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:-CONTENTS-: 1. Introduction 2. Nuclear energy in India 3. Working principle 4. art! o" nuclear reactor #. rinciple o" reactor control $. Type! o" reactor %. C&oice o" cycle con'er!ion (. )d'antage *. +i!ad'antage 1,. Nuclear and c&eical accident! 11. Conclu!ion
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Why nuclear energy came into account: Conv e nt i ona lt he r ma lpo we rs t a t i onsus eoi lorc oa la st hes o ur c e a st hes o ur c eofe ne r gy .Ther e s e r v e soft he s ef ue l sa r ebe c o mi ng de pl e t e di nma n yc o unt r i e sa ndt hust he r ei sat e nde nc yt os e e k a l t e r na t i ves our c e sofe ne r gy .I nanuc l e arpo we rs t a t i oni ns t e adof af ur na c et he r ei sanuc l e a rr e a c t or ,i nwhi c hhe a ti sge ne r a t e db y s pl i t t i nga t omsofr a di oa c t i v ema t e r i a lunde rs ui t a bl ec o ndi t i ons . Forec onomi c alus ei n apowers ys t em anuc l ea rpowers t at i on ge ne r a l l yha st obel a r g eandwhe r el a r g euni t sa r ej us t i fia bl e .
Nuc l earpowerpl ant spr ovi deabout17per c entoft hewor l d' s el ec t r i c i t y.Somec ount r i esdepend mor eon nuc l earpowerf or e l e c t r i c i t yt ha not he r s .I nFr a nc e ,f ori ns t a nc e ,a bout7 5pe r c e ntof t hee l e c t r i c i t yi sge ne r a t e df r om nuc l e a rpo we r ,a c c o r di ngt ot he I nt e r na t i o na lAt o mi cEne r gyAg e nc y s ot ha t.I nt heUni t e dS t a t e s ,nuc l e a rpo we rs uppl i e sa bout1 5 pe r c e ntoft hee l e c t r i c i t yo ve r a l l ,buts omes t a t e sge tmor epo we r f r o m nuc l e a rpl a nt st ha no t he r s .The r ea r emor et ha n4 0 0nuc l e a r powerpl ant sa r oundt hewor l d,wi t hmor et han100i nt heUni t ed S t a t e s .
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Nuclear power station in India: I nI ndi a ,i twa sDr .H.J .Bha b hawhoputI ndi aont her o a dt o nuc l earr es ear c h,mor et han t wodec adesago.Atpr es entI ndi a ha v ef o urnuc l e a rpo we rpl a nt s . Tarapur RanaPr at apSagar Kal pakkam Nar or a • • • •
Tarapur: Thi si st hefir s tpo we rpl a ntofI ndi a .I tha st woboi l i ng wat err eac t or seac hof200MeW c apac i t yandeac hus ese nr i c hed Ua sf ue l . RanaPr at apSagar : I ti ss i t uat e datRa j as t han. Ka l pakkam: I ti ss i t ua t e da tTa mi lNa du. Nar or a: I ti satU. P .
Main parts of a nuclear power station: Thema i npa r t so fanuc l e a rpo we rs t a t i ona r e Nuc l e a rr e a c t or Hea tex c hanger S t e a mt ur bi ne Conde ns e r Gener at or • • • • •
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Wor ki ng: I n ar e a c t o rhe a ti spr o duc e db yt hefis s i o ni ng o rs pl i t t i ng o f ur ani um at oms .A c ool i ngmedi um t akesupt hi sheatanddel i ver s i tt ot hehe a te x c h ange r ,whe r es t e a mf ort het ur bi nei sr a i s e d. Whe nt heur a ni um a t o mss pl i t ,t he r ei sr a di a t i o na swe l l ,t he r e a c t orand i t sc o ol i ng c i r c ui tmus tb ehe a vi l ys hi e l de da ga i ns t r a di a t i onha za r ds . La r gee l e c t r i c a lge ne r a t i ngpl a nt swhi c hpr o vi demos tofour e l e c t r i c i t ya l lwor kont hes a mepr i nc i pl e-t he ya r egi a nts t e am e ngi ne s . Po we rpl a nt sus ehe a ts uppl i e db yaf ue lt oboi lwa t e ra nd ma kes t e a m,whi c hdr i v e sage ne r a t ort oma kee l e c t r i c i t y . A ge ne r a t i ngpl a nt ' sf ue l , whe t he ri ti sc oa l , ga s ,oi lorur a ni um,he at s wa t e ra ndt ur nsi ti nt os t e a m. Thepr e s s ur eoft hes t e a ms pi nst he bl ade sofagi antr ot at i ngme t alf anc al l e dat ur bi ne .Thatt ur bi ne t ur nst hes ha f tofahugege ne r a t or .I ns i det hege ne r a t or ,c oi l sof wi r ea ndma gne t i cfie l dsi nt e r a c t-a nde l e c t r i c i t yi spr oduc e d.
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Parts of Nuclear Reactor: 1 .nuc l e a rf ue l 2 .r e a c t orc o r e 3.moder at or 4 .c o nt r o lr o ds 5.r eflec t or 6 .r e a c t orv e s s e l 7 .bi ol ogi c a ls hi e l di ng 8.c ool ant Nuc l e a rf ue l : F ue lofar e a c t ors houl dbefis s i o na bl ema t e r i a lwhi c hc a nbe de fined asa fis s i onabl e mat e r i alwhi c hc an be de fined asan e l e me nto ri s o t o pewho s enuc l e ic a nbec a us e dt ounde r gonuc l e a r fis s i on nuc l e arbombar dme ntand t o pr oduc e a fis s i on c hai n r e ac t i on. 2 3 8 2 3 5 2 3 4 Thef ue l sus e dar e : U , U , U , UO2 Fe r t i l ema t e r i a l s ,t hos ewhi c hc a nbet r a ns f or me di nt ofis s i l e ma t e r i a l s ,c a nnots us t a i nc ha i nr e ac t i ons .Whe n af e r t i l ema t e r i a l i shi tb yne ut r o nsa nd a bs o r bss o meo ft he m,i ti sc o nv e r t e dt o fis s i l ema t e r i al . U238 a ndTh232 a r ee xa mpl e soff e r t i l ema t e r i a l sus e d f orr e ac t orpur pos e s . 6
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Re a c t orc o r e : Thi sc o nt a i nsanumbe roff ue lr odsma deoffis s i l ema t e r i a l . Moder at or : Thi sma t e r i a li nt her e a c t orc o r ei sus e dt omode r a t eort o r e duc et hene ut r ons pe e dst oava l uet ha ti nc r e a s e st hepr oba bi l i t y offis s i onoc c ur r i ng. Cont r olr ods : Thee ne r gyi ns i det her e ac t ori sc ont r ol l e db yt hec ont r olr od. The s ea r ei nc y l i ndr i c a lo rs he e tf o r m ma deo fbo r o no rc a dmi um. The s er odsc a nbemo ve di na ndo utoft heho l e si nt her e a c t o rc o r e a s s e mb l y . Reflec t or : Thi sc ompl et el ys ur r ounds t he r ea c t or c or e wi t hi nt he t her mals hi el di ng ar r angementand hel ps t o bounc e es c api ng ne ut r onsba c ki nt ot hec or e .Thi sc o ns e r v est henuc l e a rf ue l . 7
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Re a c t orv e s s e l : I ti sas t r ongwa l l e dc o nt a i ne rhous i ngt hec o r eoft hepo we r r e a c t or .I tc ont a i ns mode r a t e ,r e fle c t or ,t he r ma ls hi e l di ng a nd c ont r olr ods . Bi ol ogi c a ls hi e l di ng: S hi e l di nghe l psi ngi vi ngpr o t e c t i onf r om t hede a dl yα-a nd βpar t i c l er adi at i onsandγr a ysaswe l lasne ut r onsgi ve noffby t hepr oc e s soffis s i onwi t hi nt her e ac t or . Cool ant : Thi sr e mov e s hea tf r om t he c or e pr oduc e d by nuc l e ar r e a c t i o n.The t ype so fc o ol a nt s us e da r ec a r b on di o x i de ,a i r , hydr ogen,hel i um, s odi um ors odi um pot as s i um.
Pr i nc i pl eofr e a c t orc ont r ol : Whenanuc l eusc apt ur esaneut r ont her es ul t i ngc ompound nuc l e usi suns t a bl e .I ts pl i t si nt ot wof r a gme nt s ,r e l e as e se ne r gy a nd e j e c t ss omene ut r ons .I fc ondi t i onsa r ef a v or a bl e ,ne ut r ons e j e c t e db yt hefir s tfis s i o nma ybec a pt ur e db yo t he rnuc l e ia ndt he c ha i nr e a c t i onbe gi ns .I ft hee ne r gyout putf r om ar e a c t ori st obe mai nt ai ned c ons t ant ,oneneut r on and notmor et hanonef r om e ac hfis s i onmus ts pl i ta not he rnuc l e us ( mul t i pl i c a t i onf a c t or , k=1 ) Ot he r wi s ec o nt r olofc ha i nr e ac t i onwi l lnotbepos s i bl e . Thepr i nc i pa ll a wo fnuc l e a re ne r gyi s E=mc2 Wher e WEner gy( j oul es ) m-Mas s( ki l ogr ams ) c -Spe e dofl i ght( 3 * 1 08m/s e c ) Thema i nr e a c t i onsi ns i dear e a c t ora r e 238 U92 + 1n0 239U92 + γ 239 U92 ha saha l fl i f epe r i o do f2 3 . 5mi no nl ya nd he nc ei ti s uns t a bl e . 239 239 U92 + 0e Np93 1 8
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Np93a ga i nha sas hor tha l fl i f eande mi t sβpa r t i c l e s . 239 239 Np93 + 0e Pu94 1
Types of reactors: 1 .boi l i ngwa t e rr e a c t or 2 .pr e s s ur i z e dwa t e rr e a c t o r 3 .pr e s s ur i z ehe a v ywa t e rr e a c t or 4 .g asc o ol e dr e a c t o r 5 .a dv a nc e dg a sc o ol e dr e a c t o r 6 .l i ghtwa t e rgr a phi t er e a c t or 7 .f a s tbr e e de rr e a c t or 8 .hi ght e mpe r a t ur eg a sc o ol e dr e a c t o r 9.CANDU t yper e ac t or
What types of reactors are there? 9
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Al lnuc l e arr e ac t or so pe r a t eont hes a meba s i cpr i nc i pl e ,but va r i ousde s i gnsa r ei nus et hr oughoutt hewor l d.
Choice of cycle conversion: 1 .A we l le s t a b l i s he dme t ho do fc o nv e r s i o no fhe a tduet onuc l e a r r e a c t i ont oe l e c t r i cpo we rb yt hedi r e c tus eoft hec o ol a nt .The r e a c t orhe ati st r a ns f e r r e dt ot hec ool a nt ,whi c hhe at swa t e rt o pr oduc es t e a mf ordr i vi ngt het ur bi neoro t he rhe a te ngi ne . 2 .Ano t he rme t ho df o rc o nv e r s i o no fhe a tpr o duc e di nt her e a c t o r t oe l e c t r i cpowe ri st hedi r e c tus eofl i qui dora st ha tc o ol st he r e a c t ort odr i vet het ur bi neoro t he rhe a te ngi ne ,whi c hi nt ur n dr i ve st hee l e c t r i cge ne r a t or . 3 .Di r e c tg e ne r a t i on o fe l e c t r i cc ur r e ntf r o m t hehe a tpr o duc e d dur i ng t he nuc l e ar r e ac t i on.An e xampl e of t hi st ype of c o nv e r s i on i st hepr o duc t i o no fe l e c t r i cc ur r e ntb yme a nso f t her mocoupl es . 4 .Di r e c tge ne r a t i onofe l e c t r i cc ur r e ntf r om e l e c t r onspr oduc e d dur i nganuc l e a rr e a c t i on.
dvantages Plant:
of Nuclear Power
1.Spac er equi r ementofa nuc l ea r powerpl anti sl e s s as c o mpa r e dt oo t he rc o nv e nt i ona lpo we rpl a nt so fe qua ls i z e .
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2 .A nuc l e a rpo we rpl a ntc o ns ume sv e r ys ma l lqua nt i t yo ff ue l . Thusf ue lt r a ns por t a t i onc os ti sl e s sand l a r gef ue ls t or a ge f ac i l i t yi snotne ede d. 3 .The r ei si nc r e as e dr e l i a bi l i t yofope r a t i on. 4.Nuc l ea rpowerpl ant sar enotaffec t edbyadver s ewea t her c ondi t i ons . 5.Nuc l ea rpowerpl ant sar ewel ls ui t edt omee tl ar gepower de mands .The y gi ve bet t erper f or manc e athi gherl oad f a c t or s( 8 09 0%) . 6 .Ma t e r i a l se xpe ndi t ur eon me t a ls t r uc t ur e s ,pi pi ng,s t or a ge mec hani s msar emuc hl owerf oranuc l earpowerpl antt hana c o a lbur ni ngpo we rpl a nt . 7 .I tdoe sno tr e qui r el a r gequa nt i t yofwa t e r .
!isadvantages: 1 .I ni t i a lc o s tofnuc l e a rpo we rpl a nti shi ghe ra sc ompa r e dt o hydr oors t eam powerpl ant . 2 .Nuc l e a rpo we rpl a nt sa r eno twe l ls ui t e df o rva r yi ngl o a d c ondi t i ons . 3 .Ra di o a c t i v ewa s t e si fno tdi s po s e dc a r e f ul l yma yha v eba d e ffe c tont hehe a l t ho fwo r ke r sa n do t he rpo pul a t i o n. 4 .Ma i nt e na nc ec os toft hepl a nti shi gh. 5 .I tr e qui r e st r a i ne dpe r s onne lt oha ndl enuc l e a rpo we rpl a nt s .
Nuclear and Chemical ccidents 1 9 5 2 Dec .1 2,Cha l k Ri ve r , nr . Ot t a wa,Ca nada:a pa r t i a l me l t do wno ft her e a c t o r ' sur a ni um f ue lc o r er e s ul t e da f t e r t he ac c i dent alr emovalof f our c ont r ol r ods .Al t hough mi l l i onsofg a l l onsofr a di oa c t i v ewa t e ra c c umul a t e di ns i de t her e ac t or , t he r ewe r enoi nj ur i e s . 1 9 5 3 11
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Lov eCa na l ,nr .Ni a ga r aF a l l s ,N. Y. : wasdes t r oyedbywas t e f r om c hemi c alpl ant s .By t he 19 90 s ,t he t own had bee n c l e a ne dupe no ughf o rf a mi l i e st ob e gi nmo vi ngb a c kt ot he a r e a . 1 9 5 7 Oc t .7 ,Wi nds c a l ePi l eNo.1 ,nor t hofLi v e r pool ,Eng l a nd: fir ei nagr a phi t e c o ol e dr e a c t ors pe we dr a di a t i o no ve rt he c o unt r ys i de ,c o nt a mi na t i nga20 0 s qua r e mi l ea r e a . Sout h Ur a lMount a i ns :e x pl os i on ofr a di oa c t i v ewa s t e sat S o vi e tnuc l e a rwe a po nsf a c t o r y1 2mif r o mc i t yo fKys ht ym f or c e d t he e vac uat i on of ove r 10 , 00 0 pe opl ef r om a c o nt a mi na t e da r e a .Noc a s ua l t i e swe r er e po r t e db yS o vi e t offic i a l s . 1 9 7 6 nr .Gr ei f s wal d,Eas tGer many: r adi oac t i vec or eofr e a c t ori n t heLubmi nnuc l ea rpowerpl antnea r l ymel t eddownduet o t hef a i l ur eofs a f e t ys y s t e msdur i ngafir e . 1 9 7 9 Ma r c h2 8 ,Thr e eMi l eI s l a nd,nr . Ha r r i s bur g,Pa . : oneoft wo r e a c t or sl os ti t sc o ol a nt ,whi c hc a us e do ve r he a t i ng a nd pa r t i a lme l t do wnofi t sur a ni um c o r e .S omer a di oa c t i v e l a t e ra ndga s e swe r er e l e a s e d.Thi swa st hewor s ta c c i de nti n U. S. nuc l e ar r e a c t orhi s t or y 1 9 8 4 De c .3 ,Bho pa l ,I ndi a :t o xi cga s ,me t hyli s o c ya na t e ,s e e pe d f r om Uni onCa r bi dei ns e c t i c i depl a nt ,ki l l e dmor et ha n2 , 0 0 0, i nj ur e da bout1 50 , 0 00 . 1 9 8 6 Apr i l2 6 ,Che r noby l , nr .Ki e v ,Ukr a i ne : e x pl os i ona ndfir ei n t hegr a phi t ec or eofoneoff ourr e a c t or sr e l e as e dr a di oa c t i ve ma t e r i a lt ha ts pr e a do ve rpa r toft heS ovi e tUni on,e a s t e r n 12
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Eur o pe ,S c a ndi na v i a ,a ndl a t e rwe s t e r nEur o pe .3 1c l a i me d de a d.T ot a lc a s ua l t i e sa r eunkno wn.Wor s ts uc ha c c i de ntt o da t e . 1 9 8 7 Se pt .1 8 ,Goi â ni a ,Br a z i l :244peopl ec ont ami nat ed wi t h c es i um137f r om ac ance r t her apy mac hi net hathad been s o l da ss c r a p.Fourpe opl edi e di nwor s tr a di a t i ondi s a s t e ri n We s t e r nHe mi s pher e . 1 9 9 9 Se pt .3 0 ,Toka i mur a ,J a pa n: unc o nt r ol l e dc ha i nr e a c t i oni na ur a ni umpr o c e s s i ngnuc l e a rf ue lpl a nts pe we dhi ghl e v e l sof r a di oa c t i vega si nt ot heai r ,ki l l i ngt wowor ke r sa nds e r i ous l y i nj ur i ngoneot he r . 2 0 0 4 Aug.9, Mi hama, J apan: nonr a di oa c t i v es t e a ml e a k e df r o ma nuc l e a r po we r pl a nt ,ki l l i ng f o ur wo r ke r sa nd s e v e r e l y bur ni ngs e ve not he r s .
Conclusion: Wi de l yus e dnuc l e a re ne r gyc a nb eo fgr e a tbe ne fitf o rma nki nd.I t c a nbr i dg et heg a pc a us e db yi na de q ua t ec o a la ndo i ls uppl y .I t s houl d be us ed t o asmuc he xt entaspos s i bl et os ol vepower pr obl e m.Wi t hf ur t he rde v e l opme nt s ,i ti sl i ke l yt ha tt hec o s to f nuc l e a rpo we rs t a t i onswi l lbel o we r e da ndt ha tt he ywi l ls oo nbe c o mpe t i t i v e .Wi t ht hede pl e t i onoff ue lr e s e r v e sa ndt heque s t i on oft r a ns por t i ngf ue lo ve rl ongdi s t a nc e s ,nuc l e a rpo we rs t a t i ons ar et aki ngani mpor t antpl ac ei nt hede vel opmentoft hepower po t e nt i a l soft hena t i onsoft hewor l dt oda yi nt hec ont e x tof ”t he c ha ngi ngpa t t e r no fpo we r” .
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:-REFERENCE-:
BOOKS: ●EL EMENTSOFPOWERS TATI ON DES I GN
(BY M. V. DESHP ANDE) ●P OWERPLANTENGI NEERI NG (B YG. R. NAGP AL)
NTERNET:
&ttp:///.google.co.in &ttp:///.in"oplea!e.coipa),,,14#%.&tl &ttp:///.dar'ill.clara.netaltenergnuclear.&t &ttp:///.&o/!tu0!/ork.co
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