Número de Documento NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 21 de julio de 2009 P GINA 1 DE 44
COMITÉ DE NORMALIZACIÓN DE PETRÓLEOS MEXICANOS Y ORGANISMOS SUBSIDIARIOS SUBCOMITÉ TÉCNICO DE NORMALIZACIÓN DE PEMEX EXPLORACIÓN Y PRODUCCIÓN
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MECÁNICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
CAPÍTULO
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 3 DE 44
PÁGINA
0.
INTRODUCCIÓN ..................................................................................................................................
5
1.
OBJETIVO ............................................................................................................................................
6
2.
ALCANCE.............................................................................................................................................
6
3.
CAMPO DE APLICACIÓN ...................................................................................................................
6
4.
ACTUALIZACIÓN ................................................................................................................................
6
5.
REFERENCIAS ....................................................................................................................................
7
6.
DEFINICIONES ....................................................................................................................................
7
7.
SÍMBOLOS Y ABREVIATURAS ..........................................................................................................
9
8.
DESARROLLO ..................................................................................................................................... 11 8.1
Generalidades .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................... ................. ...... 11
8.2
Criterios de evaluación .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ............ ... 14 8.2.1
Criterios de evaluación en tuberías t uberías de proceso sin indicaciones......... indicaciones .................. .................. ................ ....... 14
8.2.1.1 Presión máxima m áxima permisible de operación o peración (PMPO)......................... (PMPO).................................. .................. ................. ............. ..... 14 8.2.2
Criterios de evaluación en tuberías de proceso con indicaciones ................. .......................... ............... ...... 16
8.2.3
Criterios de evaluación de recipientes a presión sin indicaciones ................. .......................... ............... ...... 19
8.2.4
Criterios de evaluación de recipientes a presión con indicaciones ................. .......................... .............. ..... 22
8.3
Criterios de rechazo.................................................................................................................... 24
8.4
Acciones de reparación cuando no se cumpla el criterio de aceptación........................ aceptación................................. ............ ... 25 8.4.1
Acciones de reparación para tuberías de proceso… ................. .......................... .................. .................. ................. ........ 25
8.4.1.1 Esmerilado……........................ Esmerilado……................................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .............. ..... 25 8.4.1.2 Soldadura de relleno… ................. .......................... ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. ...............25
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 4 DE 44
8.4.1.6 Refuerzo no metálico…. ................. .......................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................ ....... 27 8.4.2
Acciones de reparación para recipientes a presión….......... presión…. .................. .................. .................. .................. .............. ..... 28
8.4.2.1 Reparaciones temporales…. .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. ......... 28 8.4.2.1.1 Parches con soldadura de filete…. .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .............. ..... 28 8.4.2.2 Reparaciones permanentes….......... permanentes…. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .............. ..... 29 8.4.2.2.1 Placas insertadas…...................... insertadas…............................... .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................ ....... 29 8.4.2.2.2 Refuerzo mediante una placa superpuesta de metal m etal de aporte y reparaciones a soldaduras existentes…. .................. ........................... .................. .................. ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................... .......... 29 8.5 9.
Reporte de evaluación de análisis a nálisis de integridad...................... integridad............................... .................. .................. ................. ................. ............... ...... 30
RESPONSABILIDADES ..................................................................................................................... 30
10. CONCORDANCIA CON NORMAS MEXICANAS O INTERNACIONALES ........... ................. ............ ............ ........... ..... 31 11. BIBLIOGRAFÍA .................................................................................................................................... 31 12. ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................................... 33
Anexo 1. Requisitos de información mínimos para el análisis de integridad mecánica ................. ....................... ...... 33 Anexo 2. Ficha técnica de integridad del equipo e quipo......... ................. ................. .................. .................. .................. .................. ................. .................. .............. 43
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
0.
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 5 DE 44
INTRODUCCIÓN
Dentro de las principales actividades que se llevan a cabo en Pemex-Exploración y Producción (PEP), se encuentran el diseño, construcción, operación y mantenimiento de las instalaciones para extracción, recolección, procesamiento primario, almacenamiento, medición y transporte de hidrocarburos, así como la adquisición de materiales y equipos requeridos para cumplir con eficiencia y eficacia los objetivos de la empresa. En vista de esto, es necesaria la participación de las diversas disciplinas de la ingeniería, lo que involucra diferencia de criterios. Con el objeto de unificar criterios, aprovechar las experiencias nacionales e internacionales, PemexExploración y Producción emite a través de la Representación de la Gerencia de Administración del Mantenimiento (GAM), Sede México, este documento, para aplicarse en la Evaluación de la integridad mecánica de tuberías de proceso y recipientes a presión en instalaciones marinas Este documento normativo se realizó en atención y cumplimiento a: Ley Federal sobre Metrología y Normalización y su Reglamento. Guía para la Emisión de Normas de Referencia de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios (CNPMOS-001, 30 septiembre 2004). En esta norma participaron: Activo Integral Abkatun Pol Chuc Activo Integral Cantarell Activo Integral Ku Maloob Zaap Activo Integral Litoral de Tabasco Activo Integral Poza Rica - Altamira Gerencia de Construcción y Mantenimiento Región Norte Gerencia de Ingeniería y Construcción de SCSM Gerencia de Mantenimiento Integral SCSM Gerencia de Transporte y Distribución de Hidrocarburos MNE Gerencia de Transporte y Distribución de Hidrocarburos MSO Gerencia de Seguridad Industrial y Protección Ambiental y Calidad Noreste Gerencia de Seguridad Industrial y Protección Ambiental y Calidad Suroeste Representación de la Gerencia de Administración A dministración del Mantenimiento (GAM), Sede México Subdirección de Distribución y Comercialización Subdirección de Ingeniería y Desarrollo de Obras Estratégicas Subdirección de la Coordinación de Servicios Marinos Subdirección de Planeación y Evaluación Subdirección de Seguridad Industrial, Protección Ambiental y Calidad Subdirección Región Marina Noreste Subdirección Región Marina Suroeste Subdirección Región Norte Subdirección Región Sur
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 6 DE 44
Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, IMP Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIDIM Instituto Politécnico Nacional, GAID-RMNE Radiografías de Campeche S. A. de C. V., RACASA
1.
OBJETIVO
Establecer los requisitos que deben cumplir los prestadores de servicio que efectúen la evaluación de la integridad mecánica de las tuberías de proceso y recipientes a presión de las instalaciones marinas para el manejo, procesamiento y almacenamiento de hidrocarburos, con el fin de determinar su estado actual, realizar estimaciones de su vida útil y recomendar las acciones de reparación que se requieran, que lleven a la elaboración de un plan de mantenimiento de acuerdo a los requerimientos de las políticas SSPA-PEMEX.
2.
ALCANCE
En este documento se establecen los requisitos que se deben cumplir al efectuar la evaluación de integridad mecánica a tuberías de proceso (acometidas, líneas de descarga, codos, tees, bayonetas, entre otras) y recipientes a presión; exceptuando instalaciones eléctricas, instrumentación y equipo dinámico; que forman parte de las instalaciones industriales de manejo y procesamiento de hidrocarburos en Instalaciones Marinas de Pemex-Exploración y Producción, cubriendo los siguientes si guientes aspectos: a) b) c)
3.
Evaluación de hallazgos detectados durante las inspecciones. Retroalimentación de planes de inspección. Realizar estimaciones de su vida útil y recomendar las acciones de reparación que se requieran, para garantizar la integridad mecánica.
CAMPO DE APLICACIÓN
Este documento es de aplicación general y observancia obligatoria en la contratación de los bienes y servicios objeto de la misma, que se lleven a cabo en los centros de trabajo de Pemex-Exploración y Producción, específicamente en Instalaciones Marinas, por lo que debe ser incluida en los procedimientos de adquisición o de contratación ya sea por licitación pública, invitación a cuando menos tres personas, o adjudicación directa, como parte de los requisitos que debe cumplir el licitante, proveedor o contratista. Este documento está dirigido al personal que interviene en las actividades de inspección, mantenimiento y evaluación de integridad mecánica.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 7 DE 44
Esta norma se debe revisar y en su caso modificar al menos cada 5 años o antes si las sugerencias y recomendaciones de cambio lo ameritan. Las sugerencias para la revisión y actualización de esta norma, deben enviarse al Secretario del Subcomité Técnico de Normalización de PEP, quien debe programar y realizar la actualización de acuerdo a la procedencia de las mismas y en su caso, inscribirla dentro del Programa Anual de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos, a través del Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios. Las propuestas y sugerencias de cambio deben elaborarse en el formato CNPMOS-001-A01 de la Guía para la Emisión de Normas de Referencia CNPMOS-001, Rev. 1 del 30 de septiembre de 2004 y dirigirse a: Pemex-Exploración y Producción. Subdirección de Distribución y Comercialización. Representación de la Gerencia de Administración Adm inistración del Mantenimiento (GAM) Sede México Bahía de Ballenas 5, Edificio “D”, PB., entrada por Bahía del Espíritu Santo s/n. Col. Verónica Anzures, México D. F., C. P. 11 300 Teléfono directo: 1944-9286 Conmutador: 1944-2500 extensión 380-80, Fax: 3-26-54 Correo Electrónico:
[email protected]
5.
REFERENCIAS
5.1
NOM-008-SCFI-2002.- “Sistema general de unidades de medida”.
5.2
NMX-B-482-1991.- “Capacitación, calificación y certificación de personal de ensayos no destructivos”.
5.3
NRF-014-PEMEX-2005.- “Inspección, evaluación y mantenimiento de ductos marinos”.
5.4
NRF-028-PEMEX-2004.- “Diseño y construcción de recipientes a presión”.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 8 DE 44
6.2 Análisis de integridad: Consiste en la evaluación del estado estructural de un elemento, basándose en la identificación del tipo y grado de severidad de los defectos presentes en él, a partir de los reportes de inspección no destructiva y la información técnica del elemento. 6.3 Anomalía: Condición insegura y no favorable a las operaciones y funcionalidad de un equipo o un circuito de tuberías. 6.4 Circuito de tubería: Conjunto de tuberías de proceso que conducen el mismo fluido y operan con iguales condiciones de presión y temperatura. 6.5
Componente: Cualquier elemento que forma parte de un circuito de tuberías o un recipiente a presión.
6.6 Daño caliente (quemadura): Es una alteración micro estructural del acero, con o sin pérdida de material, debida al arrastre indebido del electrodo sobre el metal base. 6.7 Daño mecánico: Es aquel producido por un agente externo ya sea por impacto, ralladura o presión y puede estar dentro o fuera de norma. 6.8
Defecto: Discontinuidad de magnitud suficiente para ser rechazada por las normas o especificaciones.
6.9 Desgaste: Es la pérdida de material que sufren las paredes de la tubería, recipientes a presión, válvula o conexión, por abrasión o por la acción corrosiva del fluido manejado o del medio ambiente donde se encuentra instalada. No debe considerarse como desgaste la corrosión localizada, ni el deterioro tipo metalúrgico. 6.10 Equipos estáticos de proceso: Son equipos empleados en el procesamiento de hidrocarburos en instalaciones marinas los cuales comprenden circuitos de tuberías de proceso, tanques y recipientes a presión. 6.11 a)
Equivalente:
Las Normas, Códigos y Estándares Extranjeros “equivalentes” deben cumplir con características iguales o superiores a las propiedades mecánicas, físicas, químicas, de seguridad, protección ambiental, de diseño y de operación establecidas en las Normas de Referencia, en las Especificaciones de PEMEX,
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 9 DE 44
6.14 6.14 Espe Espessor lími límite te de reti retiro ro (tr): Es el mayor espesor resultante entre el espesor requerido por presión interna (tb) y el espesor mínimo requerido por condiciones estructurales de seguridad del componente (t e). 6.15 6.15 Espe Espeso sorr lím límit itee de de seg segur urid idad ad (ts): Es el espesor límite de retiro más un espesor adicional de 0,508 mm (0,020 pulg) que representan 3 años de desgaste promedio en una tubería de proceso. Se debe incrementar el espesor adicional si estudios locales (inspecciones previas) demuestran una mayor velocidad de desgaste al promedio. 6.16 6.16 Espesor Espesor mínimo mínimo requer requerido ido por por cond condicio iciones nes estru estructur cturale aless de segu segurida ridad d del del compone componente nte (te): Es el espesor mínimo requerido considerando la compensación debido a cargas externas (Fluido, claro entre soportes, peso propio del componente, vibración, entre otros), a las que está expuesta el ccomponente. omponente. 6.17 Grieta o Fisura: Hendidura o abertura alargada, sin importar la profundidad, en la pared del componente o en soldaduras. 6.18
Indicación: Discontinuidad o irregularidad detectada por la inspección no destructiva.
6.19 6.19 Inte Integr grid idaad mecá mecáni nica ca:: Es una filosofía de trabajo que tiene por objeto garantizar que todo equipo de proceso sea diseñado, procurado, fabricado, construido, instalado, operado, inspeccionado, mantenido, y/o reemplazado oportunamente para prevenir fallas, accidentes o potenciales riesgos a personas, instalaciones y al ambiente. Estableciendo los criterios basado en datos históricos, normas y regulaciones de organismos, nacionales e internacionales como OSHA, ASME, ISO, API, NACE, NOM, SSPA, entre otros otr os.. 6.20 Muesca: Ranura, entalla, rayón o tallón. Pérdida de material en la pared del equipo producida por el golpe o rozamiento de un objeto agudo. 6.21 Pres resión ión de dise iseño: Es la presión máxima a la que se puede operar un sistema de la instalación por diseño. 6.22 Presión máxima permisible de operación (PMPO): Es la presión máxima a la que un componente puede ser operado, de acuerdo con los lineamientos de esta norma. 6.23 6.23
Pres Presión ión máx máxima ima per permis misibl iblee de oper operac ació ión n reduci reducida da (P’): (P’): Es la presión máxima a la que un
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
7.
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 10 DE 44
SÍMBOLOS Y ABREVIATURAS
Ø
Diámetro de tubería.
API
American petroleum institute (Instituto americano del petróleo).
ASME
American society of mechanical engineers (Sociedad americana de ingenieros mecánicos).
ASTM
American society testing Materials (Sociedad americana de ensaye de materiales).
CLR
Cercano al límite de retiro.
DC
Daño por corrosión.
DN
Dentro de norma.
FN
Fuera de norma.
IMAC
Integridad mecánica y aseguramiento de la calidad.
ISO
International organization for standardization (Organización internacional de normalización).
NACE
National association of corrosion engineers (Asociación nacional de ingenieros en corrosión).
NOM
Norma oficial mexicana.
NRF
Norma de referencia.
OSHA
Occupational safety and health administration (Seguridad ocupacional y administración de la salud).
PEMEX
Petróleos Mexicanos.
PMPO
Presión máxima permisible de operación.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
ts
Espesor límite de seguridad.
UT
Prueba de Ultrasonido.
VUE
Vida útil estimada.
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 11 DE 44
Este documento cumple con lo indicado en la NOM-008-SCFI-2002 “Sistema general de unidades de medida”.
8.
DESARROLLO
Durante el desarrollo para la evaluación de la integridad mecánica de tuberías de proceso y recipientes a presión en instalaciones marinas, el prestador de servicio debe comprobar los siguientes s iguientes parámetros: 8.1
Generalidades
8.1.1
Para tubería calcular el espesor requerido por presión interna (tb) t b
Donde:
P op D 2( SEW + yP op )
Espesor requerido por presión interna en mm (pulg). Presión máxima de operación operación en Pa (lb/pulg²). (lb/pulg²). Diámetro exterior en mm (pulg). Esfuerzo permisible de trabajo (ver tabla A-1 ASME B31.3 o equivalente) en Pa (lb/pulg²). Factor de eficiencia de junta (ver tablas A-1A y A-1B ASME B31.3 o equivalente). Coeficiente de temperatura de acuerdo al tipo de material (Tabla 304.1.1 ASME B31.3 o equivalente). W = Factor de reducción por juntas soldadas (ver párrafo 302.3.5 (e) del ASME B31.3 o equivalente).
t b b P op op D S E y
= = = = = =
=
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 12 DE 44
8.1.4 Espesor cercano al límite de retiro (tclr): Se determina considerando tr y ts, siendo el intervalo de espesores que se encuentra entre el espesor límite de retiro (t r) y el espesor límite de seguridad (t s).
t r < tclr <= ts
Espesor límite de seguridad (t s)
Espesor cercano al límite de retiro (t clr)
Espesor límite de retiro (t r)
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
Cálculo de velocidad de desgaste por punto, en la primera inspección
d =
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 13 DE 44
Cálculo de velocidad de desgaste por punto, con dos inspecciones
ed − e f
d =
f f − f d
ei
− e f
f f − f i
d
= Velocidad de desgaste por punto.
d
= Velocidad de desgaste por punto.
f d d
= Fecha de instalación del equipo.
f i i
= Fecha de la medición anterior.
e d d
= Espesor nominal de diseño (Obtener de la NRF-
e i i
= Espesor de la medición anterior.
= Fecha de la medición más reciente.
f f f
= Fecha de la medición más reciente.
f f f
= Espesor de la medición más reciente.
e f f
= Espesor de la medición más reciente.
e f f
032-PEMEX-2005 numeral 12.3).
Tabla 1, Cálculo de velocidad de desgaste
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
VUE
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 14 DE 44
= Vida útil estimada.
8.1.8 Fecha de retiro probable (FRP): Fecha en la cual se estima que debe retirarse la unidad de control, por haber llegado al término de su vida útil, se debe calcular de acuerdo a: FRP = fk + VUE
Donde: FRP fk VUE
= Fecha de retiro probable. = Fecha de última medición. = Vida útil estimada.
8.2
Criterios de evaluación
8.2.1 8.2.1
Criteri Criterios os de evalu evaluaci ación ón en tuber tuberías ías de de proces proceso o sin indic indicaci aciones ones
8.2.1.1 8.2.1.1 Presió Presión n máxima máxima permisibl permisiblee de operaci operación ón (PMPO (PMPO))
Para tubos rectos, siempre que “t m” sea s ea menor que D/6, la presión máxima máxima permisibl permisiblee de operación operación se debe calcular utilizando la siguiente fórmula:
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
Especificación del material . 6 M B d 0 T 0 r e 6 1 S G 1 A A C 6 0 0 8 1 . d A e C M T B S r A G
0 4 a l u d e C B r G 6 0 1 A
Espesor de pared nominal
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
Espesor. estructural (t e) 20%
Espesor. estructural (t e) 20%
Ø Nominal
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 15 DE 44
Espesor de pared nominal
mm
pulg
mm
pulg
mm
pulg
mm
pulg
mm
pulg
4,775 4,775 5,563 5,563 4,547 4,547 4,851 4,851 5,080 5,080 5,537 5,537 5,156 5,156 5,486 5,486 5,740 5,740 6,020 6,020 6,553 6,553 7,112 7,112 8,179 8,179 9,27 9,2711
0,188 0,188 0,219 0,219 0,179 0,179 0,191 0,191 0,200 0,200 0,218 0,218 0,203 0,203 0,216 0,216 0,226 0,226 0,237 0,237 0,258 0,258 0,280 0,280 0,322 0,322 0,36 0,3655
0,965 0,965 1,118 1,118 0,914 0,914 0,965 0,965 1,016 1,016 1,118 1,118 1,041 1,041 1,092 1,092 1,143 1,143 1,194 1,194 1,321 1,321 1,422 1,422 1,626 1,626 1,85 1,8544
0,038 0,038 0,044 0,044 0,036 0,036 0,038 0,038 0,040 0,040 0,044 0,044 0,041 0,041 0,043 0,043 0,045 0,045 0,047 0,047 0,052 0,052 0,056 0,056 0,064 0,064 0,07 0,0733
12,700 12,700 19,050 19,050 25,400 25,400 31,750 31,750 38,100 38,100 50,800 50,800 63,500 63,500 76,200 76,200 88,900 88,900 101,60 101,6000 127,00 127,0000 152,40 152,4000 203,20 203,2000 254, 254,00 0000
0,500 0,500 0,750 0,750 1,000 1,000 1,250 1,250 1,500 1,500 2,000 2,000 2,500 2,500 3,000 3,000 3,500 3,500 4,000 4,000 5,000 5,000 6,000 6,000 8,000 8,000 10,0 10,000 00
0,965 0,965 1,118 1,118 1,270 1,270 1,270 1,270 1,422 1,422 1,753 1,753 1,397 1,397 1,524 1,524 1,626 1,626 1,702 1,702 1,905 1,905 2,184 2,184 2,540 2,540 3,02 3,0233
0,038 0,038 0,044 0,044 0,050 0,050 0,050 0,050 0,056 0,056 0,069 0,069 0,055 0,055 0,060 0,060 0,064 0,064 0,06 0,0677 0,07 0,0755 0,08 0,0866 0,10 0,1000 0,1 0,119 19
4,775 4,775 5,563 5,563 6,350 6,350 6,350 6,350 7,137 7,137 8,738 8,738 7,010 7,010 7,620 7,620 8,077 8,077 8,56 8,5600 9,52 9,5255 10,973 10,973 12,700 12,700 15,0 15,088 88
0,188 0,188 0,219 0,219 0,250 0,250 0,250 0,250 0,281 0,281 0,344 0,344 0,276 0,276 0,300 0,300 0,318 0,318 0,337 0,337 0,375 0,375 0,432 0,432 0,500 0,500 0,59 0,5944
Especificación del material
B r G 6 0 0 6 1 1 . A d e C M T S A
0 8 a l u d e C B r G 6 0 1 A
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
8.2.2
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 16 DE 44
Criterios de evaluación en tuberías de proceso con indicaciones
8.2.2.1 Se requiere contar con el historial de inspecciones considerando todos los puntos con discontinuidades tales como: ranuras, grietas, abolladuras, deformaciones, socavaciones, entre otros.
El perfil del personal que realice la evaluación debe ser certificado y calificado como técnico nivel II como mínimo, especializado en las técnicas de ultrasonido, radiografía industrial, líquidos penetrantes y partículas magnéticas. Todos ellos calificados de acuerdo con la l a norma mexicana NMX-B-482-1991 y/o ASNT SNT-TC-1A o equivalente. Para todos los daños en tuberías de proceso se debe calcular la PMPO, de acuerdo al método de evaluación correspondiente (ver Tabla 3). En el caso específico de daños por corrosión el procedimiento para determinar la PMPO reducida por pérdida de metal localizado (P’) se establece en la fórmula del ASME B31.G o equivalente: ⎡ Lm ⎤ ⎥ ⎣ Dt ⎦
A = 0,893⎢
Si A<=4
Si A>4
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 17 DE 44
Las alternativas de evaluación a utilizar en un componente con disminución de espesor de pared por corrosión o con algún tipo de daño mecánico, depende del tipo de anomalía, de acuerdo a lo indicado en la Tabla 3, iniciando con la alternativa 1 de evaluación, y en caso de que el componente se encuentre fuera de norma, se puede optar por la alternativa 2. Sí con la alternativa 2 el componente permanece fuera de norma, se debe reparar o sustituir éste. Dichas alternativas de reparación deben ser seleccionadas con base a un estudio de costo-beneficio, que garantice la seguridad de la instalación durante su vida útil o remanente. Sí con la alternativa 2 el componente está dentro de norma, el proveedor debe recomendar la acción a tomar para que el componente siga operando. o perando.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 18 DE 44
CRITERIOS DE ACEPTACIÓN DE DEFECTOS EN TUBERÍAS Y MÉTODOS DE REPARACIÓN Tipo Grietas o Fisuras
Desalineamiento
Alternativa 1
Inaceptable a menos que se realice un estudio. Desalineamiento mayor del 25% del espesor mínimo medido en
Alternativa 2
Mecánica fractura.
de
la
Numeral 8.2.9.2.6 de la NRF-014-PEMEX-2006
API 579 capítulo 9 o equivalente y a lo indicado en el anexo F de la NRF-030PEMEX-2006. API 579 capítulo 8 o equivalente Análisis de
Acciones de reparación cuando no se cumpla el criterio de aceptación. 1ó2
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 19 DE 44
opuesto al abultamiento. Las grietas por HIC conectadas a una soldadura de costura o de campo, cuya dimensión en cualquier dirección sea menor a ½ diámetro, deben ser evaluadas por mecánica de fractura, considerando la longitud de grieta como la extensión conectada a la soldadura y la profundidad a considerar debe ser la mayor entre el plano de la grieta y la pared del tubo. Las grietas por HIC que excedan las dimensiones anteriores deben ser evaluadas con estudios de ingeniería basados en modelos de mecánica de fractura, elemento finito o pruebas hidrostáticas a la falla de tramos con daño similar. 8.2.3
Criterios de evaluación de recipientes a presión sin indicaciones
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
t b
=
g)
t b
d
CP op
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
PMT =
SE
SE ⎛ t m ⎞
⎜
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 20 DE 44
2
⎟
C ⎝ d ⎠
Tapas Planas Circulares fijadas por pernos.
=
d
CP op SE
+
1,9WhG
SEd 3
PMT =
SE ⎡⎛ t m ⎞
⎢⎜ ⎟ C ⎢⎝ d ⎠ ⎣
2
−
1,9WhG ⎤ 3
⎥
SEd ⎥⎦
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
c)
Tapas elípticas 2:1. t b
d)
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
=
P op Do 2 SE + 1,8 P op
PMT =
2SEt m
Do − 1,8t m
Sección cónica. t
=
P op Do
PMT =
2SEt mCosα
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 21 DE 44
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 22 DE 44
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 23 DE 44
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 24 DE 44
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 25 DE 44
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios
EVALUACIÓN DE LA INTEGRIDAD MÉCANICA DE TUBERÍAS DE PROCESO Y RECIPIENTES A PRESIÓN EN INSTALACIONES MARINAS
NRF-227-PEMEX-2009 Rev: 0 P GINA 26 DE 44
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.