEVOS RETOS Maccaferri está listo para afrontar los nuevos desafíos a través de un crecimiento sustentable, incluyendo el desarrollo y adquisición de tecnologías innovadoras que serán utilizadas en todo el mundo, trabajando en la innovación de nuestros productos para superar las expectativas de nuestros clientes. Siempre que los clientes y sus desafíos se encuentren en el mundo, Maccaferri tendrá como objetivo “Engineering a Better Solution”.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL 2. DEFINICION Los Geosintéticos son un grupo de materiales fabricados mediante la transformación industrial de substancias químicas denominadas polímeros, del tipo conocido genéricamente como “plásticos”, que de su forma elemental, de polvos o gránulos, son convertidos mediante uno o
más procesos, en láminas, fibras, perfiles, películas, tejidos, mallas, etc., o en compuestos de dos o más de ellos, existiendo también algunas combinaciones con materiales de origen vegetal. Aunque en la naturaleza naturaleza existen de manera manera natural, substancias substancias poliméricas, poliméricas, como la seda y la celulosa, la diferencia con los geosintéticos, es que estos últimos son fabricados por el hombre, a partir de productos obtenidos de la refinación del petróleo. Otra característica particular de los geosintéticos es que su aplicación se relaciona con la actividad de la construcción, por lo que participan como parte integral de sistemas y estructuras que utilizan materiales de construcción tradicionales, como suelos, roca, agregados, asfaltos, concreto, etc. Sus funciones dentro de tales estructuras son las de complementar, conservar, o bien mejorar el funcionamiento de los sistemas constructivos e inclusive, en algunos casos, sustituir por completo algunos materiales y procesos de la construcción tradicional.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL Georedes o Geomallas Geodrenes Geomantas Geoceldas Geocompuestos de Bentonita 3.1.
GEOTEXTILES
Los geotextiles son telas con diversas estructuras, cuyos elemento individuales son fibras, filamentos, o cintas de plástico, que siguiendo sigu iendo diversos patrones de distribución distribuci ón de sus elementos individuales, se reúnen y entrelazan entre sí por medio de diversos procesos que les someten a acciones mecánicas, térmicas, químicas, o varias de ellas, obteniendo así, estructuras continuas, relativamente relativament e delgadas, porosas y permeables en forma de hojas, que tienen resistencia en su plano. Tipos de Geotextiles, según el proceso de su fabricación:
Geotextiles Geotextiles No Tejidos Geotextiles Geotextiles Tejidos
Tipos de Geotextiles, según el polímero de su fabricación:
Geotextiles de Poliéster Geotextiles de Polipropileno
Las propiedades de los Geotextiles son resultado de la combinación de su polímero base, de su estructura y de los procesos de acabado a que se sometió el material. La estructura es el arreglo geométrico entre los elementos individuales del producto, ya sean fibras cortadas, filamentos o cintas, y del tipo de unión entre los mismos, factores que resultan en un material específico.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL 3.2.
GEOMEMBRANAS
La Geomembranas son láminas de muy baja permeabilidad que se emplean como barreras hidráulicas; se fabrican en diversos espesores y se impactan como rollos que se unen entre sí mediante técnicas de termofusión, extrusión de soldadura, mediante aplicación de adhesivos, solventes o mediante vulcanizado, según su naturaleza química. Tipos de Geomembranas, según el proceso de su fabricación:
Geomembranas No Reforzadas Geomembranas Reforzadas
Tipos de Geomembranas, según el polímero de su fabricación:
Geomembranas de PVC Plastificad Geomembranas de Polietileno de Alta Densidad Geomembranas de Polipropileno Geomembranas de Polietileno Cloro Sulfonado Geomembranas de Hules Sintéticos
Las Geomembranas de mayor volumen de aplicación son las No Reforzadas, de Polietileno de Alta Densidad y de PVC Plastificado. Las Geomembranas de Polietileno de Alta Densidad (PEAD) se fabrican en rollos anchos, de 7.0m o más, y en esta presentación se embarcan al sitio de la obra, donde se unen unos con otros mediante equipo de termofusión y extrusión de soldadura del mismo polímero. Otro tipo muy usual de Geomembranas, son las de PVC Plastificado, las cuales se instalan mediante la unión en campo, de lienzos prefabricados en plantas industriales, según un despiece planeado, para luego unirse unos con otros en su sitio de ubicación final, a manera de
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL La selección del tipo de geomembrana para cada aplicación requiere del análisis de diversas variables:
Compatibilidad Compatibilid ad Química Comportamiento Comportamient o Mecánico Requerido Exposición al Intemperismo Intemperism o Eventual Daño Mecánico y Reparaciones
Las variables indicadas anteriormente no son, sin embargo, las únicas a considerar, requiriéndose generalmente, de una evaluación más completa de la instalación de que se trata, tomando en cuenta que existen situaciones que requieren diseñar de manera más completa, no pudiendo depender exclusivamente de un producto (la geomembrana), para impedir el acaecimiento de situaciones graves, como puede ser, por ejemplo, la fuga de sustancias peligrosas que pueden contaminar el ambiente y amenazar la salud pública, para lo cual se requiere construir SISTEMAS IMPERMEABLES, en vez de simplemente UTILIZAR PRODUCTOS IMPERMEABLES. El diseño de instalaciones de ese tipo se lleva a cabo por empresas especialistas y generalmente las soluciones implementadas emplean otros Geosintéticos además de Geomembranas, en diseños “a prueba de fallas”.
VENTAJAS DE LAS GEOMEMBRANAS SOBRE IMPERMEABILIZACIONES CON ARCILLA COMPACTADA:
Continuidad
Las capas de arcilla compactada contienen pequeños conductos en su masa, a través de los cuales se establece el flujo de líquidos. Estos conductos se presentan por agrietamiento, al perder humedad la arcilla. También se presentan conductos horizontales en la frontera entre las capas compactadas. La razón de esto es que las barreras de suelo no son materiales continuos, sino el producto del acomodamiento y densificación de partículas por el proceso de compactación
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
PRINCIPALES USOS DE LA GEOMEMBRANA
En la construcción civil sus usos más comunes comunes son la impermeabili impermeabilización zación de túneles, el empleo en muros de contención y áreas sujetas a impermeabilización, y en proyectos paisajísticos, losas y reservorios.
.
En la agricultura, se emplean para canales de riego, ensilado, estercoleras, impermeabilización de represas agrícolas, piletas para piscicultura y cisternas.
.
Entre los empleos industriales que se le da es habitual recurrir a geomembranas de PVC en tanques para galvanoplastia. En el ámbito del medio ambiente, se recurre a este tipo de aislantes en estanques de tratamiento de residuos y estanques de concentración de residuos de procesos industriales.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
3.3.
GEOREDES O GEOMALLAS
Son elementos estructurales que se utilizan para distribuir la carga que transmiten terraplenes, cimentaciones y pavimentos, así como cargas vivas, sobre terrenos de baja capacidad portante, o bien como elementos de refuerzo a la tensión unidireccional, en muros de contención y taludes reforzados que se construyen por el método de suelo reforzado.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL Por su Flexibilidad, se tienen dos tipos:
Georedes Rígidas, que se fabrican mediante procesos de pre-esfuerzo pre-esf uerzo del polímero, primordialmente Polipropileno y Polietileno de Alta Densidad. Georedes Flexibles, fabricadas mediante procesos de tejido de filamentos de alta tenacidad, que fueron previamente sometidos a un alto grado de orientación molecular; se fabrican de Poliéster.
Dado que las Georedes Uniaxiales se utilizan en estructuras cuyo comportamiento comportami ento debe garantizarse por lapsos muy largos (de hasta 100 años), sus propiedades relevantes son:
Resistencia a la Tensión Resistencia a Largo Plazo Bajo Carga Sostenida Coeficiente de Fricción en contacto con el suelo que refuerza Resistencia al Daño Mecánico Resistencia a ataque químico y biológico
Las Georedes Biaxiales funcionan mediante mecanismos de interacción con el suelo y los agregados, que les permiten tomar parte de los esfuerzos inducidos durante la construcción, mediante fuerzas de tensión que se desarrollan en el plano del material. Por ello, las propiedades principales de las Georedes Biaxiales, directamente relacionadas con sus diversas aplicaciones, son:
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL La materia prima son los Polímeros los cuales, debido a su comportamiento no biodegradable, facilitan su aplicación en suelos ya que soportan las sustancias que se pueden encontrar en estos. Los polímeros más utilizados para la fabricación de geosintéticos son Poliolefinas (Polipropileno y Polietileno) y Poliéster. APLICACIONES Drenaje o
Bases y terracerías para vías férreas
Para caminos pavimentados y terracerías, para terracerías soportes de vías férreas y en particular para suelos suel os blandos, es posible colocar un geocompuesto entre el suelo de cimentación y la capa de material inerte. El geocompuesto separa los dos tipos de suelo y evita la contaminación del material inerte con el suelo de cimentación, previniendo la acumulación de agua y permitiendo tener una base bien drenada y por lo tanto seca. o
Túneles y estructuras subterráneas
Durante la construcción de estructuras subterráneas cubiertas de concreto (particularmente túneles), es necesario prevenir que el agua llegue a tener contacto con dicha cubierta que pueda
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
Tipos de Geodrenes, según el Polímero de su Núcleo
Núcleo de Poliestireno Poliestiren o de Alto Impacto Núcleo de Polietileno de Alta Densidad
Tipos de Geodrenes, según la forma de su Núcleo
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL filtraciones filtraci ones en la parte superior del relleno contenido por el muro y así evitar la generación de empujes hidrostáticos sobre el mismo y también para interceptar flujos en laderas. FUNCIONES Separación Refuerzo Filtración Drenaje Contención VENTAJAS Fácil de instalar. Provee de una excelente capacidad drenante. Disminuye el ancho de las zanjas requeridas, reduciendo la cantidad de material a excavar y el tiempo de excavación. Elimina el costo de usar agregados pétreos bien graduados. El costo es menos de la mitad del tubo y el agregado pétreo. Larga vida útil sin ningún mantenimiento. Incrementa la vida útil de los caminos, áreas de estacionamiento y pistas aereas.
APLICACIONES El Geodren es ideal para drenes longuitudinales de autopistas, carreteras y caminos o ferrocarriles, o donde se requiera drenar el agua del subsuselo, en áreas donde se presenten altos esfuerzos de compresión y sean requeridas altas velocidades de flujo, como: aeropuertos,
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL 3.5.
GEOMANTAS
Son láminas relativamente gruesas formadas con filamentos cortos o largos de plástico, generalmente polipropileno, polietileno o nailon, de sección rectangular o cónica, simplemente agrupados con ayuda de redecillas, aglutinantes o costuras muy sencillas, o bien fuertemente entrelazados entre sí, que pueden o no incluir capas de fibras de origen vegetal.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL puede ser aportada por los mismos filamentos sintéticos que forman su estructura o por un elemento de refuerzo adicional.
Igual al anterior, pero de menor porosidad por la inclusión en su estructura, de capas de fibras de coco.
VENTAJAS DE LAS GEOMANTAS:
Impiden perdida de valiosa capa vegetal debido a la erosión por viento o por por agua. Proporcionan condiciones excelentes para el crecimiento rápido de una vegetación sana. Reducen la sedimentación de lagos, canales de drenaje y carreteras. Proporcionan protección a largo plazo durante los meses de invierno. Protegen las semillas de ser consumidas por animales salvajes. Protegen la calidad del agua en ríos y arroyos.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
Taludes en embalses. La colocación y relleno de material granul ar de la geocelda protege contra la erosión y evita el crecimiento innecesario de vegetación, además de ser una solución sustitutiva y económica de la instalación de sistemas de gaviones.
2. Instalación en los márgenes de los canales De forma habitual, se emplean sistemas de escollera como medida anti erosión en los márgenes de los canales de obras de encauzamientos y canalizaciones. Pero el uso de geoceldas aporta mayores ventajas y soluciones en comparación con los sistemas tradicionales. El uso de la geocelda otorga una estructura flexible que retiene el hormigón en grandes pendientes de canales. En este caso, las celdas crean pequeños bloques de hormigón que se pueden ajustas a las irregularidades de la cara de la pendiente sin tener que agrietarse.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL 3.7.
GEOCOMPUESTOS DE BENTONITA
Son laminaciones de bentonita de sodio confinada entre dos capas de geotextil. Se usan primordialmente en el confinamiento de substancias peligrosas, como elemento para sellar eventuales perforaciones en las Geomembranas utilizadas como barrera primaria. Se fabrican en rollos que se traslapan y unen entre sí, utilizando bentonita granular bajo los traslapes. Su empleo requiere revisar la eventual existencia de sales de calcio que pueden afectar a la bentonita contenida en el producto. Los Geocompuestos de bentonita laminada son materiales muy pesados ( >5 kg/m2) y requieren estar confinados para desarrollar su función sellante de orificios, derivada de la alta expansividad de la bentonita al hidratarse.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL Buenas características de estabilidad en pendientes. Buenas características de asentamiento diferencial. Fácil instalación incluso en las condiciones climáticas y del terreno menos favorable. Autosellado Autosellado ante posibles posibles perforaciones perforaciones.. No requiere soldadura.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL ENCAPSULACION DE TIERRA CONTAMINADA Sustituye a la impermeabilización mediante arcilla compactada o geomembranas en la encapsulación de tierras contaminadas.
Alta resistencia resistencia en procesos procesos de congelación/desco congelación/descongelación ngelación y humectación/secado. humectación/secado.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL - Ligereza, existiendo materiales menos densos que el agua. - Ductilidad - Maleabilidad - Elevada elasticidad
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL SAN LUIS GONZAGA DE ICA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL GEOTEXTILES TEJIDOS: Se TEJIDOS: Se fabrican al entrelazar generalmente en ángulo recto dos o más conjuntos de hilos, fibras, filamentos, cintas u otros elementos.
Este tipo de Geotextiles presenta una gran anisotropía, ya que poseen dos direcciones
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
The world's largest digital library
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.