28
UNIT I
Nursing’s Perspective: Past, Present, and Future
TABLE 2-1
Chronology of Nursing Theory Developme Development nt Date
Theorist
Theory/Publications
1859
Florence Nightingale
Notes on Nursing: What It Is and What It Is Not
1952
Hildegard Peplau
Interpersonal Relations in Nursing
1964
Basic Principles of Patient Counseling
1992
Interpersonal relations: A theoretical frame work for application in nursing practice (in Nursing Science Quarterly )
1955
Virginia Henderson
Textbook k for the Principles Principles and Practice of Nursing (with B. Harmer) Textboo
1966
The Nature of of Nursing: A Definition Definition and Its Implication Implication for Practice, Research and Education
1991
The Nature of Nursing: Reflections Reflections after 20 Years Years
1960, 1968, 1973
Faye Abdelleh
(with Beland, Martin, and Matheney) Patient-Centere Patient-Centered d Approac Approaches hes to Care
1961, 1990
Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier)
The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship
1964
Ernestine Wiedenbach
Clinical Nursing: A Helping Art
1966, 1971
Joyce Travelbee
Interperso Inter personal nal Aspects Aspects of Nursin Nursing g
1969, 1973
Myra Levine
Introduction to Clinical Nursing
1989
The four conservation principles: Twenty years later
1991
The conservation principles: A model for health
1970
Martha Rogers
An Introduction Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing
1980
Nursing: A science of unitar y man
1989
Nursing: A science of unitar y human beings
1971
Imogene King
Toward To ward a Theory Theory of Nursi Nursing: ng: General General Concept Conceptss of Huma Human n Behavior Behavior
1981
A theor y for nursing: Systems, concepts and process
1989
King’s general systems frame work and theor y
1971, 197 1, 1980 1980,, 1988, 1988, 1991 Dor Doroth othea ea Ore Orem m
Nursing Nursi ng Concepts Concepts of Prac Practice tice
1976
Behavioral Systems and Nursing
Dorothy Johnson
1980 1976, 1984
The behavioral systems model for nursing Callista Roy
Introduction to Nursing: An Adaptation Model
1980
The Roy Adaptation Model
1987
Theory Construction in Nursing: An Adaptation Model
1991
The Roy Adaptation Model: The Definitive Statement
1976
Josephine Paterson &
Humanistic Nursing
Loretta Zderad 1978
Madeline Leininger
Transcultural Transcultur al Nursing, Concepts, Theories and Practice (continues)
CHAPTER 2
Theoretical Foundatio Foundations ns of Nursing 29
TABL ABLE E 2-1 (co (conti ntinue nued) d) Chronology of Nursing Theory Developme Development nt Date
Theorist
Theory/Publications
1980
Caring: Cari ng: A Central Central Focus of Nursi Nursing ng
1988
Leininger’s Theory Theory of Nursing: Culture Care Care Diversity and and Universality
1979
Jean Watson
Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring
1985
Nursing: Human Science and Human Care
1988
New dimensions of human caring theory
1989
Watson’s philosophy and theory of human caring in nursing
1979
Margaret Newman
Theory Development in Nursing
1983
Newman’s health theory
1986
Health as Expanding Consciousness
1980
Betty Neuman
1982, 1989
The Betty Neuman health care systems model: A total person approach to patient problems The Neuman Systems Model
1981, 1989
Rosemarie Parse
Man-Living Man-L iving-Heal -Health: th: A Theo Theory ry of Nursin Nursing g
1983
Joyce Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick’s rhythm model: Analysis for nursing science
1984
Patricia Benner
From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice
1989
The Primacy of Caring: Stress and and Coping in Health Health and Illness
human being. “Each discipline singles out certain phenomena with which it will deal in a unique manner” (Fawcett, 1989, p. 5). The field of biology (the study of living organisms) has defined limits and boundaries that do not extend into psychology. Similarly, psychology (which is concerned with the behavior of individuals) does not extend its concerns into the domain of sociology, which has as its main focus the social behavior of human beings. The broadly identified concerns of a discipline are defined in its metaparadigm. The metaparadigm concepts provide the boundaries and limitations of a discipline, identify the common viewpoint that all members of a discipline share, and help to focus the activities of the members of that discipline. Disciplines are distinguished from each other by differing metaparadigm concepts. Most metaparadigms consist of several major concepts. Initial consensus on the metaparadigm concepts in nursing was achieved in 1984. According to Fawcett (1984), the major concepts that provide structure to the domain of nursing are person, environment, health, and nursing. These metaparadigm elements name the overall areas of concern for the nursing discipline. Each nursing theory presents a slightly different view of the metaparadigm concepts. Refer to the section entitled
“Selected Nursing Theories” for a discussion of how various theorists address and link the metaparadigm concepts. Consider for a moment the practice of nursing by a school nurse, an emergency room nurse, and a psychiatric nurse. What is the unifying thread among these various nurses? Although each nurse’s practice is obviously different, they all consider their work as part of the profession of nursing because all share the same major concerns. Regardless of the setting or the type of client involved, each nurse is concerned with person, environment, health, and nursing. Nursing’s metaparadigm is shared by all nurses despite differences in their individual practices. How is nursing’s metaparadigm different from that of other helping professions? The metaparadigm of medicine focuses on pathophysiology and the curing of disease. Nursing’s metaparadigm metaparadigm is broader and focuses on the person, health, and the environment environment.. Consider a physician’s and a nurse’s view of a client who is newly diagnosed with diabetes. The physician is concerned with reducing the client’s abnormal blood glucose values to normal levels, if possible. The physician prescribes medications, an exercise regime, and nutritional counseling in an effort to control blood sugar levels. In dealing with the same client situation, the nurse is
