Elementary Latin 08/29 Chapter 1 – Verbs 5 parts to every finite verb: Person First – I /We (plural) o Second – You / You (plural) o o Third – He / She / It / They (plural) Number Singular o o Plural Tense Present o Future o o Imperfect Perfect o Future-Perfect o o Pluperfect Mood o Indicative – factual/real o Imperative – command (only appears in the second person) Subjunctive – potential / hypothetical-ish (should, might, would) o Voice o Active – subject DOES the action Passive – subject RECEIVES the action o •
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Parsing a verb involves use of all 5 parts!!
Ex: To Praise ( Laudare) Present Tense (First person singular): “I praise.” “I am praising.” “I do praise.” Present Indicative Active Present “stem” + personal endings Present Active Infinitive – ex: to love (amare (amare), ), to praise, to warn (monere) (monere),, etc. re To determine present stem, remove – re Ex: love = ama / warn = mone Verb conjugation 1st ends – are are nd 2 ends – ere ere
Conjugation st o/m 1 singular – o/m nd 2 singular – rd 3 singular – t
st
s
1st plural – mus mus nd 2 plural – tis tis rd nt 3 plural – nt
nd
1 Ex (laudo (laudo)) 2 Ex (mone) (mone) laudo moneo laudas mones laudat monet laudamus laudatis laudant
monemus monetis monent
Present Active Imperative nd nd 2 person singular / 2 person plural To form, present stem + endings (different from Present Indicative Active) Conjugation 2nd singular nd 2 plural
st
1 Ex lauda! lauda! laudate!
nd
2 Ex mone! mone! monete!
add – te te
08/30 Complimentary infinitive – ex: debemus cogitare = We ought to think . Parsing/Translation exercise: nd Amamus – 2 Plural Present Active Indicative / We love nd Debetis – 2 Plural Present Active Indicative / We owe nd Erra! – 2 Singular Present Active Imperative / (You) Make a mistake! nd Terrent – 3 Plural Present Active Indicative / They are terrified nd Valete! – 2 Plural Present Active Imperative / Be strong! (Goodbye!) st Salveo – 1 Singular Present Active Indicative / I am well. rd Laudat – 3 Singular Present Active Indicative / He/She/It praises. rd Monent – 3 Plural Present Active Indicative / They warn. nd Videtis – 2 Plural Present Active Indicative / We see. Vocas – 2nd Singular Present Active Indicative / You call. For tomorrow: focus on changing number parsing.
08/31 Nouns All nouns are feminine Except for: (occupations, in antiquity, generally held by men) Poeta – poet Agricola – farmer { It is a P.A.I.N. to remember these! } Incola – inhabitant Nauta – sailor (pirata) - pirate (auriga) – chariot driver When parsing, there are only 3 parts: pa rts: Number • • • • • •
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Singular Plural
o o •
Case Nominative – subject o Genitive – “of” Possessive Case or Modifier Dative – Indirect Object “to” or “for” o Accusative – Direct Object / Object of certain prepositions o o Ablative – Object of certain prepositions (involving stasis) “by” / “with” / “from” Vocative – Direct Address o Gender o Masculine Feminine o o Neuter (ne/ueter = not either ) o
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Nouns are put into groups called declensions. declensions. To identify declensions, you look at the second piece of information given in the noun. “Base” + case endings Ex: A. The poet is giving large roses to the girl. B. The girls are giving the poet’s roses to the sailors. C. Without money the girls’ country is not strong. In sentence A: • • •
The poet is poet is nominative. To the girl is girl is dative. Roses is Accusative.
In sentence B: • • • •
The girls is nominative. The poet’s is genitive. To the sailors is dative. Roses is accusative.
In sentence C: Country is nominiative. Girls’ is Girls’ is genitive. • •
First Declension Nominative* Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Plural Gen Dat Acc Abl
Example (gate) port-a port-ae port-ae port-am -aa port -aa Example -ae Nom* port-aarum port-iis port-aas port-iis
Translation of the gate to/for the gate by/with/for the gate
port
*The Vocative has the same declension as the Nominative and will be identified by commas. (ex: O, fortuna! = O fortune!) An adjective must agree in number , case and, gender and, gender with with the noun it modifies. In sentence structure, the noun precedes preced es the adjective. (There are 36 different ways to say “red”!) Homework: Sentences pp.14-15, #1-15
09/04 Homework review Homework: English to Latin sentences, p. 15. #16-20 / Catullus Passage
09/06 Missed class
09/07 Substantive Adjective– an adjective standing on its own / stands in as a noun nou n Practice and Review 1. Filium nautae Romani in agris videmus. We see the son of the Roman sailor in the fields. 2. Pueri puellas hodie vocant. The boys call the girls today. 3. Sapientiam amicarum, filia mea, semper laudat. My daughter always praises the wisdom of her friends. 4. Multi viri et feminae philosophiam antiquam conservant. Many men and women conserve ancient philosophy. 5. Si ira valet, O mi fili saepe erramus et poenas damus. If anger is strong, we often err and pay the penalty, O my son. •
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6. Fortuna viros magnos amat. Fortune loves great men. 7. Agricola filiabus pecuniam dat. The farmer gives money to his daughters. 8. Without a few friends life is not strong. Sine amicis paucis vita non valet. 9. Today you have much fame in your country. Hodie in patria tua famam multam habes. 10. We see great fortune in your daughters’ lives, my friend. Fortunam magnam in tua filiabus vitae videmus, amico/a mea. 11. He always gives my daughters and sons roses. Rosas mea filiae et fili semper dat. •
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09/10 Neuter nouns Clues to determine masculine/feminine declensions: Check the ending! o Donum; doni (n) = gift This is in masculine declension, though it is a neuter noun (Singular) Nom: +um Gen: +i* Dat: +o* } Nom/Voc/Acc take the same form! Acc: +um Abl: +o* •
(Plural) Nom: +a Gen: +orum* Dat: +is* Acc: +a Abl: +is
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*These take the same declensions as masculine nouns…? Irregular verbs Est (to Est (to be) – sum, sum, esse, fui, futurus
“One thing you’ll never see is the accusative with the verb to be. “
st 1 Sing: sum Sing: sum nd 2 Sing: es rd est 3 Sing: est st 1 Plu: sumus Plu: sumus nd 2 Plu: estis rd 3 Plu: sunt Plu: sunt
I am You are He/She/It is We are You (all) are They are
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Email Rhiannon to request What’s That Ending? Copy Homework: Practice and Review for Chapter 4 Quiz tomorrow: chapter 4 vocab
09/11 Review: Aposition (Relative Clause w/o Relative Pronoun) Ex: The boy (who is) tired. Puer •
Predicate (Addjective in Nominative agreeing w/ subject w/ sum, esse…) Ex: Puer Ex: Puer est = The boy is tired. •
Substantive (Adjective working as a noun) Ex: The good, the bad, and the ugly. •
09/12 Future Indicative Actives & Imperfect Indicative Actives Review: for Present Indicative Active Verbs… Form = stem + endings For Future Indicative Active and Imperfect Indicative Active verbs, form = stem + infix + endings st
rd
Future Indicative Active: infix = BI ( BO BO for 1 singular; BU for 3 plural) monere Ex: laudare trans. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------st 1 : lauda Bo I shall praise monebo nd s monebi s 2 : lauda BI You will rd t monebi t t 3 ; lauda BI t He/she shall st 1 : lauda BI mus mus nd tis 2 : lauda BI tis rd 3 : lauda BU nt nt
We shall You (all) will They will
monebi mus mus monebi tis tis monebunt
For Imperfect Indicative Active verbs, form = stem + BA + endings st
I was praising / I used to You were He was
st
We were You (all) were They were
1 : laudabam nd 2 : laudabas rd 3 : laudabat 1 : laudabamus nd 2 : laudabatis rd 3 : laudabant
For future quizzes… Supply masculine / feminine / neuter of a noun. Ex: magnus (m); magna (f); magnum (n)
09/13 Review When translating: Imperfect “was/were ______ing” o Future “will/shall _______” o •
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For Present/Imperfect/Future verbs: STEM + TENSE MARKER nd Present: 2 n/a ba Imperfect: principal Future: part bo/bi/bu (inf w/o re) re)
+
ENDING o/s/t/mus/tis/nt m/s/t/mus/tis/nt o or m/s/t/mus/tis/nt
09/14
th
Oct. 20 : Translating the Aenid the Aenid Principal parts: st First p.p.: 1 Person / Singular / Present / Indicative / Active Second p.p.: Infinitive Third: Fourth: Homework: Finish translating the assignment sheet to turn in on Monda y!
09/17 Translation Review Latin 101 Worksheet – complete by tomorrow! Tomorrow: Covering Chapter 6. NO QUIZ!!
09/18 Present Sum Sumus Eres Est
Estis Sunt
Sum: Sum: future and imperfect tenses Imperfect Future am er amus amus imus er am er o er imus as er atis a tis is itis er er is er itis at er ant aer nt it unt er it er unt
Complimentary infinitives Ex: Amo Ex: Amo laudare pueros et paellas. paellas. I love to praise girls and boys. Possum: Possum: Compound Verbs Meaning: to be able (present); used to be able to (imperfect); shall/will be able to (future)
Present Possum Potes Potet Possumus Potest Possunt
Conjugation Imperfect poteram poteras poterat poteramus poteratis poterant
09/25 Chapter 7 – Third Declension Nouns st nd For 1 and 2 Declension Nouns is. (Ex: Tyrannis / Rosis) Dat/Abl Plural nouns end in is. Gen Plural nouns end in rum. rum. Accusative Plural nouns end in s in s.. Accusative Plural nouns end in m. nd
For 2 Declension Neuter nouns Nom/Acc are the same Nom/Acc Plural end in a. All declensions are the same as masc. except e xcept for Nom/Acc.
For Third Declension Nouns (Fem/Masc) Dative/Ablative Plural end in ibus. ibus. Genitive Plural nouns end in um. um. Accusative Plural nouns end in s in s.. Accusative Singular nouns end in m.
For Third Declension Nouns (Neut) Nom/Acc are the same Nom/Acc Plural end in a. All declensions are the same as masc. except ex cept for Nom/Acc
Future potero poteris poterit poterimus poteritis poterunt
Ex: (Sing) Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl (Plu) Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl
labor (m) labor (m)
virtus (f)
corpus (n)
labor laboris labori laborem labore
virtus virtutis virtuti virtutem virtute
corpus corporis corpori corpus corpore
labores laborum laboribus labores laboribus
virtutes virtutum virtutibus virtutes virtutibus
corpor a corporum corporibus corpor a corporibus
Litotes
09/28 Third Conjugation Verbs Ex: ago, agere, egi, actum (to do) Third conjugation verbs can be identified by the lack of macron over the ending vowel in the infinitive. To conjugate Third Conjugation Verbs: Take the present stem Change the e to … o For Present Act Ind, i For Future Act Ind, a o Only applies to nominative, all others take future act ind e ba plus endings o For Imperfect Act Ind, add ba plus For Present Act Imperative o st 1 : singular plus the stem nd 2 : change the ending to i, add te Add endings • •
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agere Ex: (Sing) Present Future st 1 ago agam nd agis ages 2 rd 3 agit aget (Plural) st agimus agemus 1 nd agitis agetes 2 rd 3 agunt* agent rd *For 3 Plural, change e to u.
Imperfect agebam agebas agebat agebamus agebatis agebant
Imperative age!
agite!
10/01 Study third conjugation verbs!! Homework: Sententiae and Cicero translation
10/02 Demonstratives Pronouns in Latin: Words that replace nouns Arranged in terms of proximity*: this / that / that over there (Like Japanese!!)
This (closest) That (closer) That (farthest)
Masc. Ille
Fem. Hic Iste Illa
Neut. Haec Ista Illud
Hoc Istud
* Only used when changing the subject. Ille/Illa/Illud Declensions Ille/Illa/Illud Declensions (Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom Ille Illa Illud** Gen Illius Illius Illius *** Dat Illi Illi *** Illi Acc Illum Illam Illud** Abl Illo Illa Illo
(Plu)* Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom Illi Illae Illa Gen Illorum Illarum Illorum Dat Illis Illis Illis Acc Illos Illas Illa Abl Illis Illis Illis
Iste/Ista/Istud Declensions Iste/Ista/Istud Declensions (Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom Iste Ista Istud** Gen Istius Istius Istius*** Dat Isti Isti Isti*** Acc Istum Istam Istud** Abl Isto Ista Isto
(Plu)* Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom Isti Istae Ista Gen Istorum Istarum Istorum Dat Istis Istis Istis Acc Istos Istas Ista Abl Istis Istis Istis
Hic/Haec/Hoc Singular Declensions (Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom Hic Haec Hoc ** Gen Huius Huius Huius*** Dat Huic Huic Huic *** Acc Hunc Hanc Hoc ** Abl Hoc Hac Hoc
(Plu)* Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom Hi Hae Haec Gen Horum Harum Horum Dat His His His Acc Hos Has Haec Abl His His His
*Plural forms employ the same paradigms as gender-based adjectives. **Remember! Nominative and Accusative Neuter nouns share the same form. ***Genitive and Dative forms are the same regardless of gender.
10/04
io Verbs of the Third Fourth Conjugation and – io io, such as audio (to hear) , , capio (to capture) , , and Third conjugation verbs end with – io, facio (to make)
10/09 Personal Pronouns Ego Pronouns Ego,, Tu, Tu, and Is and Is;; Demonstratives Is Demonstratives Is and Idem and Idem Similar to chapter 10 demonstratives (Sing) He She It Nom Is Ea Id Gen Eius Eius Eius Dat Ei Ei Ei Acc Eum Eam Id Abl Eo Ea Eo
(Plu) Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl
They (masc) Ei/Eii Eorum Eis Eos Eis
(Sing) I (1st) You (2nd) Nom Ego Tu Gen Mei Tui Dat Mihi Tibi Acc Me Te Abl Me Te
(Plu) Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl
We
They(fem) Eae Earum Eis Eas Eis
They Ea Eorum Eis Ea Eis
You (all) Nos Nostrum/nostri Nobis Nos Nobis
Vos Vestrum/vestri Vobis Vos Vobis
10/10 The Perfect System rd You find the perfect stem by locating the 3 principal part, MINUS the final i. Ex: Perfect stem for moneo for moneo is monu. monu. PS for laudo for laudo is laudav. laudav. Translation Perfect: I have, I did, I ____-ed (denotes completion) Future Perfect: I will have ____-ed Pluperfect: I had ____-ed Conjugation order for all three tenses Perfect: Perfect stem + endings (new) Future Perfect: Perfect stem + future form of sum sum Pluperfect: Perfect stem + imperfect form of sum sum Ex: laudav (Perfect stem of laudo of laudo)) (Sing) Perfect Future Perfect laudavi laudavero 1 2 laudavisti laudaveris 3 laudavit laudaverit (Plu)
Pluperfect laudaveram laudaveras laudaverat
1 2 3
laudavimus laudavistis laudaverunt/ere
laudaverimus laudaveritis laudaverint
laudaveramus laudaveratis laudaverant
10/15 Chapter 13 – Reflexive Pronouns and Possessives; Intensive Pronoun Reflexive pronouns – to reflect the subject of the sentence; to “curve back” back ” to the subject. Ex: I gave a present to myself. / Cicero praised himself. Because reflexive pronouns reflect the subject, it cannot be the subject. Therefore, there are no reflexive pronouns in the nominative case. Differences Laudavit me = He/She/It praises me. (This is the use of a personal pronoun.) Laudavi me = I praise myself . (Use of a reflexive pronoun) st
1 Person (s + p): same as personal pronouns. (myself) nd 2 Person (s + p): same as personal pronouns (yourself, yourselves) rd
3 Person (s + p) (his-/her-/itself/themselves) Nom ----------Gen sui Dat sibi (Similar to personal pronouns for you (tui, tibi, te, te), te ), Acc se but with an s an s instead of a t .) .) Abl se Reflexive Possessives Reflexive Possessives are adjectives that show possession of the subject. My (own) = meus, meus, mea, mea, meum tuus, tua, tua, tuum Your (own) = tuus, nostra, nostrum Our own = noster , nostra, Your own (pl) = vester , vestra, vestra, vestrum sua, suum His/Her/Its/Their own = suus = suus,, sua, Examples: Cicero laudat suum librum = Cicero praises his own book. Cicero laudat suam sororem = Cicero praises his own sister. Intensive Pronoun/Adjectives (Sing) Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom ipse ipsa ipsum Gen ------------------ ipsius-----------------ipsius-----------------Dat ipsi------------------------------------- ipsi-------------------
ipsum ipso
Acc Abl
ipsam ipsa
ipsum ipso
Homework: Practice and Review 13-17, Translate Alexander the Great and the Power of Literature (p. 87) Pejorative = negatively
10/17 rd
3 Declension Nouns (Sing) Nom rex (m) Gen regis Dat regi Acc regem Abl rege (Plu) Nom reges Gen regum Dat regibus Acc reges Abl regibus
corpus (n) corporis corpori corpus corpore corpora corporum corporibus corpora corporibus
rd
I-Stem Nouns of 3 Declension I-Stem nouns have an i in the ending. ium. For Masc./Fem. Nouns, the Genitive Plural ends – ium. For Neuter nouns ium. Genitive Plural ends – ium. Nom & Acc end – ia. ia. Abl Singular ends – i. • • •
How can you identify an I-Stem noun? Rules: 1. Masculine and Feminine nouns, where: Nominative Singular ends – is is or – es es Genitive Singular has same number of syllables as Nominative Singular hostis, hostis (m) = hostile o navis, navis (f) = ship o moles, molis (f) = o 2. Masculine and Feminine nouns where: Nominative Singular ends – s or – x Base ends in a double consonant ars, artis (f) o • •
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a. dens, dentis (m) b. nox, noctis (f) 3. Neuter nouns where: Nominative Singular ends -al -al , -ar -ar , or -e -e animal, animalis (n) o mare, maris (n) o •
Ablative Case Uses Without preposition: 1. Ablative of means or instrument (by/with/by means of) Ex: litteras stilo scripsit . He wrote letters with a pen. vidi. I saw it with my eyes. Ex2: id meis oculis vidi. 2. Ablative of accompaniment (with whom) or manner (how) Ex: cum amicis venerunt . They went accompanied with their friends. Must be animate accompaniment. o Ex2: id cum virtute fecit . He did it with virtue. [Adverbial] • •
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Homework: Sententiae Antiquae 1-6, and Cicero passage on p. 95
10/18 Latin tidbits: ferro = sword
10/22 Numerals # Latin 1 I 2 II 3 III 4 IV 5 V 6 VI 7 VII 8 VIII 9 IX 10 X
Eng. One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten
Span. Ital. French Uno Uno Une Dos Dues Deux Tres Tre Trois Quatro Quarto Quatre Cinco Cinque Cinqe Seis Seis Six Siete Siette Sept Ocho Otto Huit Nueve Nuovo Neuf Diez Dieci Dix
Declension For duo-ae-o (Plural only) M F N Duo duae Duorum duarum Duobus duabus Duos duas Duobus duabus
duo duorum duobus duos duobus
Cardinal Latin unus-a-um duo-ae-o tres-tria quattuor quinque sex septem octo novem decem
For tres-tria M+F Tres Trium Tribus Tres Tribus
N Tria trium tribus tria tribus
For 1000 (mille (mille)) When using as a numerical, it is indeclinable. indec linable. Ex: I saw 1000 Romans = vidi mille Romanos
When using as an adjective (Ex: I saw thousands of Romans)… Declension of mille of mille + Genitive Plural Neuter Plural Neuter Nom milia Gen milium Dat milibus Acc milium Abl milibus
Genitive of the Whole (partitive genitive) Ex’s: piece of pie / thousands of men me n / part of the city Ablative with Cardinals Number ex + ablative Ex: Three of the poets = tres ex poetis Ablative of time when/within which *No preposition Ex: eo tempore = at that time bonis annis = in the good years Ordinal Numbers (First, Second, Third…) st 1 primus-a-um nd 2 secundus-a-um rd 3 tertius-a-um th 4 quartus-a-um th quintus-a-um 5 th 6 sextus-a-um th 7 septimus-a-um Homework: Practice and Review (all)
10/24 Homework for chapter 16, pick out all third declension adjectives and what they modify in Practice and Review, and Translate p. 109 passage.
10/31 Relative pronouns – qui, – qui, quae, quod Relative pronouns provide descriptive information about their antecedent. Ex: The woman whom you are praising is talented. They follow in number and gender, gende r, but vary in case based on o n the use within the relative clause. (Sing) Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl
Masc. qui cuius cui quem quo
Femi. quae cuius cui quam qua
Neut. (Plur) Masc. quod qui cuius quorum cui quibus quod quos quo quibus
Femi. quae quarum quibus quas quibus
Neut. quae quorum quibus quae quibus
Ex: Diligo puellam quae ex Italia venit. = I esteem the girl whom came from Italy. Homo de quo dicebas est amicus carus. = The man about whom you were speaking is a dear friend. Puella cui librum dat est fortunata. The girl to whom he is giving a book is fortunate. Puer cuius patrem iuvabamus est fortis. = The boy of who (whose) father we used to help is brave. Vitam meam committam eis viris quorum virtutes laudabas. = I shall entrust my life to those men whose virtues you were praising. Timeo idem periculum quod timetis. timetis. = I fear the same danger, which you fear.
11/2 First and Second Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System Translation: to be ______-ed (speaking in the passive voice) When forming a verb in the passive voice, use the present stem + passive endings (Sing) 1st nd 2 rd 3 (Plur) st 1 nd 2 rd 3
r ris tur
i (to be praised) passive infinitive Ex: laudar i st 1 laudor nd 2 laudaris rd laudatur 3
mur mini ntur
1 nd 2 rd 3
st
laudamur laudamini laudantur
Ablative of Agent In the active voice, the subject takes the Nominative case. In the passive voice, the direct object then becomes the subject, while the agent by whom the action occurs takes the ablative case. Ex:
The poet writes a book. Active voice The book is written by the poet. Passive voice The king gives money to the people. Active Money is given to the people by the king. Passive
For a person: a(b) + abl For inanimate: abl (no preposition) Homework: Sententiae Antiquae 1-13
11/5 No class tomorrow! Homework: Passage handout Quiz Wednesday on 1st and 2nd passive conjugations
11/7 Perfect Passive conjugations Reivew: To form perfect active conjugations, use the third principal part, remove the – i, and add the endings. For perfect passive: th 1. we use the 4 principal part aka the Perfect Passive Participle 2. change fourth principal part into an adjective form (meaning: give it gender and number) sum 3. Add present form of sum Ex: laudatum (Singular) 1st: laudatus-a-um nd 2 :“ “ rd 3 :“ “ (Plural) st 1 : laudati-ae-a nd 2 :“ “ rd 3 :“ “
+ + +
sum es est
+ + +
sumus = estis = sunt =
= = =
I have been praised You have been praised He/She/It has been praised We have been praised You (all) have been praised They have been praised
For future perfect passive: 1. Same 2. Same sum 3. Add future form of sum For pluperfect passive: 1. Same 2. Same sum 3. Add imperfect form of sum sum. When translating, notice whether a fourth principle part is u sed before the form of sum. Homework: Vocab, Parse verbs in Practice and Re view
11/9 The Interrogative Pronoun Quis?; Quid? (Who? Whom? Whose? Which?) Typically embedded in the sentence Masculine and Feminine have the same form (in the singular) It declines like the relative pronoun, except for Quid? In place of neuter quod neuter quod . The Interrogative Adjective Found at the beginning of the sentence, and always in the form of a question, and agrees with something in number, case, and gender. a vs ab: ab is used when the following word begins with a vowel. Otherwise, use a. Over the break: Break down noun declensions
11/26 Chapter 21 – Third and Fourth Conjugations: Passive Voice of the Present System
11/27 Homework: Virgil passage (English Latin), Practice & Review 14-17 / Quiz: Passive forms
12/7
11/29 Chapter 22 – Fifth Declension Nouns Summary of Ablative Uses Time when: “I got to school at 10 in the morning.” at Time within which: “I will finish this semester within 3 weeks.” in / within Manner: “I ran the marathon with vigor.” used with abstract things Means: “I hit the nail with a hammer.” used with tools Agent: “I was beat up by that man.” a / ab Accompaniment: “I went to school with Robey.” cum Separation: “I moved from San Jose.” e / ex Object of preposition: Place where: “The Trojan War occurred in Troy.” in / sub Numbers: “Three of the ships sailed north.” partitive use of ex / de • • • • • • • • • •
Homework: Vocab Quiz Chapter 22 / Practice and Review 1 – 11
11/30 Homework: 145 poem, passage on literature on p. 146
12/6
