Title. I. - OBLIGAT OBLIGATIONS IONS
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS Art. 1156. 1156. An obligation obligation is a jurii!al jurii!al n"!"ssit# n"!"ssit# to gi$"% to to o or not not to o. o. &n' Art. 115(. 115(. Obligations Obligations aris" )ro*+ &1' La,&' Contra!ts&/' 0uasi!ontra!ts&2' A!ts or o*issions 3unis4" b# la,- an &5' 0uasi"li!ts. &17a' Art. 115. 115. Obligations Obligations "ri$" "ri$" )ro* la, ar" not 3r"su*". 3r"su*". Onl# t4os" t4os" "83r"ssl# "83r"ssl# "t"r*in" in t4is Co" or in s3"!ial la,s ar" "*anabl"% an s4all b" r"gulat" b# t4" 3r"!"3ts o) t4" la, ,4i!4 "stablis4"s t4"*- an as to ,4at 4as not b""n )or"s""n% b# t4" 3ro$isions o) t4is 9oo:. &17' Art. 1157. 1157. Obligations Obligations arising arising )ro* !ontra!ts !ontra!ts 4a$" t4" )or!" o) la, b"t,""n b"t,""n t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s an s4oul b" !o*3li" ,it4 in goo )ait4. &171a' Art. 116. 116. Obligations Obligations "ri$" "ri$" )ro* ;uasi!ont ;uasi!ontra!ts ra!ts s4all s4all b" subj"!t subj"!t to t4" 3ro$isions 3ro$isions o) C4a3t"r 1% Titl"
NAT=RE AN> E??ECT O? O9LIGATIONS Art. 116/. 116/. E$"r# 3"rson 3"rson oblig" oblig" to gi$" so*"t4ing so*"t4ing is also oblig" oblig" to ta:" ta:" !ar" o) it ,it4 ,it4 t4" 3ro3"r ilig"n!" o) a goo )at4"r o) a )a*il#% unl"ss t4" la, or t4" sti3ulation o) t4" 3arti"s r";uir"s anot4"r stanar o) !ar". &172a' Art. 1162. 1162. T4" !r"itor !r"itor 4as a rig4t to to t4" )ruits )ruits o) t4" t4ing )ro* )ro* t4" ti*" t4" obligation obligation to "li$"r it aris"s. Ho,"$"r% 4" s4all a!;uir" no r"al rig4t o$"r it until t4" sa*" 4as b""n "li$"r" to 4i*. &175'
Art. 1165. 1165. @4"n ,4at ,4at is to b" b" "li$"r" "li$"r" is a "t"r*inat" "t"r*inat" t4ing% t4" !r"itor% !r"itor% in aition aition to t4" rig4t grant" 4i* b# Arti!l" 11(% *a# !o*3"l t4" "btor to *a:" t4" "li$"r#. I) t4" t4ing is in"t"r*inat" or g"n"ri!% 4" *a# as: t4at t4" obligation b" !o*3li" ,it4 at t4" "83"ns" o) t4" "btor. I) t4" obligor "la#s% or 4as 3ro*is" to "li$"r t4" sa*" t4ing to t,o or *or" 3"rsons ,4o o not 4a$" t4" sa*" int"r"st% 4" s4all b" r"s3onsibl" )or an# )ortuitous "$"nt until 4" 4as "))"!t" t4" "li$"r#. &176' Art. 1166. 1166. T4" obligation obligation to gi$" a "t"r*inat" "t"r*inat" t4ing in!lu"s t4at o) "li$"ring "li$"ring all its a!!"ssions an a!!"ssori"s% "$"n t4oug4 t4"# *a# not 4a$" b""n *"ntion". &17(a' Art. 116(. 116(. I) a 3"rson 3"rson oblig" oblig" to o so*"t4ing so*"t4ing )ails to o it% t4" sa*" s4all s4all b" "8"!ut" "8"!ut" at 4is !ost. T4is sa*" rul" s4all b" obs"r$" i) 4" o"s it in !ontra$"ntion o) t4" t"nor o) t4" obligation. ?urt4"r*or"% it *a# b" "!r"" t4at ,4at 4as b""n 3oorl# on" b" unon". &17' Art. 116. 116. @4"n t4" obligation obligation !onsists !onsists in not oing% an an t4" obligor obligor o"s o"s ,4at 4as b""n )orbi"n 4i*% it s4all also b" unon" at 4is "83"ns". &177a' Art. 1167. 1167. T4os" oblig" oblig" to "li$"r or or to o so*"t4ing so*"t4ing in!ur in!ur in "la# "la# )ro* )ro* t4" ti*" t4" oblig"" jui!iall# or "8trajui!iall# "*ans )ro* t4"* t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) t4"ir obligation. Ho,"$"r% t4" "*an b# t4" !r"itor s4all not b" n"!"ssar# in or"r t4at "la# *a# "8ist+ &1' @4"n t4" obligation or t4" la, "83r"ssl# so "!lar"- or &' @4"n )ro* t4" natur" an t4" !ir!u*stan!"s o) t4" obligation it a33"ars t4at t4" "signation o) t4" ti*" ,4"n t4" t4ing is to b" "li$"r" or t4" s"r$i!" is to b" r"n"r" ,as a !ontrolling *oti$" )or t4" "stablis4*"nt o) t4" !ontra!t- or &/' @4"n "*an ,oul b" us"l"ss% as ,4"n t4" obligor 4as r"n"r" it b"#on 4is 3o,"r to 3"r)or*. In r"!i3ro!al obligations% n"it4"r 3art# in!urs in "la# i) t4" ot4"r o"s not !o*3l# or is not r"a# to !o*3l# in a 3ro3"r *ann"r ,it4 ,4at is in!u*b"nt u3on 4i*. ?ro* t4" *o*"nt on" o) t4" 3arti"s )ul)ills 4is obligation% "la# b# t4" ot4"r b"gins. &11a' Art. 11(. 11(. T4os" ,4o ,4o in t4" 3"r)or*an!" 3"r)or*an!" o) t4"ir t4"ir obligations obligations ar" ar" guilt# o) o) )rau% n"glig"n!"% or "la#% an t4os" ,4o in an# *ann"r !ontra$"n" t4" t"nor t4"r"o)% ar" liabl" )or a*ag"s. &111'
Art. 1165. 1165. @4"n ,4at ,4at is to b" b" "li$"r" "li$"r" is a "t"r*inat" "t"r*inat" t4ing% t4" !r"itor% !r"itor% in aition aition to t4" rig4t grant" 4i* b# Arti!l" 11(% *a# !o*3"l t4" "btor to *a:" t4" "li$"r#. I) t4" t4ing is in"t"r*inat" or g"n"ri!% 4" *a# as: t4at t4" obligation b" !o*3li" ,it4 at t4" "83"ns" o) t4" "btor. I) t4" obligor "la#s% or 4as 3ro*is" to "li$"r t4" sa*" t4ing to t,o or *or" 3"rsons ,4o o not 4a$" t4" sa*" int"r"st% 4" s4all b" r"s3onsibl" )or an# )ortuitous "$"nt until 4" 4as "))"!t" t4" "li$"r#. &176' Art. 1166. 1166. T4" obligation obligation to gi$" a "t"r*inat" "t"r*inat" t4ing in!lu"s t4at o) "li$"ring "li$"ring all its a!!"ssions an a!!"ssori"s% "$"n t4oug4 t4"# *a# not 4a$" b""n *"ntion". &17(a' Art. 116(. 116(. I) a 3"rson 3"rson oblig" oblig" to o so*"t4ing so*"t4ing )ails to o it% t4" sa*" s4all s4all b" "8"!ut" "8"!ut" at 4is !ost. T4is sa*" rul" s4all b" obs"r$" i) 4" o"s it in !ontra$"ntion o) t4" t"nor o) t4" obligation. ?urt4"r*or"% it *a# b" "!r"" t4at ,4at 4as b""n 3oorl# on" b" unon". &17' Art. 116. 116. @4"n t4" obligation obligation !onsists !onsists in not oing% an an t4" obligor obligor o"s o"s ,4at 4as b""n )orbi"n 4i*% it s4all also b" unon" at 4is "83"ns". &177a' Art. 1167. 1167. T4os" oblig" oblig" to "li$"r or or to o so*"t4ing so*"t4ing in!ur in!ur in "la# "la# )ro* )ro* t4" ti*" t4" oblig"" jui!iall# or "8trajui!iall# "*ans )ro* t4"* t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) t4"ir obligation. Ho,"$"r% t4" "*an b# t4" !r"itor s4all not b" n"!"ssar# in or"r t4at "la# *a# "8ist+ &1' @4"n t4" obligation or t4" la, "83r"ssl# so "!lar"- or &' @4"n )ro* t4" natur" an t4" !ir!u*stan!"s o) t4" obligation it a33"ars t4at t4" "signation o) t4" ti*" ,4"n t4" t4ing is to b" "li$"r" or t4" s"r$i!" is to b" r"n"r" ,as a !ontrolling *oti$" )or t4" "stablis4*"nt o) t4" !ontra!t- or &/' @4"n "*an ,oul b" us"l"ss% as ,4"n t4" obligor 4as r"n"r" it b"#on 4is 3o,"r to 3"r)or*. In r"!i3ro!al obligations% n"it4"r 3art# in!urs in "la# i) t4" ot4"r o"s not !o*3l# or is not r"a# to !o*3l# in a 3ro3"r *ann"r ,it4 ,4at is in!u*b"nt u3on 4i*. ?ro* t4" *o*"nt on" o) t4" 3arti"s )ul)ills 4is obligation% "la# b# t4" ot4"r b"gins. &11a' Art. 11(. 11(. T4os" ,4o ,4o in t4" 3"r)or*an!" 3"r)or*an!" o) t4"ir t4"ir obligations obligations ar" ar" guilt# o) o) )rau% n"glig"n!"% or "la#% an t4os" ,4o in an# *ann"r !ontra$"n" t4" t"nor t4"r"o)% ar" liabl" )or a*ag"s. &111'
Art. 11(1. 11(1. R"s3onsibilit# R"s3onsibilit# arising arising )ro* )rau is "*anabl" "*anabl" in all obligations. obligations. An# An# ,ai$"r ,ai$"r o) an a!tion )or )utur" )rau is $oi. &11a' Art. 11(. 11(. R"s3onsibilit# R"s3onsibilit# arising arising )ro* n"glig"n!" n"glig"n!" in t4" 3"r)or*an!" 3"r)or*an!" o) "$"r# "$"r# :in o) obligation is also "*anabl"% but su!4 liabilit# *a# b" r"gulat" b# t4" !ourts% a!!oring to t4" !ir!u*stan!"s. &11/' Art. 11(/. 11(/. T4" )ault )ault or n"glig"n!" n"glig"n!" o) o) t4" obligor obligor !onsists !onsists in t4" o*ission o) t4at ilig"n!" ilig"n!" ,4i!4 is r";uir" b# t4" natur" o) t4" obligation an !orr"s3ons ,it4 t4" !ir!u*stan!"s o) t4" 3"rsons% o) t4" ti*" an o) t4" 3la!". @4"n n"glig"n!" s4o,s ba )ait4% t4" 3ro$isions o) Arti!l"s 11(1 an 1% 3aragra34 % s4all a33l#. I) t4" la, or !ontra!t o"s not stat" t4" ilig"n!" ,4i!4 is to b" obs"r$" in t4" 3"r)or*an!"% t4at ,4i!4 is "83"!t" o) a goo )at4"r o) a )a*il# s4all b" r";uir". &112a' Art. 11(2. 11(2. E8!"3t in !as"s "83r"ssl# "83r"ssl# s3"!i)i" s3"!i)i" b# t4" t4" la,% la,% or ,4"n it is is ot4"r,is" ot4"r,is" "!lar" b# sti3ulation% or ,4"n t4" natur" o) t4" obligation r";uir"s t4" assu*3tion o) ris:% no 3"rson s4all b" r"s3onsibl" )or t4os" "$"nts ,4i!4 !oul not b" )or"s""n% or ,4i!4% t4oug4 )or"s""n% ,"r" in"$itabl". &115a' Art. 11(5. 11(5. =surious transa!tions transa!tions s4all s4all b" go$"rn" go$"rn" b# s3"!ial la,s. &n' Art. 11(6. 11(6. T4" r"!"i3t r"!"i3t o) t4" t4" 3rin!i3al 3rin!i3al b# t4" t4" !r"itor !r"itor ,it4out r"s"r$ation r"s"r$ation ,it4 r"s3"!t to t4" int"r"st% s4all gi$" ris" to t4" 3r"su*3tion t4at sai int"r"st 4as b""n 3ai. T4" r"!"i3t o) a lat"r install*"nt o) a "bt ,it4out r"s"r$ation as to 3rior install*"nts% s4all li:",is" rais" t4" 3r"su*3tion t4at su!4 install*"nts 4a$" b""n 3ai. &111a' Art. 11((. 11((. T4" !r"itors% !r"itors% a)t"r a)t"r 4a$ing 4a$ing 3ursu" 3ursu" t4" 3ro3"rt# 3ro3"rt# in 3oss"ssion 3oss"ssion o) t4" "btor to satis)# t4"ir !lai*s% *a# "8"r!is" all t4" rig4ts an bring all t4" a!tions o) t4" latt"r )or t4" sa*" 3ur3os"% sa$" t4os" ,4i!4 ar" in4"r"nt in 4is 3"rson- t4"# *a# also i*3ugn t4" a!ts ,4i!4 t4" "btor *a# 4a$" on" to ")rau t4"*. &1111' Art. 11(. 11(. Subj"!t to t4" la,s% la,s% all rig4ts rig4ts a!;uir" a!;uir" in $irtu" o) o) an obligation obligation ar" ar" trans*issibl"% i) t4"r" 4as b""n no sti3ulation to t4" !ontrar#. &111' CHAPTER 3
>I??ERENT IN>S O? O9LIGATIONS O9LIGATIONS SECTION 1. Pur" an Conitional Obligations Art. 11(7. 11(7. E$"r# obligation obligation ,4os" ,4os" 3"r)or*an!" 3"r)or*an!" o"s not not "3"n u3on a )utur" )utur" or un!"rtain "$"nt% or u3on a 3ast "$"nt un:no,n to t4" 3arti"s% is "*anabl" at on!". E$"r# obligation ,4i!4 !ontains a r"solutor# !onition s4all also b" "*anabl"%
,it4out 3r"jui!" to t4" "))"!ts o) t4" 4a33"ning o) t4" "$"nt. &111/' Art. 11. @4"n t4" "btor bins 4i*s"l) to 3a# ,4"n 4is *"ans 3"r*it 4i* to o so% t4" obligation s4all b" ""*" to b" on" ,it4 a 3"rio% subj"!t to t4" 3ro$isions o) Arti!l" 117(. &n' Art. 111. In !onitional obligations% t4" a!;uisition o) rig4ts% as ,"ll as t4" "8tinguis4*"nt or loss o) t4os" alr"a# a!;uir"% s4all "3"n u3on t4" 4a33"ning o) t4" "$"nt ,4i!4 !onstitut"s t4" !onition. &1112' Art. 11. @4"n t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) t4" !onition "3"ns u3on t4" sol" ,ill o) t4" "btor% t4" !onitional obligation s4all b" $oi. I) it "3"ns u3on !4an!" or u3on t4" ,ill o) a t4ir 3"rson% t4" obligation s4all ta:" "))"!t in !on)or*it# ,it4 t4" 3ro$isions o) t4is Co". &1115' Art. 11/. I*3ossibl" !onitions% t4os" !ontrar# to goo !usto*s or 3ubli! 3oli!# an t4os" 3ro4ibit" b# la, s4all annul t4" obligation ,4i!4 "3"ns u3on t4"*. I) t4" obligation is i$isibl"% t4at 3art t4"r"o) ,4i!4 is not a))"!t" b# t4" i*3ossibl" or unla,)ul !onition s4all b" $ali. T4" !onition not to o an i*3ossibl" t4ing s4all b" !onsi"r" as not 4a$ing b""n agr"" u3on. &1116a' Art. 112. T4" !onition t4at so*" "$"nt 4a33"n at a "t"r*inat" ti*" s4all "8tinguis4 t4" obligation as soon as t4" ti*" "83ir"s or i) it 4as b"!o*" inubitabl" t4at t4" "$"nt ,ill not ta:" 3la!". &111(' Art. 115. T4" !onition t4at so*" "$"nt ,ill not 4a33"n at a "t"r*inat" ti*" s4all r"n"r t4" obligation "))"!ti$" )ro* t4" *o*"nt t4" ti*" ini!at" 4as "la3s"% or i) it 4as b"!o*" "$i"nt t4at t4" "$"nt !annot o!!ur. I) no ti*" 4as b""n )i8"% t4" !onition s4all b" ""*" )ul)ill" at su!4 ti*" as *a# 4a$" 3robabl# b""n !ont"*3lat"% b"aring in *in t4" natur" o) t4" obligation. &111' Art. 116. T4" !onition s4all b" ""*" )ul)ill" ,4"n t4" obligor $oluntaril# 3r"$"nts its )ul)ill*"nt. &1117' Art. 11(. T4" "))"!ts o) a !onitional obligation to gi$"% on!" t4" !onition 4as b""n )ul)ill"% s4all r"troa!t to t4" a# o) t4" !onstitution o) t4" obligation. N"$"rt4"l"ss% ,4"n t4" obligation i*3os"s r"!i3ro!al 3r"stations u3on t4" 3arti"s% t4" )ruits an int"r"sts uring t4" 3"n"n!# o) t4" !onition s4all b" ""*" to 4a$" b""n *utuall# !o*3"nsat". I) t4" obligation is unilat"ral% t4" "btor s4all a33ro3riat" t4" )ruits an int"r"sts r"!"i$"% unl"ss )ro* t4" natur" an !ir!u*stan!"s o) t4" obligation it s4oul b" in)"rr" t4at t4" int"ntion o) t4" 3"rson !onstituting t4" sa*" ,as i))"r"nt. In obligations to o an not to o% t4" !ourts s4all "t"r*in"% in "a!4 !as"% t4"
r"troa!ti$" "))"!t o) t4" !onition t4at 4as b""n !o*3li" ,it4. &11' Art. 11. T4" !r"itor *a#% b")or" t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) t4" !onition% bring t4" a33ro3riat" a!tions )or t4" 3r"s"r$ation o) 4is rig4t. T4" "btor *a# r"!o$"r ,4at uring t4" sa*" ti*" 4" 4as 3ai b# *ista:" in !as" o) a sus3"nsi$" !onition. &111a' Art. 117. @4"n t4" !onitions 4a$" b""n i*3os" ,it4 t4" int"ntion o) sus3"ning t4" "))i!a!# o) an obligation to gi$"% t4" )ollo,ing rul"s s4all b" obs"r$" in !as" o) t4" i*3ro$"*"nt% loss or "t"rioration o) t4" t4ing uring t4" 3"n"n!# o) t4" !onition+ &1' I) t4" t4ing is lost ,it4out t4" )ault o) t4" "btor% t4" obligation s4all b" "8tinguis4"&' I) t4" t4ing is lost t4roug4 t4" )ault o) t4" "btor% 4" s4all b" oblig" to 3a# a*ag"sit is un"rstoo t4at t4" t4ing is lost ,4"n it 3"ris4"s% or go"s out o) !o**"r!"% or isa33"ars in su!4 a ,a# t4at its "8ist"n!" is un:no,n or it !annot b" r"!o$"r"&/' @4"n t4" t4ing "t"riorat"s ,it4out t4" )ault o) t4" "btor% t4" i*3air*"nt is to b" born" b# t4" !r"itor&2' I) it "t"riorat"s t4roug4 t4" )ault o) t4" "btor% t4" !r"itor *a# !4oos" b"t,""n t4" r"s!ission o) t4" obligation an its )ul)ill*"nt% ,it4 in"*nit# )or a*ag"s in "it4"r !as"&5' I) t4" t4ing is i*3ro$" b# its natur"% or b# ti*"% t4" i*3ro$"*"nt s4all inur" to t4" b"n")it o) t4" !r"itor&6' I) it is i*3ro$" at t4" "83"ns" o) t4" "btor% 4" s4all 4a$" no ot4"r rig4t t4an t4at grant" to t4" usu)ru!tuar#. &11' Art. 117. @4"n t4" !onitions 4a$" )or t4"ir 3ur3os" t4" "8tinguis4*"nt o) an obligation to gi$"% t4" 3arti"s% u3on t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) sai !onitions% s4all r"turn to "a!4 ot4"r ,4at t4"# 4a$" r"!"i$". In !as" o) t4" loss% "t"rioration or i*3ro$"*"nt o) t4" t4ing% t4" 3ro$isions ,4i!4% ,it4 r"s3"!t to t4" "btor% ar" lai o,n in t4" 3r"!"ing arti!l" s4all b" a33li" to t4" 3art# ,4o is boun to r"turn. As )or t4" obligations to o an not to o% t4" 3ro$isions o) t4" s"!on 3aragra34 o) Arti!l" 11( s4all b" obs"r$" as r"gars t4" "))"!t o) t4" "8tinguis4*"nt o) t4" obligation. &11/' Art. 1171. T4" 3o,"r to r"s!in obligations is i*3li" in r"!i3ro!al on"s% in !as" on" o) t4" obligors s4oul not !o*3l# ,it4 ,4at is in!u*b"nt u3on 4i*. T4" injur" 3art# *a# !4oos" b"t,""n t4" )ul)ill*"nt an t4" r"s!ission o) t4"
obligation% ,it4 t4" 3a#*"nt o) a*ag"s in "it4"r !as". H" *a# also s"": r"s!ission% "$"n a)t"r 4" 4as !4os"n )ul)ill*"nt% i) t4" latt"r s4oul b"!o*" i*3ossibl". T4" !ourt s4all "!r"" t4" r"s!ission !lai*"% unl"ss t4"r" b" just !aus" aut4oriBing t4" )i8ing o) a 3"rio. T4is is un"rstoo to b" ,it4out 3r"jui!" to t4" rig4ts o) t4ir 3"rsons ,4o 4a$" a!;uir" t4" t4ing% in a!!oran!" ,it4 Arti!l"s 1/5 an 1/ an t4" ortgag" La,. &112' Art. 117. In !as" bot4 3arti"s 4a$" !o**itt" a br"a!4 o) t4" obligation% t4" liabilit# o) t4" )irst in)ra!tor s4all b" ";uitabl# t"*3"r" b# t4" !ourts. I) it !annot b" "t"r*in" ,4i!4 o) t4" 3arti"s )irst $iolat" t4" !ontra!t% t4" sa*" s4all b" ""*" "8tinguis4"% an "a!4 s4all b"ar 4is o,n a*ag"s. &n' SECTION . Obligations ,it4 a P"rio Art. 117/. Obligations )or ,4os" )ul)ill*"nt a a# !"rtain 4as b""n )i8"% s4all b" "*anabl" onl# ,4"n t4at a# !o*"s. Obligations ,it4 a r"solutor# 3"rio ta:" "))"!t at on!"% but t"r*inat" u3on arri$al o) t4" a# !"rtain. A a# !"rtain is un"rstoo to b" t4at ,4i!4 *ust n"!"ssaril# !o*"% alt4oug4 it *a# not b" :no,n ,4"n. I) t4" un!"rtaint# !onsists in ,4"t4"r t4" a# ,ill !o*" or not% t4" obligation is !onitional% an it s4all b" r"gulat" b# t4" rul"s o) t4" 3r"!"ing S"!tion. &115a' Art. 1172. In !as" o) loss% "t"rioration or i*3ro$"*"nt o) t4" t4ing b")or" t4" arri$al o) t4" a# !"rtain% t4" rul"s in Arti!l" 117 s4all b" obs"r$". &n' Art. 1175. An#t4ing 3ai or "li$"r" b")or" t4" arri$al o) t4" 3"rio% t4" obligor b"ing una,ar" o) t4" 3"rio or b"li"$ing t4at t4" obligation 4as b"!o*" u" an "*anabl"% *a# b" r"!o$"r"% ,it4 t4" )ruits an int"r"sts. &116a' Art. 1176. @4"n"$"r in an obligation a 3"rio is "signat"% it is 3r"su*" to 4a$" b""n "stablis4" )or t4" b"n")it o) bot4 t4" !r"itor an t4" "btor% unl"ss )ro* t4" t"nor o) t4" sa*" or ot4"r !ir!u*stan!"s it s4oul a33"ar t4at t4" 3"rio 4as b""n "stablis4" in )a$or o) on" or o) t4" ot4"r. &11(' Art. 117(. I) t4" obligation o"s not )i8 a 3"rio% but )ro* its natur" an t4" !ir!u*stan!"s it !an b" in)"rr" t4at a 3"rio ,as int"n"% t4" !ourts *a# )i8 t4" uration t4"r"o). T4" !ourts s4all also )i8 t4" uration o) t4" 3"rio ,4"n it "3"ns u3on t4" ,ill o) t4"
"btor. In "$"r# !as"% t4" !ourts s4all "t"r*in" su!4 3"rio as *a# un"r t4" !ir!u*stan!"s 4a$" b""n 3robabl# !ont"*3lat" b# t4" 3arti"s. On!" )i8" b# t4" !ourts% t4" 3"rio !annot b" !4ang" b# t4"*. &11a' Art. 117. T4" "btor s4all los" "$"r# rig4t to *a:" us" o) t4" 3"rio+ &1' @4"n a)t"r t4" obligation 4as b""n !ontra!t"% 4" b"!o*"s insol$"nt% unl"ss 4" gi$"s a guarant# or s"!urit# )or t4" "bt&' @4"n 4" o"s not )urnis4 to t4" !r"itor t4" guaranti"s or s"!uriti"s ,4i!4 4" 4as 3ro*is"&/' @4"n b# 4is o,n a!ts 4" 4as i*3air" sai guaranti"s or s"!uriti"s a)t"r t4"ir "stablis4*"nt% an ,4"n t4roug4 a )ortuitous "$"nt t4"# isa33"ar% unl"ss 4" i**"iat"l# gi$"s n", on"s ";uall# satis)a!tor#&2' @4"n t4" "btor $iolat"s an# un"rta:ing% in !onsi"ration o) ,4i!4 t4" !r"itor agr"" to t4" 3"rio&5' @4"n t4" "btor att"*3ts to abs!on. &117a' SECTION /. Alt"rnati$" Obligations Art. 1177. A 3"rson alt"rnati$"l# boun b# i))"r"nt 3r"stations s4all !o*3l"t"l# 3"r)or* on" o) t4"*. T4" !r"itor !annot b" !o*3"ll" to r"!"i$" 3art o) on" an 3art o) t4" ot4"r un"rta:ing. &11/1' Art. 1. T4" rig4t o) !4oi!" b"longs to t4" "btor% unl"ss it 4as b""n "83r"ssl# grant" to t4" !r"itor. T4" "btor s4all 4a$" no rig4t to !4oos" t4os" 3r"stations ,4i!4 ar" i*3ossibl"% unla,)ul or ,4i!4 !oul not 4a$" b""n t4" obj"!t o) t4" obligation. &11/' Art. 11. T4" !4oi!" s4all 3rou!" no "))"!t "8!"3t )ro* t4" ti*" it 4as b""n !o**uni!at". &11//' Art. 1. T4" "btor s4all los" t4" rig4t o) !4oi!" ,4"n a*ong t4" 3r"stations ,4"r"b# 4" is alt"rnati$"l# boun% onl# on" is 3ra!ti!abl". &11/2' Art. 1/. I) t4roug4 t4" !r"itorDs a!ts t4" "btor !annot *a:" a !4oi!" a!!oring to t4" t"r*s o) t4" obligation% t4" latt"r *a# r"s!in t4" !ontra!t ,it4 a*ag"s. &n'
Art. 12. T4" !r"itor s4all 4a$" a rig4t to in"*nit# )or a*ag"s ,4"n% t4roug4 t4" )ault o) t4" "btor% all t4" t4ings ,4i!4 ar" alt"rnati$"l# t4" obj"!t o) t4" obligation 4a$" b""n lost% or t4" !o*3lian!" o) t4" obligation 4as b"!o*" i*3ossibl". T4" in"*nit# s4all b" )i8" ta:ing as a basis t4" $alu" o) t4" last t4ing ,4i!4 isa33"ar"% or t4at o) t4" s"r$i!" ,4i!4 last b"!a*" i*3ossibl". >a*ag"s ot4"r t4an t4" $alu" o) t4" last t4ing or s"r$i!" *a# also b" a,ar". &11/5a' Art. 15. @4"n t4" !4oi!" 4as b""n "83r"ssl# gi$"n to t4" !r"itor% t4" obligation s4all !"as" to b" alt"rnati$" )ro* t4" a# ,4"n t4" s"l"!tion 4as b""n !o**uni!at" to t4" "btor. =ntil t4"n t4" r"s3onsibilit# o) t4" "btor s4all b" go$"rn" b# t4" )ollo,ing rul"s+ &1' I) on" o) t4" t4ings is lost t4roug4 a )ortuitous "$"nt% 4" s4all 3"r)or* t4" obligation b# "li$"ring t4at ,4i!4 t4" !r"itor s4oul !4oos" )ro* a*ong t4" r"*ain"r% or t4at ,4i!4 r"*ains i) onl# on" subsists&' I) t4" loss o) on" o) t4" t4ings o!!urs t4roug4 t4" )ault o) t4" "btor% t4" !r"itor *a# !lai* an# o) t4os" subsisting% or t4" 3ri!" o) t4at ,4i!4% t4roug4 t4" )ault o) t4" )or*"r% 4as isa33"ar"% ,it4 a rig4t to a*ag"s&/' I) all t4" t4ings ar" lost t4roug4 t4" )ault o) t4" "btor% t4" !4oi!" b# t4" !r"itor s4all )all u3on t4" 3ri!" o) an# on" o) t4"*% also ,it4 in"*nit# )or a*ag"s. T4" sa*" rul"s s4all b" a33li" to obligations to o or not to o in !as" on"% so*" or all o) t4" 3r"stations s4oul b"!o*" i*3ossibl". &11/6a' Art. 16. @4"n onl# on" 3r"station 4as b""n agr"" u3on% but t4" obligor *a# r"n"r anot4"r in substitution% t4" obligation is !all" )a!ultati$". T4" loss or "t"rioration o) t4" t4ing int"n" as a substitut"% t4roug4 t4" n"glig"n!" o) t4" obligor% o"s not r"n"r 4i* liabl". 9ut on!" t4" substitution 4as b""n *a"% t4" obligor is liabl" )or t4" loss o) t4" substitut" on a!!ount o) 4is "la#% n"glig"n!" or )rau. &n' SECTION 2. oint an Soliar# Obligations Art. 1(. T4" !on!urr"n!" o) t,o or *or" !r"itors or o) t,o or *or" "btors in on" an t4" sa*" obligation o"s not i*3l# t4at "a!4 on" o) t4" )or*"r 4as a rig4t to "*an% or t4at "a!4 on" o) t4" latt"r is boun to r"n"r% "ntir" !o*3lian!" ,it4 t4" 3r"station. T4"r" is a soliar# liabilit# onl# ,4"n t4" obligation "83r"ssl# so stat"s% or ,4"n t4" la, or t4" natur" o) t4" obligation r";uir"s soliarit#. &11/(a' Art. 1. I) )ro* t4" la,% or t4" natur" or t4" ,oring o) t4" obligations to ,4i!4 t4"
3r"!"ing arti!l" r")"rs t4" !ontrar# o"s not a33"ar% t4" !r"it or "bt s4all b" 3r"su*" to b" i$i" into as *an# s4ar"s as t4"r" ar" !r"itors or "btors% t4" !r"its or "bts b"ing !onsi"r" istin!t )ro* on" anot4"r% subj"!t to t4" Rul"s o) Court go$"rning t4" *ulti3li!it# o) suits. &11/a' Art. 17. I) t4" i$ision is i*3ossibl"% t4" rig4t o) t4" !r"itors *a# b" 3r"jui!" onl# b# t4"ir !oll"!ti$" a!ts% an t4" "bt !an b" "n)or!" onl# b# 3ro!""ing against all t4" "btors. I) on" o) t4" latt"r s4oul b" insol$"nt% t4" ot4"rs s4all not b" liabl" )or 4is s4ar". &11/7' Art. 11. T4" ini$isibilit# o) an obligation o"s not n"!"ssaril# gi$" ris" to soliarit#. Nor o"s soliarit# o) its"l) i*3l# ini$isibilit#. &n' Art. 111. Soliarit# *a# "8ist alt4oug4 t4" !r"itors an t4" "btors *a# not b" boun in t4" sa*" *ann"r an b# t4" sa*" 3"rios an !onitions. &112' Art. 11. Ea!4 on" o) t4" soliar# !r"itors *a# o ,4at"$"r *a# b" us")ul to t4" ot4"rs% but not an#t4ing ,4i!4 *a# b" 3r"jui!ial to t4" latt"r. &1121a' Art. 11/. A soliar# !r"itor !annot assign 4is rig4ts ,it4out t4" !ons"nt o) t4" ot4"rs. &n' Art. 112. T4" "btor *a# 3a# an# on" o) t4" soliar# !r"itors- but i) an# "*an% jui!ial or "8trajui!ial% 4as b""n *a" b# on" o) t4"*% 3a#*"nt s4oul b" *a" to 4i*. &112a' Art. 115. No$ation% !o*3"nsation% !on)usion or r"*ission o) t4" "bt% *a" b# an# o) t4" soliar# !r"itors or ,it4 an# o) t4" soliar# "btors% s4all "8tinguis4 t4" obligation% ,it4out 3r"jui!" to t4" 3ro$isions o) Arti!l" 117. T4" !r"itor ,4o *a# 4a$" "8"!ut" an# o) t4"s" a!ts% as ,"ll as 4" ,4o !oll"!ts t4" "bt% s4all b" liabl" to t4" ot4"rs )or t4" s4ar" in t4" obligation !orr"s3oning to t4"*. &112/' Art. 116. T4" !r"itor *a# 3ro!"" against an# on" o) t4" soliar# "btors or so*" or all o) t4"* si*ultan"ousl#. T4" "*an *a" against on" o) t4"* s4all not b" an obsta!l" to t4os" ,4i!4 *a# subs";u"ntl# b" ir"!t" against t4" ot4"rs% so long as t4" "bt 4as not b""n )ull# !oll"!t". &1122a' Art. 11(. Pa#*"nt *a" b# on" o) t4" soliar# "btors "8tinguis4"s t4" obligation. I) t,o or *or" soliar# "btors o))"r to 3a#% t4" !r"itor *a# !4oos" ,4i!4 o))"r to a!!"3t. H" ,4o *a" t4" 3a#*"nt *a# !lai* )ro* 4is !o"btors onl# t4" s4ar" ,4i!4 !orr"s3ons to "a!4% ,it4 t4" int"r"st )or t4" 3a#*"nt alr"a# *a". I) t4" 3a#*"nt is *a" b")or" t4" "bt is u"% no int"r"st )or t4" int"r$"ning 3"rio *a# b" "*an".
@4"n on" o) t4" soliar# "btors !annot% b"!aus" o) 4is insol$"n!#% r"i*burs" 4is s4ar" to t4" "btor 3a#ing t4" obligation% su!4 s4ar" s4all b" born" b# all 4is !o "btors% in 3ro3ortion to t4" "bt o) "a!4. &1125a' Art. 11. Pa#*"nt b# a soliar# "btor s4all not "ntitl" 4i* to r"i*burs"*"nt )ro* 4is !o"btors i) su!4 3a#*"nt is *a" a)t"r t4" obligation 4as 3r"s!rib" or b"!o*" ill"gal. &n' Art. 117. T4" r"*ission *a" b# t4" !r"itor o) t4" s4ar" ,4i!4 a))"!ts on" o) t4" soliar# "btors o"s not r"l"as" t4" latt"r )ro* 4is r"s3onsibilit# to,ars t4" !o "btors% in !as" t4" "bt 4a b""n totall# 3ai b# an#on" o) t4"* b")or" t4" r"*ission ,as "))"!t". &1126a' Art. 1. T4" r"*ission o) t4" ,4ol" obligation% obtain" b# on" o) t4" soliar# "btors% o"s not "ntitl" 4i* to r"i*burs"*"nt )ro* 4is !o"btors. &n' Art. 11. I) t4" t4ing 4as b""n lost or i) t4" 3r"station 4as b"!o*" i*3ossibl" ,it4out t4" )ault o) t4" soliar# "btors% t4" obligation s4all b" "8tinguis4". I) t4"r" ,as )ault on t4" 3art o) an# on" o) t4"*% all s4all b" r"s3onsibl" to t4" !r"itor% )or t4" 3ri!" an t4" 3a#*"nt o) a*ag"s an int"r"st% ,it4out 3r"jui!" to t4"ir a!tion against t4" guilt# or n"glig"nt "btor. I) t4roug4 a )ortuitous "$"nt% t4" t4ing is lost or t4" 3"r)or*an!" 4as b"!o*" i*3ossibl" a)t"r on" o) t4" soliar# "btors 4as in!urr" in "la# t4roug4 t4" jui!ial or "8trajui!ial "*an u3on 4i* b# t4" !r"itor% t4" 3ro$isions o) t4" 3r"!"ing 3aragra34 s4all a33l#. &112(a' Art. 1. A soliar# "btor *a#% in a!tions )il" b# t4" !r"itor% a$ail 4i*s"l) o) all ")"ns"s ,4i!4 ar" "ri$" )ro* t4" natur" o) t4" obligation an o) t4os" ,4i!4 ar" 3"rsonal to 4i*% or 3"rtain to 4is o,n s4ar". @it4 r"s3"!t to t4os" ,4i!4 3"rsonall# b"long to t4" ot4"rs% 4" *a# a$ail 4i*s"l) t4"r"o) onl# as r"gars t4at 3art o) t4" "bt )or ,4i!4 t4" latt"r ar" r"s3onsibl". &112a' SECTION 5. >i$isibl" an Ini$isibl" Obligations Art. 1/. T4" i$isibilit# or ini$isibilit# o) t4" t4ings t4at ar" t4" obj"!t o) obligations in ,4i!4 t4"r" is onl# on" "btor an onl# on" !r"itor o"s not alt"r or *oi)# t4" 3ro$isions o) C4a3t"r o) t4is Titl". &1127' Art. 12. A joint ini$isibl" obligation gi$"s ris" to in"*nit# )or a*ag"s )ro* t4" ti*" an#on" o) t4" "btors o"s not !o*3l# ,it4 4is un"rta:ing. T4" "btors ,4o *a# 4a$" b""n r"a# to )ul)ill t4"ir 3ro*is"s s4all not !ontribut" to t4" in"*nit# b"#on t4" !orr"s3oning 3ortion o) t4" 3ri!" o) t4" t4ing or o) t4" $alu" o) t4" s"r$i!" in ,4i!4 t4" obligation !onsists. &115'
Art. 15. ?or t4" 3ur3os"s o) t4" 3r"!"ing arti!l"s% obligations to gi$" ")init" t4ings an t4os" ,4i!4 ar" not sus!"3tibl" o) 3artial 3"r)or*an!" s4all b" ""*" to b" ini$isibl". @4"n t4" obligation 4as )or its obj"!t t4" "8"!ution o) a !"rtain nu*b"r o) a#s o) ,or:% t4" a!!o*3lis4*"nt o) ,or: b# *"tri!al units% or analogous t4ings ,4i!4 b# t4"ir natur" ar" sus!"3tibl" o) 3artial 3"r)or*an!"% it s4all b" i$isibl". Ho,"$"r% "$"n t4oug4 t4" obj"!t or s"r$i!" *a# b" 34#si!all# i$isibl"% an obligation is ini$isibl" i) so 3ro$i" b# la, or int"n" b# t4" 3arti"s. In obligations not to o% i$isibilit# or ini$isibilit# s4all b" "t"r*in" b# t4" !4ara!t"r o) t4" 3r"station in "a!4 3arti!ular !as". &1151a' SECTION 6. Obligations ,it4 a P"nal Claus" Art. 16. In obligations ,it4 a 3"nal !laus"% t4" 3"nalt# s4all substitut" t4" in"*nit# )or a*ag"s an t4" 3a#*"nt o) int"r"sts in !as" o) non!o*3lian!"% i) t4"r" is no sti3ulation to t4" !ontrar#. N"$"rt4"l"ss% a*ag"s s4all b" 3ai i) t4" obligor r")us"s to 3a# t4" 3"nalt# or is guilt# o) )rau in t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) t4" obligation. T4" 3"nalt# *a# b" "n)or!" onl# ,4"n it is "*anabl" in a!!oran!" ,it4 t4" 3ro$isions o) t4is Co". &115a' Art. 1(. T4" "btor !annot "8"*3t 4i*s"l) )ro* t4" 3"r)or*an!" o) t4" obligation b# 3a#ing t4" 3"nalt#% sa$" in t4" !as" ,4"r" t4is rig4t 4as b""n "83r"ssl# r"s"r$" )or 4i*. N"it4"r !an t4" !r"itor "*an t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) t4" obligation an t4" satis)a!tion o) t4" 3"nalt# at t4" sa*" ti*"% unl"ss t4is rig4t 4as b""n !l"arl# grant" 4i*. Ho,"$"r% i) a)t"r t4" !r"itor 4as "!i" to r";uir" t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) t4" obligation% t4" 3"r)or*an!" t4"r"o) s4oul b"!o*" i*3ossibl" ,it4out 4is )ault% t4" 3"nalt# *a# b" "n)or!". &115/a' Art. 1. Proo) o) a!tual a*ag"s su))"r" b# t4" !r"itor is not n"!"ssar# in or"r t4at t4" 3"nalt# *a# b" "*an". &n' Art. 17. T4" jug" s4all ";uitabl# r"u!" t4" 3"nalt# ,4"n t4" 3rin!i3al obligation 4as b""n 3artl# or irr"gularl# !o*3li" ,it4 b# t4" "btor. E$"n i) t4"r" 4as b""n no 3"r)or*an!"% t4" 3"nalt# *a# also b" r"u!" b# t4" !ourts i) it is ini;uitous or un!ons!ionabl". &1152a' Art. 1/. T4" nullit# o) t4" 3"nal !laus" o"s not !arr# ,it4 it t4at o) t4" 3rin!i3al obligation. T4" nullit# o) t4" 3rin!i3al obligation !arri"s ,it4 it t4at o) t4" 3"nal !laus". &1155'
"#,ors+ Alt"rnati$" Obligations% >i$isibl" an Ini$isibl" Obligations % oint an Soliar# Obligations% ins o) Obligations% Obligations ,it4 P"rio% Pur" an Conitional Obligations%,it4 P"nal Claus" CHAPTER 4
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@4o"$"r 3a#s )or anot4"r *a# "*an )ro* t4" "btor ,4at 4" 4as 3ai% "8!"3t t4at i) 4" 3ai ,it4out t4" :no,l"g" or against t4" ,ill o) t4" "btor% 4" !an r"!o$"r onl# inso)ar as t4" 3a#*"nt 4as b""n b"n")i!ial to t4" "btor. &115a' Art. 1/(. @4o"$"r 3a#s on b"4al) o) t4" "btor ,it4out t4" :no,l"g" or against t4" ,ill o) t4" latt"r% !annot !o*3"l t4" !r"itor to subrogat" 4i* in 4is rig4ts% su!4 as t4os" arising )ro* a *ortgag"% guarant#% or 3"nalt#. &1157a' Art. 1/. Pa#*"nt *a" b# a t4ir 3"rson ,4o o"s not int"n to b" r"i*burs" b# t4" "btor is ""*" to b" a onation% ,4i!4 r";uir"s t4" "btorDs !ons"nt. 9ut t4" 3a#*"nt is in an# !as" $ali as to t4" !r"itor ,4o 4as a!!"3t" it. &n' Art. 1/7. In obligations to gi$"% 3a#*"nt *a" b# on" ,4o o"s not 4a$" t4" )r"" is3osal o) t4" t4ing u" an !a3a!it# to ali"nat" it s4all not b" $ali% ,it4out 3r"jui!" to t4" 3ro$isions o) Arti!l" 12( un"r t4" Titl" on FNatural Obligations.F &116a' Art. 12. Pa#*"nt s4all b" *a" to t4" 3"rson in ,4os" )a$or t4" obligation 4as b""n !onstitut"% or 4is su!!"ssor in int"r"st% or an# 3"rson aut4oriB" to r"!"i$" it. &116a' Art. 121. Pa#*"nt to a 3"rson ,4o is in!a3a!itat" to a*inist"r 4is 3ro3"rt# s4all b" $ali i) 4" 4as :"3t t4" t4ing "li$"r"% or inso)ar as t4" 3a#*"nt 4as b""n b"n")i!ial to 4i*. Pa#*"nt *a" to a t4ir 3"rson s4all also b" $ali inso)ar as it 4as r"oun" to t4" b"n")it o) t4" !r"itor. Su!4 b"n")it to t4" !r"itor n"" not b" 3ro$" in t4" )ollo,ing !as"s+ &1' I) a)t"r t4" 3a#*"nt% t4" t4ir 3"rson a!;uir"s t4" !r"itorDs rig4ts&' I) t4" !r"itor rati)i"s t4" 3a#*"nt to t4" t4ir 3"rson&/' I) b# t4" !r"itorDs !onu!t% t4" "btor 4as b""n l" to b"li"$" t4at t4" t4ir 3"rson 4a aut4orit# to r"!"i$" t4" 3a#*"nt. &116/a' Art. 12. Pa#*"nt *a" in goo )ait4 to an# 3"rson in 3oss"ssion o) t4" !r"it s4all r"l"as" t4" "btor. &1162' Art. 12/. Pa#*"nt *a" to t4" !r"itor b# t4" "btor a)t"r t4" latt"r 4as b""n jui!iall# or"r" to r"tain t4" "bt s4all not b" $ali. &1165' Art. 122. T4" "btor o) a t4ing !annot !o*3"l t4" !r"itor to r"!"i$" a i))"r"nt on"% alt4oug4 t4" latt"r *a# b" o) t4" sa*" $alu" as% or *or" $aluabl" t4an t4at ,4i!4 is u". In obligations to o or not to o% an a!t or )orb"aran!" !annot b" substitut" b# anot4"r a!t or )orb"aran!" against t4" oblig""Ds ,ill. &1166a'
Art. 125. >ation in 3a#*"nt% ,4"r"b# 3ro3"rt# is ali"nat" to t4" !r"itor in satis)a!tion o) a "bt in *on"#% s4all b" go$"rn" b# t4" la, o) sal"s. &n' Art. 126. @4"n t4" obligation !onsists in t4" "li$"r# o) an in"t"r*inat" or g"n"ri! t4ing% ,4os" ;ualit# an !ir!u*stan!"s 4a$" not b""n stat"% t4" !r"itor !annot "*an a t4ing o) su3"rior ;ualit#. N"it4"r !an t4" "btor "li$"r a t4ing o) in)"rior ;ualit#. T4" 3ur3os" o) t4" obligation an ot4"r !ir!u*stan!"s s4all b" ta:"n into !onsi"ration. &116(a' Art. 12(. =nl"ss it is ot4"r,is" sti3ulat"% t4" "8trajui!ial "83"ns"s r";uir" b# t4" 3a#*"nt s4all b" )or t4" a!!ount o) t4" "btor. @it4 r"gar to jui!ial !osts% t4" Rul"s o) Court s4all go$"rn. &116a' Art. 12. =nl"ss t4"r" is an "83r"ss sti3ulation to t4at "))"!t% t4" !r"itor !annot b" !o*3"ll" 3artiall# to r"!"i$" t4" 3r"stations in ,4i!4 t4" obligation !onsists. N"it4"r *a# t4" "btor b" r";uir" to *a:" 3artial 3a#*"nts. Ho,"$"r% ,4"n t4" "bt is in 3art li;uiat" an in 3art unli;uiat"% t4" !r"itor *a# "*an an t4" "btor *a# "))"!t t4" 3a#*"nt o) t4" )or*"r ,it4out ,aiting )or t4" li;uiation o) t4" latt"r. &1167a' Art. 127. T4" 3a#*"nt o) "bts in *on"# s4all b" *a" in t4" !urr"n!# sti3ulat"% an i) it is not 3ossibl" to "li$"r su!4 !urr"n!#% t4"n in t4" !urr"n!# ,4i!4 is l"gal t"n"r in t4" P4ili33in"s. T4" "li$"r# o) 3ro*issor# not"s 3a#abl" to or"r% or bills o) "8!4ang" or ot4"r *"r!antil" o!u*"nts s4all 3rou!" t4" "))"!t o) 3a#*"nt onl# ,4"n t4"# 4a$" b""n !as4"% or ,4"n t4roug4 t4" )ault o) t4" !r"itor t4"# 4a$" b""n i*3air". In t4" *"anti*"% t4" a!tion "ri$" )ro* t4" original obligation s4all b" 4"l in t4" ab"#an!". &11(' Art. 15. In !as" an "8traorinar# in)lation or ")lation o) t4" !urr"n!# sti3ulat" s4oul su3"r$"n"% t4" $alu" o) t4" !urr"n!# at t4" ti*" o) t4" "stablis4*"nt o) t4" obligation s4all b" t4" basis o) 3a#*"nt% unl"ss t4"r" is an agr""*"nt to t4" !ontrar#. &n' Art. 151. Pa#*"nt s4all b" *a" in t4" 3la!" "signat" in t4" obligation. T4"r" b"ing no "83r"ss sti3ulation an i) t4" un"rta:ing is to "li$"r a "t"r*inat" t4ing% t4" 3a#*"nt s4all b" *a" ,4"r"$"r t4" t4ing *ig4t b" at t4" *o*"nt t4" obligation ,as !onstitut". In an# ot4"r !as" t4" 3la!" o) 3a#*"nt s4all b" t4" o*i!il" o) t4" "btor. I) t4" "btor !4ang"s 4is o*i!il" in ba )ait4 or a)t"r 4" 4as in!urr" in "la#% t4"
aitional "83"ns"s s4all b" born" b# 4i*. T4"s" 3ro$isions ar" ,it4out 3r"jui!" to $"nu" un"r t4" Rul"s o) Court. &11(1a' S=9SECTION 1. A33li!ation o) Pa#*"nts Art. 15. H" ,4o 4as $arious "bts o) t4" sa*" :in in )a$or o) on" an t4" sa*" !r"itor% *a# "!lar" at t4" ti*" o) *a:ing t4" 3a#*"nt% to ,4i!4 o) t4"* t4" sa*" *ust b" a33li". =nl"ss t4" 3arti"s so sti3ulat"% or ,4"n t4" a33li!ation o) 3a#*"nt is *a" b# t4" 3art# )or ,4os" b"n")it t4" t"r* 4as b""n !onstitut"% a33li!ation s4all not b" *a" as to "bts ,4i!4 ar" not #"t u". I) t4" "btor a!!"3ts )ro* t4" !r"itor a r"!"i3t in ,4i!4 an a33li!ation o) t4" 3a#*"nt is *a"% t4" )or*"r !annot !o*3lain o) t4" sa*"% unl"ss t4"r" is a !aus" )or in$aliating t4" !ontra!t. &11(a' Art. 15/. I) t4" "bt 3rou!"s int"r"st% 3a#*"nt o) t4" 3rin!i3al s4all not b" ""*" to 4a$" b""n *a" until t4" int"r"sts 4a$" b""n !o$"r". &11(/' Art. 152. @4"n t4" 3a#*"nt !annot b" a33li" in a!!oran!" ,it4 t4" 3r"!"ing rul"s% or i) a33li!ation !an not b" in)"rr" )ro* ot4"r !ir!u*stan!"s% t4" "bt ,4i!4 is *ost on"rous to t4" "btor% a*ong t4os" u"% s4all b" ""*" to 4a$" b""n satis)i". I) t4" "bts u" ar" o) t4" sa*" natur" an bur"n% t4" 3a#*"nt s4all b" a33li" to all o) t4"* 3ro3ortionat"l#. &11(2a' S=9SECTION . Pa#*"nt b# C"ssion Art. 155. T4" "btor *a# !"" or assign 4is 3ro3"rt# to 4is !r"itors in 3a#*"nt o) 4is "bts. T4is !"ssion% unl"ss t4"r" is sti3ulation to t4" !ontrar#% s4all onl# r"l"as" t4" "btor )ro* r"s3onsibilit# )or t4" n"t 3ro!""s o) t4" t4ing assign". T4" agr""*"nts ,4i!4% on t4" "))"!t o) t4" !"ssion% ar" *a" b"t,""n t4" "btor an 4is !r"itors s4all b" go$"rn" b# s3"!ial la,s. &11(5a' S=9SECTION /. T"n"r o) Pa#*"nt an Consignation Art. 156. I) t4" !r"itor to ,4o* t"n"r o) 3a#*"nt 4as b""n *a" r")us"s ,it4out just !aus" to a!!"3t it% t4" "btor s4all b" r"l"as" )ro* r"s3onsibilit# b# t4" !onsignation o) t4" t4ing or su* u". Consignation alon" s4all 3rou!" t4" sa*" "))"!t in t4" )ollo,ing !as"s+ &1' @4"n t4" !r"itor is abs"nt or un:no,n% or o"s not a33"ar at t4" 3la!" o) 3a#*"nt&' @4"n 4" is in!a3a!itat" to r"!"i$" t4" 3a#*"nt at t4" ti*" it is u"-
&/' @4"n% ,it4out just !aus"% 4" r")us"s to gi$" a r"!"i3t&2' @4"n t,o or *or" 3"rsons !lai* t4" sa*" rig4t to !oll"!t&5' @4"n t4" titl" o) t4" obligation 4as b""n lost. &11(6a' Art. 15(. In or"r t4at t4" !onsignation o) t4" t4ing u" *a# r"l"as" t4" obligor% it *ust )irst b" announ!" to t4" 3"rsons int"r"st" in t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) t4" obligation. T4" !onsignation s4all b" in"))"!tual i) it is not *a" stri!tl# in !onsonan!" ,it4 t4" 3ro$isions ,4i!4 r"gulat" 3a#*"nt. &11((' Art. 15. Consignation s4all b" *a" b# "3ositing t4" t4ings u" at t4" is3osal o) jui!ial aut4orit#% b")or" ,4o* t4" t"n"r o) 3a#*"nt s4all b" 3ro$"% in a 3ro3"r !as"% an t4" announ!"*"nt o) t4" !onsignation in ot4"r !as"s. T4" !onsignation 4a$ing b""n *a"% t4" int"r"st" 3arti"s s4all also b" noti)i" t4"r"o). &11(' Art. 157. T4" "83"ns"s o) !onsignation% ,4"n 3ro3"rl# *a"% s4all b" !4arg" against t4" !r"itor. &11(' Art. 16. On!" t4" !onsignation 4as b""n ul# *a"% t4" "btor *a# as: t4" jug" to or"r t4" !an!"llation o) t4" obligation. 9")or" t4" !r"itor 4as a!!"3t" t4" !onsignation% or b")or" a jui!ial "!laration t4at t4" !onsignation 4as b""n 3ro3"rl# *a"% t4" "btor *a# ,it4ra, t4" t4ing or t4" su* "3osit"% allo,ing t4" obligation to r"*ain in )or!". &11' Art. 161. I)% t4" !onsignation 4a$ing b""n *a"% t4" !r"itor s4oul aut4oriB" t4" "btor to ,it4ra, t4" sa*"% 4" s4all los" "$"r# 3r")"r"n!" ,4i!4 4" *a# 4a$" o$"r t4" t4ing. T4" !o"btors% guarantors an sur"ti"s s4all b" r"l"as". &111a' SECTION . Loss o) t4" T4ing >u" Art. 16. An obligation ,4i!4 !onsists in t4" "li$"r# o) a "t"r*inat" t4ing s4all b" "8tinguis4" i) it s4oul b" lost or "stro#" ,it4out t4" )ault o) t4" "btor% an b")or" 4" 4as in!urr" in "la#. @4"n b# la, or sti3ulation% t4" obligor is liabl" "$"n )or )ortuitous "$"nts% t4" loss o) t4" t4ing o"s not "8tinguis4 t4" obligation% an 4" s4all b" r"s3onsibl" )or a*ag"s. T4" sa*" rul" a33li"s ,4"n t4" natur" o) t4" obligation r";uir"s t4" assu*3tion o) ris:. &11a' Art. 16/. In an obligation to "li$"r a g"n"ri! t4ing% t4" loss or "stru!tion o) an#t4ing
o) t4" sa*" :in o"s not "8tinguis4 t4" obligation. &n' Art. 162. T4" !ourts s4all "t"r*in" ,4"t4"r% un"r t4" !ir!u*stan!"s% t4" 3artial loss o) t4" obj"!t o) t4" obligation is so i*3ortant as to "8tinguis4 t4" obligation. &n' Art. 165. @4"n"$"r t4" t4ing is lost in t4" 3oss"ssion o) t4" "btor% it s4all b" 3r"su*" t4at t4" loss ,as u" to 4is )ault% unl"ss t4"r" is 3roo) to t4" !ontrar#% an ,it4out 3r"jui!" to t4" 3ro$isions o) arti!l" 1165. T4is 3r"su*3tion o"s not a33l# in !as" o) "art4;ua:"% )loo% stor*% or ot4"r natural !ala*it#. &11/a' Art. 166. T4" "btor in obligations to o s4all also b" r"l"as" ,4"n t4" 3r"station b"!o*"s l"gall# or 34#si!all# i*3ossibl" ,it4out t4" )ault o) t4" obligor. &112a' Art. 16(. @4"n t4" s"r$i!" 4as b"!o*" so i))i!ult as to b" *ani)"stl# b"#on t4" !ont"*3lation o) t4" 3arti"s% t4" obligor *a# also b" r"l"as" t4"r")ro*% in ,4ol" or in 3art. &n' Art. 16. @4"n t4" "bt o) a t4ing !"rtain an "t"r*inat" 3ro!""s )ro* a !ri*inal o))"ns"% t4" "btor s4all not b" "8"*3t" )ro* t4" 3a#*"nt o) its 3ri!"% ,4at"$"r *a# b" t4" !aus" )or t4" loss% unl"ss t4" t4ing 4a$ing b""n o))"r" b# 4i* to t4" 3"rson ,4o s4oul r"!"i$" it% t4" latt"r r")us" ,it4out justi)i!ation to a!!"3t it. &115' Art. 167. T4" obligation 4a$ing b""n "8tinguis4" b# t4" loss o) t4" t4ing% t4" !r"itor s4all 4a$" all t4" rig4ts o) a!tion ,4i!4 t4" "btor *a# 4a$" against t4ir 3"rsons b# r"ason o) t4" loss. &116' SECTION /. Cononation or R"*ission o) t4" >"bt Art. 1(. Cononation or r"*ission is "ss"ntiall# gratuitous% an r";uir"s t4" a!!"3tan!" b# t4" obligor. It *a# b" *a" "83r"ssl# or i*3li"l#. On" an t4" ot4"r :in s4all b" subj"!t to t4" rul"s ,4i!4 go$"rn ino))i!ious onations. E83r"ss !ononation s4all% )urt4"r*or"% !o*3l# ,it4 t4" )or*s o) onation. &11(' Art. 1(1. T4" "li$"r# o) a 3ri$at" o!u*"nt "$i"n!ing a !r"it% *a" $oluntaril# b# t4" !r"itor to t4" "btor% i*3li"s t4" r"nun!iation o) t4" a!tion ,4i!4 t4" )or*"r 4a against t4" latt"r. I) in or"r to nulli)# t4is ,ai$"r it s4oul b" !lai*" to b" ino))i!ious% t4" "btor an 4is 4"irs *a# u34ol it b# 3ro$ing t4at t4" "li$"r# o) t4" o!u*"nt ,as *a" in $irtu" o) 3a#*"nt o) t4" "bt. &11' Art. 1(. @4"n"$"r t4" 3ri$at" o!u*"nt in ,4i!4 t4" "bt a33"ars is )oun in t4" 3oss"ssion o) t4" "btor% it s4all b" 3r"su*" t4at t4" !r"itor "li$"r" it $oluntaril#% unl"ss t4" !ontrar# is 3ro$". &117'
Art. 1(/. T4" r"nun!iation o) t4" 3rin!i3al "bt s4all "8tinguis4 t4" a!!"ssor# obligations- but t4" ,ai$"r o) t4" latt"r s4all l"a$" t4" )or*"r in )or!". &117' Art. 1(2. It is 3r"su*" t4at t4" a!!"ssor# obligation o) 3l"g" 4as b""n r"*itt" ,4"n t4" t4ing 3l"g"% a)t"r its "li$"r# to t4" !r"itor% is )oun in t4" 3oss"ssion o) t4" "btor% or o) a t4ir 3"rson ,4o o,ns t4" t4ing. &1171a' SECTION 2. Con)usion or "rg"r o) Rig4ts Art. 1(5. T4" obligation is "8tinguis4" )ro* t4" ti*" t4" !4ara!t"rs o) !r"itor an "btor ar" *"rg" in t4" sa*" 3"rson. &117a' Art. 1(6. "rg"r ,4i!4 ta:"s 3la!" in t4" 3"rson o) t4" 3rin!i3al "btor or !r"itor b"n")its t4" guarantors. Con)usion ,4i!4 ta:"s 3la!" in t4" 3"rson o) an# o) t4" latt"r o"s not "8tinguis4 t4" obligation. &117/' Art. 1((. Con)usion o"s not "8tinguis4 a joint obligation "8!"3t as r"gars t4" s4ar" !orr"s3oning to t4" !r"itor or "btor in ,4o* t4" t,o !4ara!t"rs !on!ur. &1172' SECTION 5. Co*3"nsation Art. 1(. Co*3"nsation s4all ta:" 3la!" ,4"n t,o 3"rsons% in t4"ir o,n rig4t% ar" !r"itors an "btors o) "a!4 ot4"r. &1175' Art. 1(7. In or"r t4at !o*3"nsation *a# b" 3ro3"r% it is n"!"ssar#+ &1' T4at "a!4 on" o) t4" obligors b" boun 3rin!i3all#% an t4at 4" b" at t4" sa*" ti*" a 3rin!i3al !r"itor o) t4" ot4"r&' T4at bot4 "bts !onsist in a su* o) *on"#% or i) t4" t4ings u" ar" !onsu*abl"% t4"# b" o) t4" sa*" :in% an also o) t4" sa*" ;ualit# i) t4" latt"r 4as b""n stat"&/' T4at t4" t,o "bts b" u"&2' T4at t4"# b" li;uiat" an "*anabl"&5' T4at o$"r n"it4"r o) t4"* t4"r" b" an# r"t"ntion or !ontro$"rs#% !o**"n!" b# t4ir 3"rsons an !o**uni!at" in u" ti*" to t4" "btor. &1176' Art. 1. Not,it4staning t4" 3ro$isions o) t4" 3r"!"ing arti!l"% t4" guarantor *a# s"t u3 !o*3"nsation as r"gars ,4at t4" !r"itor *a# o," t4" 3rin!i3al "btor. &117(' Art. 11. Co*3"nsation *a# b" total or 3artial. @4"n t4" t,o "bts ar" o) t4" sa*" a*ount% t4"r" is a total !o*3"nsation. &n' Art. 1. T4" 3arti"s *a# agr"" u3on t4" !o*3"nsation o) "bts ,4i!4 ar" not #"t
u". &n' Art. 1/. I) on" o) t4" 3arti"s to a suit o$"r an obligation 4as a !lai* )or a*ag"s against t4" ot4"r% t4" )or*"r *a# s"t it o)) b# 3ro$ing 4is rig4t to sai a*ag"s an t4" a*ount t4"r"o). &n' Art. 12. @4"n on" or bot4 "bts ar" r"s!issibl" or $oiabl"% t4"# *a# b" !o*3"nsat" against "a!4 ot4"r b")or" t4"# ar" jui!iall# r"s!in" or a$oi". &n' Art. 15. T4" "btor ,4o 4as !ons"nt" to t4" assign*"nt o) rig4ts *a" b# a !r"itor in )a$or o) a t4ir 3"rson% !annot s"t u3 against t4" assign"" t4" !o*3"nsation ,4i!4 ,oul 3"rtain to 4i* against t4" assignor% unl"ss t4" assignor ,as noti)i" b# t4" "btor at t4" ti*" 4" ga$" 4is !ons"nt% t4at 4" r"s"r$" 4is rig4t to t4" !o*3"nsation. I) t4" !r"itor !o**uni!at" t4" !"ssion to 4i* but t4" "btor i not !ons"nt t4"r"to% t4" latt"r *a# s"t u3 t4" !o*3"nsation o) "bts 3r"$ious to t4" !"ssion% but not o) subs";u"nt on"s. I) t4" assign*"nt is *a" ,it4out t4" :no,l"g" o) t4" "btor% 4" *a# s"t u3 t4" !o*3"nsation o) all !r"its 3rior to t4" sa*" an also lat"r on"s until 4" 4a :no,l"g" o) t4" assign*"nt. &117a' Art. 16. Co*3"nsation ta:"s 3la!" b# o3"ration o) la,% "$"n t4oug4 t4" "bts *a# b" 3a#abl" at i))"r"nt 3la!"s% but t4"r" s4all b" an in"*nit# )or "83"ns"s o) "8!4ang" or trans3ortation to t4" 3la!" o) 3a#*"nt. &1177a' Art. 1(. Co*3"nsation s4all not b" 3ro3"r ,4"n on" o) t4" "bts aris"s )ro* a "3ositu* or )ro* t4" obligations o) a "3ositar# or o) a bail"" in !o**oatu*. N"it4"r !an !o*3"nsation b" s"t u3 against a !r"itor ,4o 4as a !lai* )or su33ort u" b# gratuitous titl"% ,it4out 3r"jui!" to t4" 3ro$isions o) 3aragra34 o) Arti!l" /1. &1a' Art. 1. N"it4"r s4all t4"r" b" !o*3"nsation i) on" o) t4" "bts !onsists in !i$il liabilit# arising )ro* a 3"nal o))"ns". &n' Art. 17. I) a 3"rson s4oul 4a$" against 4i* s"$"ral "bts ,4i!4 ar" sus!"3tibl" o) !o*3"nsation% t4" rul"s on t4" a33li!ation o) 3a#*"nts s4all a33l# to t4" or"r o) t4" !o*3"nsation. &11' Art. 17. @4"n all t4" r";uisit"s *"ntion" in Arti!l" 1(7 ar" 3r"s"nt% !o*3"nsation ta:"s "))"!t b# o3"ration o) la,% an "8tinguis4"s bot4 "bts to t4" !on!urr"nt a*ount% "$"n t4oug4 t4" !r"itors an "btors ar" not a,ar" o) t4" !o*3"nsation. &1a' SECTION 6. No$ation
Art. 171. Obligations *a# b" *oi)i" b#+ &1' C4anging t4"ir obj"!t or 3rin!i3al !onitions&' Substituting t4" 3"rson o) t4" "btor&/' Subrogating a t4ir 3"rson in t4" rig4ts o) t4" !r"itor. &1/' Art. 17. In or"r t4at an obligation *a# b" "8tinguis4" b# anot4"r ,4i!4 substitut" t4" sa*"% it is i*3"rati$" t4at it b" so "!lar" in un";ui$o!al t"r*s% or t4at t4" ol an t4" n", obligations b" on "$"r# 3oint in!o*3atibl" ,it4 "a!4 ot4"r. &12' Art. 17/. No$ation ,4i!4 !onsists in substituting a n", "btor in t4" 3la!" o) t4" original on"% *a# b" *a" "$"n ,it4out t4" :no,l"g" or against t4" ,ill o) t4" latt"r% but not ,it4out t4" !ons"nt o) t4" !r"itor. Pa#*"nt b# t4" n", "btor gi$"s 4i* t4" rig4ts *"ntion" in Arti!l"s 1/6 an 1/(. &15a' Art. 172. I) t4" substitution is ,it4out t4" :no,l"g" or against t4" ,ill o) t4" "btor% t4" n", "btorDs insol$"n!# or non)ul)ill*"nt o) t4" obligations s4all not gi$" ris" to an# liabilit# on t4" 3art o) t4" original "btor. &n' Art. 175. T4" insol$"n!# o) t4" n", "btor% ,4o 4as b""n 3ro3os" b# t4" original "btor an a!!"3t" b# t4" !r"itor% s4all not r"$i$" t4" a!tion o) t4" latt"r against t4" original obligor% "8!"3t ,4"n sai insol$"n!# ,as alr"a# "8isting an o) 3ubli! :no,l"g"% or :no,n to t4" "btor% ,4"n t4" "l"gat" 4is "bt. &16a' Art. 176. @4"n t4" 3rin!i3al obligation is "8tinguis4" in !ons";u"n!" o) a no$ation% a!!"ssor# obligations *a# subsist onl# inso)ar as t4"# *a# b"n")it t4ir 3"rsons ,4o i not gi$" t4"ir !ons"nt. &1(' Art. 17(. I) t4" n", obligation is $oi% t4" original on" s4all subsist% unl"ss t4" 3arti"s int"n" t4at t4" )or*"r r"lation s4oul b" "8tinguis4" in an# "$"nt. &n' Art. 17. T4" no$ation is $oi i) t4" original obligation ,as $oi% "8!"3t ,4"n annul*"nt *a# b" !lai*" onl# b# t4" "btor or ,4"n rati)i!ation $aliat"s a!ts ,4i!4 ar" $oiabl". &1a' Art. 177. I) t4" original obligation ,as subj"!t to a sus3"nsi$" or r"solutor# !onition% t4" n", obligation s4all b" un"r t4" sa*" !onition% unl"ss it is ot4"r,is" sti3ulat". &n' Art. 1/. Subrogation o) a t4ir 3"rson in t4" rig4ts o) t4" !r"itor is "it4"r l"gal or !on$"ntional. T4" )or*"r is not 3r"su*"% "8!"3t in !as"s "83r"ssl# *"ntion" in t4is Co"- t4" latt"r *ust b" !l"arl# "stablis4" in or"r t4at it *a# ta:" "))"!t. &17a' Art. 1/1. Con$"ntional subrogation o) a t4ir 3"rson r";uir"s t4" !ons"nt o) t4"
original 3arti"s an o) t4" t4ir 3"rson. &n' Art. 1/. It is 3r"su*" t4at t4"r" is l"gal subrogation+ &1' @4"n a !r"itor 3a#s anot4"r !r"itor ,4o is 3r")"rr"% "$"n ,it4out t4" "btorDs :no,l"g"&' @4"n a t4ir 3"rson% not int"r"st" in t4" obligation% 3a#s ,it4 t4" "83r"ss or ta!it a33ro$al o) t4" "btor&/' @4"n% "$"n ,it4out t4" :no,l"g" o) t4" "btor% a 3"rson int"r"st" in t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) t4" obligation 3a#s% ,it4out 3r"jui!" to t4" "))"!ts o) !on)usion as to t4" latt"rDs s4ar". &11a' Art. 1//. Subrogation trans)"rs to t4" 3"rsons subrogat" t4" !r"it ,it4 all t4" rig4ts t4"r"to a33"rtaining% "it4"r against t4" "btor or against t4ir 3"rson% b" t4"# guarantors or 3oss"ssors o) *ortgag"s% subj"!t to sti3ulation in a !on$"ntional subrogation. &11a' Art. 1/2. A !r"itor% to ,4o* 3artial 3a#*"nt 4as b""n *a"% *a# "8"r!is" 4is rig4t )or t4" r"*ain"r% an 4" s4all b" 3r")"rr" to t4" 3"rson ,4o 4as b""n subrogat" in 4is 3la!" in $irtu" o) t4" 3artial 3a#*"nt o) t4" sa*" !r"it. &11/' Title II. - CONTRACTS
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS Art. 1/5. A !ontra!t is a *""ting o) *ins b"t,""n t,o 3"rsons ,4"r"b# on" bins 4i*s"l)% ,it4 r"s3"!t to t4" ot4"r% to gi$" so*"t4ing or to r"n"r so*" s"r$i!". &152a' Art. 1/6. T4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s *a# "stablis4 su!4 sti3ulations% !laus"s% t"r*s an !onitions as t4"# *a# ""* !on$"ni"nt% 3ro$i" t4"# ar" not !ontrar# to la,% *orals% goo !usto*s% 3ubli! or"r% or 3ubli! 3oli!#. &155a' Art. 1/(. Inno*inat" !ontra!ts s4all b" r"gulat" b# t4" sti3ulations o) t4" 3arti"s% b# t4" 3ro$isions o) Titl"s I an II o) t4is 9oo:% b# t4" rul"s go$"rning t4" *ost analogous no*inat" !ontra!ts% an b# t4" !usto*s o) t4" 3la!". &n' Art. 1/. T4" !ontra!t *ust bin bot4 !ontra!ting 3arti"s- its $aliit# or !o*3lian!" !annot b" l")t to t4" ,ill o) on" o) t4"*. &156a' Art. 1/7. T4" "t"r*ination o) t4" 3"r)or*an!" *a# b" l")t to a t4ir 3"rson% ,4os" "!ision s4all not b" bining until it 4as b""n *a" :no,n to bot4 !ontra!ting 3arti"s. &n' Art. 1/1. T4" "t"r*ination s4all not b" obligator# i) it is "$i"ntl# in";uitabl". In su!4 !as"% t4" !ourts s4all "!i" ,4at is ";uitabl" un"r t4" !ir!u*stan!"s. &n'
Art. 1/11. Contra!ts ta:" "))"!t onl# b"t,""n t4" 3arti"s% t4"ir assigns an 4"irs% "8!"3t in !as" ,4"r" t4" rig4ts an obligations arising )ro* t4" !ontra!t ar" not trans*issibl" b# t4"ir natur"% or b# sti3ulation or b# 3ro$ision o) la,. T4" 4"ir is not liabl" b"#on t4" $alu" o) t4" 3ro3"rt# 4" r"!"i$" )ro* t4" "!""nt. I) a !ontra!t s4oul !ontain so*" sti3ulation in )a$or o) a t4ir 3"rson% 4" *a# "*an its )ul)ill*"nt 3ro$i" 4" !o**uni!at" 4is a!!"3tan!" to t4" obligor b")or" its r"$o!ation. A *"r" in!i"ntal b"n")it or int"r"st o) a 3"rson is not su))i!i"nt. T4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s *ust 4a$" !l"arl# an "lib"rat"l# !on)"rr" a )a$or u3on a t4ir 3"rson. &15(a' Art. 1/1. In !ontra!ts !r"ating r"al rig4ts% t4ir 3"rsons ,4o !o*" into 3oss"ssion o) t4" obj"!t o) t4" !ontra!t ar" boun t4"r"b#% subj"!t to t4" 3ro$isions o) t4" ortgag" La, an t4" Lan R"gistration La,s. &n' Art. 1/1/. Cr"itors ar" 3rot"!t" in !as"s o) !ontra!ts int"n" to ")rau t4"*. &n' Art. 1/12. An# t4ir 3"rson ,4o inu!"s anot4"r to $iolat" 4is !ontra!t s4all b" liabl" )or a*ag"s to t4" ot4"r !ontra!ting 3art#. &n' Art. 1/15. Contra!ts ar" 3"r)"!t" b# *"r" !ons"nt% an )ro* t4at *o*"nt t4" 3arti"s ar" boun not onl# to t4" )ul)ill*"nt o) ,4at 4as b""n "83r"ssl# sti3ulat" but also to all t4" !ons";u"n!"s ,4i!4% a!!oring to t4"ir natur"% *a# b" in :""3ing ,it4 goo )ait4% usag" an la,. &15' Art. 1/16. R"al !ontra!ts% su!4 as "3osit% 3l"g" an Co**oatu*% ar" not 3"r)"!t" until t4" "li$"r# o) t4" obj"!t o) t4" obligation. &n' Art. 1/1(. No on" *a# !ontra!t in t4" na*" o) anot4"r ,it4out b"ing aut4oriB" b# t4" latt"r% or unl"ss 4" 4as b# la, a rig4t to r"3r"s"nt 4i*. A !ontra!t "nt"r" into in t4" na*" o) anot4"r b# on" ,4o 4as no aut4orit# or l"gal r"3r"s"ntation% or ,4o 4as a!t" b"#on 4is 3o,"rs% s4all b" un"n)or!"abl"% unl"ss it is rati)i"% "83r"ssl# or i*3li"l#% b# t4" 3"rson on ,4os" b"4al) it 4as b""n "8"!ut"% b")or" it is r"$o:" b# t4" ot4"r !ontra!ting 3art#. &157a' CHAPTER 2
ESSENTIAL RE0=ISITES O? CONTRACTS GENERAL PROVISIONS Art. 1/1. T4"r" is no !ontra!t unl"ss t4" )ollo,ing r";uisit"s !on!ur+ &1' Cons"nt o) t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s&' Obj"!t !"rtain ,4i!4 is t4" subj"!t *att"r o) t4" !ontra!t&/' Caus" o) t4" obligation ,4i!4 is "stablis4". &161'
SECTION 1. Cons"nt Art. 1/17. Cons"nt is *ani)"st" b# t4" *""ting o) t4" o))"r an t4" a!!"3tan!" u3on t4" t4ing an t4" !aus" ,4i!4 ar" to !onstitut" t4" !ontra!t. T4" o))"r *ust b" !"rtain an t4" a!!"3tan!" absolut". A ;uali)i" a!!"3tan!" !onstitut"s a !ount"ro))"r. A!!"3tan!" *a" b# l"tt"r or t"l"gra* o"s not bin t4" o))"r"r "8!"3t )ro* t4" ti*" it !a*" to 4is :no,l"g". T4" !ontra!t% in su!4 a !as"% is 3r"su*" to 4a$" b""n "nt"r" into in t4" 3la!" ,4"r" t4" o))"r ,as *a". &16a' Art. 1/. An a!!"3tan!" *a# b" "83r"ss or i*3li". &n' Art. 1/1. T4" 3"rson *a:ing t4" o))"r *a# )i8 t4" ti*"% 3la!"% an *ann"r o) a!!"3tan!"% all o) ,4i!4 *ust b" !o*3li" ,it4. &n' Art. 1/. An o))"r *a" t4roug4 an ag"nt is a!!"3t" )ro* t4" ti*" a!!"3tan!" is !o**uni!at" to 4i*. &n' Art. 1//. An o))"r b"!o*"s in"))"!ti$" u3on t4" "at4% !i$il int"ri!tion% insanit#% or insol$"n!# o) "it4"r 3art# b")or" a!!"3tan!" is !on$"#". &n' Art. 1/2. @4"n t4" o))"r"r 4as allo," t4" o))"r"" a !"rtain 3"rio to a!!"3t% t4" o))"r *a# b" ,it4ra,n at an# ti*" b")or" a!!"3tan!" b# !o**uni!ating su!4 ,it4ra,al% "8!"3t ,4"n t4" o3tion is )oun" u3on a !onsi"ration% as so*"t4ing 3ai or 3ro*is". &n' Art. 1/5. =nl"ss it a33"ars ot4"r,is"% busin"ss a$"rtis"*"nts o) t4ings )or sal" ar" not ")init" o))"rs% but *"r" in$itations to *a:" an o))"r. &n' Art. 1/6. A$"rtis"*"nts )or bi"rs ar" si*3l# in$itations to *a:" 3ro3osals% an t4" a$"rtis"r is not boun to a!!"3t t4" 4ig4"st or lo,"st bi"r% unl"ss t4" !ontrar# a33"ars. &n' Art. 1/(. T4" )ollo,ing !annot gi$" !ons"nt to a !ontra!t+ &1' =n"*an!i3at" *inors&' Insan" or "*"nt" 3"rsons% an "a)*ut"s ,4o o not :no, 4o, to ,rit". &16/a' Art. 1/. Contra!ts "nt"r" into uring a lu!i int"r$al ar" $ali. Contra!ts agr"" to in a stat" o) run:"nn"ss or uring a 4#3noti! s3"ll ar" $oiabl". &n' Art. 1/7. T4" in!a3a!it# "!lar" in Arti!l" 1/( is subj"!t to t4" *oi)i!ations "t"r*in" b# la,% an is un"rstoo to b" ,it4out 3r"jui!" to s3"!ial is;uali)i!ations "stablis4" in t4" la,s. &162'
Art. 1//. A !ontra!t ,4"r" !ons"nt is gi$"n t4roug4 *ista:"% $iol"n!"% inti*iation% unu" in)lu"n!"% or )rau is $oiabl". &165a' Art. 1//1. In or"r t4at *ista:" *a# in$aliat" !ons"nt% it s4oul r")"r to t4" substan!" o) t4" t4ing ,4i!4 is t4" obj"!t o) t4" !ontra!t% or to t4os" !onitions ,4i!4 4a$" 3rin!i3all# *o$" on" or bot4 3arti"s to "nt"r into t4" !ontra!t. ista:" as to t4" i"ntit# or ;uali)i!ations o) on" o) t4" 3arti"s ,ill $itiat" !ons"nt onl# ,4"n su!4 i"ntit# or ;uali)i!ations 4a$" b""n t4" 3rin!i3al !aus" o) t4" !ontra!t. A si*3l" *ista:" o) a!!ount s4all gi$" ris" to its !orr"!tion. &166a' Art. 1//. @4"n on" o) t4" 3arti"s is unabl" to r"a% or i) t4" !ontra!t is in a languag" not un"rstoo b# 4i*% an *ista:" or )rau is all"g"% t4" 3"rson "n)or!ing t4" !ontra!t *ust s4o, t4at t4" t"r*s t4"r"o) 4a$" b""n )ull# "83lain" to t4" )or*"r. &n' Art. 1///. T4"r" is no *ista:" i) t4" 3art# all"ging it :n", t4" oubt% !onting"n!# or ris: a))"!ting t4" obj"!t o) t4" !ontra!t. &n' Art. 1//2. utual "rror as to t4" l"gal "))"!t o) an agr""*"nt ,4"n t4" r"al 3ur3os" o) t4" 3arti"s is )rustrat"% *a# $itiat" !ons"nt. &n' Art. 1//5. T4"r" is $iol"n!" ,4"n in or"r to ,r"st !ons"nt% s"rious or irr"sistibl" )or!" is "*3lo#". T4"r" is inti*iation ,4"n on" o) t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s is !o*3"ll" b# a r"asonabl" an ,"llgroun" )"ar o) an i**in"nt an gra$" "$il u3on 4is 3"rson or 3ro3"rt#% or u3on t4" 3"rson or 3ro3"rt# o) 4is s3ous"% "s!"nants or as!"nants% to gi$" 4is !ons"nt. To "t"r*in" t4" "gr"" o) inti*iation% t4" ag"% s"8 an !onition o) t4" 3"rson s4all b" born" in *in. A t4r"at to "n)or!" on"Ds !lai* t4roug4 !o*3"t"nt aut4orit#% i) t4" !lai* is just or l"gal% o"s not $itiat" !ons"nt. &16(a' Art. 1//6. Viol"n!" or inti*iation s4all annul t4" obligation% alt4oug4 it *a# 4a$" b""n "*3lo#" b# a t4ir 3"rson ,4o i not ta:" 3art in t4" !ontra!t. &16' Art. 1//(. T4"r" is unu" in)lu"n!" ,4"n a 3"rson ta:"s i*3ro3"r a$antag" o) 4is 3o,"r o$"r t4" ,ill o) anot4"r% "3ri$ing t4" latt"r o) a r"asonabl" )r""o* o) !4oi!". T4" )ollo,ing !ir!u*stan!"s s4all b" !onsi"r"+ t4" !on)i"ntial% )a*il#% s3iritual an ot4"r r"lations b"t,""n t4" 3arti"s% or t4" )a!t t4at t4" 3"rson all"g" to 4a$" b""n unul# in)lu"n!" ,as su))"ring )ro* *"ntal ,"a:n"ss% or ,as ignorant or in )inan!ial istr"ss. &n'
Art. 1//. T4"r" is )rau ,4"n% t4roug4 insiious ,ors or *a!4inations o) on" o) t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s% t4" ot4"r is inu!" to "nt"r into a !ontra!t ,4i!4% ,it4out t4"*% 4" ,oul not 4a$" agr"" to. &167' Art. 1//7. ?ailur" to is!los" )a!ts% ,4"n t4"r" is a ut# to r"$"al t4"*% as ,4"n t4" 3arti"s ar" boun b# !on)i"ntial r"lations% !onstitut"s )rau. &n' Art. 1/2. T4" usual "8agg"rations in tra"% ,4"n t4" ot4"r 3art# 4a an o33ortunit# to :no, t4" )a!ts% ar" not in t4"*s"l$"s )rauul"nt. &n' Art. 1/21. A *"r" "83r"ssion o) an o3inion o"s not signi)# )rau% unl"ss *a" b# an "83"rt an t4" ot4"r 3art# 4as r"li" on t4" )or*"rDs s3"!ial :no,l"g". &n' Art. 1/2. isr"3r"s"ntation b# a t4ir 3"rson o"s not $itiat" !ons"nt% unl"ss su!4 *isr"3r"s"ntation 4as !r"at" substantial *ista:" an t4" sa*" is *utual. &n' Art. 1/2/. isr"3r"s"ntation *a" in goo )ait4 is not )rauul"nt but *a# !onstitut" "rror. &n' Art. 1/22. In or"r t4at )rau *a# *a:" a !ontra!t $oiabl"% it s4oul b" s"rious an s4oul not 4a$" b""n "*3lo#" b# bot4 !ontra!ting 3arti"s. In!i"ntal )rau onl# oblig"s t4" 3"rson "*3lo#ing it to 3a# a*ag"s. &1(' Art. 1/25. Si*ulation o) a !ontra!t *a# b" absolut" or r"lati$". T4" )or*"r ta:"s 3la!" ,4"n t4" 3arti"s o not int"n to b" boun at all- t4" latt"r% ,4"n t4" 3arti"s !on!"al t4"ir tru" agr""*"nt. &n' Art. 1/26. An absolut"l# si*ulat" or )i!titious !ontra!t is $oi. A r"lati$" si*ulation% ,4"n it o"s not 3r"jui!" a t4ir 3"rson an is not int"n" )or an# 3ur3os" !ontrar# to la,% *orals% goo !usto*s% 3ubli! or"r or 3ubli! 3oli!# bins t4" 3arti"s to t4"ir r"al agr""*"nt. &n' SECTION . Obj"!t o) Contra!ts Art. 1/2(. All t4ings ,4i!4 ar" not outsi" t4" !o**"r!" o) *"n% in!luing )utur" t4ings% *a# b" t4" obj"!t o) a !ontra!t. All rig4ts ,4i!4 ar" not intrans*issibl" *a# also b" t4" obj"!t o) !ontra!ts. No !ontra!t *a# b" "nt"r" into u3on )utur" in4"ritan!" "8!"3t in !as"s "83r"ssl# aut4oriB" b# la,. All s"r$i!"s ,4i!4 ar" not !ontrar# to la,% *orals% goo !usto*s% 3ubli! or"r or 3ubli! 3oli!# *a# li:",is" b" t4" obj"!t o) a !ontra!t. &1(1a'
Art. 1/2. I*3ossibl" t4ings or s"r$i!"s !annot b" t4" obj"!t o) !ontra!ts. &1(' Art. 1/27. T4" obj"!t o) "$"r# !ontra!t *ust b" "t"r*inat" as to its :in. T4" )a!t t4at t4" ;uantit# is not "t"r*inat" s4all not b" an obsta!l" to t4" "8ist"n!" o) t4" !ontra!t% 3ro$i" it is 3ossibl" to "t"r*in" t4" sa*"% ,it4out t4" n"" o) a n", !ontra!t b"t,""n t4" 3arti"s. &1(/' SECTION /. Caus" o) Contra!ts Art. 1/5. In on"rous !ontra!ts t4" !aus" is un"rstoo to b"% )or "a!4 !ontra!ting 3art#% t4" 3r"station or 3ro*is" o) a t4ing or s"r$i!" b# t4" ot4"r- in r"*un"rator# on"s% t4" s"r$i!" or b"n")it ,4i!4 is r"*un"rat"- an in !ontra!ts o) 3ur" b"n")i!"n!"% t4" *"r" lib"ralit# o) t4" b"n")a!tor. &1(2' Art. 1/51. T4" 3arti!ular *oti$"s o) t4" 3arti"s in "nt"ring into a !ontra!t ar" i))"r"nt )ro* t4" !aus" t4"r"o). &n' Art. 1/5. Contra!ts ,it4out !aus"% or ,it4 unla,)ul !aus"% 3rou!" no "))"!t ,4at"$"r. T4" !aus" is unla,)ul i) it is !ontrar# to la,% *orals% goo !usto*s% 3ubli! or"r or 3ubli! 3oli!#. &1(5a' Art. 1/5/. T4" stat"*"nt o) a )als" !aus" in !ontra!ts s4all r"n"r t4"* $oi% i) it s4oul not b" 3ro$" t4at t4"# ,"r" )oun" u3on anot4"r !aus" ,4i!4 is tru" an la,)ul. &1(6' Art. 1/52. Alt4oug4 t4" !aus" is not stat" in t4" !ontra!t% it is 3r"su*" t4at it "8ists an is la,)ul% unl"ss t4" "btor 3ro$"s t4" !ontrar#. &1((' Art. 1/55. E8!"3t in !as"s s3"!i)i" b# la,% l"sion or ina";ua!# o) !aus" s4all not in$aliat" a !ontra!t% unl"ss t4"r" 4as b""n )rau% *ista:" or unu" in)lu"n!". &n' CHAPTER 3
?OR O? CONTRACTS Art. 1/56. Contra!ts s4all b" obligator#% in ,4at"$"r )or* t4"# *a# 4a$" b""n "nt"r" into% 3ro$i" all t4" "ss"ntial r";uisit"s )or t4"ir $aliit# ar" 3r"s"nt. Ho,"$"r% ,4"n t4" la, r";uir"s t4at a !ontra!t b" in so*" )or* in or"r t4at it *a# b" $ali or "n)or!"abl"% or t4at a !ontra!t b" 3ro$" in a !"rtain ,a#% t4at r";uir"*"nt is absolut" an inis3"nsabl". In su!4 !as"s% t4" rig4t o) t4" 3arti"s stat" in t4" )ollo,ing arti!l" !annot b" "8"r!is". &1(a' Art. 1/5(. I) t4" la, r";uir"s a o!u*"nt or ot4"r s3"!ial )or*% as in t4" a!ts an !ontra!ts "nu*"rat" in t4" )ollo,ing arti!l"% t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s *a# !o*3"l "a!4 ot4"r to obs"r$" t4at )or*% on!" t4" !ontra!t 4as b""n 3"r)"!t". T4is rig4t *a# b" "8"r!is" si*ultan"ousl# ,it4 t4" a!tion u3on t4" !ontra!t. &1(7a' Art. 1/5. T4" )ollo,ing *ust a33"ar in a 3ubli! o!u*"nt+
&1' A!ts an !ontra!ts ,4i!4 4a$" )or t4"ir obj"!t t4" !r"ation% trans*ission% *oi)i!ation or "8tinguis4*"nt o) r"al rig4ts o$"r i**o$abl" 3ro3"rt#- sal"s o) r"al 3ro3"rt# or o) an int"r"st t4"r"in a go$"rn" b# Arti!l"s 12/% No. % an 125&' T4" !"ssion% r"3uiation or r"nun!iation o) 4"r"itar# rig4ts or o) t4os" o) t4" !onjugal 3artn"rs4i3 o) gains&/' T4" 3o,"r to a*inist"r 3ro3"rt#% or an# ot4"r 3o,"r ,4i!4 4as )or its obj"!t an a!t a33"aring or ,4i!4 s4oul a33"ar in a 3ubli! o!u*"nt% or s4oul 3r"jui!" a t4ir 3"rson&2' T4" !"ssion o) a!tions or rig4ts 3ro!""ing )ro* an a!t a33"aring in a 3ubli! o!u*"nt. All ot4"r !ontra!ts ,4"r" t4" a*ount in$ol$" "8!""s )i$" 4unr" 3"sos *ust a33"ar in ,riting% "$"n a 3ri$at" on". 9ut sal"s o) goos% !4att"ls or t4ings in a!tion ar" go$"rn" b# Arti!l"s% 12/% No. an 125. &1a' "#,ors+ ?or* o) Contra!ts CHAPTER 4
RE?ORATION O? INSTR=ENTS &n' Art. 1/57. @4"n% t4"r" 4a$ing b""n a *""ting o) t4" *ins o) t4" 3arti"s to a !ontra!t% t4"ir tru" int"ntion is not "83r"ss" in t4" instru*"nt 3ur3orting to "*bo# t4" agr""*"nt% b# r"ason o) *ista:"% )rau% in";uitabl" !onu!t or a!!i"nt% on" o) t4" 3arti"s *a# as: )or t4" r")or*ation o) t4" instru*"nt to t4" "n t4at su!4 tru" int"ntion *a# b" "83r"ss". I) *ista:"% )rau% in";uitabl" !onu!t% or a!!i"nt 4as 3r"$"nt" a *""ting o) t4" *ins o) t4" 3arti"s% t4" 3ro3"r r"*"# is not r")or*ation o) t4" instru*"nt but annul*"nt o) t4" !ontra!t. Art. 1/6. T4" 3rin!i3l"s o) t4" g"n"ral la, on t4" r")or*ation o) instru*"nts ar" 4"r"b# ao3t" inso)ar as t4"# ar" not in !on)li!t ,it4 t4" 3ro$isions o) t4is Co". Art. 1/61. @4"n a *utual *ista:" o) t4" 3arti"s !aus"s t4" )ailur" o) t4" instru*"nt to is!los" t4"ir r"al agr""*"nt% sai instru*"nt *a# b" r")or*". Art. 1/6. I) on" 3art# ,as *ista:"n an t4" ot4"r a!t" )rauul"ntl# or in";uitabl# in su!4 a ,a# t4at t4" instru*"nt o"s not s4o, t4"ir tru" int"ntion% t4" )or*"r *a# as: )or t4" r")or*ation o) t4" instru*"nt. Art. 1/6/. @4"n on" 3art# ,as *ista:"n an t4" ot4"r :n", or b"li"$" t4at t4" instru*"nt i not stat" t4"ir r"al agr""*"nt% but !on!"al" t4at )a!t )ro* t4" )or*"r% t4" instru*"nt *a# b" r")or*".
Art. 1/62. @4"n t4roug4 t4" ignoran!"% la!: o) s:ill% n"glig"n!" or ba )ait4 on t4" 3art o) t4" 3"rson ra)ting t4" instru*"nt or o) t4" !l"r: or t#3ist% t4" instru*"nt o"s not "83r"ss t4" tru" int"ntion o) t4" 3arti"s% t4" !ourts *a# or"r t4at t4" instru*"nt b" r")or*". Art. 1/65. I) t,o 3arti"s agr"" u3on t4" *ortgag" or 3l"g" o) r"al or 3"rsonal 3ro3"rt#% but t4" instru*"nt stat"s t4at t4" 3ro3"rt# is sol absolut"l# or ,it4 a rig4t o) r"3ur!4as"% r")or*ation o) t4" instru*"nt is 3ro3"r. Art. 1/66. T4"r" s4all b" no r")or*ation in t4" )ollo,ing !as"s+ &1' Si*3l" onations int"r $i$os ,4"r"in no !onition is i*3os"&' @ills&/' @4"n t4" r"al agr""*"nt is $oi. Art. 1/6(. @4"n on" o) t4" 3arti"s 4as broug4t an a!tion to "n)or!" t4" instru*"nt% 4" !annot subs";u"ntl# as: )or its r")or*ation. Art. 1/6. R")or*ation *a# b" or"r" at t4" instan!" o) "it4"r 3art# or 4is su!!"ssors in int"r"st% i) t4" *ista:" ,as *utual- ot4"r,is"% u3on 3"tition o) t4" injur" 3art#% or 4is 4"irs an assigns. Art. 1/67. T4" 3ro!"ur" )or t4" r")or*ation o) instru*"nt s4all b" go$"rn" b# rul"s o) !ourt to b" 3ro*ulgat" b# t4" Su3r"*" Court. CHAPTER 5
INTERPRETATION O? CONTRACTS Art. 1/(. I) t4" t"r*s o) a !ontra!t ar" !l"ar an l"a$" no oubt u3on t4" int"ntion o) t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s% t4" lit"ral *"aning o) its sti3ulations s4all !ontrol. I) t4" ,ors a33"ar to b" !ontrar# to t4" "$i"nt int"ntion o) t4" 3arti"s% t4" latt"r s4all 3r"$ail o$"r t4" )or*"r. &11' Art. 1/(1. In or"r to jug" t4" int"ntion o) t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s% t4"ir !ont"*3oran"ous an subs";u"nt a!ts s4all b" 3rin!i3all# !onsi"r". &1' Art. 1/(. Ho,"$"r g"n"ral t4" t"r*s o) a !ontra!t *a# b"% t4"# s4all not b" un"rstoo to !o*3r"4"n t4ings t4at ar" istin!t an !as"s t4at ar" i))"r"nt )ro* t4os" u3on ,4i!4 t4" 3arti"s int"n" to agr"". &1/' Art. 1/(/. I) so*" sti3ulation o) an# !ontra!t s4oul a*it o) s"$"ral *"anings% it s4all b" un"rstoo as b"aring t4at i*3ort ,4i!4 is *ost a";uat" to r"n"r it "))"!tual. &12'
Art. 1/(2. T4" $arious sti3ulations o) a !ontra!t s4all b" int"r3r"t" tog"t4"r% attributing to t4" oubt)ul on"s t4at s"ns" ,4i!4 *a# r"sult )ro* all o) t4"* ta:"n jointl#. &15' Art. 1/(5. @ors ,4i!4 *a# 4a$" i))"r"nt signi)i!ations s4all b" un"rstoo in t4at ,4i!4 is *ost in :""3ing ,it4 t4" natur" an obj"!t o) t4" !ontra!t. &16' Art. 1/(6. T4" usag" or !usto* o) t4" 3la!" s4all b" born" in *in in t4" int"r3r"tation o) t4" a*biguiti"s o) a !ontra!t% an s4all )ill t4" o*ission o) sti3ulations ,4i!4 ar" orinaril# "stablis4". &1(' Art. 1/((. T4" int"r3r"tation o) obs!ur" ,ors or sti3ulations in a !ontra!t s4all not )a$or t4" 3art# ,4o !aus" t4" obs!urit#. &1' Art. 1/(. @4"n it is absolut"l# i*3ossibl" to s"ttl" oubts b# t4" rul"s "stablis4" in t4" 3r"!"ing arti!l"s% an t4" oubts r")"r to in!i"ntal !ir!u*stan!"s o) a gratuitous !ontra!t% t4" l"ast trans*ission o) rig4ts an int"r"sts s4all 3r"$ail. I) t4" !ontra!t is on"rous% t4" oubt s4all b" s"ttl" in )a$or o) t4" gr"at"st r"!i3ro!it# o) int"r"sts. I) t4" oubts ar" !ast u3on t4" 3rin!i3al obj"!t o) t4" !ontra!t in su!4 a ,a# t4at it !annot b" :no,n ,4at *a# 4a$" b""n t4" int"ntion or ,ill o) t4" 3arti"s% t4" !ontra!t s4all b" null an $oi. &17' Art. 1/(7. T4" 3rin!i3l"s o) int"r3r"tation stat" in Rul" 1/ o) t4" Rul"s o) Court s4all li:",is" b" obs"r$" in t4" !onstru!tion o) !ontra!ts. &n' CHAPTER 6
RESCISSI9LE CONTRACTS Art. 1/. Contra!ts $alil# agr"" u3on *a# b" r"s!in" in t4" !as"s "stablis4" b# la,. &17' Art. 1/1. T4" )ollo,ing !ontra!ts ar" r"s!issibl"+ &1' T4os" ,4i!4 ar" "nt"r" into b# guarians ,4"n"$"r t4" ,ars ,4o* t4"# r"3r"s"nt su))"r l"sion b# *or" t4an on")ourt4 o) t4" $alu" o) t4" t4ings ,4i!4 ar" t4" obj"!t t4"r"o)&' T4os" agr"" u3on in r"3r"s"ntation o) abs"nt""s% i) t4" latt"r su))"r t4" l"sion stat" in t4" 3r"!"ing nu*b"r&/' T4os" un"rta:"n in )rau o) !r"itors ,4"n t4" latt"r !annot in an# ot4"r *ann"r !oll"!t t4" !lai*s u" t4"*&2' T4os" ,4i!4 r")"r to t4ings un"r litigation i) t4"# 4a$" b""n "nt"r" into b# t4" ")"nant ,it4out t4" :no,l"g" an a33ro$al o) t4" litigants or o) !o*3"t"nt jui!ial aut4orit#-
&5' All ot4"r !ontra!ts s3"!iall# "!lar" b# la, to b" subj"!t to r"s!ission. &171a' Art. 1/. Pa#*"nts *a" in a stat" o) insol$"n!# )or obligations to ,4os" )ul)ill*"nt t4" "btor !oul not b" !o*3"ll" at t4" ti*" t4"# ,"r" "))"!t"% ar" also r"s!issibl". &17' Art. 1//. T4" a!tion )or r"s!ission is subsiiar#- it !annot b" institut" "8!"3t ,4"n t4" 3art# su))"ring a*ag" 4as no ot4"r l"gal *"ans to obtain r"3aration )or t4" sa*". &172' Art. 1/2. R"s!ission s4all b" onl# to t4" "8t"nt n"!"ssar# to !o$"r t4" a*ag"s !aus". &n' Art. 1/5. R"s!ission !r"at"s t4" obligation to r"turn t4" t4ings ,4i!4 ,"r" t4" obj"!t o) t4" !ontra!t% tog"t4"r ,it4 t4"ir )ruits% an t4" 3ri!" ,it4 its int"r"st- !ons";u"ntl#% it !an b" !arri" out onl# ,4"n 4" ,4o "*ans r"s!ission !an r"turn ,4at"$"r 4" *a# b" oblig" to r"stor". N"it4"r s4all r"s!ission ta:" 3la!" ,4"n t4" t4ings ,4i!4 ar" t4" obj"!t o) t4" !ontra!t ar" l"gall# in t4" 3oss"ssion o) t4ir 3"rsons ,4o i not a!t in ba )ait4. In t4is !as"% in"*nit# )or a*ag"s *a# b" "*an" )ro* t4" 3"rson !ausing t4" loss. &175' Art. 1/6. R"s!ission r")"rr" to in Nos. 1 an o) Arti!l" 1/1 s4all not ta:" 3la!" ,it4 r"s3"!t to !ontra!ts a33ro$" b# t4" !ourts. &176a' Art. 1/(. All !ontra!ts b# $irtu" o) ,4i!4 t4" "btor ali"nat"s 3ro3"rt# b# gratuitous titl" ar" 3r"su*" to 4a$" b""n "nt"r" into in )rau o) !r"itors% ,4"n t4" onor i not r"s"r$" su))i!i"nt 3ro3"rt# to 3a# all "bts !ontra!t" b")or" t4" onation. Ali"nations b# on"rous titl" ar" also 3r"su*" )rauul"nt ,4"n *a" b# 3"rsons against ,4o* so*" jug*"nt 4as b""n issu". T4" "!ision or atta!4*"nt n"" not r")"r to t4" 3ro3"rt# ali"nat"% an n"" not 4a$" b""n obtain" b# t4" 3art# s"":ing t4" r"s!ission. In aition to t4"s" 3r"su*3tions% t4" "sign to ")rau !r"itors *a# b" 3ro$" in an# ot4"r *ann"r r"!ogniB" b# t4" la, o) "$i"n!". &17(a' Art. 1/. @4o"$"r a!;uir"s in ba )ait4 t4" t4ings ali"nat" in )rau o) !r"itors% s4all in"*ni)# t4" latt"r )or a*ag"s su))"r" b# t4"* on a!!ount o) t4" ali"nation% ,4"n"$"r% u" to an# !aus"% it s4oul b" i*3ossibl" )or 4i* to r"turn t4"*. I) t4"r" ar" t,o or *or" ali"nations% t4" )irst a!;uir"r s4all b" liabl" )irst% an so on su!!"ssi$"l#. &17a'
Art. 1/7. T4" a!tion to !lai* r"s!ission *ust b" !o**"n!" ,it4in )our #"ars. ?or 3"rsons un"r guarians4i3 an )or abs"nt""s% t4" 3"rio o) )our #"ars s4all not b"gin until t4" t"r*ination o) t4" )or*"rDs in!a3a!it#% or until t4" o*i!il" o) t4" latt"r is :no,n. &177' CHAPTER 7
VOI>A9LE CONTRACTS Art. 1/7. T4" )ollo,ing !ontra!ts ar" $oiabl" or annullabl"% "$"n t4oug4 t4"r" *a# 4a$" b""n no a*ag" to t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s+ &1' T4os" ,4"r" on" o) t4" 3arti"s is in!a3abl" o) gi$ing !ons"nt to a !ontra!t&' T4os" ,4"r" t4" !ons"nt is $itiat" b# *ista:"% $iol"n!"% inti*iation% unu" in)lu"n!" or )rau. T4"s" !ontra!ts ar" bining% unl"ss t4"# ar" annull" b# a 3ro3"r a!tion in !ourt. T4"# ar" sus!"3tibl" o) rati)i!ation. &n' Art. 1/71. T4" a!tion )or annul*"nt s4all b" broug4t ,it4in )our #"ars. T4is 3"rio s4all b"gin+ In !as"s o) inti*iation% $iol"n!" or unu" in)lu"n!"% )ro* t4" ti*" t4" ")"!t o) t4" !ons"nt !"as"s. In !as" o) *ista:" or )rau% )ro* t4" ti*" o) t4" is!o$"r# o) t4" sa*". An ,4"n t4" a!tion r")"rs to !ontra!ts "nt"r" into b# *inors or ot4"r in!a3a!itat" 3"rsons% )ro* t4" ti*" t4" guarians4i3 !"as"s. &1/1a' Art. 1/7. Rati)i!ation "8tinguis4"s t4" a!tion to annul a $oiabl" !ontra!t. &1/7a' Art. 1/7/. Rati)i!ation *a# b" "))"!t" "83r"ssl# or ta!itl#. It is un"rstoo t4at t4"r" is a ta!it rati)i!ation i)% ,it4 :no,l"g" o) t4" r"ason ,4i!4 r"n"rs t4" !ontra!t $oiabl" an su!4 r"ason 4a$ing !"as"% t4" 3"rson ,4o 4as a rig4t to in$o:" it s4oul "8"!ut" an a!t ,4i!4 n"!"ssaril# i*3li"s an int"ntion to ,ai$" 4is rig4t. &1/11a' Art. 1/72. Rati)i!ation *a# b" "))"!t" b# t4" guarian o) t4" in!a3a!itat" 3"rson. &n' Art. 1/75. Rati)i!ation o"s not r";uir" t4" !on)or*it# o) t4" !ontra!ting 3art# ,4o 4as no rig4t to bring t4" a!tion )or annul*"nt. &1/1' Art. 1/76. Rati)i!ation !l"ans"s t4" !ontra!t )ro* all its ")"!ts )ro* t4" *o*"nt it ,as !onstitut". &1/1/'
Art. 1/7(. T4" a!tion )or t4" annul*"nt o) !ontra!ts *a# b" institut" b# all ,4o ar" t4"r"b# oblig" 3rin!i3all# or subsiiaril#. Ho,"$"r% 3"rsons ,4o ar" !a3abl" !annot all"g" t4" in!a3a!it# o) t4os" ,it4 ,4o* t4"# !ontra!t"- nor !an t4os" ,4o "8"rt" inti*iation% $iol"n!"% or unu" in)lu"n!"% or "*3lo#" )rau% or !aus" *ista:" bas" t4"ir a!tion u3on t4"s" )la,s o) t4" !ontra!t. &1/a' Art. 1/7. An obligation 4a$ing b""n annull"% t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s s4all r"stor" to "a!4 ot4"r t4" t4ings ,4i!4 4a$" b""n t4" subj"!t *att"r o) t4" !ontra!t% ,it4 t4"ir )ruits% an t4" 3ri!" ,it4 its int"r"st% "8!"3t in !as"s 3ro$i" b# la,. In obligations to r"n"r s"r$i!"% t4" $alu" t4"r"o) s4all b" t4" basis )or a*ag"s. &1//a' Art. 1/77. @4"n t4" ")"!t o) t4" !ontra!t !onsists in t4" in!a3a!it# o) on" o) t4" 3arti"s% t4" in!a3a!itat" 3"rson is not oblig" to *a:" an# r"stitution "8!"3t inso)ar as 4" 4as b""n b"n")it" b# t4" t4ing or 3ri!" r"!"i$" b# 4i*. &1/2' Art. 12. @4"n"$"r t4" 3"rson oblig" b# t4" "!r"" o) annul*"nt to r"turn t4" t4ing !an not o so b"!aus" it 4as b""n lost t4roug4 4is )ault% 4" s4all r"turn t4" )ruits r"!"i$" an t4" $alu" o) t4" t4ing at t4" ti*" o) t4" loss% ,it4 int"r"st )ro* t4" sa*" at". &1/(a' Art. 121. T4" a!tion )or annul*"nt o) !ontra!ts s4all b" "8tinguis4" ,4"n t4" t4ing ,4i!4 is t4" obj"!t t4"r"o) is lost t4roug4 t4" )rau or )ault o) t4" 3"rson ,4o 4as a rig4t to institut" t4" 3ro!""ings. I) t4" rig4t o) a!tion is bas" u3on t4" in!a3a!it# o) an# on" o) t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s% t4" loss o) t4" t4ing s4all not b" an obsta!l" to t4" su!!"ss o) t4" a!tion% unl"ss sai loss too: 3la!" t4roug4 t4" )rau or )ault o) t4" 3lainti)). &1/12a' Art. 12. As long as on" o) t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s o"s not r"stor" ,4at in $irtu" o) t4" "!r"" o) annul*"nt 4" is boun to r"turn% t4" ot4"r !annot b" !o*3"ll" to !o*3l# ,it4 ,4at is in!u*b"nt u3on 4i*. &1/' CHAPTER 8
=NEN?ORCEA9LE CONTRACTS &n' Art. 12/. T4" )ollo,ing !ontra!ts ar" un"n)or!"abl"% unl"ss t4"# ar" rati)i"+ &1' T4os" "nt"r" into in t4" na*" o) anot4"r 3"rson b# on" ,4o 4as b""n gi$"n no aut4orit# or l"gal r"3r"s"ntation% or ,4o 4as a!t" b"#on 4is 3o,"rs&' T4os" t4at o not !o*3l# ,it4 t4" Statut" o) ?raus as s"t )ort4 in t4is nu*b"r. In t4" )ollo,ing !as"s an agr""*"nt 4"r"a)t"r *a" s4all b" un"n)or!"abl" b# a!tion% unl"ss t4" sa*"% or so*" not" or *"*oranu*% t4"r"o)% b" in ,riting% an subs!rib" b# t4" 3art# !4arg"% or b# 4is ag"nt- "$i"n!"% t4"r")or"% o) t4" agr""*"nt !annot b" r"!"i$" ,it4out t4" ,riting% or a s"!onar# "$i"n!" o) its !ont"nts+
&a' An agr""*"nt t4at b# its t"r*s is not to b" 3"r)or*" ,it4in a #"ar )ro* t4" *a:ing t4"r"o)&b' A s3"!ial 3ro*is" to ans,"r )or t4" "bt% ")ault% or *is!arriag" o) anot4"r&!' An agr""*"nt *a" in !onsi"ration o) *arriag"% ot4"r t4an a *utual 3ro*is" to *arr#&' An agr""*"nt )or t4" sal" o) goos% !4att"ls or t4ings in a!tion% at a 3ri!" not l"ss t4an )i$" 4unr" 3"sos% unl"ss t4" bu#"r a!!"3t an r"!"i$" 3art o) su!4 goos an !4att"ls% or t4" "$i"n!"s% or so*" o) t4"*% o) su!4 t4ings in a!tion or 3a# at t4" ti*" so*" 3art o) t4" 3ur!4as" *on"#- but ,4"n a sal" is *a" b# au!tion an "ntr# is *a" b# t4" au!tion""r in 4is sal"s boo:% at t4" ti*" o) t4" sal"% o) t4" a*ount an :in o) 3ro3"rt# sol% t"r*s o) sal"% 3ri!"% na*"s o) t4" 3ur!4as"rs an 3"rson on ,4os" a!!ount t4" sal" is *a"% it is a su))i!i"nt *"*oranu*&"' An agr""*"nt o) t4" l"asing )or a long"r 3"rio t4an on" #"ar% or )or t4" sal" o) r"al 3ro3"rt# or o) an int"r"st t4"r"in&)' A r"3r"s"ntation as to t4" !r"it o) a t4ir 3"rson. &/' T4os" ,4"r" bot4 3arti"s ar" in!a3abl" o) gi$ing !ons"nt to a !ontra!t. Art. 122. =naut4oriB" !ontra!ts ar" go$"rn" b# Arti!l" 1/1( an t4" 3rin!i3l"s o) ag"n!# in Titl" < o) t4is 9oo:. Art. 125. Contra!ts in)ringing t4" Statut" o) ?raus% r")"rr" to in No. o) Arti!l" 12/% ar" rati)i" b# t4" )ailur" to obj"!t to t4" 3r"s"ntation o) oral "$i"n!" to 3ro$" t4" sa*"% or b# t4" a!!"3tan!" o) b"n")it un"r t4"*. Art. 126. @4"n a !ontra!t is "n)or!"abl" un"r t4" Statut" o) ?raus% an a 3ubli! o!u*"nt is n"!"ssar# )or its r"gistration in t4" R"gistr# o) >""s% t4" 3arti"s *a# a$ail t4"*s"l$"s o) t4" rig4t un"r Arti!l" 1/5(. Art. 12(. In a !ontra!t ,4"r" bot4 3arti"s ar" in!a3abl" o) gi$ing !ons"nt% "83r"ss or i*3li" rati)i!ation b# t4" 3ar"nt% or guarian% as t4" !as" *a# b"% o) on" o) t4" !ontra!ting 3arti"s s4all gi$" t4" !ontra!t t4" sa*" "))"!t as i) onl# on" o) t4"* ,"r" in!a3a!itat". I) rati)i!ation is *a" b# t4" 3ar"nts or guarians% as t4" !as" *a# b"% o) bot4 !ontra!ting 3arti"s% t4" !ontra!t s4all b" $aliat" )ro* t4" in!"3tion. Art. 12. =n"n)or!"abl" !ontra!ts !annot b" assail" b# t4ir 3"rsons. CHAPTER 9
VOI> AN> INE
Art. 121/. Int"r"st 3ai in "8!"ss o) t4" int"r"st allo," b# t4" usur# la,s *a# b" r"!o$"r" b# t4" "btor% ,it4 int"r"st t4"r"on )ro* t4" at" o) t4" 3a#*"nt. Art. 1212. @4"n *on"# is 3ai or 3ro3"rt# "li$"r" )or an ill"gal 3ur3os"% t4" !ontra!t *a# b" r"3uiat" b# on" o) t4" 3arti"s b")or" t4" 3ur3os" 4as b""n a!!o*3lis4"% or b")or" an# a*ag" 4as b""n !aus" to a t4ir 3"rson. In su!4 !as"% t4" !ourts *a#% i) t4" 3ubli! int"r"st ,ill t4us b" subs"r$"% allo, t4" 3art# r"3uiating t4" !ontra!t to r"!o$"r t4" *on"# or 3ro3"rt#. Art. 1215. @4"r" on" o) t4" 3arti"s to an ill"gal !ontra!t is in!a3abl" o) gi$ing !ons"nt% t4" !ourts *a#% i) t4" int"r"st o) justi!" so "*ans allo, r"!o$"r# o) *on"# or 3ro3"rt# "li$"r" b# t4" in!a3a!itat" 3"rson. Art. 1216. @4"n t4" agr""*"nt is not ill"gal 3"r s" but is *"r"l# 3ro4ibit"% an t4" 3ro4ibition b# t4" la, is "signat" )or t4" 3rot"!tion o) t4" 3lainti))% 4" *a#% i) 3ubli! 3oli!# is t4"r"b# "n4an!"% r"!o$"r ,4at 4" 4as 3ai or "li$"r". Art. 121(. @4"n t4" 3ri!" o) an# arti!l" or !o**oit# is "t"r*in" b# statut"% or b# aut4orit# o) la,% an# 3"rson 3a#ing an# a*ount in "8!"ss o) t4" *a8i*u* 3ri!" allo," *a# r"!o$"r su!4 "8!"ss. Art. 121. @4"n t4" la, )i8"s% or aut4oriB"s t4" )i8ing o) t4" *a8i*u* nu*b"r o) 4ours o) labor% an a !ontra!t is "nt"r" into ,4"r"b# a labor"r un"rta:"s to ,or: long"r t4an t4" *a8i*u* t4us )i8"% 4" *a# "*an aitional !o*3"nsation )or s"r$i!" r"n"r" b"#on t4" ti*" li*it. Art. 1217. @4"n t4" la, s"ts% or aut4oriB"s t4" s"tting o) a *ini*u* ,ag" )or labor"rs% an a !ontra!t is agr"" u3on b# ,4i!4 a labor"r a!!"3ts a lo,"r ,ag"% 4" s4all b" "ntitl" to r"!o$"r t4" ")i!i"n!#. Art. 12. In !as" o) a i$isibl" !ontra!t% i) t4" ill"gal t"r*s !an b" s"3arat" )ro* t4" l"gal on"s% t4" latt"r *a# b" "n)or!". Art. 121. T4" ")"ns" o) ill"galit# o) !ontra!t is not a$ailabl" to t4ir 3"rsons ,4os" int"r"sts ar" not ir"!tl# a))"!t". Art. 12. A !ontra!t ,4i!4 is t4" ir"!t r"sult o) a 3r"$ious ill"gal !ontra!t% is also $oi an in"8ist"nt. Title III. - NATURAL OBLIGATIONS
Art. 12/. Obligations ar" !i$il or natural. Ci$il obligations gi$" a rig4t o) a!tion to !o*3"l t4"ir 3"r)or*an!". Natural obligations% not b"ing bas" on 3ositi$" la, but on ";uit# an natural la,% o not grant a rig4t o) a!tion to "n)or!" t4"ir 3"r)or*an!"% but a)t"r $oluntar# )ul)ill*"nt b# t4" obligor% t4"# aut4oriB" t4" r"t"ntion o) ,4at 4as b""n "li$"r" or r"n"r" b# r"ason t4"r"o). So*" natural obligations ar" s"t )ort4 in t4" )ollo,ing arti!l"s.
