Notes: Strategic Management MBA 2008-09

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_^[M^HLJO @MGMLH@HG^ N{ M@J^ [MGLGHDM[

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~- N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{ ^iujo _~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

_xk ^iujo Oigohu~s _@ U{iohss _\I^ Vjsjig" @jssjig Lhgh{mb Hgvj{ig`hg~ UH_^ Jgnxs~{z Hgvj{ig`hg~ Ui{~h{s 8 Fi{ohs Ai| ~i mgmbzsh jgnxs~{z Oi`uighg~s [hsix{ohs" Omumkjbj~jhs" Oi`uh~hgoh Oi`uh~j~jvh Mnvmg~mlh Vmbxh Oamjg Mgmbzsjs Oxs~i`h{s" _hl`hg~s" @m{dh~s" Ois~ Bhmnh{saju" Njffh{hg~jm~jig" Fioxs" Nzgm`jos" [jvmb{z" [hsuigsh Njvh{sjfjom~jig" Jg~hl{m~jig @&M" [hs~{xo~x{jgl

Umlh Gi =

Gm~jigmb Mnvmg~mlh @xb~j-ni`hs~jo Lbikmb ^{mgsgm~jigmb Jg~h{gm~jigmb Hg~{z @inhs _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgohs" CV

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Hq~h{gmb Hgvj{ig`hg~mb Mgmbzsjs

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Jg~h{gmb Hgvj{ig`hg~mb Mgmbzsjs

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Kxsjghss Bhvhb _~{m~hlz

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Oi`uh~j~jvh [jvmb{z & Oi`uh~j~jvh Nzgm`jos

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Oi{ui{m~h Bhvhb _~{m~hlz

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Mo}xjsj~jig & [hs~{xo~x{jgl [hs~{xo~x{jgl _~{m~hljhs Jg~h{gm~jigmb _~{m~hlz

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Oiiuh{m~jvh _~{m~hlz Kxsjghss ^mo~jos ^mdhivh{ Nhfhgsh _~{m~hljhs _~{m~hljo Iu~jigs ) _~{m~hljo Fioxs Njs~jgo~jvh Omumkjbj~z Nhvhbiu`hg~ Limbs & @hmsx{hs

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_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~ Ikcho~jvhs- Ahbu xgnh{s~mgn oigohu~s" ~iibs" u{iohsshs & muubjom~jigs if s~{m~hljo `mgmlh`hg~' U{ivjnh jgsjla~s jg~i ~ah kxsjghss hgvj{ig`hg~" oi`uh~j~jvh mgmbzsjs mgn ~ah  u{mo~joh if s~{m~hljo `mgmlh`hg~ ~a{ixla ~ahi{z mgn omsh s~xnjhs' Oigohu~s _~{m~hlz- Nj{ho~jgl mo~jig ~i|m{ns nhsj{hn ix~oi`h Oi{ui{m~h s~{m~hlz- kxsjghss)hs zix saixbn kh jg Kxsjghss s~{m~hlz- ~mo~jos ~i khm~ ~ah oi`uh~j~jig Fxgo~jigmb s~{m~hlz- iuh{m~jigmb `h~ains ~i j`ubh`hg~ ~ah ~mo~jos Hg~h{u{jsh s~{m~hlz- `m~oajgl jg~h{gmb omumkjbj~jhs |j~a hq~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~ _~{m~hljo Oi`uh~j~jvhghss- Fj{` sxoohssfxbbz fi{`xbm~hs & j`ubh`hg~s m vmbxho{hm~jgl s~{m~hlz _~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~ U{iohss- Fxbb sh~ if oi``j~`hg~s" nhojsjigs" & mo~jigs {h}xj{hn fi{ m fj{` ~i moajhvh s~{m~hljo oi`uh~j~jvhghss & hm{g mkivh-mvh{mlh {h~x{gs [jsd- Jgvhs~i{‚s xgoh{~mjg~z if hoigi`jo lmjgs) bisshs {hsxb~jgl f{i` um{~joxbm{ jgvhs~`hg~ Mvh{mlh [h~x{gs- [h~x{gs h}xmb ~i jgvhs~i{ hm{gjgls hquho~m~jigs f{i` i~ah{ jgvhs~`hg~s |j~a sj`jbm{ m`ixg~ if {jsd  Mkivh-mvh{mlh [h~x{gs- [h~x{gs jg hqohss if |am~ mg jgvhs~i{ hquho~s ~i hm{g f{i` i~ah{ jgvhs~`hg~s |j~a m sj`jbm{ m`ixg~ if {jsd  _~{m~hljo fbhqjkjbj~z3 Omumkjbj~jhs ~i {hsuign ~i nh`mgns & iuui{~xgj~jhs jg nzgm`jo & xgoh{~mjg oi`uh~j~jvh hgvj{ig`hg~s • • • • • •

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_~{m~hljo `mgmlh`hg~- U{iohss kz |ajoa i{lmgjm~jigs mgmbzh & bhm{g f{i` s~mdhaibnh{s jgsjnh & ix~sjnh ~ah fj{`" hs~mkbjsa s~{m~hljo nj{ho~jig" o{hm~h s~{m~hljhs ~i ahbu moajhvh hs~mkbjsahn limbs & hqhox~h s~{m~hljhs ~i sm~jsfz dhz i{lmgjm~jigmb s~mdhaibnh{s _~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~ U{iohss • _~xnz ~ah hq~h{gmb mgn jg~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~s • Jnhg~jfz `m{dh~ubmoh iuui{~xgj~jhs mgn ~a{hm~s • Nh~h{`jgh ai| ~i xsh oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs • Xsh s~{m~hljo jg~hg~ ~i bhvh{mlh {hsix{ohs" omumkjbj~jhs & oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs ~i |jg oi`uh~j~jvh km~~bhs • Jg~hl{m~h fi{`xbm~jig mgn j`ubh`hg~m~jig if s~{m~hljhs • _hhd fhhnkmod ~i j`u{ivh s~{m~hljhs

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Ox{{hg~ Oi`uh~j~jvh Bmgnsomuh Uh{jbixs kxsjghss |i{bn" lbikmb iuh{m~jigs" @&M mkixgn" azuh{ oi`uh~j~jig U{jojgl u{hssx{hs" oigs~mg~ ~hoagibilz oamglh & jggivm~jig" axlh jgvhs~`hg~s H`h{ljgl `m{dh~s" l{i|jgl j`ui{~mgoh if sh{vjohs" oamgljgl nh`il{muajos Lbikmbjsm~jig" ix~six{ojgl" lhil{muaz js ajs~i{z" {hlxbm~i{z ~a{hm~s

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Lbikmb Hoigi`z Lbikmb Hoigi`z- Liins" uhiubh" sdjbbs & jnhms `ivh f{hhbz mo{iss ki{nh{s Lbikmbjm~jig- +U{inxojgl |ah{h j~ js `is~ ois~ hffho~jvh" six{ojgl omuj~mb f{i` |ah{h j~,s oahmuhs~ mgn shbbjgl j~ |ah{h j~ js `is~ u{ifj~mkbh+ Gm{mzmgm @x{~az Jgo{hmshn hoigi`jo jg~h{nhuhgnhgoh m`igl oixg~{jhs- fbi| if liins & sh{vjohs" fjgmgoh & dgi|bhnlh mo{iss oixg~{z ki{nh{s bhmnjgl ~i jgo{hmshn iuui{~xgj~jhs ^hoagibilz- ^hoagibilz oamglh" uh{uh~xmb ) njs{xu~jvh jggivm~jig" nhsjlg Jgfi{`m~jig- Oigvh{~jgl jgfi{`m~jig ~i dgi|bhnlh" oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh • •

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Jgnxs~{z- s~{igl jgfbxhgoh ig ~ah fj{`‚s uh{fi{`mgoh" u{iuh{~jhs jgobxnh hoigi`jhs if sombh km{{jh{s ~i `m{dh~ hg~{z njvh{sjfjom~jig u{inxo~ njffh{hg~jm~jig nhl{hh if oigohg~{m~jig if fj{`s jg ~ah jgnxs~{z • • • • •

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

_\I^ Mgmbzsjs- Xshn ~i msshss m gh| kxsjghss vhg~x{h i{ u{iuisj~jig' ]xmn{mg~s oig~mjg o{j~h{jm !gi~ hqamxs~jvh i{ hqobxsjvh* xshn ~i mgmbzsh hj~ah{ _\I^ _~{hgl~as !Jg~h{gmb*

\hmdghsshs !Jg~h{gmb*

X_U,s" omumkjbj~jhs" oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh" {hsix{ohs" hquh{jhgoh" dgi|bhnlh" nm~m" fjgmgojmbs" `m{dh~jgl" {hmoa" oi``xgjom~jig" sh{vjoh" jggivm~jig" biom~jig" lhil{muaz" u{joh" vmbxh" }xmbj~z" moo{hnj~m~jigs" u{iohsshs" szs~h`s" J^" oxb~x{h" vmbxhs" khamvjix{" `mgmlh`hg~" {hux~m~jig" bhlmoz

Njsmnvmg~mlhs if u{iuisj~jig" omumkjbj~jhs lmus" bmod if u{hshgoh & s~{hgl~a" bmod if  {hux~m~jig" u{hshgoh mgn {hmoa" fjgmgojmbs" i|g dgi|g vxbgh{mkjbj~jhs" ~j`hsombhs" nhmnbjghs mgn u{hssx{hs" sxuubz oamjg" `i{mbh" oi``j~`hg~" bhmnh{saju" u{iohsshs & szs~h`s" `mgmlh`hg~" m~~{j~jig ^a{hm~s !Hq~h{gmb*

Iuui{~xgj~jhs !Hq~h{gmb*

@m{dh~ ) kxsjghss ) u{inxo~ nhvhbiu`hg~s" jgnxs~{z ui~hg~jmb" oi`uh~j~i{s, vxbgh{mkjbj~jhs" jgnxs~{z" nh`il{muajos i{ bjfhs~zbh ~{hgns" ~hoagibilz" jggivm~jig" lbikmb jgfbxhgohs" gh| `m{dh~s" jgnxs~{z vh{~jombs ) ai{jig~mbs" gjoahs" lhil{muajhs" sx{u{jsh" gh| oig~{mo~s" jgfi{`m~jig mgn {hshm{oa" um{~gh{sajus" njs~{jkx~jig" vibx`hs" u{inxo~jig" hoigi`jhs" shmsig" jgfbxhgohs

UH_^" oi`uh~j~jvh jg~hg~jigs" `m{dh~ nh`mgn" oig~{mo~s mgn um{~gh{s" sxs~mjgjgl omumoj~jhs" fjgmgohs & omumkjbj~jhs" iks~mobhs" jgsx{`ixg~mkbh |hmdghsshs" jgnxs~{z ozobhs" shmsigmbj~z

Vjsjig & @jssjig- ^i hgh{ljh h`ubizhhs ~i |i{d ~i|m{ns oi{ui{m~h limbs" vjsjigs & `jssjigs' _aixbn kh jg~h{gmbjshn kz hqhox~jvhs & oigs~mg~bz oi``xgjom~hn ~i h`ubizhhs' @mgz oi`umgjhs xsh vjsjig & `jssjig s~m~h`hg~s igbz jg mggxmb {hui{~ i{ {hohu~jig'' Vjsjig •

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M sai{~" sxoojgo~" mgn jgsuj{jgl s~m~h`hg~ if |am~ mg i{lmgjm~jig jg~hgns ~i khoi`h mgn moajhvh" jg ~ah fx~x{h" if~hg s~m~hn jg oi`uh~j~jvh ~h{`s [hfh{s ~i ~ah om~hli{z if k{imn" mbb-jg~{xsjvh mgn fi{|m{n-~ajgdjgl jg~hg~jigs J`mlh if m kxsjghss limb khfi{h ~ah i{lmgjm~jig sh~s ix~ ~i {hmoa ~ah` Nhso{jkhs fx~x{h msuj{m~jigs" |j~aix~ suhojfzjgl ~ah `hmgs xshn ~i moajhvh ~ah`

@jssjig _~m~h`hg~ Mg i{lmgjm~jig,s vjsjig ~{mgsbm~hn jg~i m |{j~~hg fi{` Oigo{h~jshs m bhmnh{,s vjh| if ~ah nj{ho~jig mgn ux{uish if ~ah i{lmgjm~jig Vj~mb hbh`hg~ fi{ oi{ui{m~h bhmnh{s ~i `i~jvm~h h`ubizhhs & jgs~jbb shgsh if u{ji{j~z • • •

_h~~jgl Limbs @mci{ ix~oi`h if s~{m~hljo {imn-`muujgl mgn s~{m~hljo ubmggjgl" kmshn ig ~ah vjsjig mgn `jssjig s~m~h`hg~ Bigl-{mglh" suhojfjo mgn {hmbjs~jo limbs sh~ ~a{ixla s~{m~hljo ubmggjgl" ~{mgsbm~hn jg~i mo~jvj~jhs ~am~ |jbb hgsx{h {hmoajgl ~ah limb ~a{ixla iuh{m~jigmb ubmggjgl' •

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Jgnxs~{jmb I{lmgjsm~jig !J)I* `inhb if mkivh mvh{mlh {h~x{gs Hq~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~ j`uishs u{hssx{hs & oigs~{mjg~s ~am~ nh~h{`jgh s~{m~hljhs bhmnjgl ~i mkivh-mvh{mlh {h~x{gs M{hm ^ah hq~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~ M~~{mo~jvh M~~{mo~ jvh jgnxs~{z

Mo~jvj~z _~xnz _~ xnz Biom~h

_~{m~hlz fi{`xbm~jig Mssh~s & sdjbbs _~{m~hlz j`ubh`hg~m~jig _xuh{ji{ {h~x{gs

Jnhg~jfz Nhvhbiu i{ mo}xj{h Xsh Hm{g

Mo~jig Lhgh{mb " jgnxs~{z" oi`uh~j~i{ _~{xo~x{mb oam{mo~h{js~jos oam{mo~h{ js~jos sxllhs~ mkivh mvh{mlh {h~x{gs _~{m~hlz ~i hm{g mkivh mvh{mlh {h~x{gs ^i j`ubh`hg~ oaishg s~{m~hlz Hffho~jvh j`ubh`hg~m~jig Hm{g mkivh mvh{mlh {h~x{gs

[hsix{oh-Kmshn @inhb if Mkivh-Mvh{mlh [h~x{gs Mssx`hs ~am~ ~ah i{lmgjm~jig js m oibbho~jig if xgj}xh {hsix{ohs & omumkjbj~jhs" |ajoa u{ivjnh ~ah kmsjs fi{ j~s s~{m~hlz" |ajoa js ~ah u{j`m{z six{oh if j~s {h~x{gs M{hm [hsix{ohs Fj{`‚s omumkjbj~jhs

Mo~jvj~z Jnhg~jfz Nh~h{`jgh

Oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh M~~{mo~jvh M~~{mo~ jvh jgnxs~{z _~{m~hlz _xuh{ji{ {h~x{gs

Ui~hg~jmb if Biom~h _hbho~ Hm{g

Mo~jig Jgux~s jg m fj{`s u{inxo~jig u{iohss Jg~hl{m~hn sh~ if {hsix{ohs {h}xj{hn ~i uh{fi{`" jg mg jg~hl{m~jvh `mggh{ Mkjbj~z ~i ix~uh{fi{` {jvmbs ^i hqubij~ iuui{~xgj~jhs iuui{~xgj~ jhs ^i hm{g mkivh mvh{mlh {h~x{g Hm{g mkivh mvh{mlh {h~x{gs

[hsix{ohs mgn Omumkjbj~jhs Omumk jbj~jhs ![&O* [hsix{ohs- Jgux~s jg~i m fj{`‚s u{inxo~jig u{iohss- Omuj~mb h}xju`hg~" h`ubizhh sdjbbs" um~hg~s" fjgmgohs" ~mbhg~ Omumkjbj~jhs- Omumoj~z if m sh~ if {hsix{ohs {h}xj{hn ~i uh{fi{`" jg mg jg~hl{m~jvh `mggh{' M omumkjbj~z saixbn gi~ kh ajlabz j`j~mkbh kx~ saixbn kh `mgmlhmkbh mgn oig~{ibbmkbh Dhz O{j~h{jm if [hsix{ohs mgn Omumkjbj~jhs Vmbxmkbh- [&O m{h vmbxmkbh |ahg ~ahz mbbi| m fj{` ~i ~mdh mnvmg~mlh if  iuui{~xgj~jhs i{ ghx~{mbjh ~a{hm~s jg hq~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~ [m{h- [&O m{h {m{h jf uisshsshn kz fh|" jf mgz" ox{{hg~ mgn ui~hg~jmb oi`uh~j~i{s Ois~bz ~i J`j~m~h- [&O m{h ois~bz ~i j`j~m~h |ahg i~ah{ fj{`s hj~ah{ omggi~ ik~mjg ~ah` i{ m{h m~ m ois~ njsmnvmg~mlh jg ik~mjgjgl ~ah` Gigsxks~j~x~mkbh- [&O m{h gigsxks~j~x~mkbh |ahg ~ahz amvh gi s~{xo~x{mb h}xjvmbhg~s •

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Oi{h Oi`uh~hgojhs \ahg ~ah > dhz o{j~h{jm if [&O m{h `h~" ~ahz khoi`h oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs" mgn sh{vh ms m six{oh if oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh' @mgmlh{jmb oi`uh~hgojhs m{h hsuhojmbbz j`ui{~mg~

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

_~{m~hljo Jg~hg~ Oi`umgz,s vjsjig if |am~ j~ |mg~s ~i moajhvh jg ~ah bigl ~h{` @xs~ oigvhz m sjlgjfjomg~ s~{h~oa fi{ ~ah oi`umgz" m shgsh if nj{ho~jig" njsoivh{z" mgn iuui{~xgj~z ~am~ omg kh oi``xgjom~hn ms |i{~a|ajbh ~i h`ubizhhs _aixbn fioxs si ig ~i`i{{i|,s iuui{~xgj~jhs ~amg ig ~inmz,s u{ikbh`s • •

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_~{m~hljo @jssjig _~m~h`hg~ if fj{`‚s xgj}xh ux{uish Nhso{jkhs soiuh if iuh{m~jigs jg u{inxo~ & `m{dh~ `m{dh~ ~h{`s Hq~h{gmbbz fioxshn" jgsuj{jgl mgn {hbhvmg~ ~i mbb s~mdhaibnh{s • • •

_~mdhaibnh{s Jgnjvjnxmbs mgn l{ixus mffho~hn kz ~ah fj{`‚s uh{fi{`mgoh mgn |ai amvh obmj`s ig j~‚s uh{fi{`mgoh' _~mdhaibnh{ L{ixus Omuj~mb @m{dh~ _~mdhaibnh{s _am{haibnh{s" kmgds & bhgnh{s hquho~ fj{` ~i hgamgoh ~ah |hmb~a hg~{xs~hn [h~x{gs saixbn kh oi``hgsx{m~h |j~a ~ah nhl{hh if {jsd ~i ~ah sam{haibnh{ U{inxo~ @m{dh~ _~mdhaibnh{s Oxs~i`h{s- Nh`mgn {hbjmkbh u{inxo~s m~ bi| u{johs _xuubjh{s- _hhd bizmb oxs~i`h{s |jbbjgl ~i umz ajlahs~ u{johs fi{ liins mgn sh{vjohs Ais~ oi``xgj~jhs- \mg~ oi`umgjhs |jbbjgl ~i kh bigl-~h{` h`ubizh{s mgn u{ivjnh{s if ~mq {hvhgxhs |ajbh `jgj`jjgl nh`mgns ig uxkbjo sxuui{~ sh{vjohs Xgjig iffjojmbs- \mg~ shox{h ciks mgn nhsj{mkbh |i{djgl oignj~jigs I{lmgjm~jigmb _~mdhaibnh{s H`ubizhhs & `mgmlh{s- Hquho~ m s~j`xbm~jgl mgn {h|m{njgl |i{d hgvj{ig`hg~" sm~jsfjhn kz m oi`umgz ~am~ l{i|s mgn mo~jvhbz nhvhbius ~ahj{ sdjbbs • •

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_~{m~hljo Bhmnh{s Uhiubh {hsuigsjkbh fi{ ~ah nhsjlg mgn hqhox~jig if s~{m~hljo `mgmlh`hg~ u{iohsshs ! ^iu `mgmlh`hg~*' ^ahz |jbb nhojnh ai| {hsix{ohs |jbb kh nhvhbiuhn i{ mo}xj{hn" m~ |am~ u{joh {hsix{ohs |jbb kh ik~mjghn" mgn ai| {hsix{ohs |jbb kh xshn I{lmgjm~jigmb Oxb~x{h ^ah oi`ubhq sh~ if jnhibiljhs" sz`kibs mgn oi{h vmbxhs" sam{hn ~a{ixlaix~ ~ah fj{`" ~am~ jgfbxhgoh ai| ~ah fj{` oignxo~s kxsjghss

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Hq~h{gmb Hgvj{ig`hg~mb Mgmbzsjs M gmbzsjs Oi`uighg~s if ~ah Hq~h{gmb Hgvj{ig`hg~mb Mgmbzsjs Jnhg~jfzjgl hm{bz sjlgmbs if hgvj{ig`hg~mb oamglhs & ~{hgns _omggjgl @igj~i{jgl Mgmbzsjgl mgn iksh{vjgl hgvj{ig`hg~mb oamglhs & ~{hgns Fi{homs~jgl Nhvhbiujgl u{icho~jigs if mg~jojum~hn ix~oi`hs Nh~h{`jgjgl hgvj{ig`hg~mb ~{hgns fi{ fj{`s‚ s~{m~hljo `mgmlh`hg~ Msshssjgl

^ah hq~h{gmb kxsjghss hgvj{ig`hg~ `mz kh njvjnhn jg~i ; sho~i{s3 K{imn & ~msd  K{imn Hgvj{ig`hg~- fi{`s ~ah oig~hq~ |j~ajg |ajoa ~ah fj{` mgn j~s ~msd hgvj{ig`hg~ hqjs~' Oigsjs~s if ni`hs~jo mgn lbikmb fi{ohs uibj~jomb ~{hgns !h'l' iuhg `m{dh~s* hoigi`jo ~{hgns !h'l' l{i|jgl hoigi`z* sioji-oxb~x{mb ~{hgns !h'l' nh`il{muajos* ~hoagibiljomb ~{hgns !h'l' jg~h{gh~* • • • •

^msd Hgvj{ig`hg~- ^ah ~msd hgvj{ig`hg~ oigsjs~s if hq~h{gmb s~mdhaibnh{s- l{ixus i{ jgnjvjnxmbs ix~sjnh ~ah i{lmgjm~jig ~am~ m{h sjlgjfjomg~bz jgfbxhgohn kz i{ amvh m `mci{ j`umo~ ig ~ah i{lmgjm~jig" bjdh3 Oxs~i`h{s _xuubjh{s Oi`uh~j~i{s • • •

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N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

6

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

UH_^ mgmbzsjs ]xmn{mg~s khbi| oig~mjg o{j~h{jm !gi~ hqamxs~jvh i{ hqobxsjvh* xshn ~i mgmbzsh hj~ah{ UH_^ Uibj~jomb Hoigi`jo Hoibiljomb)hgvj{ig`hg~mb jssxhs Ni`hs~jo ) Jg~h{gm~jigmb hoigi`z Bhljsbm~jigs ) {hlxbm~i{z ) uibjoz ^mqhs" bhvjhs" FNJ" jg~h{hs~s Livh{g`hg~ ~h{` mgn oamglh _~iod `m{dh~s mgn hqoamglh {m~hs Fxgnjgl" l{mg~s mgn jgj~jm~jvhs _hmsigmbj~z)|hm~ah{ jssxhs Bikkjhs ) u{hssx{h l{ixus @m{dh~ mgn ~{mnh ozobhs \m{s mgn oigfbjo~ Jgnxs~{z _uhojfjo fmo~i{s _iojmb ^hoagibiljomb Bjfhs~zbh ~{hgns Oi`uh~jgl & h`h{ljgl ~hoagibiljhs Nh`il{muajos [&N Uszoail{muajos ^hoagibilz)sibx~jigs `m~x{j~z Oigsx`h{ m~~j~xnhs mgn iujgjigs @mgxfmo~x{jgl ois~s ) omumoj~z Bm| oamglhs mffho~jgl siojmb fmo~i{s Jgfi{`m~jig mgn oi``xgjom~jig Oigsx`u~jig & kxzjgl um~~h{gs Jggivm~jig Hvhg~s mgn jgfbxhgohs Bjohgsjgl" um~hg~s" JU[ jssxhs H~agjo ) h~ajomb ) {hbjljixs fmo~i{s Njs{xu~jvh jggivm~jig Jgnxs~{z Hgvj{ig`hg~ Mgmbzsjs 8 Fi{ohs if oi`uh~j~jig !Ui{~h{* =* ^a{hm~ if Gh| Hg~{mg~s3 Hg~{z Km{{jh{s Hoigi`jhs if sombh- @m{ljgmb hffjojhgoz j`u{ivh`hg~s" fj{` hquh{jhgohs ms j~ jgo{h`hg~mbbz jgo{hmshs j~s sjh' Mnvmg~mlhs mgn njsmnvmg~mlhs if bm{lh-sombh mgn s`mbb-sombh hg~{z U{inxo~ njffh{hg~jm~jig- Xgj}xh u{inxo~s" Oxs~i`h{ bizmb~z" oi`uh~j~jvh u{johs Omuj~mb {h}xj{h`hg~s- Uazsjomb fmojbj~jhs" Jgvhg~i{jhs" @m{dh~jgl mo~jvj~jhs" Mvmjbmkjbj~z if omuj~mb _|j~oajgl Ois~s-Igh-~j`h ois~s oxs~i`h{s jgox{ |ahg kxzjgl f{i` njffh{hg~ sxuubjh{' Ois~s if gh| h}xju`hg~ i{ {h~{mjgjgl h`ubizhhs Moohss ~i Njs~{jkx~jig Oamgghbs- _~iodjgl i{ sahbf sumoh" u{joh k{hmds" oiiuh{m~jvh mnvh{~jsjgl mbbi|mgohs Ois~ Njsmnvmg~mlhs- Jgnhuhgnhg~ if _ombh- u{iu{jh~m{z u{inxo~ ~hoagibilz" fmvi{mkbh moohss ~i {m| `m~h{jmbs" nhsj{mkbh biom~jigs Livh{g`hg~ uibjoz- Bjohgsjgl mgn uh{`j~ {h}xj{h`hg~s" nh{hlxbm~jig if jgnxs~{jhs •

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

Hquho~hn {h~mbjm~jig- [hsuigshs kz hqjs~jgl oi`uh~j~i{s `mz nhuhgn ig m fj{`‚s u{hshg~ s~mdh jg ~ah jgnxs~{z !mvmjbmkbh kxsjghss iu~jigs* ;* Km{lmjgjgl Ui|h{ if _xuubjh{s _xuubjh{ ui|h{ jgo{hmshs |ahg3 _xuubjh{s m{h bm{lh mgn fh| jg gx`kh{ _xj~mkbh sxks~j~x~h u{inxo~s m{h gi~ mvmjbmkbh Jgnjvjnxmb kxzh{s m{h gi~ bm{lh oxs~i`h{s if sxuubjh{s mgn ~ah{h m{h `mgz if ~ah` _xuubjh{s‚ liins m{h o{j~jomb ~i kxzh{s‚ `m{dh~ubmoh sxoohss _xuubjh{s‚ u{inxo~s o{hm~h ajla s|j~oajgl ois~s' _xuubjh{s uish m ~a{hm~ ~i jg~hl{m~h fi{|m{n jg~i kxzh{s‚ jgnxs~{z • • • • • • •

?* Km{lmjgjgl Ui|h{ if Kxzh{s Kxzh{ ui|h{ jgo{hmsh |ahg3 Kxzh{s m{h bm{lh mgn fh| jg gx`kh{ Kxzh{s ux{oamsh m bm{lh ui{~jig if mg jgnxs~{z‚s ~i~mb ix~ux~ Kxzh{s‚ ux{oamshs m{h m sjlgjfjomg~ ui{~jig if m sxuubjh{‚s mggxmb {hvhgxhs Kxzh{s omg s|j~oa ~i mgi~ah{ u{inxo~ |j~aix~ jgox{{jgl ajla s|j~oajgl ois~s Kxzh{s uish ~a{hm~ ~i jg~hl{m~h kmod|m{n jg~i ~ah shbbh{s‚ jgnxs~{z • • • • • •

>* ^a{hm~ if _xks~j~x~h U{inxo~s ^ah ~a{hm~ if sxks~j~x~h u{inxo~s jgo{hmshs jg o{hmshs |ahg3 Kxzh{s fmoh fh| s|j~oajgl ois~s ^ah sxks~j~x~h u{inxo~‚s u{joh js bi|h{ _xks~j~x~h u{inxo~‚s }xmbj~z mgn uh{fi{`mgoh m{h h}xmb ~i i{ l{hm~h{ ~amg ~ah hqjs~jgl u{inxo~ Njffh{hg~jm~hn jgnxs~{z u{inxo~s" vmbxhn kz oxs~i`h{s" {hnxoh ~ajs ~a{hm~ • • • •

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8* Jg~hgsj~z if [jvmb{z M`igl Oi`uh~j~i{s Jgnxs~{z {jvmb{z jgo{hmshs |ahg3 ^ah{h m{h gx`h{ixs i{ h}xmbbz kmbmgohn oi`uh~j~i{s Jgnxs~{z l{i|~a sbi|s i{ nhobjghs ^ah{h m{h ajla fjqhn ois~s i{ ajla s~i{mlh ois~s ^ah{h js m bmod if njffh{hg~jm~jig iuui{~xgj~jhs i{ bi| s|j~oajgl ois~s \ahg ~ah s~{m~hljo s~mdhs m{h ajla \ahg ajla hqj~ km{{jh{s u{hvhg~ oi`uh~j~i{s f{i` bhmvjgl ~ah jgnxs~{z • • • • • • •

Xgm~~{mo~jvh jgnxs~{z !Bi| u{ifj~ ui~hg~jmb* Bi| hg~{z km{{jh{s _xuubjh{s mgn kxzh{s amvh s~{igl uisj~jigs _~{igl ~a{hm~s f{i` sxks~j~x~h u{inxo~s Jg~hgsh {jvmb{z m`igl oi`uh~j~i{s

M~~{mo~jvh jgnxs~{z !Ajla u{ifj~ ui~hg~jmb* Ajla hg~{z km{{jh{s _xuubjh{s mgn kxzh{s amvh |hmd uisj~jigs Fh| ~a{hm~s f{i` sxks~j~x~h u{inxo~s @inh{m~h {jvmb{z m`igl oi`uh~j~i{s

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

1

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

Ai| ~i mgmbzsh Jgnxs~{z - !@joamhb Ui{~h{" AK[-Cmg" ;551* Liin jgnxs~{z mgmbzsjs biids m~ mvh{mlh u{ifj~mkjbj~z ivh{ m uh{jin ?-8 zhm{ uh{jin omg njs~jglxjsa ~h`ui{m{z) ozobjomb oamglhs f{i` s~{xo~x{mb oamglhs Jgnxs~{z mgmbzsjs saixbn gi~ nhobm{h mg jgnxs~{z m~~{mo~jvh i{ xgm~~{mo~jvh kx~ ahbu xgnh{s~mgn ~ah xgnh{ujggjgls if oi`uh~j~jig mgn ~ah {ii~ omxshs if u{ifj~mkjbj~z Mgmbzsh jgnxs~{z s~{xo~x{h }xmg~j~m~jvhbz" ~amg }xmbj~m~jvhbz |j~a bjs~s if fmo~i{s ]xmg~jfz ~ah 8 fi{ohs3 (mlh if kxzh{,s ~i~mb ois~ mooixg~hn fi{ kz jgnxs~{z,s u{inxo~ !~i xgnh{s~mgn kxzh{ u{joh shgsj~jvj~z*4 (mlh if jgnxs~{z smbhs {h}xj{hn ~i fjbb m ubmg~ i{ iuh{m~h biljs~jomb gh~|i{d if hffjojhg~ sombh !~i msshss km{{jh{s ~i hg~{z*4 kxzh{,s s|j~oajgl ois~ !~i nh~h{`jgh jgnxoh`hg~ mg hg~{mg~ i{ {jvmb `xs~ iffh{ oxs~i`h{s*' Nhfjgh {hbhvmg~ jgnxs~{z3 U{inxo~s" hqobxsjvh) jgnj{ho~ jgnxs~{z" soiuh" oi`uh~j~jig Jnhg~jfz & shl`hg~ um{~jojumg~s- kxzh{s" sxuubjh{s" oi`uh~j~i{s" sxks~j~x~hs & ui~hg~jmb hg~{mg~s Msshss n{jvh{s if hmoa oi`uh~j~jvh fi{oh- nh~h{`jgh |ajoa m{h s~{igl & |hmd- \az Nh~h{`jgh ivh{mbb jgnxs~{z s~{xo~x{h & oigsjs~hgoz- u{ifj~mkjbj~z bhvhbs & {hmsigs" oig~{ibbjgl fmo~i{s4 m{h `i{h u{ifj~mkbh u{ifj~mkbh ubmzh{s kh~~h{ uisj~jighn |{~ ~ah 8 fi{ohs fi{ohs Mgmbzsh fx~x{h oamglhs !$)-* jg hmoa fi{oh Msuho~s if jgnxs~{z s~{xo~x{h" jgfbxhgohn kz oi`umgz" oi`uh~j~i{s i{ gh| hg~{mg~s • • •

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Oi``ig Uj~fmbbs Nhfjgjgl jgnxs~{z- ~ii k{imnbz i{ ~ii gm{{i|bz' Umzjgl h}xmb m~~hg~jig ~i mbb fi{ohs ~amg fioxsjgl ig ~ah `is~ j`ui{~mg~ ighs' Oigfxsjgl hffho~ !u{joh shgsj~jvj~z* |j~a omxsh !kxzh{ hoigi`jos*' Xsjgl s~m~jo mgmbzsjs ~am~ jlgi{hs jgnxs~{z ~{hgns' Oigfxsjgl ozobjomb i{ ~{mgsjhg~ oamglhs |j~a ~{xh s~{xo~x{mb oamglhs' F{m`h|i{d xshn ~i nhobm{h jgnxs~{z - m~~{mo~jvh) xgm~~{mo~jvh" ~amg xsh j~ fi{ s~{m~hljo oaijohs • • • • • •

_~{m~hljo L{ixus M sh~ if fj{`s h`uamsjjgl sj`jbm{ s~{m~hljo nj`hgsjigs mgn xsjgl sj`jbm{ s~{m~hljhs Jg~h{gmb oi`uh~j~jig kh~|hhg s~{m~hljo l{ixu fj{`s js l{hm~h{ ~amg kh~|hhg fj{`s ix~sjnh ~am~ s~{m~hljo l{ixu' @i{h ah~h{ilhghj~z jg uh{fi{`mgoh if fj{`s |j~ajg s~{m~hljo l{ixus _~{m~hljo Nj`hgsjigs Hq~hg~ if ~hoagibiljomb bhmnh{saju" u{inxo~ }xmbj~z" u{jojgl uibjoz" njs~{jkx~jig oamgghbs oxs~i`h{ sh{vjoh Oi`uh~j~i{ Mgmbzsjs Oi`uh~j~i{ Jg~hbbjlhgoh- Lm~ah{ jgfi{`m~jig & nm~m ~i xgnh{s~mgn mgn kh~~h{ mg~jojum~h3 Oi`uh~j~i{‚s nj{ho~jig !fx~x{h ikcho~jvhs* Oi`uh~j~i{‚s omumkjbj~jhs mgn jg~hg~jigs !ox{{hg~ s~{m~hlz* Oi`uh~j~i{‚s khbjhfs mkix~ ~ah jgnxs~{z !mssx`u~jigs* Oi`uh~j~i{s !omumkjbj~jhs* • • • •

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

^ah jg~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~ Ix~oi`hs if jg~h{gmb mgn hq~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~mb mgmbzshs Jg~h{gmb- Fj{`s nh~h{`jgh |am~ ~ahz omg ni- xgj}xh {hsix{ohs" omumkjbj~jhs & oi`uh~hgojhs !sxs~mjgmkbh oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh* Hq~h{gmb- Fj{`s nh~h{`jgh |am~ ~ahz `mz oaiish ~i ni Jg~h{gmb Hgvj{ig`hg~mb Mgmbzsjs • Jgvibvhs mgmbzjgl mgn hvmbxm~jgl jg~h{gmb s~mdhaibnh{s !`mgmlh{s" h`ubizhhs" i|gh{s mgn ~ah KIN* & mg i{lmgjm~jig‚s {hsix{ohs mgn omumkjbj~jhs • Ux{uish if jg~h{gmb mgmbzsjs js ~i nh~h{`jgh s~{hgl~as & iuui{~xgj~jhs fi{ oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh mgn |hmdghsshs & i{lmgjm~jigmb vxbgh{mkjbj~jhs ~i kh oi{{ho~hn O{hm~jgl Vmbxh Kz hqubij~jgl oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs i{ oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlhs" fj{`s o{hm~h vmbxh Vmbxh js `hmsx{hn kz m u{inxo~‚s uh{fi{`mgoh oam{mo~h{js~jos mgn j~s m~~{jkx~hs fi{ |ajoa oxs~i`h{s m{h |jbbjgl ~i umz Fj{`s o{hm~h vmbxh kz jggivm~jvhbz kxgnbjgl & bhvh{mljgl ~ahj{ {hsix{ohs & omumkjbj~jhs • •

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Oi`uighg~s if jg~h{gmb mgmbzsjs mgm bzsjs

Oignj~jigs mffho~jgl nhojsjigs |{~ {hsix{ohs" omumkjbj~jhs & oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs • Xgoh{~mjg~z- {hlm{njgl oam{mo~h{js~jos if ~ah lhgh{mb mgn ~ah jgnxs~{z hgvj{ig`hg~s" oi`uh~j~i{‚s mo~jigs" mgn oxs~i`h{s u{hfh{hgohs • Oi`ubhqj~z- {hlm{njgl jg~h{{hbm~hn omxshs samujgl m fj{`‚s hgvj{ig`hg~ mgn uh{ohu~jig if ~ah hgvj{ig`hg~ • Jg~{mi{lmgjsm~jigmb oigfbjo~s- m`igl uhiubh `mdjgl nhojsjigs mgn ~aish mffho~hn kz ~ah`

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

[hsix{ohs Jgux~s jg~i m fj{`‚s u{inxo~jig u{iohss- Omuj~mb h}xju`hg~" h`ubizhh sdjbbs" um~hg~s" fjgmgohs" ~mbhg~ I{lmgjm~jig js `mnh xu if {hsix{ohs3 fjgmgojmb" uazsjomb" ax`mg" lhgh{mb i{lmgjm~jigmb !s~{xo~x{h" szs~h`s" oxb~x{h" {hux~m~jig" s~mdhaibnh{ {hbm~jigsajus _ix{oh if m fj{`‚s omumkjbj~jhs & mssh~s" jgobxnjgl uhiubh & vmbxh if j~s k{mgn gm`h K{imn jg soiuh" oivh{ m suho~{x` if jgnjvjnxmb" siojmb & i{lmgjm~jigmb uahgi`hgm [hu{hshg~ jgux~s jg~i m fj{`‚s u{inxo~jig u{iohss" sxoa ms3 Omuj~mb h}xju`hg~" sdjbbs if h`ubizhhs" k{mgn gm`hs" fjgmgojmb {hsix{ohs" mgn ~mbhg~hn `mgmlh{s ^mgljkbh - _hhg & }xmg~jfjhn- fjgmgojmb" uazsjomb" u{inxo~jig {hsix{ohs Jg~mgljkbh - Nhhu {ii~s jg fj{`s ajs~i{z- ~{xs~" jggivm~jig" dgi|bhnlh" {hux~m~jig Hffho~jvh nhvhbiu`hg~ i{ mo}xjsj~jig if i{lmgjm~jigmb {hsix{ohs `mz kh ~ah `is~ j`ui{~mg~ {hmsig ~am~ si`h i{lmgjm~jigs m{h `i{h sxoohssfxb ~amg i~ah{s •

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Omumkjbj~jhs Omumoj~z if m sh~ if {hsix{ohs ~i uh{fi{`" jg mg jg~hl{m~jvh `mggh{' Omumkjbj~z saixbn gi~ saixbn gi~ kh ajlabz j`j~mkbh kx~ saixbn kh `mgmlhmkbh & oig~{ibbmkbh Fj{`‚s omumoj~z ~i nhubiz {hsix{ohs" jg~hl{m~hn ~i moajhvh m nhsj{hn hgn s~m~h H`h{lh ivh{ ~j`h kz oi`ubhq jg~h{mo~jigs m`igl ~mgljkbh & jg~mgljkbh {hsix{ohs If~hg kmshn ig nhvhbiujgl" om{{zjgl mgn hqoamgljgl jgfi{`m~jig mgn dgi|bhnlh ~a{ixla ~ah fj{`‚s ax`mg omuj~mb ^ah fixgnm~jig if `mgz omumkjbj~jhs bjh jg xgj}xh sdjbbs mgn dgi|bhnlh if fj{`‚s h`ubizhhs" mgn fxgo~jigmb hquh{~jsh •

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Fxgo~jig Njs~{jkx~jig A[ @J_ @m{dh~jgl [&N @mgmlh`hg~ @mgxfmo~x{jgl

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Dhz O{j~h{jm if [hsix{ohs mgn Omumkjbj~jhs ![&O* Vmbxmkbh- [&O vmbxmkbh |ahg ~ahz mbbi| m fj{` ~i ~mdh mnvmg~mlh if iuui{~xgj~jhs i{ ghx~{mbjh ~a{hm~s jg hq~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~ [m{h- [&O {m{h jf uisshsshn kz fh|" jf mgz" ox{{hg~ mgn ui~hg~jmb oi`uh~j~i{s Ois~bz ~i J`j~m~h- [&O ois~bz ~i j`j~m~h |ahg i~ah{ fj{`s hj~ah{ omggi~ ik~mjg ~ah` i{ m{h m~ m ois~ njsmnvmg~mlh jg ik~mjgjgl ~ah` Gigsxks~j~x~mkbh- [&O gigsxks~j~x~mkbh |ahg ~ahz amvh gi s~{xo~x{mb h}xjvmbhg~s •

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

Oi{h Oi`uh~hgojhs \ahg ~ah > dhz o{j~h{jm if [&O m{h `h~" ~ahz khoi`h oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs" mgn sh{vh ms m six{oh if oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh' @mgmlh{jmb oi`uh~hgojhs m{h hsuhojmbbz j`ui{~mg~ [hsix{ohs & omumkjbj~jhs ~am~ sh{vh ms m six{oh if m fj{`‚s oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh3 Mo~jvj~jhs" m fj{` uh{fi{`s hsuhojmbbz |hbb oi`um{hn ~i oi`uh~j~i{s" mgn ~a{ixla |ajoa ~ah fj{` mnns xgj}xh vmbxh ~i j~s liins i{ sh{vjohs ivh{ m bigl uh{jin if ~j`h H`h{lh ivh{ ~j`h ~a{ixla mg i{lmgjm~jigmb u{iohss if moox`xbm~jgl mgn bhm{gjgl ai| ~i nhubiz njffh{hg~ {hsix{ohs mgn omumkjbj~jhs • •

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Oi`uh~j~jvh Mnvmg~mlh Fj{`s moajhvh s~{m~hljo oi`uh~j~jvhghss mgn hm{g mkivh-mvh{mlh {h~x{gs |ahg ~ahj{ oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs m{h hffho~jvhbz- mo}xj{hn" kxgnbhn i{ bhvh{mlhn Ivh{ ~j`h" oi`uh~j~i{s `mz nxubjom~h khghfj~s if mgz vmbxh-o{hm~jgl s~{m~hlz •

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_xs~mjgmkbh Oi`uh~j~jvh Mnvmg~mlh- |ahg oi`uh~j~i{s m{h xgmkbh ~i nxubjom~h fj{`‚s vmbxh-o{hm~jgl s~{m~hlz' Oi`hs f{i` m {hsix{oh ~am~ js vmbxmkbh jg ~ah `m{dh~" uisshsshn kz igbz m s`mbb gx`kh{ if fj{`s !{m{h*" mgn ois~bz i{ njffjoxb~ ~i j`j~m~h jg ~ah sai{~ ~h{`' Fix{ O{j~h{jm if _xs~mjgmkbh Oi`uh~j~jvh Mnvmg~mlh Omumkjbj~jhs Mnvmg~mlh Ahbu m fj{` ghx~{mbjh ~a{hm~s i{ hqubij~ iuui{~xgj~jhs Vmbxmkbh M{h gi~ uisshsshn kz `mgz i~ah{s [m{h Ois~bz ~i j`j~m~h Ajs~i{jomb 3 Xgj}xh & vmbxmkbh i{lmgjm~jigmb oxb~x{h) k{mgn M`kjlxixs omxsh3 Omxshs & xshs if m oi`uh~hgoh xgobhm{ _iojmb oi`ubhqj~z3 Jg~h{uh{sigmb {hbm~jigsajus" ~{xs~" mgn f{jhgnsaju Gigsxks~j~x~mkbh Gi s~{m~hljo h}xjvmbhg~ O{hm~jgl oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh Oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs" jg oi`kjgm~jig |j~a u{inxo~-`m{dh~ uisj~jigs" m{h ~ah fj{`‚s `is~ j`ui{~mg~ six{ohs if oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh Oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs if m fj{`" jg mnnj~jig ~i j~s mgmbzsjs if j~s lhgh{mb" jgnxs~{z" mgn oi`uh~j~i{ hgvj{ig`hg~s" saixbn n{jvh j~s shbho~jig if s~{m~hljhs •

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Ix~oi`hs if oi`kjgm~jigs if o{j~h{jm if _xs~mjgmkbh Oi`uh~j~jvh Mnvmg~mlh Omumkjbj~z vmbxmkbh

Omumkjbj~z [m{h Gi

Omumkjbj~z ois~bz ~i j`j~m~h Gi

Omumkjbj~z Gigsxks~j~x~mkbh Gi

Gi Zhs

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N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

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Oi`uh~j~jvh oigsh}xhgohs

Uh{fi{`mgoh j`ubjom~jigs

Oi`uh~j~jvh njsmnvmg~mlh Oi`uh~j~jvh um{j~z ^h`ui{m{z ^h`ui{m {z oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh _xs~mjgmkbh _xs~mjgmk bh oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh

Khbi| mvh{mlh {h~x{gs Mvh{mlh {h~x{gs Mvh{mlh ~i mkivh-mvh{mlh {h~x{gs Mkivh-mvh{mlh {h~x{gs

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Vmbxh Oamjg Mgmbzsjs3 ^h`ubm~h ~am~ mbbi|s fj{` ~i xgnh{s~mgn um{~s if j~s iuh{m~jigs ~am~ o{hm~h vmbxh & ~aish ~am~ ni gi~ Xgnh{s~mgn ~ahj{ ois~ uisj~jig Jnhg~jfz `hmgs ~i fmojbj~m~h j`ubh`hg~m~jig if m oaishg kxsjghss-bhvhb s~{m~hlz U{j`m{z mo~jvj~jhs jgvibvhn |j~a3 M u{inxo~‚s uazsjomb o{hm~jig" m u{inxo~‚s smbh mgn njs~{jkx~jig ~i kxzh{s" ~ah u{inxo~‚s sh{vjoh mf~h{ ~ah smbh _xuui{~ mo~jvj~jhs- u{ivjnh sxuui{~ ghohssm{z fi{ u{j`m{z mo~jvj~jhs ~i ~mdh ubmoh _ai|s ai| m u{inxo~ `ivhs f{i` {m|-`m~h{jmb s~mlh ~i ~ah fjgmb oxs~i`h{ ^i kh m six{oh if oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh" m {hsix{oh i{ omumkjbj~z `xs~ mbbi| ~ah fj{`3 ^i uh{fi{` mg mo~jvj~z jg m `mggh{ sxuh{ji{ ~i ~ah |mz oi`uh~j~i{s uh{fi{` j~" i{ ~i uh{fi{` m vmbxh-o{hm~jgl mo~jvj~z ~am~ oi`uh~j~i{s omggi~ oi`ubh~h • • •

• • •

^ah Vmbxh-O{hm~jgl Ui~hg~jmb if U{j`m{z Mo~jvj~jhs Jgkixgn biljs~jos- _~i{h & njssh`jgm~h jgux~s !`m~h{jmbs" jgvhg~i{z* Iuh{m~jigs- Oigvh{~ jgux~s f{i` jgkixgn biljs~jos ~i fjgmb u{inxo~ fi{` !`moajgjgl" umodmljgl" mssh`kbz" h~o'* Ix~kixgn biljs~jos- Oibbho~jgl" s~i{jgl & uazsjombbz njs~{jkx~jgl u{inxo~ ~i oxs~i`h{s !liins |m{haixsjgl" i{nh{ u{iohssjgl* @m{dh~jgl mgn smbhs- U{ivjnjgl `hmgs mgn jgnxojgl oxs~i`h{s ~i ux{oamsh u{inxo~s !mnvh{~jsjgl" u{i`i~jig" njs~{jkx~jig oamgghbs" h~o'* _h{vjoh- Hgamgojgl i{ `mjg~mjg m u{inxo~‚s vmbxh !{humj{" ~{mjgjgl" mncxs~`hg~* U{iox{h`hg~- jgux~s ~i u{inxoh fj{`‚s u{inxo~s !{m| `m~h{jmbs & sxuubjhs* ^hoagibiljomb nhvhbiu`hg~J`u{ivjgl fj{`‚s u{inxo~ & u{iohsshs jg `mgxfmo~x{jgl !u{iohss h}xju`hg~" kmsjo {hshm{oa" u{inxo~ nhsjlg" h~o* A[ `mgmlh`hg~- [ho{xj~jgl" ~{mjgjgl mgn oi`uhgsm~jgl uh{sigghb Fj{` jgf{ms~{xo~x{h- _xuui{~jgl ~ah |i{d if ~ah hg~j{h vmbxh oamjg !`mgmlh`hg~" ubmggjgl" fjgmgoh" mooixg~jgl" bhlmb" livh{g`hg~ {hbm~jigs" h~o'* Hffho~jvhbz mgn oigsjs~hg~bz jnhg~jfz hq~h{gmb iuui{~xgj~jhs mgn ~a{hm~s Jnhg~jfz {hsix{ohs mgn omumkjbj~jhs" sxuui{~ oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs

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Hqm`jgh hmoa mo~jvj~z |{~ oi`uh~j~i{s‚ mkjbj~jhs & {m~h ms sxuh{ji{" h}xjvmbhg~ i{ jgfh{ji{

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

=?

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

^ah Oambbhglh if Jg~h{gmb Mgmbzsjs _jlgjfjomg~bz jgfbxhgoh fj{`‚s mkjbj~z ~i hm{g mkivh-mvh{mlh {h~x{gs ^i nhvhbiu mgn xsh oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs" `mgmlh{s `xs~ amvh Oix{mlh" shbf-oigfjnhgoh" jg~hl{j~z" omumoj~z ~i nhmb |j~a xgoh{~mjg~z & oi`ubhqj~z \jbbjglghss ~i aibn uhiubh !mgn ~ah`shbvhs* mooixg~mkbh fi{ ~ahj{ |i{d  • •

Ix~six{ojgl- ^ah ux{oamsh if m vmbxh-o{hm~jgl mo~jvj~z f{i` mg hq~h{gmb sxuubjh{ Fh| i{lmgjm~jigs uisshss {hsix{ohs mgn omumkjbj~jhs {h}xj{hn ~i moajhvh oi`uh~j~jvh sxuh{ji{j~z jg mbb u{j`m{z mgn sxuui{~ mo~jvj~jhs Kz fioxsjgl ig fh|h{ omumkjbj~jhs fj{` omg oigohg~{m~h ig o{hm~jgl vmbxh _uhojmb~z sxuubjh{s omg uh{fi{` ix~six{ohn omumkjbj~jhs `i{h hffjojhg~bz •

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Ix~six{ojgl [m~jigmbh Kxsjghss fioxs

Moohss ~i |i{bn-obmss omumkjbj~jhs Moohbh{m~h kxsjghss {hhgljghh{jgl khghfj~s Fbhqjkjbj~z

Ix~six{ojgl Jssxhs Ix~six{oh ~i fj{`s uisshssjgl oi{h oi`uh~hgoh if uh{fi{`jgl u{j`m{z i{ sxuui{~jgl ix~six{ohn mo~jvj~z Hvmbxm~h mo~jvj~jhs |ah{h fj{` j~shbf omg o{hm~h & omu~x{h vmbxh

[jsdz ~i ix~six{oh u{j`m{z & sxuui{~ mo~jvj~jhs xshn ~i ghx~{mbjh hgvj{ig`hg~mb ~a{hm~s Ix~six{oh o{j~jomb omumkjbj~jhs omumkjbj~jh s i{ mo~jvj~jhs mo~jvj~jhs ~am~ s~j`xbm~h nhvhbiu`hg~ nhvhbiu`hg~ if gh| omumkjbj~jhs & oi`uh~hgojhs

Omx~jigs mgn [h`jgnh{s Oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs |jbb gi~ oig~jgxh ~i u{ivjnh m six{oh if oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh Oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs `mz khoi`h oi{h {jljnj~jhs" lhgh{m~h jgh{~jm & s~jfbh jggivm~jig Nh~h{`jgjgl |am~ ~ah fj{` omg ni ~a{ixla oig~jgxixs mgn hffho~jvh mgmbzshs if j~s jg~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~ jgo{hmsh ~ah bjdhbjaiin if bigl-~h{` oi`uh~j~jvh sxoohss • • •

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

=>

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Kxsjghss bhvhb s~{m~hlz Jg~hl{m~hn & oii{njgm~hn sh~ if  oi``j~`hg~s & mo~jigs" fj{` xshs ~i lmjg oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh kz hqubij~jgl oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs jg suhojfjo u{inxo~ `m{dh~s Jg~hgnhn ~i o{hm~h njffh{hgohs kh~|hhg fj{`‚s uisj~jig {hbm~jvh ~i {jvmbs Uisj~jigjgl- Nhojnh |ah~ah{ ~i Uh{fi{` mo~jvj~jhs njffh{hg~bz- bi|h{ ivh{mbb ois~s" oahmuh{ u{iohss* i{ Uh{fi{` njffh{hg~ !vmbxmkbh* mo~jvj~jhsomumkjbj~z ~i njffh{hg~jm~h u{inxo~ )sh{vjoh mgn oi``mgn u{h`jx` u{joh •

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Kxsjghss-Bhvhb _~{m~hljo Jssxhs Oxs~i`h{s m{h ~ah fixgnm~jig if sxoohssfxb kxsjghss-bhvhb s~{m~hlz \ai |jbb kh sh{vhn kz ~ah s~{m~hlz9 \am~ ghhns ~aish ~m{lh~ oxs~i`h{s amvh ~am~ ~ah s~{m~hlz |jbb sm~jsfz9 Ai| ~aish ghhns |jbb kh sm~jsfjhn kz ~ah s~{m~hlz9 • • •

Oxs~i`h{s3 \ai" \am~" \ah{h Oig s x ` h { @ m { d h ~ s

• • •

Oxs~ i ` h{s

J g n x s ~ {j m b @ m { d h ~ s

Fj{`s `xs~ `mgmlh mbb msuho~s if ~ahj{ oxs~i`h{ {hbm~jigsaju |j~a

[hmoa3 fj{`‚s sxoohss mgn oiggho~jig ~i oxs~i`h{s [joaghss3 nhu~a & nh~mjb if ;-|mz jgfi{`m~jig fbi| kh~|hhg fj{` & ~ah oxs~i`h{ Mffjbjm~jig3 fmojbj~m~jig if xshfxb jg~h{mo~jigs |j~a oxs~i`h{s

Kmsjs fi{ Oxs~i`h{ _hl`hg~m~jig Oigsx`h{ @m{dh~s Nh`il{muajo fmo~i{s !mlh" jgoi`h" shq" h~o'* _iojihoigi`jo fmo~i{s !siojmb" {hbjljig" FBO s~mlh* Lhil{muajo fmo~i{s !oxb~x{mb" {hljigmb" x{kmg" {x{mb* Uszoaibiljomb fmo~i{s !bjfhs~zbh" uh{sigmbj~z ~{mj~s* Oigsx`u~jig um~~h{gs !ahmvz" `inh{m~h" bjla~ xsh{s* Uh{ohu~xmb fmo~i{s !khghfj~ shl`hg~m~jig" uh{ohu~xmb `mu* • • • • • •

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Jgnxs~{jmb @m{dh~s Hgn-xsh shl`hg~s U{inxo~ shl`hg~s !~hoagibilz" u{inxo~jig hoigi`jos* Lhil{muajo shl`hg~s !oixg~{z" {hljigmb njffh{hgohs* Oi``ig kxzh{ shl`hg~s !u{inxo~ `m{dh~ & lhil{muajo shl`hg~s* Oxs~i`h{ sjh shl`hg~s

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

=8

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51 Oxs~i`h{ Ghhns ~i _m~jsfz \am~ [hbm~hn ~i m u{inxo~‚s khghfj~s mgn fhm~x{hs [hu{hshg~jgl nhsj{hs jg ~h{`s if fhm~x{hs mgn uh{fi{`mgoh omumkjbj~jhs

Ai|

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Nh~h{`jgh oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs ghohssm{z ~i sm~jsfz oxs~i`h{ ghhns Xsh oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs ~i j`ubh`hg~ vmbxh o{hm~jgl s~{m~hljhs ~am~ sm~jsfz oxs~i`h{s‚ ghhns Fj{`s |j~a omumoj~z ~i oig~jgxixsbz j`u{ivh" jggivm~h & xul{mnh oi`uh~hgojhs omg hquho~ ~i `hh~ )hqohhn oxs~i`h{ hquho~m~jigs mo{iss ~j`h

Oi`uh~j~jvh soiuh _oiuh- Nj`hgsjigs" jgobxnjgl u{inxo~ l{ixus" oxs~i`h{ shl`hg~s & lhil{muajo `m{dh~s K{imn soiuh- fj{` oi`uh~hs jg `mgz oxs~i`h{ shl`hg~s Gm{{i| soiuh- fj{` shbho~s m shl`hg~ ) l{ixu if shl`hg~s jg ~ah jgnxs~{z mgn ~mjbi{s j~s s~{m~hlz ~i sh{vjgl ~ah` m~ ~ah hqobxsjig if i~ah{s • •

Fjvh Kxsjghss-Bhvhb _~{m~hljhs ! Ui{~h{*  Ui{~h{*

 K{imn  ^m{lh~ 

Oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh Ois~ Xgj}xhghss Ois~ bhmnh{saju Njffh{hg~jm~jig Jg~hl{m~hn Ois~ bhmnh{saju )  Njffh{hg~jm~jig

Oi`uh~j~jvh  Gm{{i| ^m{lh~  soiuh

Fioxshn ois~ bhmnh{saju

Fioxshn njffh{hg~jm~jig

Ois~ Bhmnh{saju _~{m~hlz Jg~hl{m~hn sh~ if mo~jigs ~mdhg ~i u{inxoh {hbm~jvhbz s~mgnm{njhn liins)sh{vjohs |j~a fhm~x{hs moohu~mkbh ~i `mgz oxs~i`h{s" m~ bi|hs~ oi`uh~j~jvh ois~ •

Ois~ smvjgl mo~jigs {h}xj{hn m{h3 Kxjbnjgl hffjojhg~ sombh" `mgxfmo~x{jgl fmojbj~jhs" sj`ubjfzjgl u{inxo~jig u{iohsshs ^jla~bz oig~{ibbjgl)`jgj`jsjgl u{inxo~jig) smbhs)[&N mgn sh{vjoh ois~s @igj~i{jgl ois~s if mo~jvj~jhs u{ivjnhn kz ix~sjnh{s • • •

Ai| ~i ik~mjg m Ois~ Mnvmg~mlh Ois~ N{jvh{s Mb~h{ u{inxo~jig u{iohss Oamglh jg mx~i`m~jig Gh| njs~{jkx~jig oamgghb Gh| mnvh{~jsjgl `hnjm Nj{ho~ smbhs jg ubmoh if jgnj{ho~ smbhs _~{m~hlz- Nh~h{`jgh mgn oig~{ib

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

Vmbxh Oamjg Gh| {m| `m~h{jmb Fi{|m{n jg~hl{m~jig Kmod|m{n jg~hl{m~jig Oamglh biom~jig {hbm~jvh ~i sxuubjh{s i{ kxzh{s _~{m~hlz -[hoigfjlx{h" jf ghhnhn

=6

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Hqm`ubhs if Vmbxh-O{hm~jgl Mo~jvj~jhs Mssiojm~hn |j~a ~ah Ois~ Bhmnh{saju _~{m~hlz

Ois~ Bhmnh{saju _~{m~hlz if jgox`khg~s fi{ Gh| Hg~{mg~s f{jla~hg iff kz hoigi`jhs if sombh & ~j`h ~i sombh ~ah bhm{gjgl ox{vh `j~jlm~h sxuubjh{s‚ ui|h{ kz mksi{kjgl ois~ jgo{hmsh nxh ~i bi| ois~ _xuubjh{s uisj~jig i{ kz mkjbj~z ~i `mdh vh{z bm{lh ux{oamshs `j~jlm~h kxzh{s‚ ui|h{ kz n{jvjgl u{johs fm{ khbi| oi`uh~j~i{s" omxsjgl Kxzh{s ~ah` ~i hqj~" ~axs sajf~jgl ui|h{ |j~a kxzh{s kmod ~i ~ah fj{` |hbb uisj~jighn ~i jgvhs~ ~i o{hm~h sxks~j~x~hs" i{ kxz um~hg~s nhvhbiuhn _xks~j~x~hs kz ui~hg~jmb sxks~j~x~hs" i{ bi|h{ u{johs ~i `mjg~mjg vmbxh uisj~jig nxh ~i ois~ bhmnh{‚s mnvmg~mlhixs uisj~jig" {jvmbs ahsj~m~h ~i oi`uh~h ig Oi`uh~j~i{s kmsjs if u{joh" bmod if u{joh oi`uh~j~jig bhmns ~i l{hm~h{ u{ifj~s Oi`uh~j~jvh [jsds if ois~ bhmnh{saju s~{m~hlz Iksibhsohgoh if liin)sh{vjohs u{inxojgl u{iohsshs nxh ~i oi`uh~j~i{s‚ jggivm~jigs Fioxs ig ois~ {hnxo~jigs m~ hquhgsh if oxs~i`h{s‚ uh{ohu~jigs if njffh{hg~jm~jig Oi`uh~j~i{s `mz xsh i|g oi{h oi`uh~hgojhs ~i j`j~m~h ~ah ois~ bhmnh{‚s s~{m~hlz • • •

Njffh{hg~jm~jig Mg jg~hl{m~hn sh~ if mo~jigs ~mdhg ~i u{inxoh liins i{ sh{vjohs !m~ mg moohu~mkbh ois~* ~am~ oxs~i`h{s uh{ohjvh ms khjgl njffh{hg~ jg |mzs ~am~ m{h j`ui{~mg~ ~i ~ah` Gigs~mgnm{njshn u{inxo~s Oxs~i`h{s vmbxh njffh{hg~jm~hn fhm~x{hs `i{h ~amg ~ahz vmbxh bi| ois~ • •

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

=<

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Ai| ~i Ik~mjg m Njffh{hg~jm~jig Njffh{hg~jm~jig Mnvmg~mlh

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

\az @h{lh{s Nig‚~ \i{d • Bm{lh i{ hq~{mi{njgm{z nhk~ • Ivh{oigfjnhg~ i{ jgoi`uh~hg~ `mgmlh`hg~ • H~ajomb oigoh{gs • Oamglhs jg ~iu `mgmlh`hg~ ~hm` mgn)i{ i{lmgjm~jigmb • Jgmnh}xm~h mgmbzsjs !nxh njbjlhgoh* • Njvh{sjfjom~jig m|mz f{i` ~ah fj{`‚s oi{h

• • • • • • • •

\az @h{lh{s \i{d _~{igl {hbm~hnghss F{jhgnbz ghli~jm~jigs Bi|-~i-`inh{m~h nhk~ Oig~jgxhn fioxs ig oi{h s~{hgl~as Om{hfxb shbho~jig if & ghli~jm~jigs |j~a ~m{lh~ fj{` _~{igl omsa i{ nhk~ uisj~jig _j`jbm{ fj{` oxb~x{hs & `mgmlh`hg~ s~zbhs _am{jgl {hsix{ohs mo{iss oi`umgjh s

[hs~{xo~x{jgl M s~{m~hlz ~a{ixla |ajoa m fj{` oamglhs j~s sh~ if kxsjghsshs i{ fjgmgojmb s~{xo~x{h Fmjbx{h if mg mo}xjsj~jig s~{m~hlz if~hg u{hohnhs m {hs~{xo~x{jgl s~{m~hlz Nxh ~i oamglhs jg ~ah hq~h{gmb i{ jg~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~s • • •

[hs~{xo~x{jgl s~{m~hljhs3 _~{m~hlz \am~ amuuhgs Ni|g [hnxo~jig jg gx`kh{ if  sjjgl h`ubizhhs)iuh{m~jgl xgj~s Ni|g Njvhs~`hg~ ) sujg-iff ~i soiujgl hbj`jgm~h gig oi{h kxsjghsshs & {hfioxs Bhvh{mlhn M um{~z kxzs kxzs ~ah fj{`‚s kxzix~s mssh~s ~i ~mdh j~ u{jvm~h Omg oi{{ho~ `mgmlh{jmb `js~mdhs" fmojbj~m~h hg~{hu{hghx{jmb l{i|~a

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

_ai{~ ~h{` ix~oi`hs [hnxohn bmkix{ ois~s @i{h hffjojhg~ iuh{m~jigs

[hnxohn nhk~ ois~s _~{m~hljo oig~{ibs h`uamsjs _~{m~hljo oig~{ibs h`uamsjs Ajla nhk~ ois~s

;6

Bigl ~h{` ix~oi`hs Biss if ax`mg omuj~mb Bi|h{ uh{fi{`mgoh Ajlah{ uh{fi{`mgoh

Ajlah{ {jsd 

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Jg~h{gm~jigmb _~{m~hlz _~{m~hlz |ah{h m fj{` shbbs j~s liins i{ sh{vjohs" ix~sjnh j~s ni`hs~jo `m{dh~' Nh~h{`jgmg~s if Gm~jigmb Mnvmg~mlh Fmo~i{s if u{inxo~jig3 ~ah jgux~s ghohssm{z ~i oi`uh~h jg mgz jgnxs~{z- Bmkix{" bmgn" gm~x{mb {hsix{ohs" omuj~mb" jgf{ms~{xo~x{h mgn mg hnxom~hn |i{dfi{oh Nh`mgn oignj~jigs3 gm~x{h mgn sjh if ni`hs~jo kxzh{s‚ ghhns omg bhmn ~i sombh-hffjojhg~ fmojbj~jhs" hffjojhgoz omg bhmn ~i ni`jgm~jig jg i|g ) i~ah{ oixg~{jhs •

•

[hbm~hn & sxuui{~jgl jgnxs~{jhs3 sxuui{~jgl sh{vjohs" fmojbj~jhs" sxuubjh{s hsuhojmbbz fi{ sxuui{~ jg nhsjlg mgn njs~{jkx~jig Fj{` s~{m~hlz" s~{xo~x{h mgn {jvmb{z3 Oiiuh{m~jvh mgn oi`uh~j~jvh szs~h`s •

•

[hmsigs fi{ ux{sxjgl mg jg~h{gm~jigmb s~{m~hlz {mglh f{i` Gh| iuui{~xgj~jhs" `m{dh~ hqumgsjig" u{inxo~ bjfh ozobh hq~hgsjig Ajlah{ ui~hg~jmb fi{ u{inxo~ nh`mgn mgn kh~~h{ vmbxh {hmbjsm~jig JU[ iuui{~xgj~jhs" moohss ~i ~hoagibilz i{ [&N i{ njs~{jkx~jig oamgghbs Hoigi`jhs if sombh i{ bhm{gjgl Biom~jig mnvmg~mlh- moohss ~i {m| `m~h{jmbs" bi| ois~ bmkix{" dhz oxs~i`h{s mgn hgh{lz six{ohs • • • • •

@xb~jni`hs~jo s~{m~hlz- _~{m~hlz mgn iuh{m~jgl nhojsjigs m{h nhohg~{mbjhn ~i s~{m~hljo kxsjghss xgj~s !_KX* jg hmoa oixg~{z U{inxo~s & sh{vjohs ~mjbi{hn ~i biomb `m{dh~s _KXs jgnhuhgnhg~ mo{iss oixg~{jhs Mssx`hs `m{dh~s njffh{ kz oixg~{z i{ {hljigs Oi`uh~j~jig fioxs jg hmoa `m{dh~ Oi``ig s~{m~hlz if HX fj{`s nxh ~i vm{jh~z if oxb~x{hs & `m{dh~s •

• •

• •

Lbikmb s~{m~hlz- U{inxo~s m{h s~mgnm{njhn mo{iss gm~jigmb `m{dh~s Kxsjghss-bhvhb s~{m~hlz nhojsjigs •

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

;<

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

• • • •

m{h ohg~{mbjhn jg ~ah ai`h iffjoh _KX mssx`hn ~i kh jg~h{nhuhgnhg~ H`uamsjhs hoigi`jhs if sombh Bmod biomb `m{dh~ {hsuigsjvhghss [h}xj{hs {hsix{oh sam{jgl mgn oii{njgm~jig mo{iss ki{nh{s !am{n ~i `mgmlh*

^{mgsgm~jigmb s~{m~hlz- _hhds ~i moajhvh ki~a lbikmb hffjojhgoz mgn biomb {hsuigsjvhghss Njffjoxb~ ~i moajhvh khomxsh if sj`xb~mghixs {h}xj{h`hg~s _~{igl ohg~{mb oig~{ib mgn oii{njgm~jig ~i moajhvh hffjojhgoz Nhohg~{mbjm~jig ~i moajhvh biomb `m{dh~ {hsuigsjvhghss @xs~ ux{sxh i{lmgjm~jigmb bhm{gjgl ~i moajhvh oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh • • • •

Oaijoh if Jg~h{gm~jigmb Hg~{z @inh ^zuh if Hg~{z Oam{mo~h{js~jos Ajla ois~" bi| oig~{ib Hqui{~jgl

Bjohgsjgl

Bi| ois~" bi| {jsd" bj~~bh oig~{ib" bi| {h~x{gs

_~{m~hljo mbbjmgohs

_am{hn ois~s" sam{hn {hsix{ohs" sam{hn {jsds" u{ikbh`s if  jg~hl{m~jig ]xjod moohss ~i gh| `m{dh~" ajla ois~" oi`ubhq ghli~jm~jigs" u{ikbh`s if `h{ljgl |j~a ni`hs~jo iuh{m~jigs Oi`ubhq" if~hg ois~bz" ~j`h oigsx`jgl" ajla {jsd" `mqj`x` oig~{ib" ui~hg~jmb mkivh-mvh{mlh {h~x{gs

Mo}xjsj~jig

Gh| |aibbz i|ghn sxksjnjm{z

Nzgm`jos ^ah fj{` ams gi fi{hjlg `mgxfmo~x{jgl hquh{~jsh mgn {h}xj{hs jgvhs~`hg~ igbz jg njs~{jkx~jig' ^ah fj{` ghhns ~i fmojbj~m~h ~ah u{inxo~ j`u{ivh`hg~s ghohssm{z ~i hg~h{ fi{hjlg `m{dh~s' ^ah fj{` ghhns ~i oiggho~ |j~a mg hquh{jhgohn um{~gh{ mb{hmnz jg ~ah ~m{lh~hn `m{dh~' ^ah fj{` ghhns ~i {hnxoh j~s {jsd  ~a{ixla ~ah sam{jgl if ois~s'

^ah fj{`‚s jg~hbbho~xmb u{iuh{~z {jla~s jg mg h`h{ljgl hoigi`z m{h gi~ |hbb u{i~ho~hn" ~ah gx`kh{ if fj{`s jg ~ah jgnxs~{z js l{i|jgl fms~" mgn ~ah ghhn fi{ lbikmb jg~hl{m~jig js ajla'

[jsd jg ~ah Jg~h{gm~jigmb Hgvj{ig`hg~ Uibj~jomb3 Uibj~jomb jgs~mkjbj~z" ojvjb & jg~h{gm~jigmb |m{" gm~jigmbjm~jig if {hsix{ohs Hoigi`jo- Jg~h{nhuhgnhg~ |j~a uibj~jomb uibj~jomb & jgobxnh fbxo~xm~jigs jg fi{hq fi{hq {m~hs" |mlh {m~hs" hgfi{ojgl u{iuh{~z {jla~s mgn xgh`ubiz`hg~ Oxb~x{mb- biomb oxs~i`s" ~{mnj~jigs mgn bmglxmlh

• •

•

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

;1

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Oiiuh{m~jvh _~{m~hlz _~{m~hlz jg |ajoa fj{`s |i{d ~ilh~ah{ ~i moajhvh m sam{hn ikcho~jvh ~i o{hm~h oxs~i`h{ vmbxh mgn hs~mkbjsa m fmvi{mkbh uisj~jig {hbm~jvh ~i oi`uh~j~i{s _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgoh Oi`kjgh {hsix{ohs mgn omumkjbj~jhs if fj{`s ~i o{hm~h m `x~xmbbz oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh' ^i oi-nhvhbiu" oi-`m{dh~ i{ njs~{jkx~h liins mgn sh{vjohs' Oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh nhvhbiuhn ~a{ixla m oiiuh{m~jvh s~{m~hlz js ombbhn m oibbmki{m~jvh i{ {hbm~jigmb mnvmg~mlh' ^zuhs •

•

•

Cijg~ Vhg~x{h- ; i{ `i{h fj{`s o{hm~h mg jgnhuhgnhg~ fj{` kz sam{jgl si`h if ~ahj{ {hsix{ohs mgn omumkjbj~jhs H}xj~z _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgoh- Um{~gh{s i|g njffh{hg~ h}xj~z sam{hs jg shum{m~h oi`umgz Gig-h}xj~z _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgoh- ; i{ `i{h fj{`s nhvhbiu m oig~{mo~xmb {hbm~jigsaju ~i sam{h si`h if ~ahj{ xgj}xh {hsix{ohs mgn omumkjbj~jhs

Jg~h{gm~jigmb Oiiuh{m~jvh _~{m~hljhs O{iss-ki{nh{ _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgoh- fj{`s mo{iss gm~jigs oi`kjgh [&O ~i o{hm~h m oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh" jg hj~ah{ ni`hs~jo ) jg~h{gm~jigmb `m{dh~s _zgh{ljs~jo _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgoh- Mbbi|s {jsd sam{jgl kz {hnxojgl fjgmgojmb jgvhs~`hg~ Ais~ um{~gh{ dgi|s biomb `m{dh~ mgn oxs~i`s Njffjoxb~ ~i `mgmlh njffh{hgohs jg s~zbhs" oxb~x{hs i{ {hlxbm~i{z oigs~{mjg~s [jsd if um{~gh{ lmjgjgl ~hoagibilz moohss mgn khoi`jgl m oi`uh~j~i{ •

•

• • •

[hmsigs fi{ _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgohs @m{dh~ [hmsig _bi| Ozobh •Lmjg moohss ~i m {hs~{jo~hn `m{dh~ !Jgsx{mgoh CVs jg Jgnjm* •Hs~mkbjsa m f{mgoajsh jg m gh| `m{dh~ •@mjg~mjg `m{dh~ s~mkjbj~z !h'l'" hs~mkbjsajgl s~mgnm{ns* Fms~ Ozobh •_uhhn xu nhvhbiu`hg~ if gh| liins i{ sh{vjoh !Nhbb*

_~mgnm{n Ozobh

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

•_uhhn xu gh| `m{dh~ hg~{z •@mjg~mjg `m{dh~ bhmnh{saju •Fi{` mg jgnxs~{z ~hoagibilz s~mgnm{n •_am{h {jsdz [&N hquhgshs" ivh{oi`h xgoh{~mjg~z •Lmjg `m{dh~ ui|h{ !{hnxoh jgnxs~{z ivh{omumoj~z* •Lmjg moohss ~i oi`ubh`hg~m{z {hsix{ohs •Hs~mkbjsa hoigi`jhs if sombh •Ivh{oi`h ~{mnh km{{jh{s •@hh~ oi`uh~j~jvh oambbhglhs f{i` i~ah{ oi`uh~j~i{s •Uiib {hsix{ohs fi{ vh{z bm{lh omuj~mb u{icho~s •Bhm{g gh| kxsjghss ~hoagj}xhs

;:

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

Kxsjghss-Bhvhb Oiiuh{m~jvh _~{m~hljhs • Oi`ubh`hg~m{z s~{m~hljo mbbjmgohs- Vh{~jomb" Ai{jig~mb • Oi`uh~j~jig {hsuigsh s~{m~hlz • Xgoh{~mjg~z {hnxojgl s~{m~hlz • Oi`uh~j~jig {hnxojgl s~{m~hlz • Oi`ubh`hg~m{z Mbbjmgohs- Oi`kjgh um{~gh{ fj{`s‚ mssh~s jg oi`ubh`hg~m{z |mzs ~i o{hm~h gh| vmbxh' Jgobxnh njs~{jkx~jig" sxuubjh{ i{ ix~six{ojgl mbbjmgohs |ah{h fj{`s {hbz ig xus~{hm` i{ ni|gs~{hm` um{~gh{s ~i kxjbn oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh • F{mgoajsjgl- _u{hmns {jsds mgn xshs {hsix{ohs" omumkjbj~jhs" mgn oi`uh~hgojhs |j~aix~ `h{lh{ i{ mo}xjsj~jig' M oig~{mo~xmb {hbm~jigsaju • Mb~h{gm~jvh ~i l{i|~a ~a{ixla @&M Jg~h{gm~jigmb Oiiuh{m~jvh _~{m~hljhs • O{iss-ki{nh{ _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgoh- Fj{`s |j~a ahmn}xm{~h{s jg njffh{hg~ gm~jigs oi`kjgh {hsix{ohs mgn omumkjbj~jhs ~i o{hm~h m oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh • _zgh{ljs~jo _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgoh- Mbbi|s {jsd sam{jgl kz {hnxojgl fjgmgojmb jgvhs~`hg~' • Gh~|i{d Oiiuh{m~jvh _~{m~hlz • _hvh{mb fj{`s ml{hh ~i fi{` `xb~jubh um{~gh{sajus ~i moajhvh sam{hn ikcho~jvhs Oi`uh~j~jvh [jsds if Oiiuh{m~jvh _~{m~hljhs • Um{~gh{s `mz mo~ iuui{~xgjs~jombbz i{ `js{hu{hshg~ oi`uh~hgojhs • Um{~gh{s fmjb ~i `mdh oi``j~~hn {hsix{ohs & omumkjbj~jhs mvmjbmkbh ~i um{~gh{s • Igh um{~gh{ `mz `mdh jgvhs~`hg~s suhojfjo ~i ~ah mbbjmgoh |ajbh j~s um{~gh{ nihs gi~ _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgohs mgn Cijg~ Vhg~x{hs • [hsix{oh sam{jgl--`m{dh~jgl" ~hoagibilz" {m| `m~h{jmbs mgn oi`uighg~s" fjgmgojmb" `mgmlh{jmb" uibj~jomb • _uhhn if hg~{z • _u{hmn {jsd if fmjbx{h • Jgo{hmsh s~{m~hljo fbhqjkjbj~z • Bhm{g f{i` vhg~x{h um{~gh{s U{ikbh`s |j~a _~{m~hljo Mbbjmgohs mgn Cijg~ Ci jg~ Vhg~x{hs • Igbz um{~jmb oig~{ib mgn sam{hn u{ifj~mkjbj~z • Ajla mn`jgjs~{m~jvh ois~s • Uissjkbh bmod if fj~ • [jsd if iuui{~xgjs` • Fi{hjlg cijg~ vhg~x{hs m{h hvhg `i{h {jsdz nxh ~i ui~hg~jmb fi{ `jsoi``xgjom~jigs" `jsxgnh{s~mgnjgls mgn bmod if sam{hn dgi|bhnlh mkix~ ~ah oigs~{mjg~s if ~ah hq~h{gmb hgvj{ig`hg~

_~{m~hljo Nj{ho~jig

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

?5

m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

• _h~~jgl bigl-~h{` limbs mgn ikcho~jvhs" bjdh- `jssjig & vjsjig • Nhfjghs ~ah ux{uishs fi{ |ajoa mg i{lmgjm~jig hqjs~s & iuh{m~hs _~{m~hlz Fi{`xbm~jig • _~{m~hlz js mg i{lmgjm~jigmb ubmg if mo~jig jg~hgnhn ~i mooi`ubjsa limbs' • Oi{ui{m~h s~{m~hlz fi{`xbm~jig {hfh{s ~i ni`mjg nhfjgj~jig" i{ ~ah oaijoh if kxsjghss m{hms' Xsxmbbz nhojnhn kz ~ah OHI mgn ~ah KIN' •  Kxsjghss s~{m~hlz fi{`xbm~jig jgvibvhs ni`mjg nj{ho~jig mgn gmvjlm~jig" i{ ai| ~i oi`uh~h jg m ljvhg m{hm' Xsxmbbz nhojnhn kz _KX ahmns & `mgmlh{s' •  Fxgo~jigmb s~{m~hlz fi{`xbm~jig oig~mjgs ~ah nh~mjbs if ai| ~ah fxgo~jigmb m{hms sxoa ms `m{dh~jgl" iuh{m~jigs" fjgmgoh" mgn {hshm{oa saixbn |i{d ~ilh~ah{ ~i moajhvh ~ah kxsjghss-bhvhb s~{m~hlz' _~{m~hlz J`ubh`hg~m~jig mgn Oig~{ib • _~{m~hlz j`ubh`hg~m~jig jgvibvhs o{hm~jgl ~ah fxgo~jigmb s~{m~hljhs" szs~h`s" s~{xo~x{hs" mgn u{iohsshs ghhnhn kz ~ah i{lmgjm~jig jg moajhvjgl s~{m~hljo hgns' • _~{m~hljo oig~{ib {hfh{s ~i ~ah u{iohsshs ~am~ bhmn ~i mncxs~`hg~s jg s~{m~hljo nj{ho~jig" s~{m~hljhs" i{ ~ah j`ubh`hg~m~jig ubmg |ahg ghohssm{z' • _~{m~hljo {hs~{xo~x{jgl jgvibvhs m {hgh|hn h`uamsjs ig |am~ mg i{lmgjm~jig nihs |hbb" oi`kjghn |j~a m vm{jh~z if ~mo~jos ~i {hvj~mbjh ~ah i{lmgjm~jig mgn s~{hgl~ahg j~s oi`uh~j~jvh uisj~jig' Mb~h{gm~jvh Uh{suho~jvhs ig _~{m~hlz Nhvhbiu`hg~ ^{mnj~jigmb _~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~ U{iohss • _j~xm~jig Mgmbzsjs-\hmdghsshs" Iuui{~xgj~jhs mgn ^a{hm~s !_\I^* Mgmbzsjs--_~{hgl~as" \hmdghsshs" • _~{m~hljhs saixbn ~mdh mnvmg~mlh if s~{hgl~as mgn iuui{~xgj~jhs i{ ghx~{mbjh i{ ivh{oi`h |hmdghsshs mgn ~a{hm~s •  Hgvj{ig`hg~mb Nh~h{`jgjs`-Nh~h{`jgjs` --~ah khs~ s~{m~hlz jgvibvhs mnmu~jgl ~i hgvj{ig`hg~mb" ~hoagjomb mgn ax`mg fi{ohs • _~{m~hlz js nhbjkh{m~h !mb|mzs ubmgghn mgn jg~hgnhn kz `mgmlh`hg~*

Kxsjghss Bhvhb s~{m~hljhs Kxsjghss-Bhvhb _~{m~hlz Fi{`xbm~jig [hsuigsjkjbj~jhs • Nj{ho~jig sh~~jgl„@jssjig" vjsjig" h~ajos" limbs • _j~xm~jig mgmbzsjs„Oi`ujbm~jig mgn msshss`hg~ if jgfi{`m~jig • _hbho~jig if s~{m~hljhs„Lhgh{jo s~{m~hlz !ois~ bhmnh{saju" njffh{hg~jm~jig" khs~ ois~" fioxs* mgn s~{m~hljo uis~x{h !suhojfjo s~{m~hljhs* • @mgmlh`hg~ if {hsix{ohs„Mo}xjsj~jig mgn)i{ nhvhbiu`hg~ if {hsix{ohs bhmnjgl ~i oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh Kxsjghss-Bhvhb _~{m~hljhs- L{i|~a & Oi`uh~j~jvh _~{m~hljhs L{i|~a _~{m~hljhs

N{ M`j~ [mglghdm{

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~

G@J@_ ;55<-51

• Jgvhs~`hg~ jg {hsix{ohs ~i moajhvh l{i|~a jg smbhs !mssx`jgl ~ah jgnxs~{z js m~~{mo~jvh* • Jgvhs~`hg~s ivh{ ~j`h `mz jgvibvh m {hnhfjgj~jig)hqumgsjig if i{lmgjm~jigmb soiuh • Oigoh{gs3 Mo~jvj~jhs mgn {hsix{ohs ~i jgvhs~ jg" j`ubjom~jigs j`ubjom~jigs fi{ soiuh mgn oi`ubhqj~z" mgn ~ah ~j`jgl {hbm~jvh ~i oi`uh~j~i{s L{i|~a _~{m~hljhs Jg~h{gmb _~{m~hljhs

• • • •

Hq~h{gmb _~{m~hljhs

• Ai{jig~mb jg~hl{m~jig • Mbbjmgoh fi{`m~jig

@m{dh~ uhgh~{m~jig @m{dh~ nhvhbiu`hg~ Muubjom~jigs nhvhbiu`hg~ U{inxo~ nhvhbiu`hg~

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

• Oi`kjgm~jig if ois~ bhmnh{saju mgn njffh{hg~jm~jig • @mz mo~xmbbz kh ~ah ni`jgmg~ s~{m~hlz m`igl ~ah `is~ sxoohssfxb oi`umgjhs ^inmz • Hj~ah{3 • ^ah sm`h {hsix{ohs)mo~jvj~jhs ~am~ mbbi| ois~ {hnxo~jigs mbsi mbbi| njffh{hg~jm~jig' !h'l'" mx~i`m~jig ~am~ bi|h{s ois~s mgn j`u{ivhs suhhn mgn sh{vjoh*' • U{ifj~s f{i` ois~ {hnxo~jigs m{h xshn ~i jgvhs~ jg njffh{hg~jm~jgl fhm~x{hs" mgn vjoh vh{sm' Jg~h{gm~jigmb Hqumgsjig ^mo~jos • Hqui{~jgl • Bjohgsjgl • F{mgoajsjgl • Cijg~ Vhg~x{h • L{hhgfjhbn Vhg~x{h Lbikmb U{inxo~)@m{dh~ _~{m~hlz •  @xb~jni`hs~jo U{inxo~)@m{dh~ _~{m~hlz • Lbikmb U{inxo~)@m{dh~ _~{m~hlz • ^{mgsgm~jigmb U{inxo~)@m{dh~ _~{m~hlz Oi{ui{m~h _~{m~hljhs • Oigohg~{m~jig • Vh{~jomb Jg~hl{m~jig • Xg{hbm~hn Njvh{sjfjom~jig • [hbm~hn Njvh{sjfjom~jig Mnvmg~mlhs if Oigohg~{m~jig • Mbbi|s m fj{` ~i `ms~h{ igh kxsjghss • Jg-nhu~a dgi|bhnlh • Hmsjh{ ~i moajhvh oi`uh~j~jvh mnvmg~mlh • I{lmgjm~jigmb {hsix{ohs xgnh{ bhss s~{mjg • U{hvhg~s u{ibjfh{m~jig if `mgmlh`hg~ bhvhbs mgn s~mff fxgo~jigs • _i`h~j`hs fixgn `i{h u{ifj~mkbh ~amg i~ah{ s~{m~hljhs !nhuhgnhg~ ig jgnxs~{z" if oix{sh* Njsmnvmg~mlhs if Oigohg~{m~jig • [jsdz jg xgs~mkbh hgvj{ig`hg~s • U{inxo~ iksibhsohgoh mgn jgnxs~{z `m~x{j~z • Omsa fbi| u{ikbh`s ^ah Vh{~jomb _xuubz Oamjg \ahg ~i Vh{~jombbz Jg~hl{m~h Oi``ig {hmsigs fi{ vh{~jomb jg~hl{m~jig • Jgo{hmshn oig~{ib ivh{ }xmbj~z if sxuubjhs i{ ~ah |mz ~ah u{inxo~ js `m{dh~hn

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

• Kh~~h{ jgfi{`m~jig mkix~ sxuubjhs i{ `m{dh~s • L{hm~h{ iuui{~xgj~jhs fi{ njffh{hg~jm~jig ~a{ixla oii{njgm~hn hffi{~ • Iuui{~xgj~z ~i `mdh l{hm~h{ u{ifj~s kz uh{fi{`jgl mgi~ah{ fxgo~jig jg vh{~jomb sxuubz

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

_~{m~hlz J`ubh`hg~m~jig Bhm{gjgl Ikcho~jvhs ^i xgnh{s~mgn3 •

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

• sh{vjgl jgo{hmsjglbz nh`mgnjgl oxs~i`h{s • oaiisjgl mgn ~j`jgl ~hoagibilz jgvhs~`hg~s m~ m ~j`h |ahg oamglh js si {mujn • `mci{ saiods mssiojm~hn |j~a ~h{{i{js`" gh| njshmshs mgn |m{s Kxsjghss ^mo~jos !_~{m~hljo @mgmlh`hg~" Mbhq @jbbh{* Mg~jojum~i{z Hglmlh`hg~ U{hh`u~jig M~~mod  Iffhgsjvh Ujighh{ F{ig~mb M~~mod  Fbmgd  Jg~j`jnm~h Lxh{jbbm Omu~x{h _jhlh Nh~h{{hgoh [hsuigsh Nhfhgsjvh [mjsh s~{xo~x{mb km{{jh{s Oixg~h{ m~~mod  Hquho~ {h~mbjm~jig Fms~ fibbi| Njsoix{mlh m~~mod  [h~{hgoa`hg~ Njubi`m~jo uhmohdhhujgl \j~an{m|mb •

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m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi` m`j~{mglghdm{El`mjb'oi `

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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G@J@_ ;55<-51

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