Nietzsche e l'Eterno Ritorno

FKL^QP@HL L J‛L^L]FB ]K^B]FB

nk Pijti~b}l Mljjif~bfl

^lpk nk Ji|}li ~}klffijl (=77<+  ‐ \fktl}pk~ç nlcjk P~|nk nk Olppkfi  ‐ Dkjbpbdki ^lb}l~k`i 9

@hl i``in}lmml pl* |f ckb}fb b |fi fb~~l* |f nlobfl p~}kp`kippl d|}~ktb fljji wkû pbjk~i}ki nljjl ~|l pbjk~|nkfk l ~k nk`lppl1 ¥Y|lp~i tk~i* `bol ~| b}i ji tktk l j‒hik tkpp|~i* nbt}ik tktl}ji if`b}i |fi tbj~i l if`b}i kff|ol}ltbjk tbj~l* l fbf `k pi}ç kf lppi oik fklf~l nk f|btb* oi bcfk nbjb}l l bcfk wki`l}l l bcfk wlfpkl}b l pbpwk}b* l bcfk `bpi kfnk`kmkjolf~l wk``bji l c}ifnl nljji ~|i tk~i nbt}ç di}l }k~b}fb i ~l* l ~|~~l fljji p~lppi ply|lfqi l p|``lppkbfl  ‐  l `bpê w|}l y|lp~b }icfb l y|lp~b j|ol nk j|fi ~}i cjk ijml}k l `bpê w|}l y|lp~b i~~kob l kb p~lppb& J‒l~l}fi `jlppkn}i nljj‒lpkp~lfqi tklfl plow}l nk f|btb `iwbtbj~i  ‐  l ~| `bf lppi* c}ifljjb nk wbjtl}l)µ  ‐  Fbf ~k }btlp`l}lp~k i ~l}}i* nkc}kcfifnb k nlf~k l oijlnk`lfnb kj nlobfl `hl `bpê hi wi}ji~b2 Bww|}l hik db}pl tkpp|~b |fi tbj~i |f i~~kob kooifl* kf `|k y|lp~i pi}lmml p~i~i ji ~|i }kpwbp~i1 ¥^| plk |f nkb* l oik kf~lpk `bpi wkû nktkfi)µ2 pl y|lj wlfpkl}b ~k w}lfnlppl kf p|b wb~l}l* i ~l* y|ijl plk b}i* di}lmml p|mk}l |fi ol~iob}dbpk* l db}pl ~k p~}k~bjl}lmml5 ji nboifni `hl ~k wb}}lp~k bcfk tbj~i l kf bcfk `ipb1 ¥T|bk ~| y|lp~b if`b}i |fi tbj~i l if`b}i kff|ol}ltbjk tbj~l2µ c}itl}lmml p|j ~|b ick}l `bol kj wlpb wkû c}ifnl) Bww|}l* y|if~b nbt}lp~k ioi}l ~l p~lppb l ji tk~i* wl} fbf nlpknl}i}l wkû ij`|f‒ij~}i `bpi `hl y|lp~‒|j~koi l~l}fi pifqkbfl* y|lp~b p|ccljjb2 D& Fkl~qp`hl* Ji ciki p`klfqi&

=

Kf~}bn|qkbfl

Kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl è |f micjkb}l kp~if~iflb* |fi dbjcb}iqkbfl `hl p`bftbjcl flj w}bdbfnb ji tk~i l kj wlfpkl}b nk D}kln}k`h Fkl~qp`hl* plcfifnbfl kf y|ij`hl obnb kj nlp~kfb& J‒k}}inkiqkbfl nk ~ijl wlfpkl}b `bfplf~l i Fkl~qp`hl nk }kfip`l}l nijjl w}bw}kl `lfl}k* nijjl `lfl}k nk |fi tk~i ~}ip`b}pi ijji `bf~kf|i }k`l}`i nlj plfpb* nk |fi tk~i plfqi plfpb* cjk wl}ol~~l nk c|i}ni}l ijj‒b}kqqbf~l plfqi ~lol}l ~lol}l nk tlnl}l pbj~if~b nkpb}nkfl l ~lowlp~i* cjk `bf`lnl ji wbppkmkjk~ç* |f‒|j~koi wbppkmkjk~ç* nk }kwl}`b}}l}l `b}icckbpiolf~l ~|~~b kj p|b wippi~b* ~|~~b kj nbjb}l wippi~b  ‐ `hl  ‐ `hl fl hi plcfi~b kj p|b bcck  ‐ wl}  ‐  wl} ~lf~i}l nk ~}bti}l ijolfb |f ob~ktb wl} `|k itl}jb w}bti~b `bpê l fbf ij~}kolf~k& Wl}`ký* j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl d|fcl ni oiwwi* ni m|ppbji* ni p~ljji wbji}l ijj‒kf~l}fb nlj wlfpkl}b nk Fkl~qp`hl* kf y|if~b }i``hk|nl }i``hk |nl lomjloi~k`iolf~l kf pë* }kwl}`b}}lfnbjl* ~|~~l jl }kdjlppkbfk `hl dkfb in b}i jb itltifb kf~l}lppi~b* w}bkl~~ifnb f|btk plf~kl}k ni wl}`b}}l}l5 oi è if`hl kj f|btb Pbjl i~~}itl}pb `|k ji p|i tk~i l kj p|b wlfpkl}b tlfcbfb }kwl}`b}pk& nlk w}kf`kwijk d}ioolf~k wbp~|ok }kpijlf~k i Flj w}kob `iwk~bjb pk ptbjcl}ç |f‒ifijkpk nlk l}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb ck|fpl ck|fpl i Fkl~qp`hl* ij dkfl y|lj di~knk`b icbp~b 9889 flj y|ijl kj wlfpk wlfpkl}b nk `bow}lfnl}l ji wb}~i~i nk}bowlf~l `hl kf ~ijl wlfpkl}b Fkl~qp`hl }ittkpi* fbf pbjb wl} pl p~lppb* oi wl} j‒|oifk~ç kf~l}i l i/tlfk}l5 kfdi~~k* obp~}ifnbpk `bol |f Ckifb mkd}bf~l `hl pk w}bf|f`ki pki `bol w}lp|wwbp~b ol~idkpk`b pki `bol kowl}i~ktb `i~lcb}k`b* lppb pk `bfdkc|}l}ç `bol |f `bowk~b ni lddl~~|i}l* `bol nb~~}kfi ni kfplcfi}l* ni nbfi}l* wl} }lfnl}l w}lplf~l* i ~|~~k l i flpp|fb* ji wbppkmkjk~ç nk }ktbj|qkbfi}l ji w}bw}ki tk~i y|k ln b}i& Flj pl`bfnb `iwk~bjb pk kf~}iw}lfnl}ç |fi wl}j|p~}iqkbfl wifb}iok`i nljjl ~}i``l }k~ b}fb  ‐  w}kf`kwijk nljjb  Qi}i~h|p~}i  ‐  c}ioobdbfb dbfniolf~ijl nlj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb i~~}itl}pb jl y|ijk Fkl~qp`hl }lfnl w}lplf~l ~ijl wbppkmkjk~ç l nlk ob~ktk w}kf`kwijk wl} `|k ~ijl wbppkmkjk~ç pk nljkfll}ç `bol fl`lppk~ç* kfltk~imkjk~ç nk `b}}kpwbfnl}l in |fi dipl nk wl}k`bjb `|k j‒|bob è ckç pbccl~~b p|b oijc}inb* oijc}inb * fl`lppk~ç nk `bokf`ki}l |f `iookfb nk ol~iob}dbpk* ifnifnb kf`bf~}b ij wl}k`bjb* wl} p|wl}i}jb nldkfk~ktiolf~l& Kfdkfl* flj ~l}qb `iwk~bjb pk idd}bf~l}iffb jl y|lp~kbfk nljji ~lowb}ijk~ç l nljji nl`kpkbfl `hl* }k`bfdj|lfnb fljji ~}ikl~~b}ki kfkqkijl nljji fl`lppk~ç nljji ~}ifpkqkbfl l nljji }ktbj|qkbfl* pk obp~}l}iffb `bol jl `hkitk nk tkbjkfb  wl} ji `bow}lfpkbfl nlj `|b}l nljj‒kfplcfiolf~b 0

fkl~qp`hlifb1 fkl~qp`hlifb1 tbjl}l y|k ln b}i bcfk i~~kob nljji w}bw}ki tk~i ‖`bol pl‒ nbtlppl }k~b}fi}l bcfk tbj~i l l~l}fiolf~l flj olnlpkob obnb& Kj `bowk~b `hl Fkl~qp`hl ptbjcl* i wi}~k}l nijji dbjcb}iqkbfl* è y|ljjb nk nbfi}l ijj‒|oifk~ç |f c}ifnl ol}kcckb* |f c}ifnl obolf~b nk }kdjlppkbfl l nl`kpkbfl p| p~lppi* è y|ljjb nk nbfi}l ijj‒|oifk~ç |f obolf~b nk c}ifnl `b}icckb flj y|ijl c|i}ni}l ij w}bw}kb d|~|}b `bp`klf~k nlj wippi~b1 kj `bowk~b nk nbfi}l* wl} j‒l~l}fk~ç* kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl&

>

@iwk~bjb K

Pkjp/Oi}ki* icbp~b 98891 4777 wklnk ij nk jç nljj‛|bob l nlj ~lowb

¥Bh ji fbp~}i itknk~ç) Kb fbf plf~b flpp|f ij~}|kpob* l plf~b kftl`l |f Pë `hl nlpknl}i ~|~~b* `hl i~~}itl}pb obj~k kfnktkn|k tlnl `bol `bf k w}bw}k b``hk l iddl}}i `bol `bf jl w}bw}kl oifk* |f Pë `hl pk }kw}lfnl if`hl ~|~~b kj wippi~b* `hl fbf t|bjl wl}nl}l f|jji nk ~|~~b `ký `hl wb~}lmml lppl}l p|bµ& D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=&

9&9 Dbjcb}iqkbfl

J‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl è |fb nlk wlfpkl}k `lf~}ijk `hl `i}i~~l}kqqifb ji }kdjlppkbfl fkl~qp`hlifi* fkl~qp`hlifi* plcfifnbfl |fi ptbj~i dbfniolf~ijl&  Fbfbp~if~l wb`hk pkifb k j|bchk kf `|k è wbppkmkjl }ittkpi}fl jl ~}i``l* ~|~~itki j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl }kp|j~i nk `lf~}ijl kowb}~ifqi wl} |fi `bow}lfpkbfl nljj‒kf~l}b wlfpkl}b fkl~qp`hlifb* nljji p|i ltbj|qkbfl ~}i |fb p`}k~~b l j‒ij~}b* nlj nljji ji wb}~i~i dkjbpbdk`i nk bcfk }kdjlppkbfl `hl jb hi kf~l}lppi~b& @bol fip`l j‒knli nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl2 L‒ Fkl~qp`hl p~lppb i }i``bf~i}jb fljj‒i|~bmkbc}idki L``l hbob* y|ifnb p`}ktl1

¥L b}i }i``bf~l}ý ji p~b}ki nljjb  Qi}i~h|p~}i& Ji `bf`lqkbfl dbfniolf~ijl nljj‒bwl}i* kj  wlfpkl}b nljj‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb* }k~b}fb* ji p|w}loi db}o|ji nljj‒iddl}oiqkbfl `hl wbppi oik lppl}l }icck|f~i ‐* è nljj‒icbp~b 98895 è iffb~i~b p| nk |f dbcjkb* kf dbfnb ij y|ijl è p`}k~~b1 ‚4777 wklnk wklnk ij nk jç nljj‒|bob l nlj ~lowb‟ & @iookfitb kf y|lj ckb}fb j|fcb kj jicb nk Pkjtiwjifi i~~}itl}pb k mbp`hk5 w}lppb |fi wbpplf~l }b``ki `hl pk jltiti kf dkc|}i nk 9

wk}ioknl* tk`kfb i P|}jlk* ok i}}lp~ik& Ln l``b ck|fpl i ol y|lj wlfpkl}bµ & 9

D& Fkl~qp`hl*  L``l Hbob*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 4 Im~lkj|fc  ‐  0 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;4;5 ~}& k~& nk D& Oipkfk*  L``l hbob* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;84* w& ;>&

<

Y|lp~b m}ltl wippb `k nk`l obj~b& 9+ @hl kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl è ji `bf`lqkbfl dbfniolf~ijl nljjb

 Qi}i~h|p~}i* `kbè `hl kj ~lp~b è `bf`lwk~b* knli~b* w}lfnl db}oi i~~}itl}pb kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl5 `hl i``bp~i}pk i``bp~i}pk ijjb Qi}i~h|p~}i è if`hl ittk`kfi}pk ij wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl5 `hl ji jl~~|}i p~lppi nljjb  Qi}i~h|p~}i ‖}lfnl j‒knli‒ nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl& =+ @hl ~ijl wlfpkl}b è nljj‒icbp~b 9889& Fkl~qp`hl hi immifnbfi~b j‒|fk j‒|fktl}pk~ç tl}pk~ç ni n|l iffk* hi `bowjl~i~b ji w}koi wi}~l nk  I|}b}i (clffikb 9889+ ‐  9889+  ‐  flj oi}qb 988= kj oifbp`}k~~b  ‐  l |f iffb nbwb w|mmjk`hl}ç  Ji ciki p`klfqi 1 lcjk kf~lc}ijl pi}ç w}bf~b wl} ji w|mmjk`iqkbfl  ‐ l pk ~}bti flj mlj olqqb nk y|ljji dipl kf `|k `bokf`ki i w}lfnl}l jl nkp~ifql nicjk p`}k~~k nlj tbol}l* nij ‖obf|olf~b nljji c}ifnl `}kpk‒ l kf `|k `bokf`ki ji p|i `iowicfi ‖pkjlfqkbpi‒ `bf~}b ji ob}ijl nljji }kf|f`ki i pl p~lppk* `bokf`ki i nk}l nk pê i ~|~~l jl `bpl* `bokf`ki in ittl}~k}l ji pij|~l l k }icck nk |f f|btb oi~~kfb* `hl w}bn|}}iffb wkû itif~k kf j|k |fi ‖ciki p`klfqi‒& Pl ij ~lowb nl  Ji fip`k~i nljji ~}iclnki pk l}i }ktbj~b ik C}l`k l ijji picclqqi nkbfkpki`i wl} d|cck}l ji olfqbcfi `hl nbokfi ji p|i lwb`i* `bow}lfnlfnb `hl k C}l`k pk pijti}bfb pijti}bfb nijj‒i~}b`k~ç nljj‒lpkp~lfqi olnkif~l ji `}liqkbfl i}~kp~k`i nlj obfnb bjkowk`b =* b}i Fkl~qp`hl è ijji }k`l}`i nljji p`kf~kjji i~~}itl}pb ji y|ijl |fi }kfip`k~i nljji ~}iclnki pki if`b}i wbppkmkjl* oi fbf ~}bti wkû ij`|f }kd|ckb flk `bfd}bf~k nljji nlclfl}iqkbfl clfl}ijl nljji p|i lwb`i* floolfb flk oilp~}k I}~h|} P`hbwlfhi|l} l ]k`hi}n Sicfl}* `hl wl} obj~b ~lowb pbfb p~i~k k p|bk w|f~k nk }kdl}kolf~b5 pl w}koi i}~l* ol~idkpk`i l }ljkckbfl l}ifb cjk p~}|olf~k i~~}itl}pb k y|ijk wlfl~}i}l kj }lijl* b}i ji p`klfqi* ji `}k~k`i }ink`ijl* kj n|mmkb nktlf~ifb k olqqk `bk y|ijk y|ljjl* l pbw}i~~|~~b ji `|j~|}i clfl}ijl nlj w}bw}kb ~lowb 0* nltbfb lppl}l pb~~bwbp~l i ck|nkqkb >&

=

¥Kj C}l`b `bfbmml l plf~ê k ~l}}b}k l jl i~}b`k~ç nljj‒lpkp~lfqi1 wl} wb~l} `bo|fy|l tktl}l* l cjk nbtë wb}}l nitif~k i ~|~~b `ký ji pwjlfnkni fip`k~i pbcfi~i nlcjk nèk bjkowk`k& J‒lfb}ol nkddknlfqi tl}pb jl db}ql ~k~ifk`hl nljji fi~|}i* ji Obk}i pwkl~i~iolf~l ~}bflcckif~l p| ~|~~l jl `bfbp`lfql* j‒ittbj~bkb nlj c}ifnl iok`b nlcjk |bokfk W}bol~lb* kj kj nlp~kfb b}}lfnb nlj picckb Lnkwb U․_ d| nik C}l`k bcfk tbj~i p|wl}i~i* b `bo|fy|l fip`bp~i l pb~~}i~~i ijji tkp~i* olnkif~l y|lj obfnb i}~kp~k`b kf~l}olnkb nlcjk nèk bjkowk`kµ (D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Nkl Clm|}~ nl}  ^}icônkl*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 0 Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc  ‐ 9 9 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;305 ~}& k~& nk C& @bjjk*  Ji fip`k~i nljji ~}iclnki* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;8=* w& 0=+& 0 ¥Fljji wl}pbfijk~ç nk Fkl~qp`hl pk ~}btifb kp~kf~k kf fl~~b `bf~}ip~b `bf kj obfnb `bf`l~~|ijl nlk p|bk `bf~lowb}iflk& Lcjk pk }kmljji `bf }lw|jpkbfl kp~kf~kti ijjl w}kf`kwijk knll `|j~|}ijk nk `bjb}b `bf `|k pk è db}oi~b5 l fbf `bol pk }lpwkfcl |f‒iddl}oiqkbfl fljji y|ijl pk è }ittkpi~i |fi ` bf~}innkqkbfl jbck`i* oi `bol `k pk nkp~bcjkl ni |f `bjb}l `hl w}btb`i nbjb}l ijj‒b``hkb& Ji }lw|jpkbfl pb}cl nijj‒koolnki~b plf~k}l5 kf |f w}kob obolf~b fbf lf~}i okfkoiolf~l kf ckb`b ji }kdjlppkbfl `bp`klf~l& @ký `hl cjk ij~}k |bokfk pwl}kolf~ifb y|ifnb `bf`l~~k `bol `bjwi* }kob}pb* wl``i~b* ijnkjç* knlijl* dljk`k~ç* wi~}ki* i~~}itl}pifb ji jb}b olf~l* ickp`l p|

4

Ji fi|pli flk `bfd}bf~k nljji w}bw}ki lwb`i fljji p|i kf~l}lqqi jb pwkfpl in |fi `hk|p|}i kf pl p~lppb <* oi è w}bw}kb ~}iok~l y|lp~b obtkolf~b tl}pb j‒kf~l}fb `hl Fkl~qp`hl `bow}lfnl nk itl} `bf~}i~~b ji oiji~~ki nljj‒lwb`i* è w}bw}kb c|i}nifnb ijji p|i kf~kok~ç `hl p`bw}l nk lppl}l oiji~b dkf flj w}bdbfnb l `hl* n‒ij~}b `if~b* `if~b * }klp`l i nkicfbp~k`i}l ji w}bw}ki oiji~~ki* i ni}jl |f fbol* |f tbj~b1 kj }lpplf~kolf~  l ji në`inlf`l * kj ‚wlppkokpob nljji p~if`hlqqi nk tktl}l‟& @bpê* pbjb `bf pl p~lppb l `bf ji w}bw}ki oiji~~ki* plf~l ji fl`lppk~ç nk `}li}pk nlk `bowicfk nk tkicckb l nk wb}}l |f ~icjkb fl~~b flk `bfd}bf~k nljji ~}inkqkbfl* nlj wippi~b l c|i}ni}l ijji jkml}~ç* nk}kcl}pk tl}pb ji jkml}iqkbfl nijji w}bw}ki oiji~~ki* tl}pb ji c|i}kckbfl5 Fkl~qp`hl `bokf`ki ji }k`l}`i kf~l}kb}l* ji pwl}kolf~iqkbfl kf nk}lqkbfl nlj d i}oi`b `hl wbppi }lfnl}cjk ji c}ifnl pij|~l4* oi ijji dkfl `bow}lfnl `hl ji tki wl} ck|fcl}l in lppi wippi fl`lppi}kiolf~l wl} kj w}bmjloi nljj‒iww}bw}kiqkbfl nk pë* wl} kj w}bmjloi nljji cl}i}`hki l

Fkl~qp`hl `bol y|ij`bpi nk pc}inltbjlµ (]& P~lkfl}* D}kln}k`h Fkl~qp`hl& \f jb~~i~b}l `bf~}b kj p|b ~lowb * ~}& k~& l i `|}i nk W& @iool}kflpk* ^kjbwi lnkqkbfk* ^l}iob/]boi 9;8<* w& >>+& > ¥Kj obnb fkl~qp`hlifb nk `bfn|}}l ji mi~~icjki è ji }ktljiqkbfl wpk`bjbck`i nljji clflijbcki nljji ol~idkpk`i* }ljkckbfl* i}~l l ob}ijl nicjk kp~kf~k* wl} ji oicckb} wi}~l fip`bp~k l pb~~l}}iflk* l nljjl m}i ol nljj‒|bob5 |f lpiol wpk`bjbck`b tijl wl} j|k `bol `bfd|~iqkbfl5 lcjk fbf w}lfnl ippbj|~iolf~l kf lpiol kj c}inb nk tl}k~ç nljji }ljkckbfl b nljji ol~idkpk`i5 wl} j|k y|lp~b w}bmjloi è ckç }kpbj~b pl è wbppkmkjl obp~}i}l `hl jl ~lfnlfql nljji tk~i p~iffb nkl~}b ijji tbjbf~ç nk tl}k~ç* `hl y|lp~i fbf è ‚nkpkf~l}lppi~i‟* `hl fip`l nij nlpknl}kb nk pijtlqqi& Nijj‒lppl}l kf~l}lppi~b l nijj‒ifpki nk }lnlfqkbfl Fkl~qp`hl ~}il wbk p|mk~b ji `bf`j|pkbfl1 ji tbjbf~ç nk `bfbp`lfqi ol~idkpk`i è n|fy|l pbj~if~b |f mkpbcfb oip`hl}i~b* |fi fl`lppk~ç ~}bwwb |oifiµ (L& Dkfe*  Ji  dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl* ~}& k~& nk W& ]& ^}itl}pb* Oi}pkjkb lnk~b}k* Winbti 9;30* ww& <9/<=+& < ¥Jb p}ink`iolf~b nk Fkl~qp`hl nij p|b ~lowb  ‐  ni |f ~lowb `hl* wl}ij~}b* fl kfdb}oý w}bdbfniolf~l kj wlfpkl}b  ‐  fbf wb~ë fbf `bfn|}}l in |f }kf`hk|nl}pk nlj dkjbpbdb kf pl p~lppb* nbtl kj ‖wl}k`bjbpb n|mk~i}l‒* nktlf|~b ob~ktb dbfniolf~ijl lpkp~lfqkijl* wb~lti ni}l j‒kjj|pkbfl nk |f `bpob kf~l}kb}l `bowjl~b ln kf pë dbfni~bµ (]& P~lkfl}* D}kln}k`h Fkl~qp`hl& \f jb~~i~b}l `bf~}b kj p|b ~lowb * `k~&* w& =4+& 4 ¥Olf~}l ij~}k dkjbpbdk pwl}kolf~i}bfb lp`j|pktiolf~l  ‐  fljji `}liqkbfl nljjl w}bw}kl tkpkbfk nlj obfnb  ‐  j‒ljlolf~b jbck`b/pwl`|ji~ktb jbck`b /pwl`|ji~ktb nlj w}bw}kb wlfpi}l* Fkl~qp`hl nbtl~~l tktl}l kf w}bdbfnk~ç flj w}bw}kb ifkob `ký `hl i j|k pk bdd}kti `bol wlfpkl}b nljj‒lwb`i& Lcjk pk `hklpl `bol dbppl wbppkmkjl tktl}l `bf jl `bf`lqkbfk nlj obfnb nbokfif~k* `bol j‒ifkob wb~lppl ltbjtl}pk kool}clfnbpk flk wlfpkl}k nlj p|b ~lowb& ^ijl d| j‒kow|jpb kf~l}kb}l `hl jb wb}~ý i ol~~l}l kf y|lp~kbfl kj tijb}l nljji dkjbpbdki wl} ji tk~i ln i tbjl} di}l  ‐ kf  ‐ kf w}koi wl}pbfi  ‐ nljji  ‐ nljji p|i dkjbpbdki `i}fl l pifc|l U․_& @bpê* pl ij~}k wlfpi}bfb ji dkjbpbdki* Fkl~qp`hl nbtl~~l tktl}jiµ (ktk* ww& =3/=8+&

3

wl} kj w}bpwl~~ktkpob flj ck|nkqkb nk tijb}l 3* `bow}lfnl `hl ji c}ifnl pij|~l `bokf`ki `bf ji p`bwl}~i l ji fl`lppi}ki olppi kf i~~b nlj w}bw}kb `bowk~b 8& L‒ ijj‒kf~l}fb nk ~ijl `bf~lp~b `hl ti `bjjb`i~b kj ck|fcl}l nlj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl1 lppb è kj ti}`b `hl `bfplf~l ij ‖tkifnif~l l ji p|i bom}i‒ Fkl~qp`hl nk w}bkl~~i}pk tl}pb kj `bowk~b i}nlf~lolf~l i~~lpb* è kj plf~kl}b tl}pb ji c}ifnl pij|~l  ‐ nk  ‐  nk `|k ~if~b* l `bf obj~i pbddl}lfqi è ifni~b ifni~b ijji }k`l}`i ‐  }k`l}`i  ‐ èè kj jiowb `hl ijji dkfl fbf è p~i~b j|k p~lppb i ~}bti}l* mlfpê nij y|ijl j|k p~lppb è p~i~b ~}bti~b1

¥Pk bnl* fbf pk `l}`i5 pk w}lfnl* fbf pk nboifni ni `hk `k pki ni~b5 |f wlfpkl}b m}kjji `bol |f jiowb* `bf  ‐  kb fbf hb oik it|~b p`lj~i U․_& ^|~~b ittklfl kf obnb kftbjbf~i} kb kftbjbf~i} kb ij fl`lppk~ç* plfqi lpk~iqkbfk fljji db}oi  ‐ kb oippkob c}inb* oi `bol kf ~|}mkfl nk plfpb nk jkml}~ç* nk kf`bfnkqkbfi~lqqi* nk wb~lfqi* nk nktkfk~ç․ Ji kftbjbf~i}kl~ç nljj‒kooickfl* nlj pkombjb è kj di~~b wkû p~}ifb5 fbf pk hi wkû ij`|f `bf`l~~b5 `ký `hl è kooickfl* ;

b pkombjb* ~|~~b pk bdd}l `bol j‒lpw}lppkbfl wkû tk`kfi* wkû ck|p~i* wkû plowjk`lµ &

J‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl ck|fcl* `bpê `bol kj wl}pbficckb nk Qi}i~h|p~}i* pk nç i  Fkl~qp`hl c}i~|k~iolf~l* fljj‒kftbjbf~i}kl~ç nljj‒kooickfl* fbfbp~if~l fbf dbppl fë i~~lpb fë `l}`i~b5 è |fb pwjlfnb}l d|jokflb `hl jb p`|b~l l jb p`bftbjcl p`bftbjcl flj w}bdbfnb* è ¥|fi }kfip`k~i

3

]ktbjclfnbpk ijjb ijjb pwk}k~b jkml}b* kf~b}fb ijj‒lfkcoi nljji c}ifnl plwi}iqkbfl ni bcfk tl``hki `l}~lqqi* Fkl~qp`hl nk`l1 ¥Nbtltk nktlf~i}l win}bfl nk ~l p~lppb* win}bfl if`hl nljjl ~|l tk}~û& W}koi l}ifb lppl jl ~|l win}bfl5 oi lppl nltbfb lppl}l pbjb ~|bk p~}|olf~k i``if~b in ij~}k p~}|olf~k& Nbtltk i`y|kp~i}l kj wb~l}l p|j ~|b w}b l `bf~}b l kowi}i}l i piwl}jk i piwl}jk p~i``i}l l }ki~~i``i}l* pl`bfnb kj ~|b p`bwb p|wl}kb}l& Nbtltk kowi}i}l i `bow}lfnl}l `ký `hl iwwi}~klfl ijji w}bpwl~~kti kf bcfk ck|nkqkb nk tijb}l1 jb pwbp~iolf~b* ji nldb}oiqkbfl l ji ~lbjbcki nlcjk b}kqqbf~k l bcfk ij~}i `bpi `hl di wi}~l nljji w}bpwl~~kti U․_5 if`hl ji wi}~l nk p~|wknk~ç flk `bfd}bf~k nlk tijb}k bwwbp~k l ~|~~i ji wl}nk~i kf~ljjl~~|ijl* `bf `|k bcfk w}b l `bf~}b pk diffb wici}l& Nbtltk kowi}i}l i `bow}lfnl}l ji fl`lppi}ki kfck|p~kqki nk bcfk w}b l `bf~}b* j‒kfck|p~kqki `bol kfplwi}imkjl nijji tk~i* ji tk~i p~lppi `bol `bfnkqkbfi~i nijji w}bpwl~~kti l nijji p|i kfck|p~kqki U․_5 nbtltk c|i}ni}l kf di``ki kj w}bmjloi nljji cl}i}`hki* l tlnl}l `bol db}qi l nk}k~~b l `bow}lfpktk~ç nljji w}bpwl~~kti `}lp`ifb kfpklol kf ij~lqqiµ (D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Olfp`hjk`hlp* Ijjq|olfp`hjk`hlp K *  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* > Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc ‐ = = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;435 ~}& k~& nk P& Ckiol~~i* \oifb* ~}bwwb |oifb K * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;4<* ww& ;/99+& 8 ¥Pbjk~i}kb l b}oik wklfb nk |fi `i~~kti nkddknlfqi tl}pb ol p~lppb* w}lpk kf ~ij obnb wi}~k~b* fbf plfqi }btljjb* `bf~}b nk ol l  wl}  ~|~~b `ký `hl iww|f~b ok di`lti oijl l ok }k|p`kti n|}b1 `bpê }k~}btik ji p~}ini tl}pb y|lj tijb}bpb wlppkokpob* `hl è j‒bwwbp~b nk bcfk kwb`}kpki }boif~k`i l if`hl* `bol bcck ok t|bj plom}i}l* ji tki tl}pb ‚ol‟ p~lppb* tl}pb kj okb `bowk~b& Y|lj fip`bp~b ln kowl}kbpb y|ij`bpi* wl} `|k i j|fcb fbf ~}btkiob |f fbol* dkf`hë lppb pk }ktlji ni |j~kob `bol kj fbp~}b `bowk~b  ‐ y|lp~b  ‐  y|lp~b ~k}iffb `hl è nlf~}b nk fbk pk w}lfnl |fi ~l}}kmkjl }ktijpi wl} bcfk ~lf~i~ktb `hl di``kiob nk ltk~i}jb l nk pd|cck}cjk* wl} bcfk }kf|f`ki w}loi~|}i* wl} bcfk fbp~}b lc|icjki}`k i `bjb}b i `|k fbf iwwi}~lfkiob* wl} bcfk i~~ktk~ç y|if~|fy|l w}lcltbjl* pl lppi `k p~b}fi nijji fbp~}i `bpi `bpi w}kf`kwijl* ifqk wl} bcfk tk}~û p~lppi `hl tbcjki w}b~lccl}`k `bf~}b ji n|}lqqi nljji fbp~}i }lpwbfpimkjk~ç wkû wl`|jki}l& Ji oiji~~ki è bcfk tbj~i ji }kpwbp~i* y|ifnb tbcjkiob n|mk~i}l nlj fbp~}b nk}k~~b ij fbp~}b `bowk~b5 y|ifnb* kf |f w|f~b y|ijpkipk* `bokf`kiob i di}`k jl `bpl ~}bwwb di`kjk& P~}ifb l ~l}}kmkjl kfpklol) Pbfb k fbp~}k ijjltkiolf~k* `hl nbmmkiob p`bf~i}l flj obnb wkû n|}b) L pl wbk tbcjkiob ~b}fi}l ijji pij|~l* fbf `k }lp~i p`lj~i1 nbmmkiob `i}k`i}`k  wkû wlpif~lolf~l nk y|if~b jb dbppkob oik p~i~k w}koi․µ (D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Olfp`hjk`hlp* Ijjq|olfp`hjk`hlp KK *  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* > Im~lkj|fc  ‐  0 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;435 ~}& k~& nk P& Ckiol~~i* \oifb* ~}bwwb |oifb KK * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;43* ww& 4/3+& ; D& Fkl~qp`hl* L``l hbob* `k~&* w& ;;&

8

fljj‒i}~l nljj‒ip`bj~i}lµ97 `hl plcfi j‒kfkqkb nk |f f|btb `iookfb* è kj micjkb}l kfi~~lpb `hl  w|ý `bfplf~k}l |fi }kfip`k~i nljji picclqqi ~}ick`i* è |f‒|fk`i d|fl fljji y|ijl y|ijl ~|~~k k dkjk nljjl w}l`lnlf~k }kdjlppkbfk tlfcbfb p~}l~~k kfpklol kf nk}lqkbfl nlj dkfl* nlj `bowk~b `hl ji d|fl p~lppi }iww}lplf~i l wl} `|k cjk pk è bddl}~i1 jlci}l kfpklol |bob* ~l}}i* tk~i l pbjjlti}jk* kffijqi}jk ‖i Pbjl‒ ln iddl}oi}l `bpê* flj obnb obn b p|w}lob `hl wbppi oik lppl}l }icck|f~b* ji jb}b w}kb}k~i}ki kowb}~ifqi }kpwl~~b i ~|~~b kj }lp~b&  Fbf i `ipb nbwb y|ljj‒icbp~b 9889* kf `|k di lpwl}klfqi lpwl}k lfqi nljj‒l~l}fb nljj‒l~l }fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* Fkl~qp`hl `bowjl~l}ç ji p~lp|}i nk  I|}b}i ‐ kf  ‐ kf `|k `bokf`ki ji p|i `iowicfi `bf~}b ji ob}ijl nljji }kf|f`ki i pl p~lppk* kf `|k `bokf`ki kj p|b tkicckb wl} oi}l tl}pb k }icck nk |fi f|bti i|}b}i* kf `|k `bokf`ki kj p|b `bowk~b* ¥kj `bowk~b nk w}lwi}i}l j‒|oifk~ç i |f obolf~b nk  ‐ l wi}~b}k}ç Ji ciki p`klfqi ‐ ~lp~b  ‐ ~lp~b kf p|w}loi }kdjlppkbfl p| pl p~lppi* |f c}ifnl ol}kcckb µ99 ‐ l `|k `bokf`ki i c|i}ni}l ijji p|i ‚p|w}loi pwl}ifqi‟ l `hl `bf~klfl pki kj `ljlm}l idb}kpoi 9=< p| ji ‚ob}~l nk Nkb‟* pki kj w}kob iff|f`kb nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* pki kj flppb l kj }kftkb ijjb Qi}i~h|p~}i9=& B}oik ‚è ~lowb‟* è ~lowb `hl ji ~}iclnki `bokf`k1 ji picclqqi nk L}i`jk~b l y|ljji nlj nkb Nkbfkpb* `hl pk dbfnl}iffb fljji dkc|}i nlj oilp~}b wl}pkifb* nktl}}iffb k p|bk f|btk `bowicfk nk tkicckb iddkf`hë*  wl} olqqb nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* ji p|w}loi db}o|ji nljj‒iddl}oiqkbfl `hl wbppi oik lppl}l }icck|f~i* Fkl~qp`hl wbppi nbfi}l ijj‒|oifk~ç ¥kj wkû c}ifnl }lcijb `hl lppi immki oik it|~bµ 90&

9&= J‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb `bol `bowk~b

I~~}itl}pb j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* ji p|w}loi db}o|ji nljj‒iddl}oiqkbfl `hl wbppi oik lppl}l }icck|f~i* Fkl~qp`hl w|ý nk}kcl}pk tl}pb kj w}bw}kb `bowk~b l ji c}ifnl pij|~l* tl}pb |fi }kfip`k~i nljji picclqqi ~}ick`i1 oi wl} y|ijl }ickbfl lppb }ktlp~l |f }|bjb `bpê nl`kpktb ijj‒kf~l}fb nljji }kdjlppkbfl fkl~qp`hlifi2 Wl}`hë è pbjb wl} p|b ~}iok~l `hl

97

 Ktk* w& ;>&  Ktk* w& 8;&

99 9=

@d}& D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Nkl D}ôhjk`hl Skpplfp`hid~ * Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* < Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc ‐ = = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;305 ~}& k~& nk D& Oipkfk*  Ji ciki p`klfqi l Knkjjk nk Olppkfi * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;4<* jkm}b KKK* id& 9=<* ww& 94=/94>5 `d}& jkm}b KT* id& 0>9* ww& =>8/=>;5 `d}& jkm}b KT* id& 0>=* ww& =>;/=<7& 90 D& Fkl~qp`hl* L``l hbob* `k~&* w& 90&

;

Fkl~qp`hl w|ý `bokf`ki}l i cl~~i}l kj w}bw}kb pc|i}nb tl}pb kj w}bw}kb `bowk~b l ji c}ifnl pij|~l2 Db}pl ‚kj dbcjkb* kf dbfnb ij y|ijl p~i p`}k~~b 4777 wklnk ij nk jç nljj‒|bob l nlj ~lowb‟  w|ý ik|~i}l i di} j|`l kf~b}fb ij }|bjb nl~l}okfif~l `hl ipp|ol j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb flj wlf~ic}iooi fkl~qp`hlifb5 fkl~qp`hlifb5 tk pk jlccl 1 ¥ Kj }k~b}fb nljj‛knlf~k`b W}bcl~~b 9& J‒ippkokjiqkbfl nlcjk l}}b}k dbfniolf~ijk& =& J‒ippkokjiqkbfl nljjl wippkbfk& 0& J‒ippkokjiqkbfl nlj piwl}l* if`hl nlj piwl}l `hl }kf|f`ki& ( Wippkbfl nljji `bfbp`lfqi +& >& J‒kffb`lf~l& Kj pkfcbjb `bol lpwl}kolf~b& J‒ijjlccl}kolf~b nljji tk~i* ptkjkolf~b* kfnlmbjkolf~b  ‐  ~}ifpkqkbfl& nljj‛knlf~k`b & <& Kj f|btb `lf~}b nk c}itk~ç 1 j‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‛knlf~k`b& Kfdkfk~i kowb}~ifqi nlj fbp~}b piwl}l* l}}i}l* nljjl fbp~}l imk~|nkfk* obnk nk tk~i wl} ~|~~b `ký `hl tl}}ç& @hl di}lob `bj }lp~b nljji fbp~}i tk~i ‐  tk~i  ‐ fbk fbk `hl fl immkiob ~}ip`b}pb ji oicckb} wi}~l fljj‒kcfb}ifqi wkû lpplfqkijl2

 Kfplcfkiob y|lp~i nb~~}kfi  ‐  è jb p~}|olf~b wkû lfl}ck`b wl} iww}bw}ki}`lfl fbk p~lppk& Kj fbp~}b ~kwb nk mli~k~|nkfl* `bol oilp~}k nljji wkû c}ifnl nb~~} kfi& Kfkqkb icbp~b 9889 i Pkjp/Oi}ki* 4777 wklnk p|j jktljjb nlj oi}l l obj~b wkû kf ij~b nk ~|~~l jl `bpl |oifl)µ

9>

&

@hl `bpi fl ~}ipwi}l2 ~} ipwi}l2 Kffifqk~|~~b* flj d}ioolf~b pb~~b lpiol j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl pk `bfdb}oi l pk obp~}i `bol ‖w}bcl~~b‒1 Fkl~qp`hl c|i}ni ijji w}bw}ki lwb`i l fb~i ji ~b~ijl kfnkddl}lfqi nbokfif~l flk `bfd}bf~k nk y|if~b w}koi }lfnlti pl}ki j‒lpkp~lfqi nlj pkfcbjb kfnktkn|b* `kbè kj jitb}b l jl wippkbfk* kf~lpl kf obnb kffb`lf~l* `bol |f ckb`b nk |f miomkfb5 nk `bfplc|lfqi* j‒kf~l}i lpkp~lfqi è wl}`lwk~i fljjb p~lppb obnb* wl}nl nk plfpb* nk pkcfkdk`i~b* n‒kowb}~ifqi* ji tk~i p~lppi fl }kp|j~i ijjlccl}k~i* ptkjk~i* kfnlmbjk~i ln è kj pkfcbjb |bob i p|mk}fl jl `bfplc|lfql& `bfplc|lfql& Oi pl y|lp~b è kj wifb}ioi `hl pk bdd}l ik p|bk b``hk* ji p|i }kpwbp~i è ‖~}ifpkqkbfl‒* wippicckb in |f ij~}b obnb n‒kf~lfnl}l kj jitb}b* jl wippkbfk* j‒lpkp~lfqi* ji tk~i* ji p|i }kpwbp~i è ~}ichl~~i}l in |f obnb n‒kf~lfnl}jk n‒kf~lf nl}jk `hl wl}ol~~i jb}b nk }ki`y|kpk}l pkcfkdk`i~b l kowb}~ifqi5 ji ~}ifpkqkbfl n|fy|l* ti ni |f obnb nk wlfpi}l in |f ij~}b l ok}i ijj‒ippkokjiqkbfl* ijj‒iww}bw}kiqkbfl nlcjk l}}b}k* nljjl wippkbfk* nlj piwl}l `hl }kf|f`ki& 9>

D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Fi`hcljipplfl D}icolf~l 9889/988= *  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* < Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc ‐ = = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k*Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;305 ~}& k~& nk O& Obf~kfi}k* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;4<* d}& 99 U =9; _* w& 0<=&

97

^}ifpk~i}l ^}ifpk~i}l in |f ij~}b obnb nk wlfpi}l t|bj nk}l w}koi}kiolf~l `hklnl}pk ‖`hl pkcfkdk`i `bfbp`l}l2‒ l pwl}kolf~i}l p|jji w}bw}ki `i}fl `ký `hl ji nboifni `hklnl jç nbtl pbfb jl dbf~k nljji `bfbp`lfqi p~lppi* l `kbè fljji tk~i l flcjk kp~kf~k* wl}`hë pbjb i wi}~k}l ni lppk è wbppkmkjl |fi `bfbp`lfqi& `bfbp`lfqi& L‒ `hki}b `bol y|lp~b wippicckb* y|lp~b  wippicckb* y|lp~i pwl}kolf~iqkbfl pwl}kolf~iq kbfl `bowb}~k j‒immifnbfb nk ~|~~l jl `l}~lqql jlci~l ij tl``hkb obnb nk wlfpi}l `hl hi `bfnb~~b ijjb ptkjkolf~b nk plfpb nljj‒lpkp~lfqi* nljji tk~i* nljj‒|bob nljj‒|bob55 pk ~}i~~i nk ¥IPWL^^I]L nk tlnl}l dkfb i `hl w|f~b kj

piwl}l l ji tl}k~ç wbppifb DBFNL]PK  ‐  l dkfb i `hl w|f~b fljj‒|bob pk tl}kdk`hk |f `iomkiolf~b* y|ifnb lcjk tkt}ç pbjb wl} `bfbp`l}l µ9< l y|ifnb y|lp~i wippkbfl nljji `bfbp`lfqi* kf ~|~~k k obnk kf `|k  wbppi lpwjk`i}pk* w}btb`hk |f‒l``lnlfqi nk wki`l}l fljj‒|bob& Kj wippicckb in |f ij~}b obnb nk wlfpi}l `bowb}~i ji fl`lppk~ç nk ni}l |f ck|nkqkb p|j wippi~b* plfqi lppl}l kfdj|lfqi~k nijji `bowippkbfl l nijj‒|oifk~ç d|~|}i* l nk tkf`l}l flk p|bk `bfd}bf~k wl}`hë ¥ji y|lp~kbfl è pl fbk tbcjkiob if`b}i tktl}l 1 l `bol)µ94& Kj w}bcl~~b l~l}fb }k~b}fb* `bpê `bol pk nç kf ~ijl d}ioolf~b* `hkioi in |fi c}ifnl }lpwbfpimkjk~ç bcfk pkfcbjb |bob* wl}`hë `hklnl y|ijl i~~lcckiolf~b ipp|ol}l flk `bfd}bf~k nk `ký }lp~i nljji w}bw}ki tk~i l kftk~i i ni}l kj wlpb nbt|~b ij piwl}l* icjk l}}b}k* ijjl imk~|nkfk* ik obnk nk tk~i `hl pbfb p~i~k dkfb}i `bfnkqkbfif~k* kf`k~i i }kwlfpi}jk pl`bfnb j‒knli nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl ij dkfl nk iww}bw}ki}pk nk y|lp~b }lp~b& }lp~ b& Kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb p`bftbjcl flj w}bdbfnb kj ~}lf~ipl~~lffl Fkl~qp`hl wl}`hë `bow}lfnl `hl `ký `hl è kf ckb`b* flj }lp~b nljji w}bw}ki tk~i* è pl p~lppb* ji p|i tk~i kf~l}i l  wl}`hë `bow}lfnl `hl j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb è j‒|fk`b olqqb `hl `hl lcjk immki i nkpwbpkqkbfl wl} }kni}l kowb}~ifqi* wl} }kwlfpi}l ji p|i tk~i l pl p~lppb fljji tk~i `hl cjk }lp~i5 wl}`ký w|ý iddl}oi}l `hl lppb è ji p|w}loi db}o|ji nljj‒iddl}oiqkbfl `hl wbppi oik lppl}l }icck|f~i*  wl}`hë lppb è ‚jb p~}|olf~b wkû lfl}ck`b‟* wkû lddk`i`l l ddk`i`l wl} ni}l |f `bf~}i``bjwb ij wifb}ioi n‒kfnkddl}lfqi l nk wl}nk~i nk pkcfkdk`i~b l nk plfpb `hl itlti nkfifqk icjk b``hk* è kj olqqb ‐ l ‐  l fbf kj dkfl ‐  dkfl ‐  wl}  wl} }kni}l kowb}~ifqi* wl} }kwlfpi}l j‒lpkp~lfqi* ji tk~i* j‒|bob& Pl ckç n|l iffk w}koi `bokf`kiti i wlfpi}l `hl ji p|i p~b}ki fbf dbppl pbjb ji w}bw}ki oi if`hl y|ljji nljj‒|bob l|}bwlb 93* pl ji p|i oiji~~ki  ‐ ji  ‐  ji nè`inlf`l l kj k j }lpplf~kolf~  ‐ è  ‐  è 9<

 Ktk* d}& 99 U ==7 _* w& 0<0&  Kmknlo&

94 93

¥Nbt}lmml ji oki tk`lfni  ‐  ji p~b}ki nk |fi oiji~~ki l nk |fi c|i}kckbfl* cki``hë lppi okpl i `iwb |fi c|i}kckbfl ‐  c|i}kckbfl  ‐  lppl}l pbjb ji oki wl}pbfijl tk`lfni2 U․_ kf ol `}lp`l plow}l wkû ji dkn|`ki `hl k oklk jkm}k nk  wljjlc}kficckb fbf pkifb p~i~k pbjb wl} ol U․_& Wbppb wb}cl}jk wi}~k`bji}olf~l ij `|b}l l ijj‒b}l``hkb nk `bjb}b `hl pbfb iddl~~k ni y|ij`hl ‚wippi~b‟* l i `|k }lp~i immip~ifqi pwk}k~b ni pbdd}k}l if`b}i nlj jb pwk}k~b nlj jb}b wippi~b2 Oi pbw}i~~|~~b jk wb}cb i tbk* `hl n|}i~l wkû di~k`i* i tbk }i}k* wkû okfi``ki~k* wkû pwk}k~|ijk* wkû `b}icckbpk* i tbk `hl nbtl~l lppl}l ji `bp`klfqi nljj‒ifkoi obnl}fi l `hl `bol ~ijk nbtl~l itl}fl ji p`klfqi* flk y|ijk pk }i``bcjkl ~|~~b `ký `hl bcck `k w|ý lppl}l nk oiji~~ki* nk tljlfb l nk wl}k`bjb  ‐ nk  ‐  nk `|k ji pb}~l t|bjl `hl

99

y|ljji nljj‒lwb`i* l pl j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb cjk pk obp~}i b}i `bol j‒|fk`b di}oi`b `hl `bfplf~i `bfplf~ i nk c|i}k}l ni lppi lppi l b~~lfl}l ji c}ifnl c}ifnl pij|~l* ijjb}i è `hki}b `hl Fkl~qp`hl fbf }k~l}}ç oik y|lp~b `bol |fb p~}|olf~b |~kjl pbjb ln lp`j|pktiolf~l i pl p~lppb& Wl} jb p~lppb ob~ktb* kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl pk nljkfli* fljj‒i~~kob p|``lppktb ijji dbjcb}iqkbfl* `bol |f w}bcl~~b l* nk `bfplc|lfqi* `bol ‖`bowk~b‒ wl}`hë kf lppb Fkl~qp`hl }k`bfbp`l ji ‚p|w}loi pwl}ifqi‟ `hl nk}kcl ijji c}ifnl pij|~l* in |fi }kfip`k~i nljji picclqqi ~}ick`i l wl}`hë pi `hl ¥ji fbp~}i nlp~kfiqkbfl nkpwbfl nk fbkµ* pi `hl ¥è kj d|~|}b `hl nç ji }lcbji ij fbp~}b bcckµ 981 pk ~}i~~i nk kfplcfi}l* nk nbfi}l ijj‒|oifk~ç y|lp~i nb~~}kfi `hl }lfnl mli~k* kf obnb `hl if`h‒lppi c|i}kp`i nijji p~lppi oiji~~ki* kf obnb `hl if`h‒lppi }kpwbfni ijji wl}nk~i ~b~ijl nk plfpb `hl b}i ji `i}i~~l}kqqi* kf obnb `hl bcfk pkfcbjb |bob }kwlfpk l nki f|btiolf~l kowb}~ifqi i pl p~lppb l ijji w}bw}ki tk~i* kf y|lj `hl fl }koifl nk lppi& @ký jb pwkfcl}ç i `bfnlfpi}l kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl nljj‒|c |ijl kf @bpê wi}jý

 Qi}i~h|p~}i l kf wi}~k`bji}l fljji dkc|}i nlj oilp~}b wl}pkifb `hl* `bol pwl``hkb ‚wl} ~|~~k l  wl} flpp|fb‟* `bf`lwkp`l flj wlfpkl}b l fljj‒iqkbfl kj }lp~b nljji w}bw}ki tk~i* l `bf lppb ~|~~i ji p|i tk~i* pl`bfnb ji p|w}loi db}o|ji nljj n ljj‒iddl}oiqkbfl ‒iddl}oiqkbfl `hl wbppi oik lppl}l }icck|f~i&

9&0 J‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb p|j wkifb `bpobjbck`b

Oi è dkfijolf~l ck|f~b kj obolf~b nk `hklnl}pk1 `hl `bp‒è j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl2 @bol pk nç j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl2 Wl} y|ijl }ickbfl Fkl~qp`hl Fkl~qp`hl jb nldkfkp`l `bol ji p|w}loi db}o|ji nljj‒iddl}oiqkbfl2 @bf y|lp~l nboifnl `k pk innlf~}i kf |fb nlk n|l tbj~k `hl `i}i~~l}kqqifb ~ijl wlfpkl}b* l `kbè y|ljjb ‖`bpobjbck`b‒ 9;& Wl} `hki}k}l y|lp~b p|b ipwl~~b* è wbppkmkjl plc|k}l jl kfnk`iqkbfk `hl Fkl~qp`hl bdd}l kf ij`|fk d}ioolf~k wbp~|ok }kpijlf~k plow}l i y|lj 9889 kf `|k kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb ck|fcl i j|k1

pki~l wkû oiji~k nk y|ijpkipk ij~}b kfnktkn|b* wl}`hë tbk fbf pkl~l ‚ pbjb kfnktkn|k‟․* ji `|k `bfpbjiqkbfl è nk piwl}l* ihkoë)* l nk wl}`b}}l}l ji tki tl}pb |fi f|bti pij|~l* tl}pb |fi pij|~l nk nboifk l nk wbpnboifk* tbk w}lnlp~kfi~k* tbk tk~~b}kbpk* tbk p|wl}i~b}k nlj ~lowb* tbk pifkppkok* tbk db}~kppkok* tbk m|bfk L|}bwlk) µ (D& Fkl~qp`hl* \oifb* ~}bwwb |oifb K * `k~&* w& ;+& 98  Ktk* w& 97& 9; Wl} ji `bow}lfpkbfl nljji n|wjk`k~ç nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb* `d}& E& Jôsk~h*  Fkl~qp`hl l j‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb* ~}& k~& nk P& Tlf|~k* Ji~l}qi* ]boi/Mi}k 9;8=* ww& 8>/;<&

9=

¥Kj obfnb nljjl db}ql fbf wi~kp`l ij`|fi }kn|qkbfl1 ij~}kolf~k flj ~lowb kfdkfk~b pk pi}lmml kfnlmbjk~b l pi}lmml p`bowi}pb& Kj obfnb nljjl db}ql fbf wi~kp`l ij`|fi koobmkjk~ç1 ij~}kolf~k pi}lmml p~i~i }icck|f~i* l j‒b}bjbckb nljj‒lpkp~lfqi pi}lmml dl}ob& Kj obfnb nljjl db}ql fbf }icck|fcl n|fy|l oik |f ly|kjkm}kb* fbf hi oik |f i~~kob nk ~}ify|kjjk~ç* ji p|i db}qi l kj p|b obtkolf~b pbfb |c|ijk kf bcfk ~lowb& Y|ij|fy|l p~i~b y|lp~b obfnb  wbppi }icck|fcl}l* nltl itl}jb ckç }icck|f~b l fbf |fi tbj~i pbji* oi kff|ol}ltbjk& Y|lp~b kp~if~l wl} lplowkb1 `‒è ckç p~i~b |fi tbj~i l obj~l tbj~l* l ~b}fl}ç ijjb p~lppb obnb* `bf ~|~ ~l jl db}ql }kwi}~k~l lpi~~iolf~l =7

`bol b}i5 l jb p~lppb tijl wl} j‒kp~if~l `hl hi ni~b tk~i i y|ljjb w}lplf~ l* l wl} y|ljjb `hl fl è dkcjkbµ &

@hl `bpi pk fb~i kf y|lp~b w}kob d}ioolf~b2 @hl Fkl~qp`hl nk`l y|ij`bpi kf ol}k~b ijji ~b~ijk~ ç nljjl `bpl* ijj‒lf~l fljji p|i ~b~ijk~ç5 l `bol pk y|ijkdk`i* `bol pk `i}i~~l}kqqi* `bo‒è `bp~k~|k~i ~ijl ~b~ijk~ç ik p|bk b``hk2 Kf `hl obnb ~ijl ~b~ijk~ç cjk pk nç i tlnl}l2 Y|ij è j‒b}nkfl pl`bfnb `|k ~ijl ~b~ijk~ç cjk pk w}lplf~i* cjk pk obp~}i2 Y|ij è ji jlccl `hl ji }lcbji* `hl ji cbtl}fi2 Wl} w}koi `bpi n|fy|l* kf ~ijl d}ioolf~b* pk iddl}oi `hl `ký `hl y|ijkdk`i* `i}i~~l}kqqi* `bp~k~|kp`l ji ~b~ijk~ç è |f obtkolf~b* |f nkfiokpob* |f nktlfk}l `hl fbf `bfbp`l ti}kiqkbfl flj ~lowb kfdkfk~b* `hl fbf `bfbp`l ij`|fi wl}nk~i* fë ok}i in |fi p~ipk |j~koi5 pl dbppl ij~}kolf~k* b fbf pi}lmml wkû |fi ~b~ijk~ç b pi}lmml ckç ~l}okfi~i b fbf it}lmml ij`|f obtkolf~b& Pl ~ijl obtkolf~b è `ký `hl w}koi}kiolf~l p~}|~~|}i ji ~b~ijk~ç* ijjb}i w}bw}kb wl}`ký y|ij|fy|l y|ij|fy|l c}inb* p~inkb* bcfk pkfcbjb obnb n‒lppl}l è `iwi`l nk `bfplc|k}l* w}b`|}i}pk* b~~lfl}l* ji ~b~ijk~ç jb hi ckç b~~lf|~b kfdkfk~l tbj~l1 `ký tijl fbf pbjb wl} bcfk kp~if~l* `bol y|lp~b y|k ln b}i* l `bow}lpk y|ljjb `hl jb w}l`lnl l y|ljjb `hl jb plc|l* oi wl} bcfk pkfcbjb ljlolf~b kfp`}k~~b fljji ~b~ijk~ç l bcfk obnijk~ç i~~}itl}pb ji y|ijl bcf|fb pk obp~}i* flj obtkolf~b plfqi ti}kiqkbfl l plfqi ol~i5 bcfk `bpi è ckç p~i~i }icck|f~i nijj‒|fktl}pb wl} |f f|ol}b kf`ij`bjimkjl nk tbj~l l ~b}fl}ç f|btiol f~l in lppl}l }icck|f~i* bcfk tbj~i* fljjb p~lppb obnb kf `|k wl} y|lj f|ol}b kf`boolfp|}imkjl nk tbj~l è ckç p~i~i }icck|f~i& Pl kj ob~b ‐  ob~b  ‐ i~~}itl}pb i~~}itl}pb k pkfcbjk ljlolf~k l i~~}itl}pb k pkfcbjk obnk n‒lppl}l nk lppk* nk ‐ `hl y|ijkdk`i ji ~b~ijk~ç pk `bfdkc|}i kf ~ij `|k ji ~b~ijk~ç }iww}lplf~i }iww}lplf~i j‒kfpklol* kj ~|~~b* j‒|fk~ç ‐ `hl obnb* `kbè plfqi kfkqkb fë dkfl* kf`lppimkjl* kfnkp~}|~~kmkjl* wl}wl~|b* `ký t|bj nk}l `hl lppi p~lppi è y|lp~b ob~b* è y|lp~b nktlfk}l wl}wl~|b `hl ~b}fi plow}l kf obnb kfti}ki~b fljjl pkfcbjl wi}~k5 oi pl lppi p~lppi è y|lp~b ob~b plfqi kfkqkb fë dkfl* kf`lppimkjl l wl}wl~|b* ijjb}i t|bj nk}l `hl lppi è l~l}fi* kf`}li~i* i/~ljlbjbck`i& N|fy|l* pl ji ~b~ijk~ç* j‒kfpklol* j‒|fk~ç è l~l}fi* è |f nktlfk}l wl}wl~|b `hl ~b}fi plow}l kf obnb kfti}ki~b fljjl pkfcbjl wi}~k* ijjb}i kf `hl obnb è wbppkmkjl }iww}lplf~i}ji2 =7

D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=* `k~&* d}& 99 U =0< _* ww& 0<8/0<;&

90

Y|ijl pkombjb è lddk`i`l ij dkfl nk nk}l* nk }iww}lplf~i}l ji ~b~ijk~ç* j‒|fk~ç* kj nktlfk}l wl}wl~|b `hl ~b}fi plow}l kf obnb kfti}ki~b fljjl pkfcbjl wi}~k2 Kj pkombjb nlj `k}`bjb* nljji `|}ti plfqi kfkqkb fë dkfl1 j‒ifljjb& Oi* iddl}oi Fkl~qp`hl1

¥C|i}nkiob`k nij wlfpi}l `bol nktlf|~i ji jlccl nk y|lp~b `k`jb `k}`bji}l * pl`bfnb ji dijpi ifijbcki nlj obtkolf~b `k}`bji}l ijj‛kf~l}fb nljj‒ifljjb1 fbf `‒è p~i~b ijj‒kfkqkb kj `ibp l wbk* c}in|ijolf~l* |f obtkolf~b  wkû i}obfk`b l kfdkfl p~imkjolf~l p ~imkjolf~l `k}`bji}l nk ~|~~l jl db}ql1 fb* ~|~~b è l~l}fb* fbf è nktlf|~b5 pl `‒è p~i~b |f `ibp nk db}ql* if`hl y|lp~b `ibp è l~l}fb l }k~b}fi kf bcfk ifljjb& Kj obtkolf~b `k}`bji}l fbf è y|ij`bpi `hl è

nktlf|~b* è ji jlccl w}koi}ki* `bpê `bol ji y|if~k~ç nk lfl}cki è jlccl w}koi}ki* plfqi l``lqkbfl fë ~}ipc}lppkbfl& ^|~~b kj nktlfk}l hi j|bcb fljj‒iomk~b nlj obtkolf~b `k}`bji}l l nljji y|if~k~ç nk lfl}cki5 fbf mkpbc fi n|fy|l* `bf dijpl ifijbckl* w}lfnl}l k `k`jk `hl nktlfcbfb l ~}ip`b}}bfb* `bol y|ljjk nlcjk ip~}k* j‒ij~i l ji mippi oi}li* kj =9

ckb}fb l ji fb~~l* jl p~ickbfk* wl} `i}i~~l}kqqi}l kj `k`jb l~l}fbµ &

Kj obtkolf~b `hl `i}i~~l}kqqi ji ~b~ijk~ç fbf hi n|fy|l it|~b |f kfkqkb kf `|k pk è ni~b kf |f `l}~b obnb i~~}itl}pb jl pkfcbjl wi}~k l wbk tki tki hi ipp|f~b |f }k~ob `bp~if~l l p~imkjl i~~}itl}pb nk lppl  ‐  `bpê `bol è wbppkmkjl wlfpi}l pl`bfnb kj dijpb wi}icbfl ij obtkolf~b `k}`bji}l ijj‒kf~l}fb nljj‒ifljjb b nlk `k`jk nlcjk ip~}k* nljj‒ij~i l mippi oi}li* nlj ckb}fb l nljji fb~~l* nljjl p~ickbfk5 kj obtkolf~b nk y|lp~b `k`jb `k}`bji}l fbf è nktlf|~b* fbf pk è obnkdk`i~b* ~}ipdb}oi~b flj p|b p`b}}l}l* mlfpê è l~l}fb* wl}wl~|b* `bp~if~l dkf nijji p|i b}kckfl& Pl ijj‒kfkqkb kj obtkolf~b pk è ni~b kf |f `l}~b obnb* lppb `bf~kf|l}ç i ni}pk bcfk tbj~i l l~l}fiolf~l `bpê `bol pk è ni~b ijj‒kfkqkb5 ni}pk bcfk tbj~i l l~l}fiolf~l fljjb p~lppb obnb nljj‒kfkqkb* fbf è jb p~lppb `hl ni}pk bcfk tbj~i l l~l}fiolf~l kf obnb pkokjl ijj‒kfkqkb*  wl}`hë ¥kj pkokjl fbf è |f c}inb nljj‒knlf~k`b1 oi y|ij`bpi nk ~b~ijolf~l nktl}pb nijj‒knlf~k`bµ==& L ijjb}i l``b `hl `bp‒è j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl flj p|b tbj~b `bpobjbck`b1 è ji ‚jlccl w}koi}ki‟ pl`bfnb `|k ji ~b~ijk~ç* j‒|fk~ç* j‒kfpklol nk ~|~~l jl `bpl è pbccl~~i* b}nkfi~i* cbtl}fi~i* `bp~k~|k~i1 lppb fbokfi kj ~|~~b* j‒|fk~ç* j‒kfpklol nk ~|~~l jl `bpl* nk`l kf `hl obnb ji ~b~ijk~ç pk obp~}i* nk`l `hl lppi è l~l}fi* kf`}li~i* i/~ljlbjbck`i* `hl l~l}fiolf~l nktklfl bcfk tbj~i flj olnlpkob obnb kf `|k* ‚pl `‒è p~i~b‟* pk è ni~b ijj‒kfkqkb& Oi `hl `bp‒è ji ~b~ijk~ç nk ~|~~l jl `bpl* j‒kfpklol* j‒|fk~ç pl fbf `ký `hl lpkp~l* j‒|fktl}pb* kj `bpob* kj obfnb2 Lmmlfl* j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl hi |f }|bjb nl`kpktb wl}`hë nk`l `hl j‒|fktl}pb* kj `bpob* kj obfnb* j‒lpkp~lfqi è pbccl~~i* b}nkfi~i* cbtl}fi~i ni y|lp~i ‚jlccl w}koi}ki‟* nk`l

=9

 Ktk* d}& 99 U =<8 _* ww& 04 _* w& 037&

==

9>

`hl j‒lpkp~lfqi è l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* `hl lppi è l~l}fi* kf`}li~i* ii/~ljlbjbck`i* /~ljlbjbck`i* nk`l `hl bcfk bcfk pkfcbjb lf~l l bcfk pkfcbjb obnb n‒lppl}l nk bcf|fb nktklfl bcfk tbj~i l l~l}fiolf~l plow}l fljjb p~lppb obnb* iddl}oi `hl j‒lfl}cki* ji db}qi `hl pk o|btl i~~}itl}pb bcfk pkfcbjb lf~l fbf p|mkp`l ij`|fi wl}nk~i* fbf pk i``}lp`l* fë ok}i in |f dkfl |j~kob* oi è l~l}fi l bcfk tbj~i wl} j‒l~l}fk~ç }k~b}fi plow}l fljji p~lppi `bp~ifqi* y|if~k~ç* d}ly|lfqi5 lppb nk`hki}i `hl fklf~l `lppi* ptifkp`l* pk nkp~}|ccl* oi `hl ~|~~b }k~b}fi bcfk tbj~i wl} j‒l~l}fk~ç plow}l fljjb p~lppb obnb1 ¥\bob) ^|~~i ji ~|i tk~i tl}}ç wl}wl~|iolf~l ck}i~i `bol |fi `jlppkn}i l wl}wl~|iolf~l it}ç dkfl  ‐  |f c}ifnl okf|~b nk ~lowb d}i j‒|fi l j‒ij~}i* dkf`hë ~|~~l jl `bfnkqkbfk `hl ~k hiffb w}bnb~~b ~b}fkfb i `bkf`knl}l flj `k`jb nljj‒|fktl}pb& L wbk ~| }k~}btl}ik bcfk nbjb }l l bcfk wki`l}l* l bcfk iok`b l bcfk flok`b* l bcfk pwl}ifqi l bcfk l}}b}l* l bcfk dkjb n‒l}mi l bcfk }icckb nk pbjl* j‒kf~l}b `bowjlppb nk ~|~~l jl `bpl& Y|lp~b ifljjb =0

nk `|k ~| plk |f c}ifb ~b}fl}ç plow}l i pwjlfnl}lµ &

If`hl wl} j‒|bob* wl}  ji p|i tk~i* wl} ji p|i ob}~l* wl} bcfk p|i wippkbfl* wl} bcfk p|b iok`b l flok`b* wl} bcfk pwl}ifqi ln l}}b}l* `bpê `bol wl} bcfk dkjb n‒l}mi l }icckb nk pbjl*  wl} ~|~~l jl `bpl lpkp~lf~k plfqi ij`|fi l``lqkbfl tijl ji jlccl nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl1 nljj‒|c|ijl1

¥C|i}nkiob`k nijj‒i~~}km|k}l i y|lp~b `k`jb `k}`bji}l |f‒ ipwk}iqkbfl* |f dkfl1 bww|}l nij ck|nk`i}jb fbkbpb* p~|wknb l``& kf mipl ik fbp~}k mkpbcfk& @l}~b* kf lppb è w}lplf~l kj oippkob c}inb nk k}}iqkbfijk~ç `bol if`hl kj p|b `bf~}i}kb1 oi fbf jb pk nltl tij|~i}l kf mipl i `ký* }ickbfltbjlqqi l k}}ickbfltbjlqqi fbf pbfb w}lnk`i~k =>

nljj‒|fktl}pbµ &

L‒ `hki}b `bol kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* flj p|b tbj~b `bpobjbck`b* immki |fi tijlfqi nk}bowlf~l1 lppb pk nç `bol jlccl ol~idkpk`i* bf~bjbck`i* fbokfi j‒lf~l fljji p|i ~b~ijk~ç* j‒Lppl}l nljj‒lf~l* nk`l `hl j‒|fb/ j‒|fb/~|~~b è l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl& Nk`lfnb j‒Lppl}l* `kbè `i}i~~l}kqqifnbjb `bol l~l}fb nktlfk}l l l~l}fb ~b}fi}l bcfk tbj~i* `k}`bji}olf~l* flj olnlpkob obnb* plfqi wl}nk~l* plfqi c|inicfk* plfqi dkfl |j~kob l plfqi }ickbfltbjlqqi fë k}}ickbfltbjlqqi* kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb iddl}oi* flj `bf~lowb* `hl nbokfi j‒lf~l fljji p|i ~b~ijk~ç `bol ‚jlccl w}koi}ki‟* `hl lppb i``inl `bpê l fbf ij~}kolf~k* `hl fl`lppi}kiolf~l pk nç kf ~ij obnb l plow}l flj olnlpkob obnb* `hl kf lppb fbf `‒è jkml}~ç* ltlf~|ijk~ç* `bf~kfclfqi5 lppb nk`l `hl ~|~~b `ký `hl è* ittklfl pbjb ln lp`j|pktiolf~l lp`j|pktiolf~l flj obtkolf~b `k}`bji}l l~l}fb ln l~l}fiolf~l kf obnb knlf~k`b* `hl ~|~~b `ký `hl è ‖è obtkolf~b `k}`bji}l p~lppb‒ l ij nk d|b}k nk lppb fbf t‒è fklf~‒ij~}b& =0

 Ktk* d}& 99 U =0< _* w& 0<;&  Ktk* d}& 99 U =<8 _* ww& 04
=>

9<

L``b wl}`hë Fkl~qp`hl pk plf~l p`bftbj~b flj w}bdbfnb ij pbw}icck|fcl}l nlj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* wl}`hë pl lppb nk`l j‒|fb/~|~~b* j‒|fb /~|~~b* pl kj pkombjb nljj‒ifljjb è ol~idb}i nk lppb* pl è ji p|i ‚jlccl w}koi}ki‟* ijjb}i ¥pi}lmml b}}kmkjl pl `}lnlppkob if`b}i flj wl``i~b1 kftl`l y|ij|fy|l `bpi fbk di}lob* kf kfdkfk~i }kwl~kqkbfl* è kffb`lf~lµ=<& Kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* nk`lfnb `hl j‒lpkp~lfqi è l~l}fi* kf`}li~i l i/ i/ ~ljlbjbck`i* flci j‒lpkp~lfqi nk |f Nkb `}li~b}l l ji `bfdb}oiqkbfl ob}ijl nlj }lijl* flci j‒lpkp~lfqi nk |f ij nk jç* nk |f ‖nbwb ji ob}~l‒ ‐  pki j‒kfdl}fb b kj wi}inkpb ‐  flci `hl kj wl``i~b* ji `bjwi* ji w|fkqkbfl* w|fkqkbf l* ji }k`bowlfpi* kj mljjb* kj ck|p~b* kj mlfl l y|if~‒ij~}b pkifb kfp`}k~~k flcjk lf~k5 fbf `k pbfb ‖ck|nkqk |oifk‒ fljji `bp~k~|qkbfl nljjl `bpl* fbf `‒è jkml}~ç* ck|p~kqki* bfb}l* w}bc}lppb* tijb}k* w}l~lpl* p`bwk* knlijk* obnljjk* tl}k~ç* `‒è pbjb y|lp~i ‚jlccl  w}koi}ki‟* y|lp~i fl`lppk~ç* kfltk~imkjk~ç* di~ijk~ç1 j‒l~l}fb nktlfk}l l j‒l~l}fb ~b}fi}l nk ~|~~k cjk lf~k flj olnlpkob obnb* j‒kffb`lfqi nlj nktlfk}l1

¥C|i}nkiob`k ¥C|i}nkiob`k nijj‒kfplcfi}l |fi ~ijl nb~~}kfi `bol |f‒kow}bttkpi }ljkckbfl) Lppi n ltl wlfl~}i}l  ‐  `bpê ni nktlf~i}l |f c}ifnl ijml}b jlf~iolf~l* kf~l}l clfl}iqkbfk nlmmbfb jitb}i}`k l nktlfk}l dl}~kjk wl} lppi  ‐ `bpê `hl w}bkl~~k ji p|i bom}i p| ~|~~i j‒|oifk~ç i tlfk}l& @bpi pbfb k n|l okjjlffk nlj `}kp~kiflpkob) Wl} kj wkû wbpplf~l nlk wlfpkl}k `k pi}ç mkpbcfb nk obj~k okjjlffk  ‐  wl} j|fcb* j|fcb ~lowb nbt}ç lppl}l wk``bjb l =4

kowb~lf~l)µ

&

9&> J‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb p|j wkifb l~k`b

Oi pl j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl pk `bfdkc|}i kf ~ij obnb* `kbè `bol tbj~b nljj‒Lppl}l* `bol jlccl bf~bjbck`i fl`lppi}ki fl`lppi}ki l kflj|~~imkjl `|k ~|~~b ~|~~ b è pbccl~~b* `kbè fbf w}ltlnl i jktljjb `bpobjbck`b jkml}~ç* wbppkmkjk~ç* nkddl}lfqi* ijjb}i `bol w|ý lppl}l ji p|w}loi db}o|ji nljj‒iddl}oiqkbfl nlj pkfcbjb |bob l* `bf y|lp~k* nljji tk~i* nljj‒lpkp~lfqi2 Pl lppb è ji jlccl fl`lppi}ki `hl }lccl ~|~~k cjk lf~k* l j‒|bob p~lppb è |f lf~l ~}i cjk lf~k* ijjb}i `hl fl è nljj‒|bob2 @bol w|ý iddl}oi}l j‒|bob* pl `bf lppb tklfl olfb ji p|i jkml}~ç* ji p|i kfnkwlfnlfqi* ji p|i i|~bfboki* ji p|i tbjbf~ç2 @hl fl è nljji tbjbf~ç nk bcfk pkfcbjb |bob* pl ji p|i tbjbf~ç wl}nl n‒kowb}~ifqi nk d}bf~l ijj‒kfltk~imkjk~ç nlj }k~b}fb2 Fbf }iww}lplf~i db}pl j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* `bol jlccl bf~bjbck`i* |fi flciqkbfl* |fi nlc}iniqkbfl* ifqk`hë ji p|w}loi db}o|ji nljj‒iddl}oiqkbfl nljj‒|bob2 @bol w|ý j‒|bob iww}bw}ki}pk* =<

 Ktk* d}& 99 U ==; _* w& 0<4&  Ktk* d}& 99 U =40 _* w& 043&

=4

94

ni}l kowb}~ifqi i pl p~lppb l ijji w}bw}ki tk~i* kf y|lj `hl fl }koifl nk lppi* nk d}bf~l i ~ijl di~ijk~ç2 Ifqk`hë ni}l |f `bf~}i``bjwb ijj‒kfnkddl}lfqi l ijji wl}nk~i nk pkcfkdk`i~b clfl}ijk `hl Fkl~qp`hl }ittkpi fljji fl jji w}bw}ki lwb`i* kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb fbf kfdjkccl kj `bjwb nk c}iqki flk `bfd}bf~k nljj‒|bob2 Y|ij è kj p|b p |b tbj~b if~}bwbjbck`b2 P`}ktl Fkl~qp`hl1 ¥kf ¥kf bcfk ifljjb nljj‒lpkp~lfqi |oifi `‒è plow}l |f obolf~b kf `|k w}koi kf |fb* wbk kf k f obj~k* wbk kf ~|~~k iddkb}l}ç kj wlfpkl}b wkû wbpplf~l* y|ljjb nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk ~|~~l jl `bpl  ‐  l bcfk tbj~i wl} j‒|oifk~ç è j‒b}i nlj ol}kcckbµ=3* `‒è plow}l |f obolf~b kf `|k fljj‒|bob lol}cl}ç ~ijl wlfpkl}b* kf `|k jb wlfpl}ç& @hl pkcfkdk`i wl} j‒|bob  wlfpi}l j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl2 Y|ijk lddl~~k* y|ijk }liqkbfk* y|ijk `bfplc|lfql p|p`k~i fljj‒|bob wlfpi}l ~ijl wlfpkl}b2

¥Tl}kdk`hkiob `hl lddl~~k hi it|~b dkfb}i kj wlfpkl}b `hl y|ij`bpi pk }kwl~i (j‒iffb wl} lplowkb* bww|}l oiji~~kl wl}kbnk`hl* tlcjki l pbffb l``&+& Pl if`hl kj }kwl~l}pk `k}`bji}l è pbjb |fi w}bmimkjk~ç b |fi wbppkmkjk~ç* ckç kj  wlfpkl}b nk |fi wbppkmkjk~ç w|ý p`bftbjcl}`k l `iomki}`k* l fbf pbjb jl fbp~}l plfpiqkbfk l ipwl~~i~ktl) =8

@bol pbfb p~i~k c}ifnk cjk lddl~~k nljji  wbppkmkjk~ç nljji niffiqkbfl l~l}fi)µ &

Dkfb}i* kj wlfpkl}b `hl y|ij`bpi pk }kwl~i è pkcfkdk`i~b `iomki}l obnb n‒kf~lfnl}ji* nk  wlfpi}ji* ick}l kf d|fqkbfl nk ~ijl `iomkiolf~b* imk~|i}pk ij `iomkiolf~b n‒kf~lfnl}l ji j i `bpi l nk ick}l kf `bfplc|lfqi nk lppb& Pk kooickfk ijjb}i y|ijk `iomkiolf~k w|ý lddl~~|i}l wlfpi}l `hl |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl è wbppkmkjl* pl jb wi}icbfkiob icjk lddl~~k `hl hi lpl}`k~i~b fljj‒|bob kj wlfpkl}b `hl |fi niffiqkbfl l~l}fi dbppl wbppkmkjl& Kj wlfpkl}b nljji wbppkmkjk~ç nk |fi niffiqkbfl l~l}fi hi w}btb`i~b nlk `iomkiolf~k flj obnb nk wlfpi}l l nk ick}l nlcjk |bokfk* hi w}btb`i~b nlk `iomkiolf~k fljjl jb}b imk~|nkfk l flj jb}b obnb nk wl}`lwk}l kj }lijl* bcfk `bpi nk `|k lppb è `bp~k~|k~b* kj jb}b tktl}l p~lppb5 `l}~b* kj }kp`bf~}b ~ifckmkjl nk y|lp~i wbppkmkjk~ç fbf pk è oik tl}kdk`i~b* lww|}l ~ijl wbppkmkjk~ç hi }ktbj|qkbfi~b ji wl}`lqkbfl nljj‒kf~l}i lpkp~lfqi& @bol è i``in|~b wl} y|lp~i* `bpê kj wlfpkl}b nljji wbppkmkjk~ç nk |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl w|ý ptkj|wwi}l nljjl `bfplc|lfql i jktljjb ~b~ijl wl} cjk |bokfk l wl} j‒lpkp~lfqi*  w|ý }ktbj|qkbfi}l kj fbp~}b obnb nk wl}`lwk}l j‒lpkp~lfqi* j‒ lpkp~lfqi* kj fbp~}b obnb nk wlfpi}l* nk ick}l* nk }iwwb}~i}`k `bf fbk p~lppk* `bf cjk ij~}k l `bf jl `bpl* w|ý o|~i}l }ink`ijolf~l kj fbp~}b obnb nk tktl}l kf |fi nk}lqkbfl nkiol~}ijolf~l bwwbp~i }kpwl~~b ijji }ktbj|qkbfl `hl kj

=3

 Ktk* d}& 99 U =0< _* w& 0<;&  Ktk* d}& 99 U 093 _* w& 08=&

=8

93

wlfpkl}b nljji wbppkmkjk~ç nk |fi niffiqkbfl l~l}fi hi `bfplc|k~b (fbfbp~if~l `bol y|lp~i fbf wbppi db}fk}l |f }kp`bf~}b ~ifckmkjl nk pl p~lppb+& Oi wl} y|ijl ob~ktb2 Wl}`hë wlfpi}l `hl è wbppkmkjl i jktljjb `bpobjbck`b* `kbè }k~lfl}l `hl bf~bjbck`iolf~l j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl nk`l j‒Lppl}l* jb obp~}i l n|fy|l jb y|ijkdk`i* `i}i~~l}kqqi* `bp~k~|kp`l* cbtl}fi* b}nkfi* pkcfkdk`hl}lmml* pkcfkdk`hl}lmml* ni |f w|f~b nk tkp~i if~}bwbjbck`b* if~}bwbjbck`b* `hl* iddkf`hë j‒|bob ‖obp~}k lppl}l‒ l y|kfnk pk y|ijkdk`hk* i`y|kpkp`i `i}i~~l}l* `bp~k~|qkbfl* cbtl}fb* b}nkfl* ‖nltl nk}pk `bol l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl‒5 l `bol w|ý j‒|bob nk}pk `bol l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl2 nljj‒|c|ijl2 J‒|bob è |f lf~l ~}i cjk lf~k `hl wlfpi l ickp`l l t|bjl* pk wbfl nlcjk p`bwk* |f lf~l `hl  wbppklnl `b}wb* kp~kf~k* `hl è flj obfnb* tktl1 oi kj obfnb* j‒lf~l fljji p|i ~b~ijk~ç* b}i è wlfpi~b `bol l~l}fb nktlfk}l ln l~l}fb ~b}fi}l bcfk tbj~i* `k}`bji}olf~l* flj olnlpkob obnb l w}bw}kb wl}`ký ji p|i db}qi* kj p|b obtkolf~b è plfqi wl}nk~l* plfqi c|inicfk* plfqi dkfl |j~kob l plfqi }ickbfltbjlqqi fë k}}ickbfltbjlqqi  ‐  kf bcfk kp~if~l l kf bcfk ljlolf~b l kf bcfk obnb n‒lppl}l nk bcf|fb5 kj obfnb è l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* j‒lppl}l nlj obfnb è l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl5 l j‒|bob di wi}~l nlj obfnb* y|kfnk if`h‒lcjk* `hl wlfpi b}i j‒lppl}l nlj obfnb `bol l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* è ckç k fp`}k~~b kf lppb& Ijjb}i* pl `bow}lfnl `ký* `k ý* pk ~}i~~i nk lppl} `bfpiwltbjolf~l l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* fljj‒ick}l* fljji tbjbf~ç* flcjk kp~kf~k* fljji tk~i ‐ `bol ‐  `bol l~l}fb pk ~}i~~i nk wlfpi}pk ~b~ijolf~l ‐  ~b~ijolf~l ‐ fljj‒ick}l* nktlfk}l l ~b}fi}l bcfk tbj~i flj olnlpkob obnb iddkf`hë ji p|i db}qi* kj p|b obtkolf~b pki plfqi wl}nk~l* plfqi c|inicfk* plfqi dkfl |j~kob l plfqi }ickbfltbjlqqi fë k}}ickbfltbjlqqi k}}ickbfltbjlqqi  ‐  kf bcfk kp~if~l l kf bcfk ji~b nk pë l kf bcfk obnb n‒lppb ‐  pk ~}i~~i nk wlfpi}pk `bfpiwltbjolf~l fljj‒kf~l}lqqi pl`bfnb ji jlccl nljji fl`lppk~ç& L `ký pkcfkdk`i ¥wl} w}koi `bpi kj fl`lppi}kb  ‐  l wkû mljjb l wl}dl~~b `hl w|bk) ‚Ioi `ký `hl è fl`lppi}kb‟ ‐  iob} di~k* y|lp~i pi}lmml ji oki ob}ijl* dicjk ~|~~b kj mlfl wbppkmkjl l kffijqijb ij nk pbw}i nljji p|i b}}kmkjl b}kckfl* dkfb i ~lµ =;5 w}koi nk ~|~~b mkpbcfi ioi}l kj fl`lppi}kb flj plfpb nk ~lfnl}l in lppb* nlpknl}i}jb* m}ioi}l `ký nk `|k pk fl`lppk~i1 oi nk `bpi pk fl`lppk~i2 ¥Kj nljk}kb wbjk~k`b nk `|k bcck pb}}knb* `bol k `bf~lowb}iflk p|j nljk}kb }ljkckbpb nk lwb`hl w}l`lnlf~k* è kffifqk~|~~b pl`bji}kqqiqkbfl* `}lnlfqi flj obfnb ob fnb l immifnbfb nljjl knll nk ‚ijnkjç‟ l nk ‚obfnk }l~}bp~if~k‟& Kj p|b p`bwb è kj mlflppl}l nljj‒kfnktkn|b ~}ifpk~b}kb1 wl}`ký kj p|b d}|~~b è kj pb`kijkpob* tijl i nk}l1 k pkfcbjk KFNKTKN\K ~}ifpk~b}k tbcjkbfb `bfy|kp~i}pk ji jb}b dljk`k~ç olnkif~l ji pl`bji}kqqiqkbfl* l fbf hiffb ij`|f ob~ktb nk ipwl~~i}l* `bol diffb cjk |bokfk `bf ifkol l~l}fl ln l~l}fb nktlfk}l l d|~|}b okcjkb}i}l& Ji oki nb~~}kfi nk`l1 tktl}l kf obnb ni nbtl}pk i|c|}i}l nk ~b}fi}l i tktl}l* y|lp~b è kj `bowk~b  ‐ l  ‐ l }ktkt}ik `bo|fy|l) =;

 Ktk* d}& 90 U =7 _* w& >0>&

98

@hk w}bti kj oicckb} mlflppl}l iddi~k`ifnbpk* pk iddi~k`hk5 `hk pk plf~l olcjkb i }kwbpb* }kwbpk5 `hk ~}bti wki`l}l fljj‒kfy|in}i}pk* plc|k}l* bmmlnk}l* bmmlnkp`i& Pbj~if~b pki `bp`klf~l nk `ký `hl jb di p~i} mlfl l fbf }kd|cci ni 07

ij`|f olqqb) L‒ kf ckb`b j‒ l~l}fk~ç)µ &

@ký nk `|k pk fl`lppk~i è kj mlflppl}l* kj wki`l}l* ji dljk`k~ç& Fkl~qp`hl* c|i}nifnb ijji p|i lwb`i* pk }lfnl `bf~b `hl ji dlnl fljj‒ijnkjç p~i ckç tlflfnb olfb wl} tki nlj w }b`lppb nk pl`bji}kqqiqkbfl l `hl bcfk pkfcbjb kfnktkn|b w}ldl}kp`l c|i}ni}l ij obfnb l ij mlflppl}l* ijji dljk`k~ç  ‐  wl}ý  ‐   wl}ý plow}l pl`bfnb j‒knli nljji ~}ifpk~b}kl~ç* nljji w}bttkpb}kl~ç* nljji  ‐ ifqk`hë `in|`k~ç* nljji ob}~ijk~ç ob}~ijk~ç ‐  ifqk`hë i~~lfnl}l ji pl`bfni tlf|~i nk @}kp~b l ji }kp|}}lqkbfl nlk ob}~k l j‒ijnkjç `bol diffb k `}lnlf~k5 oi Fkl~qp`hl t|bjl p|ccl}k}l ijj‒|oifk~ç nk }k`l}`i}l kj  wki`l}l l ji dljk`k~ç fbf i wi}~k}l nijj‒knli nljji ~}ifpk~b}kl~ç* nljji w}bttkpb}kl~ç* nljji ji}kqqiqkbfl* oi nijj‒knli nljj‒l~l}fk~ç1 ¥y|lp~i nb~~}kfi è `in|`k~ç* wl} lddl~~b nljji pl`b pl`bji}kqqiqkbfl* kfn|jclf~l tl}pb `bjb}b `hl fbf `}lnbfb* fbf hi kfdl}fk fë okfi``l& @hk fbf `}lnl kf lppi* hi ji `bp`klfqi nk |fi tk~i  d|ci`lµ09& Pl`bfnb Fkl~qp`hl* pk ~}i~~i nk tktl}l flj obnb `hl bcf|fb }k~klfl wkû `bfpbfb i pl p~lppb* kf obnb ni nlpknl}i}l nk ~b}fi}l i tktl}l l ~lflfnb i olf~l `hl pk }ktkt}ç jb p~lppb* y|kfnk è fl`lppi}kb lppl}l lddl~~ktiolf~l `bp`klf~k nk `ký `hl `k w}b`|}i mlflppl}l l dljk`k~ç* wl}`hë `ký `hl b}i `k pk w}b`|}i* ~b}fl}ç f|btiolf~l in lppl}l w}b`|}i~b fljjb p~lppb obnb  wl} j‒l~l}fk~ç1 oi `bol di}l2 @bol `iwk}l `ký `hl lddl~~ktiolf~l w}b`|}i wki`l}l l dljk`k~ç2 L y|k pk }k~b}fi ijj‒kfkqkb& Wl} `bow}lfnl}l* `bfbp`l}l `ký `hl lddl~~ktiolf~l w}b`|}i l dljk`k~ç* mkpbcfi ¥kf~lfnl}l ~|~~b kf nktlfk}l* flci}`k `bol kfnktkn|k* c|i}ni}l kj obfnb `bf y|if~k wkû b``hk è wbppkmkjl*

tktl}l flcjk kp~kf~k l fljjl i~~ktk~ç  wl} di}`k cjk b``hk* immifnbfi}`k ~lowb}ifliolf~l ijji tk~i wl} wbk dbf niolf~b nk ~|~~i ji `bfbp`lfqi* oi piwl}l nbtl immifnbfi}tk ~lowb}ifliolf~l j‒b``hkb5 cjk kp~kf~k `bol dbfniolf~b nktlf~ifb flok`k nljji `bfbp`lfqi1 kfpbooi IPWL^^I]L nk tlnl}l dkfb i `hl w|f~b kj piwl}l l ji tl}k~ç wbppifb DBFNL]PK ‐  DBFNL]PK  ‐ ll dkfb i `hl w|f~b fljj‒|bob pk tl}kdk`hk |f `iomkiolf~b* y|ifnb lcjk dkfijolf~l tkt}ç pbjb wl} `bfbp`l}l& Y|lp~i è ji `bl}lfqi nljji wippkbfl nljji `bfbp`lfqi1  wl}`hë wbppi lpkp~l}l fbf lpkp~l ij`|f

olqqb pl fbf y|ljjb nk oif~lfl}l if`hl jl dbf~k l jl wb~lfql nljji `bfbp`lfqi* bppki cjk l}}b} k l jl wippkbfk* nij jl `|k jb~~l lppi ~}il ji db}qi `hl ji di tktl}l&  ‐  @bol pk w}lplf~l}ç y|lp~i tk~i kf }ljiqkbfl ijji p|i pbooi nk mlflppl}l2 \f ckb`b nk miomkfk i `|k c|i}ni j‒b``hkb nlj picckb5 `bf~}bjji}l y|lp~i l y|ljji `bfnkqkbfl ‐  `bfnkqkbfl  ‐ ll ji ob}~l* pl `ký fbf è wbppkmkjlµ

0=

&

07

 Ktk* d}& 99 U =48 _* ww& 048/04;&  Ktk* d}& 99 U =4< _* w& 043& 0=  Ktk* d}& 99 U ==7 _* w& 0<0& 09

9;

Wl} `iwk}l `hl `bpi w}b`|}i lddl~~ktiolf~l wki`l}l l dljk`k~ç* è fl`lppi}kb pwl}kolf~i}l p|jji w}bw}ki `i}fl kf ~|~~k k obnk wbppkmkjk `hl `bpi pkcfkdk`i `bfbp`l}l* oi wl} di} `ký* mkpbcfi w}koi}kiolf~l* w}bttkpb}kiolf~l l wiqklf~lolf~l immifnbfi}pk ijji tk~i l icjk kp~kf~k wl} `bokf`ki}l i di} j|`l kf~b}fb i `ký5 è fl`lppi}kb w}lfnl}l cjk kp~kf~k l jl wippkbfk `bol mipl nlj `bfbp`l}l if`hl if`hl i }kp`hkb nk pmicjki}l* wl}`hë pbfb w}bw}kb cjk l}}b}k ji jk fdi ni `|k ji `bfbp`lfqi p~lppi ~}il tkcb}l* db}qi* i~~|iqkbfl5 fbf `k pbfb ij~}l dbf~k `hl `bfplf~bfb nk `bow}lfnl}l `ký `hl `i|pi wki`l}l l dljk`k~ç pl fbf cjk kp~kf~k l jl wippkbfk p~lppk* mkpbcfi  wiqklf~i}l dkfb ij obolf~b kf `|k j‒|bob fbf tkti ij~}b pl fbf wl} kj wki`l}l l ji dljk`k~ç nk `bfbp`l}l `ký `hl cjk w}b`|}i kj wki`l}l l ji dljk`k~ç p~lppk& Y|ifnb ittl}}ç y|lp~b `iomkiolf~b* y|ifnb j‒|bob `bfbp`l}ç wl} kj wki`l}l nk `bfbp`l}l `ký `hl w}b`|}i wki`l}l* ji tk~i pk obp~}l}ç `bol ‖|f ckb`b nk |f dif`k|jjb‒1 è y|lp~b `hl iomkp`l kj tl}iolf~l p iwklf~l& Y|kfnk pi}ç if`hl fl`lppi}kb

¥ol~~l}l p|jji mkjif`ki kj wippi~b* kj fbp~}b l ~|~~b y|ljjb nljj‒|oifk~ç* l nbmmkiob if`hl w}ltijl}l p| nk lppb  ‐  fb) y|lp~b wlqqb nk p~b}ki pk }kwl~l}ç l nbt}ç }kwl~l}pk kf l~l}fb* y|lp~b wbppkiob lp`j|nl}jb nik fbp~}k `ij`bjk* ni~b `hl fbf immkiob flpp|fi kfdj|lfqi ij }kc|i}nb1 if`hl pl icc}iti ji fbp~}i `bowippkbfl l wi}ji `bf~}b ji tk~i kf clfl}ijl& Wl} fbf tlfk}fl p`bftbj~k* ji fbp~}i `bowippkbfl fbf nlt‒lppl}l l``lppkti& J‒kfnkddl}lfqi nltl itl} jitb}i~b i dbfnb kf fbk* l if`hl kj wki`l}l nljji `bf~lowjiqkbfl& If`hl j‒kfdljk`k~ç nljj‒|oifk~ç d|~|}i fbf `k nltl }kc|i}ni}l  wl} f|jji& Oi ji y|lp~kbfl è pl fbk tbcjkiob if`b}i tktl}l1 l 00

`bol)µ

&

Tl}}ç kj obolf~b kf `|k pk nbt}ç ni}l |f ck|nkqkb p| ~|~~b kj wippi~b l pk nbt}ç |p`k}l ~}kbfdif~k if`hl flk p|bk `bfd}bf~k wl}`hë è y|lp~i tk~i `hl nltl lppl}l tijb}kqqi~i* wl}`hë j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb fbf ci}if~kp`l kj p|b `i}i~~l}l nk tl}k~ç* fbf ci}if~kp`l `hl immkiob j‒l~l}fk~ç i nkpwbpkqkbfl wl} di}jb5 mkpbcfl}ç itl} di~~b wippk ni ckcif~l flj wki`l}l nljji `bfbp`lfqi* wl} fbf tlfk}l p`bftbj~k ni y|lp~b ~}lolfnb ipwl~~b& L‒ fl`lppi}kb ¥fbf tbjcl}l jb pc|i}nb i jbf~ifl* p`bfbp`k|~l mli~k~|nkfk l mlflnkqkbfk l

c}iqkl* oi tktl}l kf obnb ~ijl ni tbjl} ~b}fi}l i tktl}l nk f|btb* l tbjl} tktl}l `bpê  kf l~l}fb) Kj fbp~}b `bowk~b `k iww}lppi i bcfk kp~if~lµ 0>1 wl} j‒|bob* nk}pk `bol l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl pkcfkdk`i `bf`lwk}pk pl`bfnb ji ol~idb}i nlj `k}`bjb* nljj‒ifljjb l n|fy|l pk ~}i~~i tktl}l `bpê kf wl} j|k nk ‚tktl}l kf obnb ~ijl ni tbjl} ~b}fi}l i tktl}l nk f|btb* l tbjl} tktl}l l~l}fb‟* `kbè tktl}l pl`bfnb ji jlccl nlj }k~b}fb* wlfpi}l ji w}bw}ki tk~i pl`bfnb kj }k~b}fb l w}i~k`i}ji* tktl}ji kf obnb ~ijl `hl ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç `bkf`kni `bf ji jlccl nlj }k~b}fb5 fbf 00

 Kmknlo&  Ktk* d}& 99 U =44 _* w& 043&

0>

=7

nltl wkû c|i}ni}l ijj‒ijnkjç* i |f Nkb ob}ijl* fbf nltl wkû kf~l}w}l~i}l j‒lpkp~lf~l `bol `bfdkc|}i~b pl`bfnb |f w}l`kpb b}nkfl ob}ijl fë wlfpi}l pl p~lppb pl`bfnb y|lp~b b}nkfl5 fbf nltl }k~lfl}l lpkp~lf~k kj wl``i~b* ji `bjwi* ji w|fkqkbfl* ji }k`bowlfpi* ji pijtlqqi* ji ck|p~kqki0<& ¥@hl di}lob `bj }lp~b nljji fbp~}i tk~i ‐  tk~i  ‐ fbk fbk `hl fl immkiob ~}ip`b}pb ji oicckb} wi}~l fljj‒kcfb}ifqi wkû lpplfqkijl2 lpplfqkijl2µ µ041 y|lp~i è ji nboifni `hl pb}cl kf bcf|fb y|ifnb pk wlfpi `hl |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb }k ~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl è wbppkmkjl5 ji }kpwbp~i* j‒kowl}i~ktb è ¥kow}kokiob j‒kooickfl nljj‒l~l}fk~ç p|jji fbp~}i tk~i) Y|lp~b wlfpkl}b hi obj~b wkû `bf~lf|~b nk ~|~~l jl }ljkckbfk* `hl nkpw}lqqifb ji tk~i kf y|if~b ~}ifpk~b}ki l hiffb kfplcfi~b i c|i}ni}l i |f ‒ij~}i* kf`l}~i tk~iµ03& L ni `hl `bpi pbfb p`i~|}k~k ji në`inlf`l l kj }lpplf~kolf~ pl fbf ni |fi kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl nljj‒|fb/ nljj‒|fb/~|~~b* nljj‒lpkp~lfqi pl`bfnb ji tkpkbfl `hl `h l fl hi db}fk~b kj ‚wji~bfkpob nlj wbwbjb‟2 Ji oiji~~ki nk `|k Fkl~qp`hl è iddl~~b* l `hl }kp`bf~}i lppl}pk w}bwici~i i jktljjb clfl}ijl fljji w}bw}ki lwb`i* p`i~|}kp`l w}bw}kb nijj‒kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl ob}ijl nljj‒lpkp~lfqi `hl ptkjkp`l y|lp~i tk~i lpij~ifnbfl j‒ij~}i tk~i081 y|lp~b è kj wifb}ioi `hl Fkl~qp`hl hi nk d}bf~l icjk b``hk y|ifnb bppl}ti ji wl}nk~i ~b~ijl n‒kowb}~ifqi flk `bfd}bf~k nljji tk~i* nljjl wippkbfk* nlj `b}wb* nlj `bfbp`l}l* nljj‒kf~l}i lpkp~lfqi ln è j‒kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl ob}ijl nljj‒lpkp~lfqi `hl fl è ji `i|pi5 y|lp~b obnb nk wlfpi}l hi b}kckfi~b ji në`inlf`l * kj }lpplf~kolf~ * kj wlppkokpob nljji p~if`hlqqi nk tktl}l1 lppk pbfb cjk lddl~~k p`i~|}k~k nij wlfpkl}b* wbk nktlf|~b imk~|nkfl* `hl |f b}nkfl ob}ijl* |f Nkb `}li~b}l* |f ijnkjç l y|if~‒ij~}b pbfb wbppkmkjk& J‒kcfb}ifqi fljji y|ijl j‒|bob è tkpp|~b dkfb}i }kc|i}niti j‒b}kckfl nljji oiji~~ki1 lppi p`i~|}kti nij wlfpkl}b* nijj‒itl} wlfpi~b in |fi wbppkmkjk~ç pl`bfnb `|k wb~}lmml nkplcfi}pk

0<

¥Fkl~qp`hl }ittkpi kf bcfk dlnl fljj‒ijnkjç* kf |f obfnb ij~}b ni y|ljjb kf `|k j‒|bob tktl* |f plcfb nk wi}~k`bji}l nlmbjlqqi |oifi& Pl`bfnb j|k fbf pk w|ý di} wlcckb} ~b}~b ijji tk~i nk y|ljjb nk nk}kcl}l ji w}bw}ki lpkp~lfqi nk y|i kf w}bpwl~~kti nk |f‒ij~}i tk~i fljj‒ijnkjç& Fbf pk w|ý `bool~~l}l l}}b}l wlcckb}l nlj p|wwb}}l* nkl~}b jl oifkdlp~iqkbfk nk y|lp~b obfnb* j‒lpkp~lfqi nk lf~k~ç kfi``lppkmkjk ijji `bfbp`lfqi nljj‒|bob* jl y|ijk*  wl} nk wkû* nbt}lmml}b n bt}lmml}b lppl}fl kj tl}b dbfniolf~b* `ký `hl fl nl~l}okfi j‒l pkp~lfqiµ (]& P~lkfl}* D& Fkl~qp`hl& \f jb~~i~b}l `bf~}b kj p|b ~lowb * `k~&* ww& <=/<0+& 04 D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=* `k~&* d}& 99 U =9; _* w& 0<=& 03  Ktk* d}& 99 U =4> _* w& 043& 08 ¥@ký `hl Fkl~qp`hl `bomi~~l `bol ‚Nkb‟ è* n| fy|l* ifqk~|~~b* kj }iwwb}~b ~}i knli bf~bjbck`i l knlijl ob}ijl& Kf ‚Nkb‟* pl`bfnb Fkl~qp`hl* tklfl wlfpi~i ji ptij|~iqkbfl nljjl `bpl `hl p|ppkp~bfb p|jji ~l}}i* w}bti~l nijji ~lp~kobfkifqi nlk plfpk* `hl tlfcbfb `bfpknl}i~l iwwi}lfqi w}kti nk lpplfqi* l* `bf~lowb}ifliolf~l* tklfl `bfniffi~i ji tk~i nlk plfpk l nlcjk kp~kf~k* kf~lpi `bol kj ‚oijl‟5 kf ‚Nkb‟ tklfl wbp~b `bol Ippbj|~b* |f Lppl}l dif~ip~k`b* kooickfi}kb* w|}iolf~l wlfpi~b* plfqi ~lowb5 l `bf `ký j‒Lppl}l `hl pk o|btl flj ~lowb nljjl `bpl ~l}}lfl* ~l}}lfl* j‒|fk`b }lijl* tklfl nld}i|ni~b w}bw}kb nljji p|i clf|kfi }lij~ç& ‚Nkb‟ pkcfkdk`i n|fy|l wl}  Fkl~qp`hl* ifqk~|~~b* fbf |fi db}qi }ljkckbpi* oi |fi nl~l}okfi~i bf~bjbcki* `hl pk db}o|ji `bf~lowb}ifliolf~l if`hl `bol |fi nl~l}okfi~i ob}ijl flok`i nljji tk~i& Kj wlfpkl}b nk ‚Nkb‟ è kj tiowk}b nljji tk~i5 lppb pkcfkdk`i wl} Fkl~qp`hl |fi bf~bjbcki ob}ijl l |fi ob}ijl bf~bjbckqqif~l1 `ký `hl è dkppb* l~l}fb* jl knll* pbfb if`hl kj  mlfl5 kj tbjcl}pk tl}pb jl knll è ji tl}i ob}ijk~ç nljj‒|bob* è ljltiqkbfl i j nk pbw}i nlk tkf`bjk nlk plfpk* y|if~b wkû ip~}i~~i* pwk}k~|ijl* kf~ljjl~~|ijl* ~if~b wkû ob}ijlµ (L& Dkfe* Ji dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl* `k~&* w& 9<3+&

=9

j‒kf~l}i lpkp~lfqi* |fi wbppkmkjk~ç `hl fbf w|ý lppl}l tl}kdk`i~i ~ifckmkjolf~l l `hl hi `iomki~b ji p~b}ki nlcjk |bokfk* w}btb`ifnb y|lcjk pwl`kdk`k lddl~~k& Oi pl y|lp~b l}i `ký `hl  w}kf`kwijolf~l j‒|bob kcfb}iti l pl y|lp~k pbfb cjk lddl~~k `hl kj wlfpkl}b `hl |fi `bp~k~|qkbfl ob}ijl nljjl `bpl è wbppkmkjl hi w}btb`i~b* ijjb}i Fkl~qp`hl w}bwbfl nk tkf`l}l y|lp~k lddl~~k  ‐  }kpijlfnb w}koi ijj‒b}kckfl nk lppk l wbk ijj‒b}kckfl nk `ký `hl pwkfcl in |f‒kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl ob}ijl nljj‒lpkp~lfqi ‐  wippifnb in |f ij~}b obnb nk wlfpi}l `hl }|b~k i~~b}fb in |f ij~}b `lf~}b nk c}itk~ç* in |f‒ij~}i wbppkmkjk~ç* `kbè i~~b}fb ij wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb |c|ijl0;& Kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl w}kti j‒|bob nljji p|i jkml}~ç* kfnkwlfnlfqi* i|~bfboki* tbjbf~ç* flci j‒kowb}~ifqi nljj‒|bob ni |f w|f~b nk tkp~i `bpobjbck`b* kf y|if~b jb }lfnl pbccl~~b `bol ~|~~k cjk ij~}k lf~k* flpp|fb lp`j|pb* ijji jlccl fl`lppi}ki* kftkbjimkjl `|k j‒kf~l}i lpkp~lfqi è pb~~bolppi5 oi ni |f w|f~b nk tkp~i if~}bwbjbck`b* l kf bwwbpkqkbfl in |f obnb nk wlfpi}l wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk* è ‖ji p|w}loi db}o|ji nljj‒iddl}oiqkbfl‒ nljji p|i jkml}~ç* nljji p|i i|~bfboki* nljji p|i tbjbf~ç* nlj p|b jkml}b i}mk~}kb* nljji p|i kffb`lfqi flj nktlfk}l* lpij~i ji p|i kowb}~ifqi l y|ljji nljji p|i tk~i* nlk p|bk kp~kf~k* nlj p|b `b}wb* nljji p|i dljk`k~ç* nlj p|b wki`l}l l* kffijqifnb j‒|fktl}pb `hl è bcfk pkfcbjb |bob* lpij~i j‒kf~l}i lpkp~lfqi* ji tk~i p~lppi >7& L `bol2 Kf `hl `hl obnb ~ijl wlfpkl}b wlfpkl}b `bowkl ~|~~b `ký2 `ký2 P|jji mipl nljj‒knli nljji wbppkmkjk~ç nk |f‒kffb`lfqi nlj nktlfk}l nij w|f~b nk tkp~i `bpobjbck`b `hl* }kmij~ifnbpk kf y|ljjb if~}bwbjbck`b* ptbjcl ji d|fqkbfl nk ‖`bol pl‒* nk dkfqkbfl l n|fy|l nk kowl}i~ktb l~k`b `bj y|ijl j‒|bob w|ý cl~~i}pk y|k ln b}i flj dk|ol nljji tk~i l nlcjk kp~kf~k ij dkfl nk pwl}kolf~i}l* ~lf~i}l kf ~|~~k k obnk wbppkmkjk nk ptkj|wwi}l |f obnb nk `bfbp`l}l `hl `bkf`kni |f nboifk `bj wki`l}l nk tktl}l ji w}bw}ki tk~ i `bol |f ckb`b nk |f dif`k|jjb& L Fkl~qp`hl t|bjl di}l y|lp~b nbfb ijj‒|oifk~ç* t|bjl nbfi}jl kj wlfpkl}b `hl |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk ~|~~l jl `bpl è wbppkmkjl w bppkmkjl (if`hl pl fbf pk w|ý `l}~kdk`i}l ji p|i tl}k~ç+* t|bjl ptbjcl}l y|lp~b `bowk~b* ¥kj `bowk~b nk w}lwi}i}l j‒|oifk~ç i |f obolf~b nk p|w}loi }kdjlppkbfl p| pl p~lppi* |f c}ifnl ol}kcckb µ>9* w}lwi}i}ji in |fi c}ifnl nl`kpkbfl l in |fi c}ifnl

0;

¥Pl Fkl~qp`hl pk kowlcfi kf |fi mi~~icjki pwk}k~|ijl* fbf jb di wl} bwwb}pk ijjl bwkfkbfk ij~}|k kf y|if~b ~ijk* mlfpê wl}`hë ~ijk bwkfkbfk }koifnifb i y|lcjk kp~kf~k wl}k`bjbpk l `bf~}i}k ijji fi~|}i `hl lcjk kf~lfnl `bomi~~l}l U․_& Pl k p|bk kp~kf~k wl}`lwkp`bfb `bol fb`ktk y|ljjk nljj‒ittl}pi}kb fbf `l}`i ij~}k ob~ktk wl} ji jb~~i5 fbf }k~klfl nk nbtl} nbtl} `bomi~~l}l kf y|ijk~ç nk wijinkfb nk |f y|ij`hl knlijl* mlfpê p`lfnl fljj‒i}lfi pwkf~btk nik p|bk kp~kf~kµ (]& P~lkfl}* D& Fkl~qp`hl& \f jb~~i~b}l `bf~}b kj p|b ~lowb * `k~&* ww& <8/<;+& >7 ¥@bf j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒knlf~k`b ji tk~i p‒kowbfl flj p |b p~lppb wbpk~ktb nktlfk}l lpij~i~b ij oippkob c}inb* wbk`hë j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb pk `bfdkc|}i* kf |j~koi ifijkpk* `bol j‒iddl}oiqkbfl kfdkfk~i nljji }kwl~kqkbfl nljji tk~i nlj pkfcbjb (fbf`hë nk ~|~~k cjk ltlf~k nlj obfnb+µ5 (A& Eôhjl}*  Kj plc}l~b nk Qi}i~h|p~}i Qi}i~h|p ~}i* ~}& k~& nk W& Dbf~ifi* i `|}i nk D& Okfiqqk* ]|p`bfk* Okjifb 9;;>* w& 90+& >9 D& Fkl~qp`hl* L``l hbob* `k~&* w& 8;&

==

}lpwbfpimkjk~ç flk flk w}bw}k `bfd}bf~k l flk `bfd}bf~k nljj‒kf~l}i lpkp~lfqi* nljji tk~i* wl}`hë è i `bfbp`lfqi b}ioik nljji di~ijk~ç `hl ¥bcf|fb nltl b}cifkqqi}l kj `ibp kf pë* `bf`lf~}ifnbpk p|k p|bk mkpbcfk tl}kµ>=* pi `hl mkpbcfi `bokf`ki}l i ol~~l}l kf i~~b jl n|l

¥^lfnlfql dbfniolf~ijk1 9+ Nkddbfnl}l kf ~|~~k k obnk wbppkmkjk j‒iob}l wl} ji tk~i* wl} ji  w}bw}ki tk~i) Y|ij|fy|l `bpi pk kftlf~k kj pkfcbjb i ~ij dkfl* j‒ij~}b nbt}ç iool~~l}ji l kowi}i}l | fi f|bti* c}ifnl ~bjjl}ifqi tl}pb nk `ký5 if`hl pl pwlppb ifn}ç `bf~}b kj p|b c|p~b* pl kj pkfcbjb i``}lp`l tl}iolf~l ji p|i ckbki n k tktl}l) =+ Lppl}l |fk~k fljj‒ bp~kjk~ç tl}pb ~|~~b l ~|~~k `bjb}b `hl `l}`ifb nk kfpkf|i}l pbpwl~~k p|j tijb}l nljji tk~i1 tl}pb k `|wk l cjk p`bf~lf ~k l k m}bf~bjbfk& Kowlnk}l ji j b}b w}b`}liqkbfl) Oi ji fbp~}i bp~kjk~ç nltl nktlf~i}l lppi p~lppi |fb p~}|olf~b nk ckbki wl} fbk) Y|kfnk }knl}l* w}lfnl}l kf ck}b* nkp~}|ccl}l plfqi i``ifkolf~b) Y|lp~i è ji fbp~}i jb~~i i ob}~l)

Y|lp~i tk~i ‐ ji ~|i tk~i l~l}fi) µ>0&

>=

D& Fkl~qp`hl*  KK& \fqlk~cloippl Ml~}i`h~|fclf& Tbf F|~qlf |fn Fi`h~lkj nl} Hkp~b}kl d|} nip Jlmlf *  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 0 Im~lkj|fc  ‐  9 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;3=5 ~}& k~& nk P& Ckiol~~i*  KK kfi~~|ijl& P|jj‛|~kjk~ç l kj niffb nljji p~b}ki wl} ji tk~i * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;8=* w& ;;& >0 D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=* `k~&* d}& 99 U 079 _* w& 038&

=0

@iwk~bjb KK ^}iobf~b l ~}ifpkqkbfl1 tl}pb kj wlfpkl}b nljj‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‛|c|ijl

¥‚Pê) Kb tbcjkb ioi}l pbjb `ký `hl è fl`lppi}kb) Pê*

iob} di~k pki kj okb |j~kob iob}l)‟ iob}l)‟ ‐  Db}pl `k i}}ktl}ik1 oi w}koi nbt}ik nktlf~i}l ioif~l nljjl D|}kl1 jb `bfdlppb* k pl}wlf~k ok di}lmml}b nktlf~i}l wiqqb&  ‐  ‚@bpi fl pik ~| nljjl D|}kl) D|}kl  ‐  è pbjb |f‒lpw}lppkbfl |f‒lpw}lppkbfl oijltbji wl} C}iqkl‟µ C}iqkl ‟µ& D&Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988= &

=&9 Jb  Qi}i~h|p~}i

@bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i è kj j|bcb kf `|k Fkl~qp`hl nbfi* kfplcfi ijj‒|oifk~ç kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl `hl* `bol pk è tkp~b* pk obp~}i `bol |f Ckifb mkd}bf~l `hl ok}i in |fi ~}ifpkqkbfl* in |fi }ktbj|qkbfl nlj obnb nk wlfpi}l l nk ick}l nlcjk |bokfk kf  wbpkqkbfl lp~}loiolf~l bwwbp~i }kpwl~~b ijji }ktbj|qkbfl w}btb`i~i nijj‒knli nk |fi niffiqkbfl l~l}fi* nk |f ijnkjç l nijji `bfplc|lf~l kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk nljj‒lpkp~lfqi& Wl}`ký* pl ji ~}ifpkqkbfl ti ni |f wbjb ijj‒ij~} b* b* pl Fkl~qp`hl c|i}ni in |fi f|bti }ktbj|qkbfl* in |f wippicckb tl}pb |f ij~}b obnb nk wlfpi}l l nk ick}l pl`bfnb kj f|btb `lf~}b nk c}itk~ç* l pl ji `bf`lqkbfl dbfniolf~ijl nljj‒bwl}i è kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb* ijjb}i è `hki}b wl}`hë j‒bwl}i p~lppi p~lppi pki nlfbokfi~i @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i ln è `hki}b wl}`hë ji db}oi p~kjkp~k`i w}lplf~i |f kf`bf~}b ~}i wlfpkl}b l wblpki* ~}i p~b}ki l ok~b* ~}i w}bpi l wi}imbji>>1 ji nb~~}kfi nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl è bddl}~i kf obnb pkokjl oi if~k~l~k`b }kpwl~~b ij obnb kf `|k ji w}l`lnlf~l nb~~}kfi hi ptkj|wwi~b ji w}koi }ktbj|qkbfl  ‐  `kbè kf >>

¥Jb Qi}i~h|p~}i* nij w|f~b nk tkp~i db}oijl* pk ~}bti i ol~ç p~}ini ~}i wlfpkl}b l wblpki5 Fkl~qp`hl lpw}kol jl p|l kf~|kqkbfk kf |f w}bdj|tkb nk kooickfk* kf kff|ol}ltbjk ijjlcb}kl* `hl lcjk p~lppb if`hl kf~l}w}l~i& Kj p|b p~lppb wlfpi}l è kooickfbpb* tkpkbfi}kb& Lcjk fbf pk o|btl kf `bf`l~~k pwl`|ji~ktk* `hl cjk plom}ifb pbj~if~b t|b~l ip~}iqkbfk* oi fljji `bf`}l~lqqi nljj‒ltknlfqi wjip~k`iµ (L& Dk fe*  Ji dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl* `k~&* w& 43+&

=>

obnb pbokcjkif~l ij F|btb ^lp~iolf~b oi kf wbpkqkbfl bwwbp~i  ‐  ln è kfplcfi~i i~~}itl}pb |fi dkc|}i pkokjl oi if~k~l~k`i }kpwl~~b ijji dkc|}i `hl hi kfplcfi~b ji w}l`lnlf~l }ktbj|qkbfl flj wlfpkl}b l fljj‒iqkbfl ‐  `kbè kf obnb pbokcjkif~l ij Olppki Clpû oi `bol p|b bwwbp~b pwl`|ji}l& Kj wij`bp`lfk`b* i~~}itl}pb `|k ji nb~~}kfi nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nlt‒lppl}l kfplcfi~i* è kj obfnb* y|lp~b obfnb* y|lp~i ~l}}i1 obf~k* oi}k* pwkiccl* `itl}fl* mbp`hk* wij|nk* kpbjl* p~ljjl* `kljb* ji fi~|}i ~|~~i ln if`hl j|bchk `bol kj ol}`i~b* kj wilpl Ti``i Wlqqi~i* fitk* `lfl* dlp~l&  ‐  `bf jl p|l wi}imbjl* k p|bk wlfpkl}k* ji p|i Ji dkc|}i nlj oilp~}b wl}pkifb Qi}i~h|p~}i >< ‐ `bf tk~i* k p|bk clp~k  ‐ è  ‐  è kj olnk|o i~~}itl}pb `|k Fkl~qp`hl kfplcfi* nbfi ji nb~~}kfi nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl l wl} kj `|k ~}iok~l pk ippkp~l in |f tkicckb flj wlfpkl}b `hl i p|i tbj~i pk obp~}i `bol |f `iookfb i~~}itl}pb pkfcbjk i~~kok nk tk~i1 kf`bf~}k* iff|f`k* kfplcfiolf~k ln lpb}~iqkbfk* nkijbchk* nlpknl}k* pbcfk ln kf`|mk* ~lf~iqkbfk5 obolf~k nk nbjb}l* ~}kp~lqqi* pwilpiolf~b* }immki* ~kob}l* wi|}i* pbjk~|nkfl5 oi if`hl obolf~k nk ckbki* dljk`k~ç* ol}itkcjki* dl}olqqi n‒ifkob* nk }kdjlppkbfl* nk nl`kpkbfl* nk `boobqkbfl* nk `bowicfki& Kj tkicckb* wl} kfplcfi}l ji nb~~}kfi nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb* è y|ljjb nk |f pkfcbjb |bob* è kj `iookfb nk |fi pkfcbji tk~i l `bokf`ki l dkfkp`l `bf ji nkp`lpi ni |f obf~l1 kj obtkolf~b kf itif~k* nij w}lplf~l ij d|~|}b* pk ptlji kf plc|k~b `bol |f `bf~lowb}iflb w}b`lnl}l ijj‒kfnkl~}b* nij w}lplf~l ij wippi~b ‐  kf nk}lqkbfl nljji picclqqi nlk C}l`k* nk L}i`jk~b l nk Nkbfkpb* ij dkfl nk }ioolob}i}l kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb ‐ wl} ‐  wl} wbk ~b}fi}l `k}`bji}olf~l ij w|f~b nk wi}~lfqi nlj wl}`b}pb l ptlji}l `bol j‒kf~l}b ~}ick~~b pki kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb5 n|l pbfb k tkicck `hl Qi}i~h|p~}i `bowkl l ji ~lfpkbfl lp`i~bjbck`i lp`i~bjbck`i tl}pb ji tlf|~i nlj p|wl}|bob l nlj c}ifnl ol}kcckb }kl`hlccki pki ji w}bdlqki nlj w}bdl~i Qb}bip~ }b pki j‒Iwb`ijkppl nk Ckbtiffk* oi pk nkddl}lfqki ni y|lp~k wl}`hë1

><

Ji dkc|}i nk Qi}i~h|p~}i }kftki ij w}bdl~i Qb}bip~}b* dbfni~b}l nlj `|j~b bobfkob nljjb qb}bip~}kpob* nl~~b if`hl oiqnlkpob* oi `bpê `bol jb p~lppb Fkl~qp`hl nk`hki}i kf  L``l hbob * kj p|b Qi}i~h|p~}i }koifni ij wbjb bwwbp~b1 ¥Flpp|fb ok hi nboifni~b* l it}lmml}b nbt|~b nboifni}oljb* `hl `bpi pkcfkdk`hk* w}bw}kb p|jji oki mb``i* p|jji mb``i nlj w}kob koob}ijkp~i* kj fbol  Qi}i~h|p~}i1 wl}`hë `ký `hl `bp~k~|kp`l j‒lfb}ol |fk`k~ç nk y|lj wl}pkifb fljji p~b}ki è w}bw}kb j‒bwwbp~b& Qi}i~h|p~}i d| kj w}kob i tlnl}l fljji jb~~i ~}i kj mlfl l kj oijl ji tl}i }|b~i `hl pwkfcl jl `bpl  ‐  è bwl}i p|i ji ~}in|qkbfl nljji ob}ijlkf ~l}okfk ol~idkpk`k* kf y|if~b db}qi* `i|pi* dkfl kf pë U․_& Qi}i~h|p~}i hi `}li~b y|lp~b l}}b}l di~ijl* ji ob}ijl1 nk `bfplc|lfqi lcjk nltl lppl}l if`hl kj w}kob i }k`bfbp`l}l y|ljj‒l}}b}l& Fbf pbjb wl}`hë i y|lp~b w}bwbpk~b lcjk hi |fi lpwl}klfqi wkû c}ifnl l  wkû j|fci nk y|ij|fy|l ij~}b wlfpi~b}l U․_1 ji `bpi wkû kowb}~if~l è `hl Qi}i~h|p~}i è tl}k~kl}b wkû nk bcfk ij~}b wlfpi~b}l& Ji p|i nb~~}kfi* ln lppi pbji* wbfl ji tl}i`k~ç i tk}~û p|w}loi  ‐  `kbè j‒bwwbp~b nljji tkj~ç nljj‒ ‚knlijkp~i‟* `hl nk d}bf~l ijji }lij~ç d|ccl5 Qi}i~h|p~}i ni pbjb hi wkû `b}icckb kf `b}wb nk ~|~~k cjk ij~}k wlfpi~b}k olppk kfpklol& Nk}l ji tl}k~ç l ~ k}i}l k}i}l mlfl `bf j‛i}`b* j‛i}`b * y|lp~i è ji tk}~û wl}pkifi&  ‐  @‒è y|ij`|fb `hl ok `iwkp`l2&&& Ji ob}ijl `hl p|wl}i pl p~lppi wl} tl}i`k~ç* k ob}ijkp~k `hl p|wl}ifb pl p~lppk nktlf~ifnb kj jb}b  ‐  y|lp~b pkcfkdk`i kj fbol nk Qi}i~h|p~}i p|jji oki mb``iµ (D& Fkl~qp`hl*  L``l hbob * `k~&* w& bwwbp~b ‐  bwwbp~b ‐  ol p~lppb ‐ y|lp~b 9=;+&

=<

 ‐  i nkddl}lfqi nlj w}kob* ji ~l}qi tlf|~i nk Qi}i~h|p~}i `b}}kpwbfnl `k}`bji}olf~l ijji w}koi tlf|~i* `bf ji y|ijl j‒kf~l}b tkicckb tklfl f|btiolf~l }kwl}`b}pb flj olnlpkob obnb l* `bpê di`lfnb* pk obp~}i lppb p~lppb `bol kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb5  ‐ i  ‐  i nkddl}lfqi nljji pl`bfni (wl} ji y|ijl pbjb n|l pbfb jl tlf|~l nlj Olppki Clpû p|jji ~l}}i l ~|~~i ji p~b}ki pk }kpbjtl kf |f w|f~b w}l`kpb nk lppi flj y|ijl* nbwb jl n|l jb~~l* nbwb kj Ck|nkqkb* ji Cl}|pijlool `ljlp~l* kj ]lcfb* p`lfnl kf ~l}}i wl} bwl}i nlj ]lnlf~b}l+ `bf ji ~l}qi tlf|~i fbf `‒è |fi dkfl fë |f dkfl* fbf `‒è ~ljlbjbcki* oi pbjb kj }k~b}fb `k`jk`b p| pl p~lppi nk |fi wi}~l w}l`kpi nljji p~b}ki >4* `hl `b}}kpwbfnl ij c}ifnl ol}kcckb& In i``bowicfi}l y|lp~b wl}`b}pb pk fb~i kf pb~~bdbfnb ji p`ifpkbfl nljji tk~i* ji okp|}iqkbfl nlj ~lowb nk |fi tk~i* olnkif~l ji ‚dijpi ifijbcki‟ nlj obtkolf~b `k`jk`b nlj Pbjl ‐  Pbjl ‐ ll kj p|b ij~l}fi}pk `bf ji j|fi ‐  j|fi  ‐ fljjl fljjl `|k dipk pk niffb i tlnl}l kj ckb}fb* ji fb~~l* j‒ijmi* kj ~}iobf~b* kj olqqbckb}fb* ji olqqifb~~l* kooickfk nk `lf~}ijl kowb}~ifqi wl}`hë p`ifnkp`bfb k wlfpkl}k w}kf`kwijk nljj‒bwl}i& Kfdi~~k* kj obtkolf~b nlj Pbjl l jl p|l dipk* kf pb~~bdbfnb ij `iookfb nk Qi}i~h|p~}i* è ji ~}ikl~~b}ki fip`bp~i `bf ji y|ijl Fkl~qp`hl ‖}lfnl j‒knli‒ nk `bpi pkcfkdk`hk wlfpi}pk* `bf`lwk}pk* tktl}pk pl`bfnb kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* oi plcfi if`hl jl dipk i~~}itl}pb `|k è wbppkmkjl wippi}l ni |f‒kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl ijj‒ij~}i nljj‒kf~l}i lpkp~lfqi l nlj pkfcbjb |bob* }k~oi k ~lok `hl itltifb kf~l}lppi~b dkfb in b}i ji }kdjlppkbfl fkl~qp`hlifi* `inlfqifnbjk fljji `b}fk`l nljjb p`bftbjclf~l ck|fcl}l nlj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb& Kj wippicckb ni |fi `bf`lqkbfl ijj‒ij~} i* i* `bpê `bol ji p`ifpkbfl l kj }k~b}fb nlk ~lok fkl~qp`hlifk* ittklfl flj W}bjbcb l flk jkm}k K * KK l KT olnkif~l1  ‐ kj  ‐ kj n|wjk`l obtkolf~b nlj Pbjl `hl* ~}iobf~ifnb* pk ittki `bf~lowb}ifliolf~l in ip`lfnl}l f|btiolf~l ij p|b qlfk~* oi ip`lfnlfnb ~b}fi if`b}i i o|btl}pk tl}pb kj ~}iobf~b1 kj Pbjl kfdi~~k* `lf~}b nlj pkp~loi pbji}l* }iww}lplf~i flj `bf~lowb n|l `lf~}k nk c}itk~ç* pki k j tl``hkb Pbjl nljjl knll* p| `|k pk mipi |f‒kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl ob}ijl nljj‒lpkp~lfqi* pki kj f|btb Pbjl nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl nljj‒|c|ijl `hl Fkl~qp`hl w}bwbfl5  ‐ kj  ‐  kj n|wjk`l obtkolf~b nk Qi}i~h|p~}i `hl è p`ifnk~b nijjl p|l }kdjlppkbfk* nik p|bk nkp`b}pk kf `|k ol~~l i wi}icbfl cjk lddl~~k nljj‒|fb l nljj‒ij~}b obnb nk wlfpi}l l ick}l* nbtl }k~b}fifb k ~lok nljjl w}l`lnlf~k }kdjlppkbfk>3 l pk b}kckfifb f|btl }kdjlppkbfk  ‐  in lplowkb kj ~loi

>4

¥Y|lp~b wlqqb nk p~b}ki pk }kwl~l}ç l nbt}ç }kwl~l}pk kf l~l}fb* y|lp~b wbppkiob lp`j|nl}jb nik fbp~}k `ij`bjk* ni~b `hl fbf immkiob flpp|fi kfdj|lfqi ij }kc|i}nb U․_ & Oi ji y|lp~kbfl è pl fbk tbcjkiob if`b}i tktl}l1 l `bol)µ (D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=* `k~&* d}& 99 U ==7 _* w& 0<0+& >3 ¥Pwbcjkifnbjb nk bcfk kooickfl l nk bcfk oicki }k~}btl}lob w}l`kpiolf~l jl p~lppl ~lpk* cjk p~lppk ck|nkqk `hl jlcckiob kf ij~}l bwl}l nk Fkl~qp`hl1 tij|~iqkbfk p|j w}lplf~l l p|j wippi~b* p|jji }ljkckbfl l p|jji ob}ijl*  wl}pkfb |f‒knlf~k`i nb~~}kfi p|cjk iddl~~k l p|jjl wippkbfk& Pbj~if~b ji ~lb}ki nlj p|wl}|bob fbf ji ~}btkiob flcjk

=4

`hl hiffb `bol `lf~}b nk c}itk~ç kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb l p|``lppktb nlj fk`hkjkpob ‐  fk`hkjkpob  ‐ `hl `hl pk `bffl~~bfb ik ~lok nljji ob}~l nk Nkb* nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi l nlj p|wl}|bob5  ‐ j‒lwkpbnkb  ‐ j‒lwkpbnkb nlj d|fiombjb l nlj wicjki``kb* `hl kf~l}tklfl fljj‒iff|f`kb nlj p|wl}|bob l flj  wi}ji}l nljj‒|j~kob |bob5  ‐ kj  ‐ kj ~loi plow}l w}lplf~l nlj ol}kcckb l nljji nl`kpkbfl5  ‐ kj  ‐ kj `iwk~bjb Nljjl ~}l ol~iob}dbpk ol~iob}dbpk l k ~lok ~ lok nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi* nljji `}liqkbfl5 if`hl pl kj p|wl}iolf~b ~b~ijl nlj tl``hkb obnb nk wlfpi}l wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk ittklfl flj `iookfb `hl wi}~l nij `iwk~bjb  J‛b}i plfqi tb`l nlj jkm}b  KK  l `hl* wippifnb wl} k `iwk~bjk  Kj j‛lfkcoi* w}bplc|l wl} ~|~~b kj jkm}b  KKK  l  KT  dkfb ijji tk~~b}ki p|j tkifnif~l l  Ji tkpkbfl l j‛lfkcoi* plf~kolf~b nljji `bowippkbfl wl} kj p|wl}|bob* |j~kob wl``i~b nk Qi}i~h|p~}i iddkf`hë wbppi `bowkl}l ji w}bw}ki bwl}i* `kbè kfplcfi}l ji nb~~}kfi nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb& Fljji dkc|}i nlj oilp~}b wl}pkifb tlfcbfb i `bfdj|k}l* fljji w}koi ol~ç nlj ~lp~b* pki kj dkjbpbdb* j‒i}~kp~i l kj pif~b nljji ^l}qi kfi~~|ijl* pki jb pwk}k~b jkml}b nlcjk p`}k~~k nlj tbol}l* nk I|}b}i l nl  Ji ciki p`klfqi * pki y|ljjb `hl pk nlfb~l}ç nik D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok nljj‒|j~kob fljj‒ij~}i ol~ç nlj ~lp~b ‐ }i``bcjkl}pk ‐ }i``bcjkl}pk fljji dkc|}i Fkl~qp`hl `bol kj fk`hkjkp~i i~~ktb wl} wbk ‐  wbk  ‐ fljj‒ij~}i nl ‖j‒bom}i nk Qi}i~h|p~}i‒ kj y|ijl* nbwb itl} lpwl}k~b kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* ijji dkfl }koifni pbjb ln lp`j|pktiolf~l ijjl dkc|}l nk L}i`jk~b l nk Nkbfkpb& Kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* bj~}l in lppl}l ji `bf`lqkbfl dbfniolf~ijl nljj‒bwl}i* tklfl w}lplf~i~b wijlplolf~l flk `iwk~bjk  Kj tkifnif~l l  Ji tkpkbfl l j‛lfkcoi* j‛lfkcoi* kf |fi wbpkqkbfl kf |f `l}~b obnb `lf~}ijl fljj‒bwl}i* oi obj~k pbfb k } kdl}kolf~k } kdl}kolf~k kowjk`k~k `hl è wbppkmkjl kf`bf~}i}l wl} ~|~~b kj ~lp~b* bj~}l ij `hki}b }kdl}kolf~b ij obtkolf~b nlj Pbjl l ij `iookfb nk Qi}i~h|p~}i5 kffifqk~|~~b* cjk ifkoijk nk Qi}i~h|p~}i>8 `hl iwwikbfb nijj‒kfkqkb ijji dkfl nljj‒bwl}i ‐ if`hl ‐  if`hl pl kf obnb pij~|i}kb  ‐ l  ‐  l kj mip~bfl `bf j‒kow|cfi~|}i n‒b}b p| `|k pk kfifljji |f pl}wlf~l i~~b}fb ij pbjl pbfb k pkombjk `hl w}koi}kiolf~l }koifnifb ij wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb* oi kf ~ijk tlp~k è wbppkmkjl }k`bfbp`l}l if`hl k }kdl}kolf~k `bf~kf|k ijji ‚ob}~l nk Nkb‟ l ijji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi* l j‒ iff|f`kb nlj p|wl}|bob& L~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* ob}~l nk Nkb* p|wl}|bob l tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi pbfb p~}l~~iolf~l `bfflppk j‒|fb `bf j‒ij~}b l `ký wl}`hë1 ij~}k p`}k~~k nk Fkl~qp`hl* ln è fi~|}ijl* wbk`hë kj p|wl}|bob fbf è |fi nb~~}kfi* mlfpê |f ok~bµ (C& @bjjk* P`}k~~k p| Fkl~qp`hl* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;87* w& 9=7+& >8 ¥J‒|fb è j‒ifkoijl wkû b}cbcjkbpb l j‒ij~}b è j‒ifkoijl wkû kf~ljjkclf~l pb~~b kj pbjl& Kj jb}b plfpb pkombjk`b }btlp`ki* ltknlf~lolf~l* kj olppicckb `}kp~kifb nlj wl``i~b b}kckfijl l nljji |okj~ç `bol `bfnkqkbfl wl} i``lnl}l ijji pijtlqqi& B}cbcjkb l kf~ljjkclfqi pbfb jl f|btl tk}~û* kf mipl ijjl y|ijk lnkdk`i}l f|btl ~itbjl nlk tijb}k& Kfbj~}l k n|l ifkoijk pkombjlcckifb k `bf~lf|~k lpplfqkijk nlj olppicckb nk Qi}i~h|p~}i1 ji tbjbf~ç nk  wb~lfqi l j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk ~|~~l jl `bpl* `hl kj pl}wlf~l lomjloi~k`iolf~l }i ddkc|}i `bf kj p|b kfifljji}pk ij `bjjb nljj‒iy|kjiµ (@& Pkfk* W}ldiqkbfl i D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* ~}& k~& nk O& D& B``hkwkf~k* Obfninb}k* Okjifb 9;;=* w& XKKK+&

=3

 ‐  ji ob}~l nk Nkb l j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb pk obp~}ifb `bol n| n|ll di``l nljji p~lppi olnicjki i~~}itl}pb ji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi* dbf~l `}li~}k`l nk bcfk tijb}l l nk bcfk kjj|pkbfl w}bpwl~~k`i5  ‐ kj  ‐  kj p|wl}|bob* kj p|wl}iolf~b nljj‒|j~kob |bob è wbppkmkjl i wi}~k}l nijji w}lpi nk `bp`klfqi nljji ob}~l nk Nkb* nij }k`bfbp`kolf~b }k`bfbp`k olf~b nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi l i~~}itl}pb j‒lpl}`kqkb `bf`}l~b nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi kf `hkitl `}li~kti l kf nk}lqkbfl nlj wb~lfqkiolf~b nljj‒|bob* nljji ~l}}i* nljji tk~i* kf nk}lqkbfl nk |fi ~}iptij|~iqkbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k5  ‐ j‒l~l}fb  ‐  j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl è wbppkmkjl* `kbè wlfpimkjl l bwl}imkjl* i~~}itl}pb ji w}lpi n‒i~~b nljji ob}~l nk Nkb l nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi l ji ~lfpkbfl tl}pb kj p|wl}|bob `hl nltl oifkdlp~i}pk `bol j‒lpl}`kqkb `}li~ktb `}li~ktb/`bf`}l~b /`bf`}l~b nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi kf nk}lqkbfl nk |fi ~}iptij|~iqkbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k& Wl} `ký Qi}i~h|p~}i wi}ji ik obj~k nlj p|wl}|bob* ik wb`hk nljji ob}~l nk Nkb oi pbjb i pl p~lppb wi}ji nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb* wl}`hë è i~~}itl}pb ji w}lpi nk `bp`klfqi nk ~|~~b `ký `hl è wbppkmkjl wippi}l ni |f obnb o bnb nk wlfpi}l ijj‒ij~}b l in |fi ~}iptij|~iqkbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k5 oi  wbk`hë cjk |bokfk `}lnbfb ijj‒kowbppkmkjl pbjb nbwb itl}jb ~b``i~b `bf jl w}bw}kl oifk* ijjb}i Qi}i~h|p~}i kfplcfi j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl i~~}itl}pb kj w}bw}kb ‖pkfcbji}l‒ `iookf `iookfb* b* kf `|k wlfpkl}b l tk~i p‒kf`bf~}ifb l pk p`bf~}ifb >;& J‒kooickfl nlj ol}kcckb* jlci~i ij wl}`b}pb nlj Pbjl l ij `iookfb nk Qi}i~h|p~}i* `bfflppi n|fy|l ijj‒knli nlj obtkolf~b* nljjb p`b}}l}l nlj ~lowb l nljji tk~i* nlj nktlfk}l* è nk `lf~}ijl kowb}~ifqi fljj‒bwl}i<7 kf y|if~b }iww}lplf~i* flj p|b n|wjk`l tbj~b nk olqqbckb}fb l olqqifb~~l* k c}ifnk }kf~b``hk nlj ~lowb* nljji tk~i l nlj nktlfk}l `bf k y|ijk kj kj oilp~}b wl}pkifb  ‐  l wbk k p|bk `bowicfk nk tkicckb l wbk if`b}i j‒|oifk~ç kf ~l}i<9  ‐  nltl fl`lppi}kiolf~l di}l k `bf~k1 è kf lppb kfdi~~k `hl ittklfl j‒i~~kob nljji c}ifnl nl`kpkbfl l nljji c}ifnl }lpwbfpimkjk~ç* kf `|k i``inl ji p`lj~i ~}i |fi `bf`lqkbfl l j‒ij~}i* ~}i ijnkjç l ijnky|ç* ~}i tk~i l ob}~l* ~}i |j~kob |bob l p|wl}|bob* p|wl}|bo b* ~}i fklf~l l ~|~~b5 oi if`hl j‒i~~kob kf `|k kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb pk nç* l j‒i~~kob nljji `bfbp`lfqi nljji ob}~l nk Nkb* l j‒i~~kob kf `|k pk di lpwl}klfqi nljj‒l~l}fb* l j‒i~~kob kf `|k pk nç kj plcfb `hl è ck|f~b kj ~lowb wl} bwl}i}l kj w}bw}kb `bowk~b* `hl è ck|f~b kj ~lowb wl} |f c}ifnl ol}kcckb&

>;

¥Nlj p|wl}|bob Qi}i~h|p~}i wi}ji i ~|~~k5 nljji ob}~l nk Nkb l nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi i wb`hk5 oi nljj‒L~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl pbjb i pl p~lppb& @ký pkcfkdk`i `hki}iolf~l if`hl |fi cl}i}`hki nlk p|bk wlfpkl}k dbfniolf~ijkµ (L& Dkfe* Ji dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl* `k~&* w& 8;+& <7 @bol hi obp~}i~b P`hjl`h~i* ¥J‒kooickfl l kj wlfpkl}b nlj c}ifnl ol}kcckb iwwi}~lfcbfb ijjl }iww}lplf~iqkbfk `lf~}ijk nljji dkjbpbdki nlj Fkl~qp`hl wkû oi~|}bµ (E& P`hjl`h~i*  Fkl~qp`hl l kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb * ~}& k~& nk D& Wb}qkb* C|kni* Fiwbjk 9;89* w& 00+& <9 ¥L kf bcfk ifljjb nljj‒lpkp~lfqi |oifi `‒è plow}l |f obolf~b kf `|k w}koi kf |fb* w bk kf obj~k* wbk kf ~ |~~k iddkb}l}ç kj wlfpkl}b wkû wbpplf~l* y|ljjb nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk ~| ~~l jl `bpl ‐  `bpl ‐ ll bcfk tbj~i wl} j‒|oifk~ç è j‒b}i nlj ol}kcckbµ (D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988= * d}& 99 U =0< _* w& 0<;+&

=8

@bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i pk w}lplf~i pk w}lplf~i ijjb}i `bol |f ‚jkm}b wl} ~|~~k l wl} flpp|fb ‟* wl}`hë è i ~|~~k `hl Fkl~qp`hl nbfi kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* è i ~|~~k `hl }ktbjcl j i o|pk`i `hl }kp|bfi nijj‒bwl}i oi è if`hl |f nbfb di~~b i flpp|fb wl}`hë wb`hk pbfb `bjb}b kf c}inb nk }k`ltl}l }k `ltl}l y|lp~b nbfb l nk ip`bj~i}l y|lp~i o|pk`i <=1 ¥Y|lp~b jkm}b* |fi tb`l `hl wippi p|k okjjlffk* fbf pbjb è kj jkm}b wkû ij~b `hl lpkp~i* kj tl}b jkm}b nljjl `kol  ‐  ~|~~b j‒iddi}l |bob cjk p~i pb~~b* i lfb}ol nkp~ifqi  ‐ * oi if`hl kj wkû  w}bdbfnb* clfl}i~b nijji wkû kf~}kfpl`i }k``hlqqi nljji tl}k~ç* |fi dbf~l kflpi|}kmkjl nbtl fbf pk w|ý `iji}l kj pl``hkb plfqi di}jb }kpijk}l `bjob n‒b}b n‒b}b l mbf~ç& mbf~ç& Y|k fbf wi}ji |f ‚w}bdl~i ‚ w}bdl~i‟‟* |fb nk y|lcjk pwitlf~bpk km}knk nk oiji~~ki l tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi `hl tlfcbfb `hkioi~k dbfni~b}k nk }ljkckbfk& Mkpbcfi kffifqk~|~~b ip`bj~i}l mlfl kj p|bfb `hl lp`l ni y|lp~i mb``i* y|lp~b p|bfb ij`kbfkb* wl} fbf di} ~b}~b okpl}iolf~l ij plfpb nljji p|i picclqqi& ‚ Jl wi}bjl wkû pkjlfqkbpl pbfb y|ljjl `hl wb}~ifb ji ~lowlp~i& Wlfpkl}k `hl kf`lnbfb `bf wippk nk `bjbomi c|knifb kj obfnb  ‐  <0

‟µ &

=&= Kj  w}bjbcb l jl ~}l ol~iob}dbpk

L‒ flj  w}bjbcb  ‐  kf y|if~b χωϊ/ εβΰβύ   εβΰβύ * bttl}b ‖`ký `hl p~i kffifqk ij nkp`b}pb‒* ‖`ký `hl tklfl w}koi nljj‒i}cbolf~b‒ ‐  `hl Fkl~qp`hl w}l/iff|f`ki k ob~ktk dbfniolf~ijk nljj‒bwl}i l jl ~}i``l tl}pb tl} pb kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl& Kj nkp`b}pb `bf kj pbjl* cjk ifkoijk nk Qi}i~h|p~}i* j‒kooickfl nlj ~}iobf~b* kj nkijbcb `bf kj tlcjki}nb* j‒iff|f`kb nlj p|wl}|bob l ji nlp`}kqkbfl nljj‒|j~kob |bob* ji tk`lfni nlj d|fiombjb l nlj wicjki``kb* kj }kdk|~b nlj ‖wifl l tkfb‒* ji }k`l}`i nk `bowicfk nk tkicckb* kj ol}kcckb* ~|~~l y|lp~l kooickfk tlfcbfb i `bfdj|k}l flk ~lok nljji ~}ifpkqkbfl l nljji nl`kpkbfl* `bpê `bol kf lppk pk `bfck|fcbfb jl ij~}l }kdjlppkbfk nbokfif~k flj wlfpkl}b fkl~qp`hlifb* `bol ji ob}~l nk Nkb* kj fk`hkjkpob l kj w}bmjloi nlj p|b i~~}itl}piolf~b* jb pwk}k~b jkml}b& Ji `bf~}iwwbpkqkbfl è y|ljji ~}i |f obnb nk wlfpi}l ln |f ij~}b* ~}i |fi ~kwbjbcki nk |bob ln |f ij~}b* ~}i olfqbcfi nk Nkb l nb~~}kfi nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* ~}i |fi ifi1 j‒kfpklol nljjl kooickfk l nlk nkp`b}pk `hl flj dkjbpbdki nljji ~l}}i l ji ob}ijl `}kp~k `}kp~kifi1 <=

¥Kj wi~hbp `hl p~i ijjl }ink`k nk @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i è y|ljjb nk |f kjj|okfi~b nijji `bfbp`lfqi p|w}loi* oi j‒lpw}lppkbfl j‒lpw}lppkbfl kf `|k y|lp~b  wi~hbp pk p`i}k`i fbf è nlp~kfi~i i ~}ipol~~l}l ji p`kf~kjji nk y|ljji `bfbp`lfqi* mlfpê pbjb i `bo|fk`i}l kj }kdjlppb nk |fi tkpkbfl wkû ij~i nljji tk~i* l y|kfnk in ick}l p|cjk |bokfk `bf ji pln|qkbfl nk y|lp~i kooickfl& Ji c}ifnlqqi nk Qi}i~h|p~}i p~i flj p|b `bfbp`l}l* oi nijji p|i `bfbp`lfqi pcb}ci |fi dbf~l* kj p|b `if~b* `hl nkppl~i cjk |bokfk* l jk }kittkf`l i |fi tk~i ~}ipdkc|}i~i* }kp`bwl}~i `bol }k``hlqqi ~l}}lp~}l nk ckbkiµ (C& @bjjk* P`}k~~k p| Fkl~qp`hl* `k~&* w& 99;+& <0 D& Fkl~qp`hl* L``l hbob* `k~&* w& 90&

=;

W}bjbcb pk }i``bjcbfb flk ~lok nljji ~}ifpkqkbfl l nljji nl`kpkbfl* plom}i tbcjkifb wl}ol~~l}l icjk |bokfk nk jb`ijkqqi}pk* nk ittk`kfi}jk ij obolf~b nk c}ifnl nl`kpkbfl l nk c}ifnl }lpwbfpimkjk~ç kookflf~l* plom}i tbcjkifb `hkioi}l cjk |bokfk i }kpwbfnl}l kf~b}fb ijji p~lppi nboifni `hl Fkl~qp`hl pk l}i wbp~b flj 9889* l `kbè1 ¥@hl di}lob `bj }lp~b nljji fbp~}i tk~i ‐  tk~i ‐ fbk fbk `hl fl immkiob ~}ip`b}pb ji oicckb} wi}~l fljj‒kcfb}ifqi wkû lpplfqkijl2µ<>& Y|lp~i nboifni* j‒iff|f`kb nljj‒ittk`kfiolf~b kookflf~l nlj obolf~b nk c}ifnl nl`kpkbfl l }lpwbfpimkjk~ç* Fkl~qp`hl* fljjl tlp~k nk Qi}i~h|p~}i* ji }ktbjcl i ~|~~k w}lppb kj ol}`i~b ‐  ol}`i~b  ‐ flj flj j|bcb nljj‒|``kpkbfl nk Nkb ‐  wl} ‐  wl} olqqb nljj‒iff|f`kb nlj p|wl}|bob p|wl}|bob l nljji p|i `bf~}iwwbpkqkbfl `bf j‒|j~kob |bob <<5 oi wl} }lfnl}l/ w}lplf~l j‒kf`bomlfqi nk |f ~ijl obolf~b* ji p|i kfltk~imkjk~ç l fl`lppk~ç* `bol pl dbppl kfp`}k~~b flj c}ifnl `k}`bjb nljj‒lpkp~lfqi* |~kjkqqi j‒kooickfl nlj d|fiombjb l nlj wicjki``kb `hl k}}bowl w}bw}kb flj  ‐ `bpê `bol itlti `bow}lpb obolf~b kf `|k `bow}lfnl `hl fbf è ji mb``i wl} y|lp~k b}l``hk  ‐ `bpê j‒|bob dbjjl iff|f`kifnb ji ob}~l nk Nkb <4  ‐  `bol i pb~~bjkfli}l j‒kfkfdj|lfqi nljji w}lnk`iqkbfl nljji picclqqi b nk |fi dlnl& Wbk j‒i``inkolf~b* j‒i``inkolf~b* ji nl`kpkbfl pk }kdjl~~l w}bw}kb p| Qi}i~h|p~}i `hl* flj wb}~i}l kj `initl}l `bf pë wl} plwwljjk}jb* dkfijolf~l* flj ol}kcckb* nl`knl j|k p~lppb nk ~}ifpk~i}l* nk ~}iobf~i}l `bol |j~kob |bob l ijmlccki}l tl}pb kj p|wl}|bob& Y|lp~i kfdi~~k è ji y|lp~kbfl nbokfif~l* è kj di~~b `hl

¥J‒|bob è |f `itb ~lpb ~}i ji mlp~ki l kj p|wl}|bob* ‐  |f `itb ij nk pbw}i nk |f imkppb& \f wippicckb wl}kcjkbpb* |f wl}kcjkbpb lppl}l kf `iookfb* |f wl}kcjkbpb c|i}ni}pk kfnkl~}b l |f wl}kcjkbpb }imm}ktknk}l l d ll}oi}pk& }oi}pk& Ji c}ifnlqqi nljj‒|bob è nk lppl}l |f wbf~l l fbf |fb p`bwb1 fljj‒|bob pk w|ý ioi}l `hl lcjk pki |fi

~}ifpkqkbfl l |f ~}iobf~b U․_& Kb iob ~|~~k `bjb}b `hl pbfb `bol cb``l c}ltk* `inlf~k |fi i |fi nijj‒bp`|}i f|ml kf`bomlf~l p|cjk |bokfk1 lppk w}liff|f`kifb kj d|jokfl l `bol olppiccl}k wl}kp`bfb& L``b* kb pbfb |f <3 olppiccl}b nlj d|jokfl l |fi cb``ki c}ltl `inlf~l nijji f|ml1 oi kj d |jokfl pk `hkioi p|wl}|bobµ &

<>

D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=* `k~&* d}& 99 U =9; _* w& 0<=& ¥J‒kfplcfiolf~b fkl~qp`hlifb nlj P|wl}|bob l nljj‒\bob Kfdl}kb}l hi kj `i}i~~l}l nk |fi ‚Kf~}bn|qkbfl‟* fbf è fklf~l nk wkû nk |f w}lj|nkb i |f ~lf~i~ktb dkjbpbdk`b nk }kwlfpi}l j‒lpplfqi nljj‒|bob p|jji  mipl nljji }ljiqkbfl `bf jl tl}k~ç dbfniolf~ijk nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi* nljji ob}~l nk Nkb N kb l nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijlµ (L& Dkfe*  Ji dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl* `k~&* w& 39+& <4 ¥‚Tlfcb ~}bwwb w}lp~b*‟ w}bplc|ê ‚fbf è if`b}i kj okb ~lowb‟& Y|lp~b lfb}ol ltlf~b è if`b}i wl} p~}ini l p~i di`lfnb kj p|b `iookfb  ‐  fbf è if`b}i i}}kti~b dkfb ijjl b}l``hkl nlcjk |bokfkµ (D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Ji ciki p`klfqi l Knkjjk nk Olppkfi * `k~&* id& 9=<* ww& 940/94>+& <3 D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Ijpb pw}i`h Qi}i~h|p~}i*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 4 Im~lkj|fc  ‐ =  ‐  = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;485 ~}& k~& nk O& Obf~kfi}k* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;84* ww& 8/97& <<

07

Nbwb ji ob}~l nk Nkb* nbwb itl} `bow}lpb `hl fbk `hkioitiob tl}k~ç ji olfqbcfi <8* `hl ~|~~b è |f‒kjj|pkbfl w}bpwl~~k`i tbj~i ijji `bfpl}tiqkbfl l ij wb~lfqkiolf~b nljji tk~i <;* j‒|bob pk ~}bti kf |fi `bfnkqkbfl nk wl}k`bjb wl}`hë fbf w|ý wkû wlfpi}l ji p|i lpplfqi pl`bfnb kj `}k~l}kb nljji p~i~k`k~ç* oi nltl wlfpi}ji fl`lppi}kiolf~l pl`bfnb kj `}k~l}kb nljji obmkjk~ç* l wkû w}l`kpiolf~l* nljji ‚tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi‟ wl}`hë ¥pbjb nbtl è tk~i* è if`hl tbjbf~ç1 oi fbf tbjbf~ç nk tk~i* mlfpê U․_ tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqiµ 475 j‒|bob è y|lp~b `iookfb  wl}k`bjbpb l nltl p`lcjkl}l pl wlfpi}pk `bol ‚|j~kob |bob‟* fk`hkjkp~i wippktb* d|fiombjb bww|}l `bol |fb ‚pwk}k~b jkml}b‟* fk`hkjkp~i i~~ktb* wicjki``kb l nktlfk}l |f p|wl}|bob 49* oi kf bcfk `ipb |fi ~kwbjbcki nk |bob è nlp~kfi~i i ~}iobf~i}l l j‒ij~}i i ~}ifpk~i}l tl}pb kj p|wl}|bob& Kj fk`hkjkpob fk`hkjkpob pk w}lplf~i b}i `bol kj `iookfb wl}k`bjbpb `hl j‒|bob hi nk d}bf~l* ‖j‒|bob è kj fk`hkjkpob p~lppb‒* wl}`ký nltl wb}pk kj w}bmjloi nk p|wl}i}l pl p~lppb l wl} di}  `ký nltl nl`knl}l `bol kf~l}w}l~i}pk* `bol wlfpi}pk5 pl wlfpi pl p~lppb pl`bfnb kj wlfpkl}b ol~idkpk`b/~}inkqkbfijl* `kbè ~lbjbck`b l ~ljlbjbck`b* ijjb}i è nlp~kfi~b i ~}iobf~i}l* pl wlfpi pl p~lppb `bol |f wbf~l tl}pb kj p|wl}|bob* pl`bfnb kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb* ijjb}i è nlp~kfi~b i p|wl}i}pk 4=& J‒iff|f`kb nlj p|wl}|bob p`i~|}kp`l nijji `bfpiwltbjlqqi `bfpiwltbjlqqi nljji ob}~l nk Nkb l nk`l `hl y|lp~k fbf/è/if`b}i* `hl fbf/è/if`b}i/w}lplf~l oi `hl nltl/tlfk}l* `hl kj p|wl}|bob è i/ tlfk}l5 kj p|wl}|bob è ji nk}l~~i `bfplc|lfqi nljji ‚ob}~l nk Nkb‟* nljji p`bwl}~i nljji olfqbcfi nlk okjjlffk* okj jlffk* nljji p`bwl}~i `hl bcfk tijb}l* dkfl* `l}~lqqi l}i fklf~‒ij~}b `hl |f kfnkqkb nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi lpl}`k~i~i p|jjl `bpl& Oi `hk è kj p|wl}|bob2 ¥Kj p|wl}|bob è kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i& Nk`i ji tbp~}i tbjbf~ç1 pki kj p|wl}|bob kj plfpb tbjl} /nktlfk}l/ nljji ~l}}i)µ401 nbwb ji ‚ob}~l nk Nkb‟ l j‒ittlf~b nlj fk`hkjkpob* j‒|bob nltl tbjl} /nktlfk}l/ <8

@d}& D& Fkl~qp`hl* Úml} Sih}hlk~ |fn Júcl ko i|ppl}ob}ijkp`hlf Pkffl* Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el * E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 0 Im~lkj|fc  ‐  = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;305 ~}& k~& nk C& @bjjk* P| tl}k~ç l olfqbcfi kf plfpb lx~}iob}ijl * kf Ji kf  Ji dkjbpbdki fljj‛lwb`i ~}ick`i nlk C}l`k l p`}k~~k 9837 /9830 / 9830* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;87* ww& ==8/=07& <; ¥@hl fbf `k pki |fi tl}k~ç5 `hl fbf `k pki |fi `bp~k~|qkbfl `bp~k~|q kbfl ippbj|~i nljjl `bpl* |fi ‚`bpi ‚ `bpi kf pë‟ pë‟5 ‐ `ký p~lppb è |f fk`hkjkpob* ifqk è kj fk`hkjkpob lp~}lob & Lppb }kwbfl kj tijb}l nljjl `bpl w}bw}kb flj di~~b `hl i ~ijl tijb}l fbf `b}}kpwbfni fë immki `b}}kpwbp~b flpp|fi }lij~ç* oi pbjb |f pkf~bob nk db}qi ni wi}~l nk `hk wbfl kj tijb}l * |fi plowjkdk`iqkbfl ik  dkfk nljji tk~iµ (D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Fi`hcljipplfl D}icolf~l 9883/9888 *  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 8 Im~lkj|fc  ‐  = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;375 ln& k~& nk C& @bjjk l O& Obf~kfi}k* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;3;* d}& ; U 0< _* w& 9>+& 47 D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 90=& 49 ¥Fljj‒b}i nljji `bfbp`lfqi nljji ob}~l nk Nkb pbfb wbppkmkjk pbj~if~b n|l tkl* n|l tkl n‒|p`k~i1 ji nl`kpkbfl  wl} kj ‚p|wl}|bob‟ b y|ljji wl} ‚j‒|j~kob ‚j‒|j~kob |bob‟µ (E& P`hjl`h~i*  Fkl~qp`hl l kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb* `k~&* w& 49+& 4= ¥Kj p|wl}iolf~b nlj fk`hkjkpob* in bwl}i nljj‒|bob `hl p|wl}i pl p~lppb* è ji `bfnkqkbfl nljji w}bdlqki nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fbµ (E& Jôsk~h* Fkl~qp`hl }k~b}fb* `k~&* w& <4+& Jôsk~h* Fkl~qp`hl l j‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb* 40 D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* ww&
09

p|wl}|bob* nltl ‖tbjl}l‒ kj w}bw}kb p|wl}iolf~b* nltl tbjl}l `hl kj p|wl}|bob pki kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i* oi `ký è wbppkmkjl pbjb i wi}~k}l nijji tbjbf~ç nk w b~lfqi l nij wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl1 ¥y|k p~i ji c}ifnlqqi nljj‒|bob* flj di~~b nk lppl}l |f wbf~l l fbf |fb p`bwb5 wl}`ký pk w|ý ioi}l `hl lcjk pki |fi ~}ifpkqkbfl l |f ~}iobf~bµ4>& Ck|f~i ji fb~~l nlj fk`hkjkpob* j‒|bob è |fi pb}~i nk km}knb* è |f ‖y|ij`bpi nk olqqb ~}i |f wicjki``kb l |f `initl}l‒* oi nltl tbjl}l kj w}bw}kb p|wl}iolf~b kf obnb `hl kj p|wl}|bob nki |f f|btb plfpb ijji ~l}}i* l wl} di} `ký è fl`lppi}kb nl`knl}l nk plwwljjk}l `bf jl w}bw}kl oifk kj ji~b nk pë `hl è if`b}i ‚|j~kob |bob‟* è fl`lppi}kb ~}iobf~i}l `bol ‚|j~kob |bob‟ l ~}ifpk~i}l tl}pb kj p|wl}|bob& Pl pk dl}oippl* pl c|i}nippl kfnkl~}b l ~lf~ippl nk ~lfl}pk kf ly|kjkm}kb i~~}itl}pb j‒kjj|pkbfl nk Nkb* olnkif~l |f‒kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl ob}ijl* ~lbjbck`i l ~lj ~ljlbjbck`i lbjbck`i nljj‒lpkp~lfqi* j‒|bob pi}lmml nlp~kfi~b i `inl}l fljj‒imkppb* i }lp~i}l |f `initl}l5 nltl wlfpi}pk kftl`l `bol fk`hkjkp~i i~~ktb l pwk}k~b jkml}b* nktlfk}l |f nkp~}|~~b}l l |f ioif~l nljji `bfbp`lfqi* tktl}l wl}k`bjbpiolf~l l w}b`lnl}l wl} ~lf~i~ktk* }k`bfbp`l}l ji oiji~~ki nk `|k pk è iddl~~k l m}ioi}ji dkfb kf dbfnb wl} b~~lfl}l ji c}ifnl pij|~l* wl} ~icjki}l `bf ji ~}inkqkbfl* p~imkjk}l |fi f|bti cl}i}`hki cl}i}`hki l ifni}l plow}l wkû bj~}l jbf~ifb ni bcfk ‖y|k‒ l ni bcfk ‖~| nltk‒ kf `l}`i nljji w}bw}ki jkml}~ç* nlj obfnb* nljji dkjbpbdki nlj oi~~kfb& Wl} ~}iobf~i}l `bol |j~kob |bob l flj `bf~lowb ijmlccki}l `bol p|wl}|bob* j‒|bob nltl wippi}l wl} ~}l ol~iob}dbpk nljjb pwk}k~b* `hl kfnk`ifb ¥`bol jb pwk}k~b nktlf~i `iooljjb* l kj `iooljjb jlbfl* l kfdkfl kj jlbfl dif`k|jjbµ 4<& Kj `iooljjb è j‒|j~kob |bob* è j‒|bob j‒|bob/nk/dkfb/in/bcck* /nk/dkfb/in/bcck* `bj|k `hl wlfpi wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk* `hl pbwwb}~i kj wlpb nlj pi`}kdk`kb* `hl tlfl}i* nbokfimkjl* `hl bmmlnkp`l in bcfk ‖~| nltk‒* `hl t|bjl |okjki}pk* kfpk`|}b kfpk` |}b nk pë* nlmbjl& ¥Oi jç nbtl kj nlpl}~b è wkû pbjk~i}kb* ittklfl ji pl`bfni ol~iob}dbpk1 y|k jb pwk}k~b nktlf~i jlbfl* lcjk t|bj `bol w}lni ji p|i jkml}~ç ln lppl}l pkcfb}l flj w}bw}kb nlpl}~bµ 441 flj obolf~b kf `|k j‒|j~kob |bob* p`bw}l ji ‖olfqbcfi nlk okjjlffk‒* p`bw}l `hl pk `hkioiti tl}k~ç kj fklf~l* kj fk`hkjkpob* |f‒kjj|pkbfl w}bpwl~~k`i tbj~i ijji `bfpl}tiqkbfl l ij wb~lfqkiolf~b nljji tk~i* ijjb}i jç nbtl jb poi}}kolf~b è wkû w}bdbfnb l ji`l}if~l* y|lp~k nltl ~}ipdb}oi}pk* j‒|bob nltl ipp|ol}l f|btl plomkifql wl}`hë `bf ji ob}~l nk Nkb pbfb y|ljjl p~lppl plomkifql* `hl lcjk itlti ‖lnkdk`i~b‒* i `inl}l5 lcjk nltl ipp|ol}l ‖j‒iwwi}lfqi‒ nlj jlbfl* cjk i~~lcckiolf~k nljjb pwk}k~b jkml}b l nlj fk`hkjkp~i i~~ktb l tkf`l}l kj n}icb nljji ob}ijl `}kp~kifi * kj ‖~| nltk‒*

4>

 Ktk* w& 8&  Ktk* w& =0& 44  Ktk* w& =>& 4<

0=

immi~~l}l k tl``hk tijb}k p| `|k }|b~iti ~|~~b l `hl cjk kowlnktifb nk nk}l ‖kb tbcjkb‒5 nltl  wb}pk kj w}bmjloi nlj fk`hkjkpob l nljj‒bj~}lwippiolf~b nk pë5 nltl kf~lfnl}l ji tk~i `bol olqqb nljji `bfbp`lfqi 43 wl} `bfy|kp~i}pk ji w}bw}ki jkml}~ç l nktlf~i}l `bpê win}bfl nk pë& ¥Oi nk~lok* d}i~ljjk* `hl `bpi pi di}l kj dif`k|jjb* `hl flww|}l kj jlbfl l}i kf c}inb nk di}l2 Wl}`hë kj jlbfl }iwi`l nltl if`hl nktlf~i}l |f dif`k|jjb2µ 48& J‒|bob* wlfpifnbpk `bol pwk}k~b jkml}b l fk fk`hkjkp~i `hkjkp~i i~~ktb fbf è kf c}inb nk wb}}l k f|btk tijb}k* oi w|ý kf~lfnl}l kj ¥‚ fk`hkjkpob‟ `bol knlijl nk p|w}loi wb~lfqi nljjb pwk}k~bµ4;* w|ý kf~lfnl}jb `bol wbppkmkjk~ç* `iwi`k~ç nk `}li}l jl `bfnkqkbfk iddkf`hë |f ckb}fb `bfplf~ifb |fi f|bti `}liqkbfl nk tijb}k l `ký pkcfkdk`i tbjl}l |f‒ij~}i ol~iob}dbpk* ~lfnl}l tl}pb kj p|wl}|bob* tl}pb j‒i`y|kpkqkbfl nljjl plomkifql nlj dif`k|jjb wl}`hë y|lp~k è `iwi`l nk nk}l ‖kb tbcjkb‒* nk nk}l nk pê* nk nl`knl}l* nk ni}l |f f|btb kfkqkb5 kj dif`k|jjb è `iwi`l nk wb}}l k tijb}k bmjkifnb k tl``hk* oi jb di kf obnb kffb`lf~l* wl} ckb`b* c|i}nifnb pbjb ijji ~l}}i* fbf `bpê `bol i``inlti `bf kj obnb nk wlfpi}l ~lbjbck`b l ~ljlbjbck`b& ¥Pê* wl} kj ck|b`b nljji `}liqkbfl* d}i~ljjk* b``b}}l |f pi`}b nk}l nk pê1 b}i jb pwk}k~b t|bjl ji p|i tbjbf~ç* kj wl}n|~b wl} kj obfnb `bfy|kp~i wl} pë kj p|b obfnbµ371 è fl`lppi}kb p|wl}i}l pl p~lppk* p|wl}i}l j‒|bob* oi wl} di} `ký mkpbcfi kffifqk~|~~b tbjl}l ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç* `hl è tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi5 nk d}bf~l in |f obfnb b}i w}ktb nk plfpb* nk d}bf~l ijji ob}~l nk Nkb* nljji tl}k~ç* nljj‒knli nk |fi `bp~k~|qkbfl |j~koi nljjl `bpl* j‒|bob nltl tbjl}l l nltl tbjl}l kj obfnb* wl} kj ckb`b nljji `}liqkbfl* kffb`lf~lolf~l nltl lpl}`k~i}l ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi p|j obfnb* wjipoi}jb* `}li}jb kf obnb ~ijl `hl cjk wl}ol~~i kj w}bw}kb p|wl}iolf~b l flj `bf~lowb `hl wl}ol~~i ij p|wl}|bob nk nktlfk}l kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i* nk `}li}l kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i kf obnb f|btb39&

43

@d}& D& Fkl~qp`hl* Ji ciki p`klfqi l Knkjjk nk Olppkfi* `k~&* id& 0=>* w& =07& D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* ww& =>/=<& 4; D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9883/9888 * `k~&* d}& ; U 0; _* w& 9<& 37 D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& =<& 39 ¥J‒lpplfqi w}bw}ki l b}kckfi}ki nljji jk ml}~ç `bol w}bcl~~b nk f|btk tijb}k* l tijb}k |fktl}pijk* tklfl ~}i~~i~i i~~}itl}pb ji ol~idb}i nlj ckb`b& Ckb`b è ji fi~|}i nljji jkml}~ç wbpk~kti& @bf ji ob}~l nk Nkb kj `i}i~~l}l nk }kp`hkb l nk ckb`b nljj‒lpkp~lfqi |oifi nktlf~i oifkdlp~b& Ji `}li~ktk~ç nljj‒|bob è kj ckb`b& Kj o|~iolf~b nljj‒|bob flj p|wl}|bob fbf è |f pij~b nk fi~|}i mkbjbck`i* U․_ è |fi ol~iob}dbpk nljji jkml}~ç lp~}loi* kj p|b jkml}i}pk nijji ijklfiqkbfl l kj jkml}b oifkdlp~i}pk nlj p|b `i}i~~l}l nk ckb`bµ (L& Dkfe*  Ji dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl * `k~&* w& 33+& 48

00

=&0 Ji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi l ji `}liqkbfl

¥Wl} `bfpl}ti}pk* `bfpl}ti}pk* j‒|bob d| kj w}kob i wb}}l nlk tijb}k fljjl `bpl* ‐  wl} w}kob lcjk `}lý |f plfpb ijjl `bpl* |f plfpb |oifb) Wl}`ký pk `hkioi ‖|bob‒* `kbè1 `bj|k `hl tij|~i& Tij|~i}l è `}li}l1 |nk~l* `}li~b}k) Tij|~i}l è nk wl} pë kj ~lpb}b l kj ckbkljjb nk ~|~~l jl `bpl tij|~i~l& Pbjb tij|~ifnb lcjk `bfdl}kp`l tijb}l5 l plfqi nk `ký ji fb`l nljj‒lpkp~lfqi pi}lmml t|b~i& \nk~l* `}li~b}k) O|~iolf~b nlk tijb}k ‐  è o|~iolf~b nlk `}li~b}k& Plow}l nkp~}|ccl `hk è `bp~}l~~b i `}li}lµ

3=

&

Flj obolf~b kf `|k pk p`bw}l ji ob}~l nk Nkb* j‒|bob p`bw}l ji fi~|}i w}bpwl~~k`i l dkpkbjbck`i nlk tijb}k l ijjb}i k f|btk tijb}k fbf nltbfb lppl}l wkû wlfpi~k pl`bfnb ji ob}ijl `}kp~kifi30* c|i}nifnb in |f obfnb nkl~}b ij obfnb `bpê `bol di`lti j‒|j~kob |bob 3> pb~~b j‒kfdj|ppb j‒kfdj|ppb nljjb ¥pwk}k~b nk c}itk~ç*  ‐  c}iqkl i j|k ~|~~l jl `bpl `inbfbµ 3<* fë lppl}l nlk nkpw}lcki~b}k nlj `b}wb34* fë wbpplnl}l wkû nk |fi tk}~û 33* fë }k`inl}l fljji tl``hki oiji~~ki `hl w|ý w}lplf~i}pk fljjl olf~k~l pwbcjkl nljjb P~i~b 38* nlj nlfi}b l nljji dioi 3; b nljj‒iob}l wl} kj w}bppkob875 wl}`hë kf ~ijk obnk ¥l}i kj `b}wb `hl nkpwl}iti nlj `b}wb U․_) L}i kj `b}wb `hl nkpwl}iti nljji ~l}}i U․_& L y|lp~b `hl è j‒lppl}l wkû bflp~b* j‒kb ‐  y|lp~b wi}ji nlj `b}wb l t|bjl kj `b}wb* if`hl y|ifnb pk kfn|`l i wbl~i}l l i dif~ip~k`i}l l ptbjiqqi y|i l jç `bf jl ijk pwlqqi~l& Lppb kowi}i i wi}ji}l plow}l wkû bflp~iolf~l* j‒kb1 l y|if~b  wkû kowi}i* ~if~b wkû ~}bti wi}bjl kf bfb}l nlj `b}wb l nljji ~l}}i& \f f|btb f|btb b}cbcjkb ok hi kfplcfi~b j‒kb* l kb jb kfplcfb icjk |bokfk1 fbf dk``i}l wkû ji ~lp~i fljji pimmki nljjl `bpl nlj `kljb* mlfpê wb}~i}ji jkml}iolf~l* |fi ~lp~i ~l}}lfi* `hl `}li kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i) Icjk |bokfk kfplcfb |fi f|bti tbjbf~ç1 tbjl}l y|lp~b `iookfb `hl j‒|bob hi wl}`b}pb ijji `kl`i `kl`i** l `hkioi}jb m|bfb l fbf wkû ijjbf~ifi}plfl d|}~ktiolf~l `bol k oiji~k l k ob}kmbfnk) Oiji~k l ob}kmbfnk l}ifb `bp~b}b* `hl nkpw}lqqitifb kj `b}wb l ji ~l}}i l kftlf~i}bfb jl `bpl `ljlp~k l jl cb``l nk pifc|l nljji }lnlfqkbfl1 oi wl}pkfb y|lp~k tljlfk nbj`k l ~lflm}bpk jk itltifb ~}i~~k nij `b}wb l nijji 89

~l}}i)µ &

Y|lj obnb nk wlfpi}l l}i |f‒kjj|pkbfl w}bpwl~~k`i p`i~|} lf~l nijji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi* ni }ickbfk ‖|oifl* ~}bwwb |oifl‒* ni mkpbcfk dkpkbjbck`k* ij dkfl nljji `bfpl}tiqkbfl l nlj 3=

D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 4<&  Ktk* ww& =4/=8& 3>  Ktk* w& =;& 3<  Ktk* w& >9& 34  Ktk* ww& 00/0>& 33  Ktk* ww& 0& 3;  Ktk* ww& <
0>

wb~lfqkiolf~b nk wb`hk& Bcfk tijb}l l}i p~i~b wbp~b ¥pbjb `bol }kdjlppb nljji tk}~û wkû fbmkjlµ8=* nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi1 ¥Wb~lfqi è y|lp~i f|bti tk}~û5 |f wlfpkl}b nbokfif~l lppi è* i~~b}fb ij y|ijl pk ittbjcl |f‒ifkoi kf~ljjkclf~l1 |f pbjl n‒b}b* l i~~b}fb i lppb kj pl}wlf~l nljji `bfbp`lfqiµ 80& Kf y|lp~i dipl nk wippicckb* `bp`klf~l nljji ob}~l nk Nkb* j‒|bob nltl wlfpi}l kj ¥‚fk`hkjkpob‟ `bol knlijl nk p|w}loi wb~lfqi nljjb pwk}k~bµ* `bol ¥|f obnb nk wlfpi}l

nktkfbµ8>* nltl lpl}`k~i}l ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi wl} immi~~l}l k tl``hk tijb}k* ¥|f w}lnbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k nltl nktlf~i}l y|lp~b iob}l `hl nbfiµ 8< l  ‐ `bf`lwlfnbpk  ‐  `bf`lwlfnbpk `bol |f wbf~l tl}pb kj p|wl}|bob `hl è kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i ln è `iwi`l nk wb}}l k tijb}k kf obnb f|btb  ‐ `bpê  ‐  `bpê di`lfnb* nltl pl}tk}l kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i `hl è kj p|wl}|bob* j‒|fk`b `iwi`l nk wb}}l k tijb}k kf obnb f|btb5 j‒|bob nltl tbjl}l `hl kj p|wl}|bob pki kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i l `hl y|lp~k immki kj wb~l}l nk wb}}l k tijb}k kf obnb f|btb* l `ký t|bj nk}l `hl j‒|bob nltl lpl}`k~i}l ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi y|k ln b}i p|jjl `bpl* nltl }kwlfpi}l* }k`}li}l jl `bpl*  wjipoi}l ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç nk p|wl}i}pk* nk ~lfnl}l ij p|wl}|bob w}bw}kb ‖nlf~}b jl `bpl‒ kf obnb ~ijl `hl jl `bpl p~lppl ‖tbcjkifb‒ kj p|wl}iolf~b l kj p|w l}|bob1 ¥Db}pl `hl wb~}lp~l `}li}l |f nkb2 ‐  nkb2  ‐ N|fy|l N|fy|l fbf wi}ji~lok nk nèk) @l}~b* tbk wb~}lp~l `}li}l kj p|wl}|bob& Db}pl fbf tbk p~lppk* d}i~ljjk) Oi wb~}lp~l `}li}l kf tbk k win}k l cjk if~lfi~k nlj p|wl}|bob1 l y|lp~b pki kj tbp~}b `}li}l okcjkb}l okcjkb}l U․_& Db}pl `hl wb~}lp~l  wlfpi}l |f nkb2 ‐  nkb2  ‐ Oi Oi `ký pkcfkdk`hk wl} tbk tbjbf~ç nk tl}k~ç1 `hl ~|~~b pki ~}ipdb}oi~b pê ni wb~l} lppl}l wlfpi~b* tkp~b l plf~k~b nijj‒|bob) Tbk nbtl~l wlfpi}l dkfb kf dbfnb k tbp~}k plfpk p~lppkµ

84

&

J‒|bob `hl hi hi ipp|f~b kj nbwwkb i~~lcckiolf~b nlj fk`hkjkp~i i~~ktb l nljjb pwk}k~b jkml}b  ‐  nkp~}|~~b}l nk bcfk tl``hkb ‖~| nltk‒* pwl}kolf~i~b}l `hl |~kjkqqi ji tk~i `bol olqqb nljji `bfbp`lfqi wbk`hë m}iobpb nk ifni}l `bf~kf|iolf~l bj~}l* jbf~ifb ni bcfk w|f~b n‒i} }ktb n‒i} }ktb ‐   ‐  lcjk fbf w|ý nktlfk}l p|wl}|bob wl}`hë fbf di ij~}b `hl `bowkl}l ~b~ijolf~l kj fk`hkjkpob*  wl}`hë fbf di ij~}b `hl oifkdlp~i}pk* nk}l~~iolf~l l kfnk}l~~iolf~l* `bol ‖tbjbf~ç nlj f|jji‒ l p`in}lmml fljji tifk~ç nljj‒kfnbtkfb 835 j‒|bob w|ý wl}ol~~l}l `hl ` hl kj p|wl}|bob wbfci k f|btk tijb}k l nki kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i kf obnb f|btb* oi `ký pkcfkdk`i `hl fbf nltl pbjb `bf`lf~}i}pk in immi~~l}l k tl``hk tijb}k* kj tl``hkb b}nkfl nlj obfnb l kj tl``hkb obnb nk

8=

 Ktk* w& 80&  Ktk* w& 8<&

80 8>

D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9883/9888 * `k~&* d}& ; U 0; _* w& 9<& D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 8>& 84  Ktk* w& ;>& 83  Ktk* w& 9<<& 8<

0<

wlfpi}l5 nltl flj `bf~lowb `}li}l y|k ln b}i jl `bfnkqkbfk |~kjk iddkf`hë kj p|wl}|bob wbppi wb}}l k f|btk tijb}k l kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i kf obnb f|btb* nltl ~}ipdb}oi}l* }kwlfpi}l ~|~~l jl `bpl i wi}~k}l nik w}bw}k plfpk* nij `b}wb* nijji ~l}}i 881

¥@}li}l ‐  ¥@}li}l  ‐  y|lp~i è ji c}ifnl }lnlfqkbfl nijji pbddl}lfqi* l kj nktlfk} jkltl nljji tk~i& Oi wl}`hë tk pki `bj|k `hl `}li è fl`lppi}ki obj~i pbddl}lfqi l obj~i ~}ipdb}oiqkbfl& Pê* obj~b ioi}b ob}k}l nlt‒lppl}l fljji tbp~}i tk~i* b tbk `hl `}li~l) Pbjb `bpê pkl~l `bjb}b `hl nkdlfnbfb l ck|p~kdk`ifb bcfk `bpi wl}k~|}i& Wl} lppl}l kj dkcjkb nk f|btb clfl}i~b* `bj|k `hl `}li fbf w|ý fbf tbjl} lppl}l if`hl ji wi}~b}klf~l l fbf tbjl}l k nbjb}k nljji  wi}~b}klf~l U․_& ^|~~b y|if~b è plfpkmkjl pbdd}l kf ol ln è kf `lwwk1 oi kj okb tbjl}l tklfl plow}l i ol `bol okb jkml}i~b}l l iwwb}~i~b}l nk ckbki& Tbjl}l jkml}i1 y|lp~i è ji tl}i nb~~}kfi nljji tbjbf~ç l nljji jkml}~ç ‐  jkml}~ç  ‐ `bpê `bpê tl ji kfplcfi Qi}i~h|p~}iµ

8;

&

@bj|k `hl `}li* `hl }kwlfpi cjk lf~k kf nk}lqkbfl nlj w}bw}kb p|wl}iolf~b l nlj p|wl}|bob* nltl pwl}kolf~i}l* pmicjki}l l pbdd}k}l obj~b w}koi nk }k|p`k}l i p|wl}i}l y|lp~i plfpb* nk wl}k`bjbpk~ç5 oi wl} `}li}l jl `bfnkqkbfk iddkf`hë j‒|bob dipl nk fk`hkjkpob* nk fbf/ fbf/plfpb* pk p|wl}k* iddkf`hë wippk ij p|wl}|bob* fbf w|ý flif`hl }kdk|~i}l ~|~~k cjk l}}b}k l ji pbddl}lfqi w}btb`i~i ni lppk* wl}`hë pbjb i``l~~ifnbjk `bol p~}inl ckç pwl}kolf~i~l è wbppkmkjl wjipoi}l jl `bpl kf obnb ~ijl `hl iwwb}~kfb wki`l}l l ckbki* kf obnb ~ijl `hl wl}ol~~ifb kj p|wl}iolf~b nk pl p~lppk l kf obnb `hl `bfplf~ifb ij p|wl}|bob n wb}}l k tijb}k l kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i kf obnb f|btb& Pbjb i wi}~k}l nijji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç* pbjb lpl}`k~ifnb ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi p|cjk lf~k j‒|bob w|ý c|i}ni}l ijji jkml}iqkbfl nijji w}bw}ki pbddl}lfqi* nij wl}k`bjb* nij fk`hkjkpob1 pbjb lpl}`k~ifnb ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi p|jjl `bpl* pbjb `}lifnbjl* wlfpifnbjl kf nk}lqkbfl nljji ~l}}i* nlcjk kp~kf~k* nlj `b}wb* kf nk}lqkbfl nlj w}bw}kb p|wl}iolf~b* j‒|bob w|ý ~}i}}l wki`l}l* ckbki* w|ý }k`}li}pk l }k }k/`}li}pk* /`}li}pk* wl}`hë pbjb ¥`bpê kj oi}~ljjb tklfl pwkf~b tl}pb ji wkl~}iµ ;71 ¥]koifl~lok dlnljk ijji ~l}}i* d}i~ljjk* `bf ji wb~lfqi nljji tbp~}i tk}~û) Kj tbp~}b iob}l `hl nbfi l ji tbp~}i `bfbp`lfqi pl}tifb kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i) @bpê tk w}lcb l tk p`bfck|}b& Di~l `hl lppi fbf tbjk tki nijjl `bpl ~l}}lfl l tini i pmi~~l}l `bf jl ijk `bf~}b o|}k l~l}fk) Ihkoè* tk è p~i~i plow}l ~if~i tk}~û tbji~i tki) ]kwb}~i~l `bf ol* ji tk}~û tbji~i tki p|jji ~l}}i ‐  ~l}}i  ‐ pê pê }kwb}~i~lji ij `b}wb l ijji tk~i1 wl}`hë nki |f plfpb plfpb ijji ~l}}i* |f plfpb |oifb) Dkfb i bcck* pki jb pwk}k~b pki ji tk}~û* pbfb tbji~k tki l hiffb l}}i~b kf `lf~b obnk& Ihkoë* inlppb ~|~~b

88

¥Fkl~qp`hl fbf wbfl j‒|bob ij wbp~b nk Nkb1 lcjk fbf nktkfkqqi fë knbji~}i j‒lf~l dkfk~b& Ij wbp~b nk Nkb* ij wbp~b nlj Nkb nlk `}kp~kifk l nlj }lcfb wji~bfk`b nljjl knll* lcjk wbfl ji ~l}}iµ (L& Dkfe*  Ji dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl* `k~&* w& 87+& 8;  Ktk* ww& ;
04

y|lp~b nljk}i}l l l}}i}l imk~i flj fbp~}b `b}wb1 è nktlf|~b `b}wb l tbjbf~ç& Dkfb i bcck* pki jb pwk}k~b pki ji tk}~û* hiffb pmicjki~b pmicjki~b kf `lf~b obnk& Pê* j‒|bob è p~i~b |f ~lf~i~ktb& Ihkoë* y|if~i kcfb}ifqi l y|if~b l}}b}l kf fbk è nktlf~i~b `b}wb& Fbf pbjb ji }ickbfl nk okjjlffk  ‐  if`hl ji jb}b nlolfqi l}bowl kf fbk& L‒ wl}k`bjbpb lppl}l l}lnk& Fbk `bomi~~kiob if`b}i wippb wippb `bf~}b `bf~} b kj ckcif~l `ipb* l p|jj‒|oifk~ç kf~l}i hi nbokfi~b dkfb in bcck j‒ipp|}nb* kj fbf/plfpb& fbf/plfpb& Kj tbp~}b pwk}k~b l ji tbp~}i tk}~û pl}tifb kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i* d}i~ljjk1 l kj tijb}l nk ~|~~l jl `bpl pki p~imkjk~b ni tbk kf obnb f|btb) Wl}`ký nbtl~l lppl}l `bomi~~lf~k) Wl}`ký nbtl~l lppl}l `}li~b}k) Kj `b}wb pk w|}kdk`i flj piwl}l5 di`lfnb ~lf~i~ktk `bj piwl}l lppb pk ljlti5 i `bj|k `hl `bfbp`l* ~|~~k cjk kp~kf~k pk pif~kdk`ifb5 ;9

ijj‒ljlti~b* j‒ifkoi nktlf~i cikiµ &

;9

 Ktk* w& 84&

03

@iwk~bjb KKK J‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‛|c|ijl1

tl}pb kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb

¥@bol fbf nbt}lk iflji}l ijj‒l~l}fk~ç l ij f|qkijl ifljjb nlcjk ifljjk*  ‐  j‒ifljjb nlj }k~b}fb) If`b}i fbf ~}btik nbffi ni di}ok nlpknl}i}l dkcjk* pl fbf y|lp~i nbffi* `hl kb iob1 wl}`hë ~k iob* L~l}fk~ç) Wl}`hë ~k

iob* L~l}fk~ç)µ& D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i&

0&9 Kj ~lowb* j‛iob} di~k l di~k l j‛l~l}fk~ç

@k pk innlf~}i b}i fljji y|lp~kbfl idd}bf~ifnb ji y|ijl Fkl~qp`hl nbfi kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl l `kbè ji ‖y|lp~kbfl nlj ~lowb‒ ;=& N‒ij~}b `if~b* dkf nij 9889 ji nboifni `hl w}lppiti Fkl~qp`hl l}i ¥@hl di}lob `bj }lp~b nljji fbp~}i tk~i  ‐  fbk `hl fl lpplfqkijl2µ immkiob ~}ip`b}pb ji oicckb} wi}~l fljj‒kcfb}ifqi wkû lpplfqkijl2 µ;0 `kbè* w}lpi `bp`klfqi nk jji fbp~}i tk~i ijj‒bp`|}b nk `bpi pkcfkdk`hk tktl}l* b}i* y|ijl itl} wippi~b |fi wi}~l nl nljji pkcfkdk`i~b pk t|bjl i~~}km|k}l ij tktl}l p~lppb* fljji wi}~l }lp~if~l nljji w}bw}ki tk~i2 L `hl `bp‒è kj }lp~b nljji tk~i nk |f pkfcbjb |bob pl fbf |f ‖}lp~b nk ~lowb nljji w}bw}ki tk~i‒* pl fbf |f ~lowb }lp~if~l flj y|ijl nl`knl}l `hl `bpi pkcfkdk`hk ji w}bw}ki tk~i fljji p|i kf~l}lqqi2 L `bol di}l i nl`knl}l `hl `bpi pkcfkdk`hk ji w}bw}ki tk~i fljji p|i kf~l}lqqi* flj ~lowb `hl }lp~i nk lppi* y|ifnb |fi wi}~l nk lppi ‖è ckç wippi~i‒* è ckç p~i~i* è p~i~i ckç i~~}itl}pi~i* nl`kpi* p~imkjk~i* dkppi~i* è ‖kj wippi~b‒2 @hl `bpi pkcfkdk`i kj ~lowb }lp~if~l* y|ifnb wi}~l nlj ~lowb è ckç wippi~i2 @bol w|ý |f |bob nl`knl}l `hl `bpi pkcfkdk`hk itl}l ~lowb flj ~lowb y|k ln b}i }koiflf~l l nk d}bf~l ij ~lowb ckç wippi~b* ~}ip`b}pb* it|~b* p~i~b2 ;=

¥Wl} Fkl~qp`hl kfdi~~k ji ‚}lnlfqkbfl‟ nlj obfnb pkcfkdk`i kffifqk~|~~b ji ‚}lnlfqkbfl‟ nlj ~lowb1 lppi pk i~~|i* flci~ktiolf~l* i~~}itl}pb ji }ink`ijl olppi kf y|lp~kbfl nljji p~}|~~|}i jbck`b/ ol~idkpk`i nljj‒knli nk ~lowb* `bol p|``lppkbfl jkfli}l nk pkfcbjk obolf~k* l* wbpk~ktiolf~l* p| |fi `bowjlppkti }knldkfkqkbfl nljji ~lowb}ijk~ç* fljjl p|l i}~k`bjiqkbfk `}bfbjbck`hl nk wippi~b* w}lplf~l l d|~|}b* dbfni~i p|jji  d|fqkbfl pijtkdk`i nljj‛kp~if~l* nljj‛kp~if~l* p|jji ‚wklflqqi‟ nlj y|k/b}iµ (C& D}if`e*  Fkl~qp`hl1 ~lowb pi`}b* ~lowb nlj ckb`b flj wlfpkl}b nljj‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb* }k~b}fb* kf II&TT&* @}|`kijk~ç nlj ~lowb& Picck p|jji `bf`lqkbfl fkl~qp`hkifi nlj ~lowb * i `|}i nk O& @i``ki}k* Jkc|b}k* Fiwbjk 9;87* w& ;<+& ;0 D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=* `k~&* d}& 99 U =9; _* w& 0<=&

08

Y|lp~l pbfb jl nboifnl `hl nbokfifb kf pb~~bdbfnb kj tkicckb ni  Kj `if~b nlk plwbj`}k dkfb ijji `hk|p|}i nlj jkm}b  KKK  nljjb  Qi}i~h|p~}i1 ¥cjk ltlf~k wkû c}ifnk  ‐  fbf pbfb jl fbp~}l b}l wkû d}icb}bpl* mlfpê y|ljjl plfqi tb`lµ ;>* k obolf~k nl`kpktk pbfb w}bw}kb y|ljjk kf `|k* ob}~b Nkb* pk `bow}lfnl `hl ¥‚~|~~b è tifb* ~|~~b è kfnkddl}lf~l* ~|~~b d|‟µ ;<* pbfb k obolf~k kf `|k pk `iwkp`l `hl ¥fbf `‒è fklf~l nk f|btb pb~~b kj pbjlµ ;45 pbfb k obolf~k kf `|k in bcf|fb wi}ji ji w}bw}ki b}i plfqi tb`l ;3* fljji y|ijl pk c|i}ni ij wippi~b l pk w}bti pbddl}lfqi wl}`hë fbf pk è `iwi`k nk kf~l}tlfk}l kf lppb* fljji y|ijl pk nktklfl `bfpiwltbjk `hl ¥è ~lowb b}oik)µ;8 wl} nl`knl}l nlj ~lowb* nljji tk~i* fljji y|ijl pk è `bp `klf~k `hl è ck|f~i j‒b}i nk nl`knl}l nlj ~lowb nljji tk~i `hl è wippi~b l nlj ~lowb nljji tk~i `hl }lp~i* fljji y|ijl è fl`lppi}kb ¥NI]L \F PLFPB ‐  PLFPB  ‐ y|lp~b y|lp~b `bowk~b }lp~i ippbj|~iolf~l ni ippbjtl}l* wbp~b `hl

flpp|f plfpb tk pki ckç µ;;& Dkfb}i* kj wippicckb nij obnb nk wlfpi}l l ick}l wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk i y|ljjb `hl ipp|ol `bol `lf~}b nk c}itk~ç j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl pk è `bfdkc|}i~b `bol |f nbwwkb obtkolf~b nk ~}iobf~b l ijmlcckiolf~b* `hl wippi wl} jl ~}l ol~iob}dbpk nljjb pwk}k~b* `bj ‐  }k`bfbp`k|~i ji ob}~l nk Nkb l kj w}bpwl~~ktkpob flk ck|nkqk nk tijb}l tbj~b ijji y|ijl y|ijl j‒|bob ‐ }k`bfbp`k|~i `bfpl}tiqkbfl l ij wb~lfqkiolf~b nljji tk~i* `kbè kj fk`hkjkpob  ‐  p`lcjkl nk ipp|ol}l cjk i~~lcckiolf~k nk pwk}k~b jkml}b l fk`hkjkp~i i~~ktb wl} immi~~l}l k tl``hk tijb}k l* `bpê di`lfnb* wl} wjipoi}l ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi flcjk lf~k kf obnb `}li~ktb l kffb`lf~l* wl} }kwlfpi}l jl `bpl i wi}~k}l nijji ~l}}i* nicjk kp~kf~k* nijji `b}wb}lk~ç* ij dkfl nk p|wl}i}pk* nk }k/ `}li}pk* nk b~~lfl}l j‒|j~koi ~}ipdb}oi ~}ipdb}oiqkbfl qkbfl nljjb pwk}k~b l wl}ol~~l}l `bpê ij p|wl}|bob nk wb}}l k tijb}k l kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i kf obnb f|btb& Ob}~b Nkb* j‒|bob ipp|ol kj fk`hkjkpob l ji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi `bol |f ‚knlijl nk p|w}loi wb~lfqi nljjb pwk}k~b‟* `bol |f ‚obnb nk wlfpi}l nktkfb‟ wl}`hë }ki`y|kp~i ji p|i tbjbf~ç ln è jkml}b nk lpl}`k~i}ji `}li~ktiolf~l kf nk}lqkbfl nlj w}bw}kb p|wl}iolf~b* nk |fi ~}iptij|~iqkbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k& Oi `‒è |f bp~i`bjb* |f o|}b kftijk`imkjl `hl ji tbjbf~ç pk ~}bti kffifqk ln è kj wippi~b1 ¥‖@bpê d|‒ ‐  `bpê pk `hkioi kj nkc}kcfi} nk nlf~k nljji tbjbf~ç l ji p|i olp~kqki wkû pbjk~i}ki& Kowb~lf~l `bf~}b `ký `hl è ckç di~~b* ji tbjbf~ç pi oijl ippkp~l}l ijjb pwl~~i`bjb nlj wippi~b& Ji tbjbf~ç fbf }klp`l i tbjl}l i }k~}bpb1 fbf wb~l}l kfd}ifcl}l kj ~lowb l ji tb}i`k~ç nlj ~lowb è ji p|i olp~kqki wkû pbjk~i}ki& Tbjl}l jkml}i1 oi ;>

D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 9<=&  Ktk* w& 9<<& ;4 @d}&  Ji Mkmmki nk Cl}|pijlool* ln& k~& i `|}i nk |f c}|wwb nk mkmjkp~k k~ijkifk pb~~b ji nk}lqkbfl nk D& Ti~~kbfk* Lnkqkbfk Nlhbfkifl* Mbjbcfi 9;;> l =777* kf Ybljl~ (b L``jlpkip~l+ 9*;* w& 90>9& ;3 @d}& D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* ww& 937/930& ;8  Ktk* w& 9<7& ;; D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9883/9888 * `k~&* d}& ; U >8 _* w& =7& ;<

0;

`hl `bpi w|ý kftlf~i}l kj tbjl}l olnlpkob wl} jkml}i}pk nljji w}bw}ki olp~kqki l w}lfnl}pk ck|b`b nljji p|i  w}kckbfl2 U․_ @hl kj ~lowb fbf wbppi `iookfi}l i }k~}bpb* y|lp~b è kj p|b }btljjb5 ‖`ký `hl d| ‒ ‐  `bpê pk `hkioi kj oi`kcfb `hl ji tbjbf~ç fbf w|ý po|btl}lµ

977

&

 ‐  wbk`hë ¥Nkb è |f wlfpkl}b `hl }lfnl p~b}~l ~|~~l jl `bpl Wl} p|wl}i}l y|lp~b bp~i`bjb  ‐ wbk`hë n}k~~l l di ck}i}l ~|~~b y|if~b è dl}obµ* wbk`hë ¥kftl`l k okcjkb}k pkombjk nlmmbfb wi}ji}l nlj ~lowb l nlj nktlfk}l1 |fi jbnl lppk nlmmbfb lppl}l l |fi ck|p~kdk`iqkbfl nk ~|~~b y|if~b è  ‐  Fkl~qp`hl bdd}l kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl `hl* flk `iwk~bjk wl}k~|}b)µ979  ‐  Fkl~qp`hl  pkbfl l j‛lfkcoi* j‛lfkcoi* pk nç wl} ~}l jktljjk* i~~}itl}pb ~}l ckb`hk `lf~}ijk nl  Kj tkifnif~l l  Ji tk pkbfl pkombjk`k1  ‐ olnkif~l  ‐ olnkif~l kj `iookfb pbjk~i}kb nk Qi}i~h|p~}i wl} ji p|i |j~koi tl~~i5  ‐  olnkif~l kj }i``bf~b ik oi}kfik nljj‒lfkcoi kf`bf~}i~b flj w}bw}kb `iookfb wl} j‒|j~koi tl~~i kfpklol ij fifb5  ‐ olnkif~l  ‐ olnkif~l kj }i``bf~b nljji tkpkbfl `hl jb kf`ijqý flj }kdjl~~l}l kf~b}fb ijj‒lfkcoi& Pkombjk`iolf~l* ji y|lp~kbfl nlj ~lowb l nljj‒bp~i`bjb nljji tbjbf~ç* `kbè kj wippi~b* pk nç w}koi}kiolf~l i~~}itl}pb j‒lfkcoi nljji wb}~i `i}}iki1

¥Lppi hi n|l tbj~k& N|l plf~kl}k `bftlfcbfb y|k1 flpp|fb jk hi oik wl}`b}pk dkfb ijji dkfl& Y|lp~i j|fci tki dkfb ijji wb}~i l ijj‒kfnkl~}b1 n|}i |f‒l~l}fk~ç& L y|ljji j|fci tki d|b}k nljji wb}~i l kf itif~k ‐  è |f‒ij~}i l~l}fk~ç& Pk `bf~}innk`bfb i tk`lfni* tk`lfni* y|lp~k plf~kl}k5 pmi~~bfb ji ~lp~i j‒ |fb `bf~}b j‒ij~}b1 l y|k* i y|lp~i wb}~i `i}}iki* lppk `bftlfcbfb& Kf ij~b p~i p`}k~~b kj fbol nljji wb}~i1 ‖i~~kob‒& Oi* `hk fl wl}`b}}lppl |fb nlk n|l ‐  plow}l wkû itif~k l plow}l wkû jbf~ifb1 `}lnk ~|* fifb* `hl y|lp~k plf~kl}k pk `bf~}innk`ifb kf l~l}fb2µ

97=

&

Ji w}koi kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl nljj‒lfkcoi nljji wb}~i `i}}iki* nijji y|ijl n|l plf~kl}k pk nkwi}~bfb l `bftl}cbfb* p‒kf`bf~}ifb l pk p`bf~}ifb ‐  nlk y|ijk j‒|fb ti nijji wb}~i ijj‒kfnkl~}b (wippi~b+ l n|}i |f‒l~l}fk~ç* j‒ij~}b kftl`l nijji wb}~i kf itif~k (d|~|}b+ l n|}i if`h‒lppb |fi l~l}fk~ç ‐  è y|ljji pl`bfnb ji `bf`lqkbfl jkfli}l nlj ~lowb* `hl pk mipi p|jj‒knli nljj‒k}}ltl}pkmkjk~ç nlj ~lowb* `kbè p|jj‒kowbppkmkjk~ç nk |f }k~b}fb* nk |f }kwl}`b}}kolf~b nlj ~lowb flj tl}pb bwwbp~b i y|ljjb p~imkjk~b l kj wippi~b iwwi}l immifnbfi~b i pl p~lppb5 y|k Fkl~qp`hl pb~~bjkfli `bol j‒imk~|nkfl wb}~k i wlfpi}l nk w}ko‒i``hk~b kj ~lowb pl`bfnb ji ~kwbjbcki nljj‒|j~kob |bob* pl`bfnb jl `i}i~~l}kp~k`hl nlj `iooljjb `iooljjb** mipifnbpk

977

 Ktk* ww& 94=/940&  Ktk* w& ;<& 97=  Ktk* ww& 980/98>& 979

>7

p|jjl knll nk |fi ~ljlbjbcki l ~lbjbcki nk lppb* `kbè pl`bfnb kj obnb nk wlfpi}l wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk nljji ~}inkqkbfl l* kf k f wi}~k`bji}l* nljji ob}ijl `}kp~kifi& Qi}i~h|p~}i wl}ý `hklnl pl y|lp~k plf~kl}k nlmmifb `bf~}innk}pk kf l~l}fb ijjb pwk}k~b nk c}itk~ç* kj y|ijl cjk }kpwbfnl1 ¥^|~~l jl `bpl n}k~~l olf~bfb U․_& Bcfk tl}k~ç è }k`|}ti* kj ~lowb p~lppb è |f `k}`bjbµ 970& Ji pl`bfni kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl nljj‒lfkcoi è y|ljji pl`bfnb ji `bf`lqkbfl `k`jk`i nlj ~lowb* `hl pk mipi kftl`l p|jji wbppkmkjk~ç nk |f }k~b}fb* nk |f }kwl}`b}}kolf~b nlj ~lowb fljjb p~lppb tl}pb nk w}koi* pki b}i}kb `hl if~k/b}i}kb* oi kj wl}`b}pb }koi}}lmml plow}l jb p~lppb l kj wippi~b }lp~l}lmml `bo|fy|l koo|~i~b* kfij~l}i~b5 kfdi~~k Qi}i~h|p~}i* nbwb lppl}pk kfd|}ki~b `bf~}b jb pwk}k~b nk c}itk~ç ‐  c}itk~ç  ‐ `hl `hl w}lfnl ji y|lp~kbfl `bf jlccl}lqqi* ji mifijkqqi l }koifl kf  ‐  jb p|wl}dk`kl }kw}bwbflfnb `bol |fk`i ij~l}fi~kti ji `bf`lqkbfl `k`jk`i `jippk`i nlj ~lowb  ‐ jb pwkfcl i `bf`lf~}i}pk w}bw}kb p| y|ljj‒ljlolf~b nk c}itk~ç1

¥C|i}ni* `bf~kf|ik* y|lp~b i~~kob) Ni y|lp~i wb}~i `i}}iki `hl pk `hkioi i~~kob* `bokf`ki ijj‛kfnkl~}b |fi tki j|fci* l~l}fi1 nkl~}b nk fbk è |f‒l~l}fk~ç& Bcf|fi nljjl `bpl `hl  wbppbfb `iookfi}l* fbf nbt}ç db}pl itl}l ckç wl}`b}pb |fi tbj~i y|lp~i tki2 Fbf nbt}ç bcf|fi nljjl `bpl `hl  wbppbfb i``inl}l* ckç lppl}l i``in|~i* di~~i* ~}ip`b}pi |fi tbj~i2 L pl ~|~~b è ckç lpkp~k~b1 `hl wlfpk* b fifb* nk y|lp~b i~~kob2 Fbf nltl if`hl y|lp~i wb}~i `i}}iki ‐  `i}}iki  ‐ lppl}`k lppl}`k ckç p~i~i2 L ~|~~l jl `bpl fbf pbfb db} pl iffbni~l pijniolf~l j‒|fi ijj‒ij~}i* kf obnb ~ijl `hl y|lp~b i~~kob ~}il nkl~}b nk pë ~|~~l jl `bpl ittlfk}l2  N|fy|l if`hl pl p~lppb2 Kfdi~~k bcf|fi nljjl `bpl `hl

 wbppbfb `iookfi}l1 if`hl kf y|lp~i j|fci tki ij nk  d|b}k nltl `iookfi}l if`b}i |fi tbj~i) L y|lp~b }icfb `hl kfn|cki p~}kp`kifnb ij `hki}b nk j|fi* l wl}pkfb y|lp~b `hki}b nk j|fi l kb l ~| mkpmkcjkif~k i y|lp~i wb}~i* nk `bpl l~l}fl mkpmkcjkif~k ‐  mkpmkcjkif~k ‐ fbf fbf nbmmkiob ~|~~k lppl}`k p~i~k |f‒ij~}i tbj~i2 ‐  l }k~b}fi}l i `iookfi}l kf y|ljj‒ij~}i tki ij nk d|b}k* nitif~k i fbk* kf y|lp~i j|fci b}}kni tki ‐  tki ‐ fbf fbf nbmmkiob }k~b}fi}l kf l~l}fb2µ

97>

&

Pl kj ~lowb dbppl wlfpi~b `k`jk`iolf~l c}itl}lmml p|jj‒ick}l nljj‒|bob ¥`bol kj wlpb wkû c}ifnlµ97<* wl}`hë ‚fbf `k pi}lmml fklf~l nk f|btb pb~~b kj pbjl‟* wl}`hë ‚~|~~b pi}lmml tifb* kfnkddl}lf~l* p~i~b‟* wl}`hë pkcfkdk`hl}lmml }k`bfbp`l}l j‒lpkp~lfqi nk |f b}nkfl `bpok`b* nk |fi jlccl ol~idkpk`i `|k ~|~~b è pbccl~~b* l `kbè ji fl`lppk~ç nk ~|~~b j‒i``inl}l5 pl `k pk f~l* }iww}lplf~ifnbpk jl n|l tkl `bol |f‒|fk`i tki jkok~ippl i wlfpi}l kj ~lowb `k}`bji}ol `k}`bji}olf~l* `hk|pi kf `k}`bjb* iool~~lfnb `hl ¥nkl~}b nk fbk è |fi l~l}fk~çµ 974* ijjb}i ~|~~b `ký `hl w|ý  wl}`b}}l}l ji tki nij wippi~b* wipp i~b* fbf j‒it}ç ckç wl}`b}pi2 Fbf nbt}lmml lppl}l ckç i``in|~b* ~|~~b `ký `hl w|ý if`b}i i``inl}l2 L pl `bpê dbppl* ijjb}i fbf w|ý tijl}l jb p~lppb wl} y|lp~b

970

 Kmknlo&  Kmknlo&

97> 97< 974

D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Ji ciki p`klfqi l Knkjjk nk Olppkfi* `k~&* id& 0>9* w& =>;& D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 98>&

>9

i~~kob* wl} y|lp~i wb}~i `i}}iki2 Fbf pi}lmml wbppkmkjl `hl ~|~~l jl `bpl pkifb p~}l~~iolf~l kf~l}`bfflppl* kf obnb `hl y|lp~b p~lppb i~~kob ~}icci nkl~}b nk pë ~|~~b `ký `hl è i/tlfk}l* wl}dkfb pl p~lppb2 Pl ji tbjbf~ç fbf w|ý tbjl}l i }k~}bpb* è n|fy|l wbppkmkjl |f y|ij`hl }k~b}fb2 Fbf nbt}lmml }k~b}fi}l l~l}fiolf~l ~|~~b `ký `hl i``inl kf y|ljj‒i~~kob l ‖y|ljj‒i~~kob p~lppb‒* kf `|k ~|~~b `bfdj|kp`l l ni `|k pk nk}ioi2 Ji y|lp~kbfl* y|lp~kbfl* j‒lfkcoi è w}bw}kb y|ljji wb}~i `i}}iki p| `|k p~i p`}k~~b ‖i~~kob‒1 fbf pk pi nbtl immkifb b}kckfl l dkfl y|lp~l n|l jkfll ~lowb}ijk w}bw}kb wl}`hë l~l}fl* oi è fljj‒i~~kob `hl lppl p‒kf`bf~}ifb l pk p`bf~}ifb* `bftl}cbfb `bftl}cbfb l nktl}cbfb5 j‒i~~kob wb~}lmml wb~}lmml lppl}l kj ‖y|k‒* ‖j‒b}i‒* ‖j‒inlppb‒ pki nljji `bf`lqkbfl jkfli}l `hl nk y|ljji `k`jk`b `k`jk`b/`jippk`i /`jippk`i nlj ~lowb& @hl pkcfkdk`i j‒i~~kob2 Wl} |p`k}l nij tk`bjb `kl`b* wl} }kpbjtl}l j‒lfkcoi* Fkl~qp`hl |~kjkqqi ‐  ‐ `bpê `bpê `bol l}i i``in|~b n|}if~l j‒iff|f`kb j‒iff|f`kb nlj p|wl}|bob  ‐  j‒k}}bowl}l nk |fi ‖tkpkbfl‒1 ¥`bpê wi}jitb* plow}l wkû djlmkjl1 wl}`hë itltb wi|}i nlk oklk p~lppk wlfpkl}k l nlk oklk wlfpkl}k wkû }l`bfnk~k& L kow}bttkpiolf~lµ973* olf~}l pk di`lti y|lp~l nboifnl* Qi}i~h|p~}i plf~ê |f `ifl |j|ji}l978* flj pkjlfqkb pwl~~}ijl nk olqqifb~~l  ‐  `hl jb itlti }kwb}~i~b ijji p|i ckbtkflqqi w}bw}kb flj obolf~b kf `|k jb itlti plf~k~b |j|ji}l fljjb p~lppb olnlpkob obnb* pwitlf~i~b* wljb k}~b* flj pkjlfqkb pwl~~}ijl nk olqqifb~~l  ‐ oi*  ‐  oi* l``b `hl kj fifb* ji wb}~i* kj }icfb* ~|~~b l}i p`bowi}pb nitif~k i pë l pk l}i ~}bti~b

¥kf olqqb i b}}knk oi`kcfk* pbjb* nlpbji~b* ij wkû nlpbji~b nlk `hki}k nk j|fi&  Oi y|k cki`lti |f |bob) L ‐   ‐  inlppb ok tknl i``b}}l}l ‐  w}bw}kb y|k) ‐  y|k) ‐ kj kj `ifl* `hl pij~iti* `bj wljb k}~b* c|ikbjif~l*  ‐ inlppb i``b}}l}l  ‐ ll ijjb}i |j|jý nk f|btb*

|}jý1  ‐  itltb oik plf~k~b w}koi |f `ifl |}ji}l ik|~b i y|lj obnb2 L* nittl}b* `ký `hl tknk* fbf j‒itltb oik tkp~b& Tknk |f ckbtifl wip~b}l }b~bji}pk* pbddb`i~b* `bft|jpb* p~}itbj~b kf tkpb* `|k |f c}ltl pl}wlf~l fl}b wlfqbjiti nijji mb``i& Itltb oik tkp~b ~if~b p`hkdb l jktknb }i``iw}k``kb nkwkf~b p| nk |f tbj~b2 Db}pl* olf~}l nb}okti* kj pl}wlf~l cjk l}i p~}kp`ki~b nlf~}b jl di|`k l ‐  l  ‐ jê jê pk l}i immi}mk`i~b ob}nlfnbµ

97;

&

Kj ‖ckbtifl wip~b}l‒ `hl nb}ol* `kbè flj p|b p~i~b nk kjj|pkbfl* nk nb}oklf~l* }iww}lplf~i j‒|bob flj y|ijl p~}kp`ki d|}~ktb* ‚fljji wkû pbjk~i}ki nljjl p|l pbjk~|nkfk‟ 997* kj pl}wlf~l B`lifb* kj wlfpkl}b ‚nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl‟* kj wlfpkl}b `hl ¥y|lp~i tk~i* `bol ~| b}i ji tktk l j‒hik j‒hik tkpp|~i* nbt}ik tktl}ji if`b}i |fi tbj~i l if`b}i kff|ol}ltbjk tbj~l* l fbf `k

973

 Ktk* w& 98<&

978

Kj `ifl `hl |j|ji jb wb}~i kfnkl~}b ijji p|i ckbtkflqqi wl} nkpkowi}i}ji* `bol itlti nl~~b j‒b}i plfqi tb`l1 ¥Mkpbcfi if`b}i `hl ~| nktlf~k |f dif`k|jjb l plfqi tl}cbcfi& P| ~l wlpi if`b}i j‒b}cbcjkb nljji ckbtkflqqi* plk nktlf~i~b ckbtifl ~i}nk1 oi `hk t|bj nktlf~i}l |f dif`k|jjb* nltl p|wl}i}l if`hl ji p|i ckbtkflqqiµ ( ktk* w& 93=+& 97;  Ktk* ww& 989* w& =>8&

>=

pi}ç oik kf lppi fklf~l nk f|btbµ 999 l `hl n|fy|l tklfl c}iti~b flj p|b ick}l nij ‚wlpb wkû c}ifnl‟* p~}iqki~b* pbddl}lf~l wl}`hë ~|~~b `ký `hl b}i `bowkl* tktl* }k~b}fl}ç ijjb ijjb p~lppb obnb `bol kf |f ‚l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl‟* kf |fi `bf~kf|i }kwl~kqkbfl* fl`lppi}kiolf~l* plfqi okp|}i* plfqi pbp~i* plfqi kf~l}tijjb* plfqi kf~l}}|qkbfl* plfqi wbppkmkjk~ç nk o|~i}l jl `bpl& Pl j‒|bob pk ippbccl~~ippl wippktiolf~l ijji fl`lppk~ç nlj }k~b}fb* pl ~lf~ippl nk ~}ip`kfi}l `bf pë ‚kj wlpb wkû c}ifnl‟* pl jb p|mkppl* ijjb}i ~ijl wlfpkl}b pkcfkdk`hl}lmml wl}  j|k ‖kf`iwi`k~ç nk }lpwk}i}l‒* nk tktl}l* nk pbjjlti}pk* nk itl} wi`l* nk ‖}kitl}pk‒* pkcfkdk`hl}lmml  wl} j|k ‖kf`iwi`k~ç nk jkml}~ç‒* nk lppl}l jkml}b nk tbjl}l* ~|~~b pi}lmml tifb* fbf `k pi}lmml fklf~l nk f|btb pb~~b kj pbjl* pi}lmml |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒kfplfpi~b l |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nlj fklf~l* nlj F|jji5 ~|~~b }lp~l}lmml `ib~k`b* nkpb}cifkqqi~b* nkpb}nkfi~b* kfnkp~kf~b* kfdb}ol* `bfd|pb* ~|~~b pkcfkdk`hl}lmml fklf~‒ij~}b pl fbf kj F|jji p~lppb* kj fklf~l1 tbjbf~ç nlj F|jji* wb~lfqi nlj F|jji* fbf/obfnb* fbf/~lowb* fbf/plfpb* fbf/tl}k~ç* fbf/pë& @bowkolf~b nlj fk`hkjkpob& ¥Ijjb}i |f c}knb ok pd|ccê nijji mb``i1 ‚Ob}nk) Ob}nk) P~i``icjk kj `iwb) Ob}nk)‟ `bpê c}kný ni nlf~}b nk ol1 kj okb b}}b}l* kj okb bnkb* kj okb p`hkdb* ji oki ok i wkl~ç* ~|~~b y|if~b kf ol  ‐ m|bfb  ‐  m|bfb b `i~~ktb  ‐ c}kniti  ‐  c}kniti ni nlf~}b nk ol* d|pb kf |f pbj c}knbµ 99=1 `bp`klf~l nljji c}itk~ç* nlj wl}k`bjb kf~b}fb i `ký `hl koolnki~iolf~l i``inlti i``inlti kffifqk icjk b``hk  ‐ `bp`klf~l  ‐ `bp`klf~l nk `bpi it}lmml pkcfkdk`i~b ipp|ol}l flci~ktiolf~l kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl ‐  Qi}i~h|p~}i c}kný* `bf ji p~lppi kp~if~iflk~ç n‒iqkbfl l nl`kpkbfl `bf `|k ~|~~b pk tl} kdk`iti1 kdk`iti1 ¥‚Ob}nk) Ob}nk) P~i``icjk kj `iwb) Ob}nk)‟µ 9905 è w}bw}kb y|k `hl nltl lppl}l wbp~b j‒i``lf~b* è y|k `hl j‒lfkcoi nljji wb}~i `i}}iki `bf p| p`}k~~b ‖i~~kob‒ ~}bti pbj|qkbfl& Ji `bf`lqkbfl jkfli}l l y|ljji `k`jk`i nlj ~lowb plom}ifb* nk w}k o‒i``hk~b* nkddl}k}l j‒|fi nijj‒ij~}i oi* lddl~~ktiolf~l* `‒è y|ij`bpi `hl jl i``bo|fi ln è kj ‖`bf~kf||o ~lowb}ijl‒* `kbè j‒lp~lfpkbfl nlj ~lowb* ji p|``lppkbfl* ji n|}i~i* ji wl}oiflfqi* j‒ipplfqi nk pij~b* nk kf~l}}|qkbfl1 kfdi~~k* kj ~lowb `k}`bji}l wb~}lmml ni}pk `bol |fi plowjk`l `|}ti~|}i nlj ~lowb jkfli}l* oi fbf è `bf ji `|}ti~|}i nljji jkfli ~lowb}ijl `hl pk }kpbjtl j‒lfkcoi* wl}`hë* `bpê di`lfnb* ~|~~b }lp~l}lmml `bf~kf|b* n|}i~|}b* ~|~~b pk ni}lmml `bol |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* nljj‒kfplfpi~b5 nljj‒kfplfpi~b5 `bf ji `|}ti~|}i nljji jkfli* kj ~lowb pk obp~}l}lmml `bol ~lowb nlj fk`hkjkpob* ~|~~b pk obp~}l}lmml `bol fl`lppk~ç* `bol }k~b}fb nlj fklf~l p~lppb* ji tbjbf~ç }kp|j~l}lmml |fi tbjbf~ç nlj F|jji l kj wippi~b }lp~l}lmml kfp|wl}imkjl* kftijk`imkjl* kf/iww}bw}kimkjl&

999

 Kmknlo&

99=

D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* ww& 98
990

 Kmknlo&

>0

Oi pl ji tbjbf~ç ¥è kj fbol nk `ký `hl jkml}i l `hl w}b`|}i ji ckbkiµ* ijjb}i ¥`hl `bpi w|ý kftlf~i}l kj tbjl}l olnlpkob wl} jkml}i}pk nljji w}bw}ki olp~kqki l w}lfnl}pk ck|b`b nljji p|i w}kckbfl2µ99>& @bol pb~~bokppkbfl wippkti ij }k~b}fb* ji tbjbf~ç ¥kftl`l nk jkml}i}l* kfdjkccl pbddl}lfqi1 l bccl~~b nljji p|i tlfnl~~i* wl} fbf wb~l} tbjl}l i }k~}bpb* è ~|~~b y|if~b pki `iwi`l nk pbdd}k}l& Oi y|lp~b* pbj~if~b y|lp~b* è ji tlfnl~~i p~lppi1 j‒ittl}pkbfl nljji tbjbf~ç `bf~}b kj ~lowb l kj p|b ‖`bpê d|‒µ 99<& L``b wl}`hë Qi}i~h|p~}i lpb}~iti kj wip~b}l i ob}nl}l kj pl}wlf~l `hl cjk pk l}i kfdkji~b fljji cbji1 pl ji tbjbf~ç fbf w|ý tbjl}l kf nk}lqkbfl nlj wippi~b* ijjb}i è fl`lppi}kb `hl pk tlfnk`hk `bf~}b kj wippi~b l kj ~lowb p~lppb l ob}ni ji ~lp~i nlj pl}wlf~l* mkpbcfi `hl ~icjk* }l/`kni* nl/`kni* nk/ tkni* kf~l}}bowi j‒bww}lppkbfl* ji pbddl}lfqi* ji oif`ifqi nk }lpwk}b `hl kj pl}wlf~l w}btb`i 994& Kj

pl}wlf~l

pkombjlccki

ji

‖`k}`bji}k~ç

nlj

~lowb‒*

è

‚j‒l~l}fb

}k~b}fb

nljj‒|c|ijl‟ `hl* pl`bfnb j‒kf`k~iolf~b nk Qi}i~h|p~}i* nltl lppl}l ‖~icjki~b* }l/`kpb* }l/`kpb* kf/`kpb* nktkpb* kf~l}}b~~b‒1 l kj ckbtifl wip~b}l `bol pk l}i `bowb}~i~b nk d}bf~l ij p|ccl}kolf~b nk Qi}i~h|p~}i2 ¥Kj wip~b}l* wbk* ob}pl `bpê `bol cjk `bfpkcjkiti kj okb c}knb5 l ob}pl mlfl) Jbf~ifb ni pë pw|~ý ji ~lp~i nlj pl}wlf~l1  ‐  l mijqý kf wklnk&  ‐  Fbf wkû wip~b}l* fbf wkû |bob*  ‐  |f ~}ipdb}oi~b* |f `k}`bfd|pb nk j|`l* `hl }knlti ) Oik w}koi ij obfnb itlti }kpb |f |bob* `bol

j|k }kpl)µ9931 kj ~icjkb nljji ~lp~i nlj pl}wlf~l pkombjlccki ji p~}l~~i `bfflppkbfl `hl kf~l}`b}}l ~}i kj ‖nl/`knl}l"}l/ ‖nl/`knl}l"}l/`knl}l‒ `knl}l‒ nlj ckbtifl wip~b}l l j‒i~~kob `hl p~iti p`}k~~b p|jji wb}~i `i}}iki fljji y|ijl p‒kf`bf~}itifb l pk p`bf~}itifb jl n|l jkfll ~lowb}ijk* l w}l`kpio w}l`kpiolf~l lf~l i``lffi i ‖j‒i~~kob nljji nl`kpkbfl p|j ~lowb‒998& Kj ckbtifl wip~b}l* ‖nl/ ‖nl /`knlfnb‒ nk ‖~icjki}l* }l/ }l/`knl}l‒ ji ~lp~i nlj pl}wlf~l* w}btb`i |f ~icjkb* |fi d}i~~|}i* |fi }b~~|}i* |fi kf~l}}|qkbfl nlj ~lowb l* ‖pw|~ifnb ji ~lp~i jbf~ifb ni pë‒* pk jkml}i |fi tbj~i wl} ~|~~l nljji jbck`i `hl iwwi}~klfl in lppb* nljji `k}`bji}k~ç* nljji `bf~kf|k~ç* nij plfpb nk bww}lppkbfl `hl ji `k}`bji}k~ç p~lppi cjk w}btb`iti5 `bpê di`lfnb* lcjk fbf w|ý wkû }koifl}l i ~l}}i p`hki``ki~b nij wlpb* nijji c}itk~ç* nij plfpb nk bww}lppkbfl nlj 99>

 Ktk* w& 94=&  Ktk* w& 940&

99< 994

¥Kf Fkl~qp`hl* kj ~lowb pk }kffbti `k`jk`iolf~l* `bf`lf~}ifnbpk kf i~~kok `hl }bowbfb kj `bf~kf||o* `hl ~}ipdkc|}ifb ji n|}i~i* `hl }lnkobfb nij ‖`bpê d|‒& Oi y|lp~i `bf`lqkbf l è }lpi wbppkmkjl pbj~if~b }bowlfnb n}ip~k`iolf~l `bf ji `bf`lqkbfl `}kp~kifi nlj ~lowb l }kw}bwbflfnb ji Dlp~i `bol  w|}b Pbff/~ic * nktkfkqqiqkbfl nljj‒lf~l kf y|if~b lf~l* l~l}fk~ç y|k ln b}iµ (O& @i``ki}k*  Kf~}bn|qkbfl i II&TT&* @}|`kijk~ç nlj ~lowb& Picck p|jji `bf`lqkbfl fkl~qp`hkifi nlj ~lowb * `k~&* w& 9>+& 993  Ktk* ww& 984& 998 ¥Ji tkpkbfl nlj wip~b}l `hl nltl ob}nl}l ji ~lp~i ij pl}wlf~l U․_ jlci okp~l}kbpiolf~l j‒knli nlj }k~b}fb i ~}ipdb}oiµ (C& |fi nl`kpkbfl `hl nltl lppl}l w}lpi nijj‒|bob* l kf mipl ijji y|ijl* pbj~if~b* j‒|bob pk Ti~~kob* Kf~}bn|qkbfl i Fkl~qp`hl* Ji~l}qi* ]boi 9;8<* w& ;7+&

>>

}k~b}fb oi pk ‖pbjjlti‒* nktklfl Pbjl lcjk p~lppb l pk kffijqi ij wbp~b nlj tl``hkb Pbjl* pk ~}ipdb}oi* wippi ijji ~l}qi ol~iob}dbpk nljjb pwk}k~b* nktklfl |f `k}`bfd|pb nk j|`l `hl flj p|b }kpb i``l~~i ji ~}ick`k~ç nljji tk~i* |f p|wl}|bob* |f dif`k|jjb1 ¥kffb`lfqi è kj dif`k|jjb l bmjkb* |f f|btb kfkqkb* |f ck|b`b* |fi }|b~i }|b~if~l ni pbji* |f w}kob ob~b* |f pi`}b nk}l nk pê& Pê* wl} kj ck|b`b nljji `}liqkbfl* d}i~ljjk* b``b}}l |f pi`}b nk}l nk pê1 b}i jb pwk}k~b t|bjl ji

p|i tbjbf~ç* kj wl}n|~b wl} kj obfnb `bfy|kp~i wl} pë kj p|b obfnbµ99;& Oi wl} wb~l} ~icjki}l ji ~lp~i nlj pl}wlf~l* ji jbck`i nljji `k}`bji}k~ç* ji p|i jlccl* pk nltl i``l~~i}l ~|~~b kj nbjb}l* ji pbddl}lfqi `hl |fi ~ijl iqkbfl `bowb}~i wl}`hë

¥@}li}l ‐  ¥@}li}l  ‐  y|lp~i è ji c}ifnl }lnlfqkbfl nijji pbddl}lfqi* l kj nktlfk} jkltl nljji tk~i& Oi wl}`hë tk pki `bj|k `hl `}li è fl`lppi}ki obj~i pbddl}lfqi l obj~i ~}ipdb}oiqkbfl& Pê* obj~b ioi}b ob}k}l nlt‒lppl}l fljji tbp~}i tk~i* b tbk `hl `}li~l) Pbjb `bpê pkl~l `bjb}b `hl nkdlfnbfb l ck|p~kdk`ifb bcfk `bpi wl}k~|}i& Wl} lppl}l kj dkcjkb nk f|btb clfl}i~b* `bj|k `hl `}li fbf w|ý fbf tbjl} lppl}l if`hl ji wi}~b}klf~l l fbf tbjl}l k nbjb}k nljji  wi}~b}klf~l U․_& ^|~~b y|if~b è plfpkmkjl pbdd}l kf ol ln è k f `lwwk1 oi kj okb tbjl}l tklfl plow}l i ol `bol okb jkml}i~b}l l iwwb}~i~b}l nk ckbki& Tbjl}l jkml}i1 y|lp~i è ji tl}i nb~~}kfi nljji tbjbf~ç l nljji jkml}~ç ‐  jkml}~ç  ‐ `bpê `bpê tl ji kfplcfi Qi}i~h|p~}iµ

9=7

&

L y|k p~i kj w|f~b1 ¥bcfk ‖`bpê d|‒ è |f d}io olf~b* |f lfkcoi* |fi `ip|ijk~ç b}}kni  ‐ dkf  ‐  dkf y|ifnb ji tbjbf~ç `hl `}li fbf nk`i if`hl1 ‚oi `bpê tbjjk `hl dbppl)‟& Dkf`hë ji tbjbf~ç `hl `}li fbf nk`i if`hl1 ‚oi `bpê tbcjkb* `bpê tb}}ý)‟µ 9=95 nk d}bf~l ijj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* nk d}bf~l ij di~~b `hl ¥y|lp~i tk~i* `bol ~| b}i ji tktk l j‒hik tkpp|~i* nbt}ik tktl}ji if`b}i |fi tbj~i l if`b}i kff|ol}ltbjk tbj~l* l fbf `k pi}ç oik kf lppi fklf~l nk f|btbµ 9==* j‒|bob* fljj‒i~~kob nljji nl/`kpkbfl* nl/`kpkbfl* nltl `hklnl}pk1 t|bk kj }k~b}fb* ¥t|bk ~| y|lp~b if`b}i |fi tbj~i l if`b}i kff|ol}ltbjk tbj~l2µ9=0& L ji p|i tbjbf~ç nk`lfnb nk pê* tbjlfnb kj }k~b}fb fljj‒i~~kob* pk tlfnk`i p|j ~lowb l p|j ‚`bpê d|‟ nl/`knlfnbjk* nl/`knlfnbjk* dkppifnbjk* nl/dkflfnbjk* nl/~l}okfifnbjk* ji tbjbf~ç jk if~k`kwi iddl}oifnbpk p| nk lppk* pk w}l/nk`l w}l/ nk`l }kpwl~~b ij ~lowb l ij ‚`bpê d|‟ kowbflfnbpk* i`/`bcjklfnb i` /`bcjklfnb kf pë j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl i~~}itl}pb j‒¥iob} di~k1 fbf tbjl}l f|jji nk nktl}pb* fë nkl~}b fë nitif~k i pë* wl} ~|~~i j‒l~l}fk~ç& Fbf pbjb pbwwb}~i}l* l ~if~b olfb nkppko|ji}l* kj fl`lppi}kb U․_ oi ioi}jb µ9=>* nk`lfnb ‚`bpê tbjjk `hl dbppl) @bpê tbcjkb) @bpê tb}}ý‟1

99;

D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& =<&  Ktk* ww& ;& 9== D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Ji ciki p`klfqi l Knkjjk nk Olppkfi* `k~&* id& 0>9* w& =>8& 9=0  Ktk* id& 0>9* w& =>;& 9=> D& Fkl~qp`hl*  L``l hbob* `k~&* w& <>& 9=7

><

¥Kj `b}icckb iooiqqi if`hl ji tl}~kckfl kf w}bppkok~ç nlcjk imkppk1 l nbtl oik j‒|bob fbf pk ~}bti tk`kfb icjk imkppk) Fbf è ji tkp~i ckç nk wl} pë |f  ‐ tlnl}l  ‐  tlnl}l imkppk2 U․_ @b}icckb è wl}ý ji oiqqi wkû ok`knkijl* `b}icckb `hl ippij~k1 lppb iooiqqi if`hl ji ob}~l* wl}`hë nk`l1 ‚ Y|lp~b d| ji tk~i2 B}pû) Ni `iwb)‟µ

9=<

&

J‒|bob `hl nl/`knl nl /`knl l }l/`knl kj ~lowb* i``l~~ifnb k nbjb}k nljji wi}~b}klf~l* nk`lfnb nk pê ij }k~b}fb fljj‒i~~kob* `bcjkl y|ljj‒b``ipkbfl wl} ck|b`i}l `bf kj ~lowb p~lppb l pk nç `bol p|wl}|bob* `bol b}kckfl nlj }k~b}fb p~lppb `hl b}i pk nç fbf wkû `bol bww}lppkbfl* pbddl}lfqi l tifk~ç* oi `bol obtkolf~b kffb`lf~l* `hl fbf w|ý f|b`l}l w}bw}kb wl}`hë p`i~|}kp`l nijj‒|bob p~lppb `hl* `bpê di`lfnb* pk }l }l/kowbpplppi /kowbpplppi nljji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç l `}li* wjipoi* wbfl |f plfpb fljjl `bpl fbf `l}`ifnbjb* oi kf~}bn|`lfnbjb ni pë 9=4& J‒i~~kob nljji nl`kpkbfl è Αιλωϊύ  è Αιλωϊύ * è |f‒b``ipkbfl* |f‒bwwb}~|fk~ç* |f obolf~b w}bwkqkb w}bw}kb wl}`hë pwlqqi kj `bf~kf||o ~lowb}ijl* ~icjki ji n|}i~i `hl i``bo|fi ji `bf`lqkbfl jkfli}l l y|ljji `k`jk`i nlj ~lowb* pbpwlfnl kj ~lowb nifnb b}kckfl in |fi lpwl}klfqi nk ~lowb nkd/dl}lf~l* nk ~lowb fbf/`bf~kf|b* nkp/`bf~kf|b* `hl `bfbp`l |f pij~b5 lppb fbf è |f w}lplf~l oi |f ~icjkb* |fi pbpwlfpkbfl nlj ~lowb `}bfbjbck`b* kf `|k pk di j‒lpwl}klfqi nlj tl}b ~lowb* è |f kp~if~l ifi`}bfk`b* |fi pkf`bwl* è |f mi~~k~b nk `kcjki kf `|k pk pwijif`i |fb pc|i}nb nkddl}lf~l* `kbè y|ljjb `hl w|ý `bcjkl}l j‒l~l}fb* j‒ З΢φο*  З΢φο* y|ljjb kf `|k pk w|ý nk}l nk pê ijj‒i``inl}l nk bcfk `bpi&  Fljj‒i~~kob nljji nl/`kpkbfl nl/`kpkbfl  ‐  nl/`knlfnb p|j ~lowb* ck|b`ifnb `bj }k~b}fb* wbflfnb j‒ippbj|~i fl`lppk~ç `bol ippbj|~i jkml}~ç ‐  ji tbjbf~ç pk di b}kckfl nlj nlj }k~b}fb tbjlfnb kj }k~b}fb* }k~b}fb* `kbè ~}ipdb}oifnb kj ‚`bpê d|‟ kf ‚`bpê tbjjk `hl dbppl* `bpê tb}}ý‟5 `ký `hl nltl lppl}l `bj~b l ni `|k mkpbcfi di}pk `bcjkl}l* fljj‒i~~kob nljji nl nl/`kpkbfl* /`kpkbfl* flj  Αιλωϊύ * è j‒l~l}fb* j‒ З΢φο*  З΢φο* flj y|ijl cjk lf~k pk obp~}ifb flj jb}b tbj~b nktkfb* pk niffb nif fb fljj‒koolnki~lqqi* fljjl jb}b plomkifql l~l}fl 9=3& ^}ipdb}oifnb kj ‚`bpê d|‟ kf ‚`bpê tbjjk `hl dbppl* `bpê tb}}ý‟ ‐  ‐ wbppkmkjl wbppkmkjl pbjb i wi}~k}l nij }k`bfbp`kolf~b nljji ob}~l nk Nkb* nlj fk`hkjkpob* nij wlfpkl}b nk |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl

‐ 

j‒|bob

w|ý

}l/kowbpplppi}pk }l /kowbpplppi}pk

nlj

wippi~b

l

n|fy|l

w|ý

9=<

D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 980& D} icolf~l 9885 ~}& k~& nk P& Ckiol~~i* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 988
>4

¥kow}kol}l ij nktlfk}l kj `i}i~~l}l nljj‒lppl}l ‐  y|lp~i è ji p|w}loi tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi µ9=8*  w|ý }kwlfpi}l cjk lf~k kf nk}lqkbfl nljj‒l~l}fb* w|ý ni}l |f plfpb ijjl `bpl kf obnb f|btb* i wi}~k}l nij jb}b tbj~b l~l}fb9=;1 ¥mini~l* d}i~ljjk* tl fl w}lcb* i ~|~~k y|lk obolf~k kf `|k kj tbp~}b pwk}k~b t|bj wi}ji}l kf pkombjk1 jê è j‒b}kckfl nljji tbp~}i tk}~û& Jê kj tbp~}b `b}wb è ljlti~b l }kpb}~b5 `bj p|b wki`l}l lppb nljkqki jb pwk}k~b* wl}`hë nktlf~k `bj|k `hl `}li l tij|~i l ioi l nk ~|~~l jl `bpl kj mlfldi~~b}lµ907& L‒ i~~}itl}pb j‒iob} di~k* j‒iob}l nljj‒i``inl}l* j‒iob}l nlj }k~b}fb `hl pk nç fljj‒i~~kob nljji nl/`kpkbfl nl/`kpkbfl kf `|k pk di lpwl}klfqi nljj‒l~l}fb* `hl j‒|bob j‒|bob w|ý wippi}l ni |f obnb nk `bf`lwk}l ji w}bw}ki tk~i in |f ij~}b5 ¥`hl di}lob `bj }lp~b nljji fbp~}i tk~i2µ* pk `hklnlti Fkl~qp`hl flj 9889 l ji p|i }kpwbp~i è plow}l ji p~lppi* è ¥ iob} di~k1 fbf tbjl}l f|jji nk nktl}pb* fë nkl~}b fë nitif~k i pë* wl} ~|~ ~i j‒l~l}fk~ç& Fbf pbjb pbwwb}~i}l* l ~if~b olfb nkppko|ji}l* kj fl`lppi}kb U․_ oi ioi}jbµ909& J‒|bob nltl wlfpi}l ji w}bw}ki tk~i `bol |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl l* w}l`kpiolf~l* `bol |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk i~~kok koolfpk flk y|ijk `ký nk `|k di l pwl}klfqi è j‒l~l}fk~ç nljji nl/`kpkbfl* nl/`kpkbfl* j‒l~l}fk~ç nljji p|i tbjbf~ç `hl iddl}oi bcfk pkfcbjb i~~kob nljji w}bw}ki tk~i ‖`bol pl‒ bcfk pkfcbjb i~~kob nbtlppl ~b}fi}l l~l}fiolf~l flj olnlpkob obnb5 ¥tktl}l kf obnb ~ijl ni tbjl} ~b}fi}l i tktl}l nk f|btb* l tbjl} tktl}l `bpê  kf l~l}fb) Kj fbp~}b `bowk~b `k iww}lppi i bcfk kp~if~lµ 90=* y|lp~b pkcfkdk`i iob} di~k* `kbè tktl}l bcfk i~~kob nljji w}bw}ki tk~i wlfpifnb `hl bcf|fb wb~}lmml }k~b}fi}l kf l~l}fb flj olnlpkob obnb* tbjl}l bcfk i~~kob nljji w}bw}ki tk~i ‖`bpê l fbf ij~}kolf~k‒ l tbjl}jb l~l}fiolf~l bcfk tbj~i flj olnlpkob obnb900& L‒ pbjb i wi}~k}l nijj‒lpwl}klfqi nljj‒l~l}fb ‐ `hl ‐  `hl ittklfl fljj‒i~~kob kooifl kf `|k pk nl/`knl l }l/`knl kj ~lowb `}bfbjbck`b ‐  `}bfbjbck`b ‐ `hl `hl è wbppkmkjl lddl~~|i}l |fi ~}iptij|~iqkbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k* oi è pbjb i wi}~k}l nij }k`bfbp`kolf~b nljji ob}~l nk Nkb* nlj fk`hkjkpob* nljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi* nlj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl `hl è wbppkmkjl di}l lpwl}klfqi nk |f 9=8

D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok988 _* w& =;3& ¥Fbf pk ~}i~~i nljji tbjbf~ç nk w b~lfqi `hl ickp`l flj `bfbp`l}l nkp`b}pktb* flj p|b ‚ `l}`i}l ji }lcbji‟* flj p|b tbjl}l ji }lcbji U․_& Ijji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi `hl bwl}i flj nkp`b}pb p`klf~kdk`b* `bol tbjbf~ç nk bffk/  w}ltlnl}l l w}bc}iooi}l kj nktlfk}l* nk }kn|}jb i ol}b p~i~b U․_* pk bwwbfl y|ljji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi `hl nl`knl kj `b}pb kj ~lowb* iddl}}i kj p|b obolf~b* cbnl kj wki`l}l nljj‒i~ ~kob& Y|lp~i tbjbf~ç kow}kol ij nktlfk}l kj pkckjjb nljj‒lppl}l* kf y|if~b `bcjkl il~l}fki~lo kf obolf~b * ioi j‒l~l}fk~ç fljj‛i~~kobµ fljj‛i~~kobµ (O& @i``ki}k* @bf`l~~b l  pkombjk nljj‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb* }k~b}fb* `k~&* ww& 8& 909 D& Fkl~qp`hl*  L``l hbob* `k~&* w& <>& 90= D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=* `k~&* d}& 99 U =44 _* w& 043& 900 ¥Nbmmkiob kf~lfnl}l ji nldkfkqkbfl fkl~qp`hlifi nlj `bf`l~~b nk ~lowb kf n|wjk`l plfpb1 j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb* kfdi~~k* è kffifqk~|~~b j‒l~l}fi }kwl~kqkbfl nljj‒kp~if~l* oi è if`hl U․_ j‒l~l}fk~ç `hl }k~b}fi* `hl i``inl * `hl  w}l`kwk~i flj ~lowb l jb `bjoi nk pë& Kf y|lp~i y |lp~i w}bpwl~~kti kj p|wl}|bob* p |wl}|bob* j‒|bob `hl ckb`i* kj dif`k|jjb* è `bj|k `hl pi ‚tbjl}l‟ i~~kok l~l}fk5 oi y|lp~k i~~kok  ‐  n‒ij~}i wi}~l ‐  fbf pbfb ij~}b `hl ji p|i lpkp~lfqi dkfk~iµ (C& D}if`e* Fkl~qp`hl1 D}if`e* Fkl~qp`hl1 ~lowb pi`}b* ~lowb nlj ckb`b flj wlfpkl}b wlfpkl}b nljj‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb * `k~&* w& ;<+& 9=;

>3

|k* fljj‒i~~kob nljji nl/ nl/`kpkbfl* j‒l~l}fb pk nç1 ~lowb `ik}bjbck`b* nk |f ~lowb y|ijk~i~ktb kf ``|k* ¥Bh* d}i~ljjk* |nkk |f }kpb `hl fbf l}i nk |bob* l b}i ok `bfp|oi |fi pl~l* |f nlpknl}kb fbp~ijck`b* `hl oik pk wji`i& Ji fbp~ijcki nk y|lp~b }kpb ok `bfp|oi1 `bol pbwwb}~b nk tktl}l if`b}i) @bol pbwwb}~l}lk nk ob}k}l b}i)µ90>&

0&= Kfnkl~}b tl}pb j‛i/tlfk}l* tl}pb kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb

¥@bpê pbfb flj wklfb nljji oki bwl}i* olf~}l tinb ik oklk iok`k l ~b}fb kfnkl~}b1 wl} iob}l nlk dkcjk p|bk* mkpbcfi `hl Qi}i~h|p~}i `bowki pl p~lppb& Wl}`hë pk ioi dk fb kf dbfnb pbjb kj w}bw}kb dkcjkb* j‒bwl}i w}bw}ki5 l nbtl è |f c}ifnl iob}l wl} pl p~lppk* jç è kj plcfb nljji c}itknifqi1 `bpê ~}btik U․_& L wl} iob} p|b l wl} iob}l nk y|ljjk `hl pbfb `bol j|k* mkpbcfi `hl kb `bowki ol p~lppb1 wl}`ký pd|ccb inlppb ijji oki dljk`k~ç l ok bdd}b i 90<

bcfk kfdljk`k~ç ‐  kfdljk`k~ç ‐ ii w}bti l `bfbp`lfqi |j~koi nk ol p~lppb µ

&

Kj w}bplc|kolf~b nlj `iookfb nk Qi}i~h|p~}i dkfb ij obolf~b nljji p|i ~l}qi nkp`lpi ~}i cjk |bokfk wl} kfplcfi}l j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* wl} dlp~lccki} l kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb 904* hi |fi n|wjk`l tijlfqi* kf y|if~b Fkl~qp`hl ptbjcl pki |fi d|fqkbfl wlnicbck`i `hl i|~bmkbc}idk`i* l `kbè obp~}i `hl `bpi pkcfkdk`i wl} j‒|bob l `hl `bpi pkcfkdk`i wl} pl p~lppb  wlfpi}l j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl `bol jlccl `bpobjbck`i l tktl}l i wi}~k}l nijj‒ipp|fqkbfl nk y|ljji jlccl& Kfdi~~k* pl fljji w}koi wi}~l nlj ~lp~b Qi}i~h|p~}i pk obp~}iti `bol kj oilp~}b nlj p|wl}|bob l nljji ob}~l nk Nkb* pl w}koi kf`k~iti cjk |bokfk l k nkp`lwbjk ij p|wl}iolf~b nk pl p~lppk i~~}itl}pb jl ~}l ol~iob}dbpk nljjb pwk}k~b l kf nk}lqkbfl nk |fi ~}iptij|~iqkbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k i wi}~k}l nijji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi* inlppb* nbwb ji dbjcb}iqkbfl nlj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* Qi}i~h|p~}i fbf fbf/è/ if`b}i oilp~}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb }k~b}fb /è/if`b}i nljj‒|c|ijl* oi è |f |bob `hl nltl if`b}i bwl}i}l kf pë jl ol~iob}dbpk nljjb pwk}k~b ij dkfl nk lpwl}k}l fljji w}bw}ki `i}fl kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl& Kj p|b `iookfb* y|lp~i tbj~i pbjk~i}kb* è kf }lij~ç |f nbwwkb obtkolf~b kf itif~k l kfnkl~}b* flj d|~|}b l flj wippi~b* `hl nk}kcl tl}pb `ipi w}bw}ki* tl}pb pl p~lppb* tl}pb kj

90>

D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 984&  Ktk* ww& 983/988& 904 ¥L b}i tk b}nkfb nk wl}nl}ok l nk ~}bti}tk5 l pbjb y|ifnb ok it}l~l ~|~~k }kfflci~b kb ~b}fl}ý ~}i tbk& Kf tl}k~ç* d}i~ljjk* `bf ij~}k b``hk `l}`hl}ý ijjb}i k oklk poi}}k~k5 `bf ij~}b iob}l ijjb}i tk iol}ý& L |f‒ij~}i tbj~i if`b}i nbt}l~l lppl}ok nktlf~i~k iok`k l dkcjk nk |fi pbji pwl}ifqi1 ijjb}i tbcjkb lppl}l ~}i tbk wl} ji ~l}qi tbj~i* wl} `ljlm}i}l `bf tbk kj c}ifnl ol}kcckbµ (ktk* w& 83+& 90<

>8

w}bw}kb `bowk~b1 y|lp~b obtkolf~b pk nç pki `bol }ioolob}iqkbfl nlj w}bw}kb wippi~b* nljji tk~i dkf y|k tkpp|~i* pki `bol db`ijkqqiqkbfl nlj obfnb l n ljj‒|bob i wi}~k}l nijji dbjcb}iqkbfl nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb903* pki `bol jb`ijkqqiqkbfl nlj w}bw}kb p~i~|p i~~|ijl pki `bol }k`l}`i nlj `b}icckb jlbfkfb wl} `bokf`ki}l i p|wl}i}pk i wi}~k}l nijj‒knli `hl |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk ~|~~l jl `bpl è wbppkmkjl 908&

`bftijlp`lf~l i  K pl~~l pkckjjk Fkl~qp`hl pb~~bjkfli `bol kj Flk `iwk~bjk `hl tiffb ni  Kj `bftijlp`lf~l dkfl nljjl ol~iob}dbpk fbf pki nktlfk}l ni `iooljjb i jlbfl  ‐  `kbè ~}bti}l kj `b}icckb nk wlfpi}l kj wlfpkl}b wkû imkppijl  ‐  mlfpê nktlfk}l dif`k|jjb l }kminkp`l `bol kj dkfl nlj }kwlfpiolf~b nlj ~lowb fbf pki wippi}l ni |fi `bf`lqkbfl jkfli}l i y|ljji `k`jk`i* `bol diffb cjk ifkoijk1 fbf mip~i wlfpi}l j‒l~l}fb j‒l~l} fb }k~b}fb `bol jlccl `bpobjbck`i* oi è fl`lppi}kb ipp|ol}l* i~~}itl}pb ji tbjbf~ç* ji picclqqi nkbfkpki`i* è fl`lppi}kb tktl}l ‖`bol pl‒ pk nbtlppl ~b}fi}l i tktl}l* è fl`lppi}kb y|k ln b}i pwl}kolf~i}l* ‚nifqi}l‟* tbjl}l |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk i~~kok koolfpk* ~lflfnb `bf~b nljji fl`lppk~ç nk ~|~~b kj nbjb}l wippi~b& Flj  KT  jkm}b* Qi}i~h|p~}i i~~lfnl kj plcfb90;* i~~lfnl kj obolf~b w}bwkqkb wl} `bowkl}l pl p~lppb* wl} wb}~i}l i `bowkolf~b ji w}bw}ki bwl}i1 y|k* kj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb `bol olqqb l~k`b kf nk}lqkbfl nljj‒l~l}fb è }kmink~b flj `iwk~bjb  Olqqbckb}fb9>7* oi ji fl`lppk~ç nljji p|i }lijkqqiqkbfl }lijkqqiqkbf l p|j wkifb w}i~k`b è `hki}k~i olnkif~l k ~lok nljj‒i~~lpi l nljji `bowippkbfl wl} kj p|wl}|bob& Kfdi~~k* fbfbp~if~l Qi}i~h|p~}i immki kowi}i~b in i~~lfnl}l pl p~lppb 9>9* è fl`lppi}kb nl`knl}l* tbjl} tktl}l |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk i~~kok koolfpk* l `ký kowjk`i ji `bow}lfpkbfl nljj‒|j~kob wl``i~b nk Qi}i~h|p~}i* ji `bowippkbfl wl} kj p|wl}|bob* `|k è pwkf~b i~~}itl}pb

903

¥^|~~l jl `bpl pbfb mlflnl~~l ijji pb}clf~l nljj‒l~l}fb l ij nk jç nlj mlfl l nlj oijl5 oi mlfl l oi jl ij~}b fbf pbfb `hl bom}l kf~l}olnkl l |oknk ~}kmbjk l f|tbjl wkc}l& L‒ nittl}b mlflnkqkbfl* fbf mjipdloki* y|ifnb kfplcfb1 ‚p| ~|~~l y|if~l jl `bpl p~i kj `kljb `ipb* kj `kljb kffb`lfqi* kj `kljb i``knlf~l* kj `kljb ~}i`b~ifqi‟& ‖Wl}  `ipb‒ ‐  y|lp~i è ji wkû if~k`i fbmkj~ç nlj obfnb* `hl kb hb }lp~k~|k~b i ~|~~l jl `bpl* kb jl hb }lnlf~l nijj‒ippl}tkolf~b ijjb p`bwb& Y|lp~i jkml}~ç l pl}lfk~ç `ljlp~l kb j‒hb wbp~i `bol iqq|}}i `iowifi p| ~|~~l jl `bpl* y|ifnb kfplcfik `hl* pbw}i nk jb}b l wl} olqqb nk jb}b* jb} b* fbf tk è |fi ‖tbjbf~ç l~l}fi‒ `hl ‐  tbcjki& Ij wbp~b nk y|ljji tbjbf~ç* kb okpk y|lp~i ~}i`b~ifqi l y|lp~i dbjjki* y|ifnb kfplcfik1 ‚kf bcfk `bpi pbj~if~b y|lp~b è kowbppkmkjl1 }iqkbfijk~ç‟µ ( ktk* w& 9;0+& 908 ¥Ih* wlfpkl}b imkppijl* `hl plk kj okb wlfpkl}b) Y|ifnb ~}btl}ý ji db}qi nk plf~k}~k p`iti}l* plfqi wkû ~}loi}l2 Kj `|b}l ok mi~~l dkfb kf cbji* y|ifnb ~k plf~b p`iti}l) L if`hl kj ~|b pkjlfqkb t|bj p~}ifcbji}ok* ~| `hl ~i`k nijj‒imkppb) Oik hb ~lf~i~b dkfb in bcck nk ltb`i}~k `bpê kf ij~b1 è ckç obj~b `hl kb ~k immki  ‐ wb}~i~b  ‐ wb}~i~b `bf ol)  Fbf l}b if`b} immip~ifqi db}~l wl} j‒lp~}loi jlbfkfi i|ni`ki l ~}i`b~ifqi& Kj ~|b c}itiol l}i wl} ol ckç y|ij`bpi nk ~l}}kmkjl immip~ifqi1 oi |f ckb}fb nbt}ý ~}bti}l if`hl ji db}qi l ji tb`l jlbfkfi `hl ~k ltb`hk kf ij~b) Y|ifnb it}ý `bowk|~b y|lp~b p|wl}iolf~b* tb}}ý `bowkl}fl |fb if`hl oicckb}l5 l |fi tk~~b}ki hi ni lppl}l kj pkckjjb nlj okb `bowkolf~b)µ (ktk* w& 98;+& 90; j‒b}i nlj okb nl`jkfb* ~}iobf~b1 cki``hë wl} |fi tbj~i if`b} i if`b} i tbcjkb ifni}l ¥Y|ifnb tl}}ç ji oki b}i2 ‐  b}i2  ‐ j‒b}i icjk |bokfk& L y|lp~b b}i i~~lfnb1 kfdi~~k mkpbcfi `hl i ol ck|fcifb k plcfk `hl ji oki b}i è ck|f~i  ‐  y|lp~k pbfb1 kj jlbfl `hl }knl i``bowicfi~b ni |fb p~b}ob nk `bjbomkµ ( ktk* w& =09+& 9>7  Ktk* ww& 0=7/0=0& 9>9 ¥Kf tl}k~ç* if`hl kb hb kowi}i~b i dbfnb j‒i}~l nk i~~lfnl}l* ‐  oi pbj~if~b nk i~~lfnl}l ol p~lppb& L pbw}i bcfk ij~}i `bpi hb kowi}i~b i p~i}l l ifni}l l `iookfi}l l pij~i}l l i}}iowk`i}ok l nifqi}lµ ( ktk* ww& ==;/=07+&

>;

j‒kf`bf~}b nljj‒kfnbtkfb ‐  `hl }k`hkioi ji p|i i~~lfqkbfl flk `bfd}bf~k nk |f ‚c}knb n‒ik|~b‟ w}btlfklf~l nijjl wlfnk`k nljji obf~icfi  ‐  l nljjl dkc|}l nlk n|l }l `bf j‒ipkfb* nlj `bp`klfqkbpb nljjb pwk}k~b* nlj oicb* nljj‒|j~kob wiwi* nljj‒|bob wkû m}|~~b* nlj olfnk`if~l tbjbf~i}kb* nljji p|i bom}i* `hl kftk~i ~|~~k ijji p|i `itl}fi1 kf bcf|fb nk lppk wlfpi nk }k`bfbp`l}l j‒|bob p|wl}kb}l oi oi wkû itif~k nbt}ç }k`}lnl}pk 9>=* wl}`hë diffb nljji p|i nb~~}kfi* nlj nkb Nkbfkpb |fi f|bti }ljkckbfl 9>0* |fb p`|nb wl} ji jb}b pbddl}lfqi* ifqk`hë kf~lfnl}l ji p|i picclqqi `bol p~}|olf~b wl} iddl}oi}l `b}icckbpiolf~l ji ckbki nk tktl}l i wi}~k}l nijji pbddl}lfqi wippi~i 9>>5 kfdi~~k |fi tbj~i itlti nl~~b1

¥Oi kj wlcckb}l flok`b `hl w|bk kf`bf~}i}l* pi}ik plow}l ~| wl} ~l p~lppb5 fljjl `itl}fl l fljjl db}lp~l ~| ~lfnk j‒icc|i~b i ~l p~lppb& Ni pbjb p bjb ~| tik flj `iookfb `hl wb}~i i ~l p~lppb) L kj ~|b `iookfb `bow}lfnl if`hl ~l l k ~|bk pl~~l nlobfk) \f l}l~k`b pi}ik wl} ~l p~lppb* l |fi p~}lci l |f kfnbtkfb l |f wicjki``kb* l |fb `hl n|mk~i* `hl fbf è pif~b* `hl è oijtickb& ^| nltk tbjl} m}|`ki}l ~l p~lppb fljji ~|i p~lppi dkiooi1 `bol wb~}lp~k tbjl}l }kffbti}~k* plfqi w}koi lppl}l }knktlf~i~b `lfl}l) Ni pbjb ~| tik p|j `iookfb nlj `}li~b}l1 nik ~|bk pl~~l nlobfk ~k t|bk `}li}l |f nkb)µ

9><

&

 Fkl~qp`hl obp~}i `bol j‒i~~lpi l ji `bowippkbfl pkifb cjk |j~kok bp~i`bjk iddkf`hë j‒|bob nktlfci p|wl}|bob* p| wl}|bob* iddkf`hë tkti |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk i~~kok kooifk* iddkf`hë pk bwl}k fljji w}bw}ki tk~i olnkif~l j‒iob} di~k1 kj p|wl}|bob fbf è |f Olppki* fbf è |f ltlf~b ~}ip`lfnlf~l b ~ljlbjbck`b `hl j‒|bob nltl i~~lfnl}l `bol `bowkolf~b nljji p~b}ki5 kj p|wl}|bob fbf è i~~lpi wl}`hë fbf pk ~}i~~i nk ¥`l}`i}l kj plfpb fljjl `bpl* oi

kf~}bn|}tljbµ9>45 kj p|wl}|bob è ~lfpkbfl* è ~lfnl}l/tl}pb* è |f obtkolf~b tbjbf~i}kb kf

9>=

¥Tbk fbf pkl~l `hl wbf~k1 wbppifb |bokfk wkû c}ifnk nk tbk wl}`b}}l}jk* wl} wippi}l ij nk jç) Tbk pkcfkdk`i~l c}inkfk1 wl}`ký fbf w}lfnl~ltlji `bf `bj|k `hl* ij nk pbw}i nk tbk* pijl ijji  w}bw}ki ij~lqqi) W|ý ni}pk `hl |f ckb}fb nij tbp~}b plol fip`i wl} ol |f dkcjkb i|~lf~k`b l |f l}lnl wl}dl~~b1 oi y|lp~b è jbf~ifb& Tbk p~lppk fbf pkl~l `bjb}b `|k iwwi}~lfcbfb ji oki l}lnk~ç l kj okb fbol& Y|k* p| y|lp~k obf~k* kb fbf i~~lfnb tbk* fë `bf tbk kb  wbppb nkp`lfnl}l kf mippb wl} j‒|j~koi tbj~i& Tbk pkl~l tlf|~k i ol `bol kj w}lpickb `hl |bokfk wkû ljlti~k n k tbk pbfb ckç kf `iookfb tl}pb nk ol* fbf cjk |bokfk nlj c}ifnl ifljk~b* nljji c}ifnl fi|pli* nlj c}ifnl nkpc|p~b l `ký `hl tbk itl~l `hkioi~b j‒|j~kob }lpkn|b nk Nkb& ‐  Fb) Fb) ^}l tbj~l fb) Y|k p| y|lp~k obf~k kb i~~lfnb ij~}k l kj okb wklnl fbf pk ijql}ç nk y|k plfqi nk jb}b*  ‐ wkû  ‐ wkû ljlti~k* wkû db}~k* wkû tk~~b}kbpk* wkû jkl~k* py|in}i~k l }l~~kjkflk flj `b}wb l fljj‒ifkoi1 jlbfk `hl }knbfb hiffb ni tlfk}l)µ ( ktk* ww& 0=8/0=;+& 9>0  Ktk* ww& 044/04;& 9>> ¥Y|lp~i wi}~k~i nk wlp`i kf ij~i obf~icfi* y|lp~b clp~b nk kftk~i}l cjk |bokfk p|wl}kb}k fljji w}bw}ki `itl}fi* }k|fkp`l `bjb}b `hl pbdd}bfb U․_& ^|~~k tlnbfb kf Qi}i~h|p~}i ji c}ifnl pwl}ifqi& Tktbfb nk pwl}ifqi `bol `hk pbdd}l& Oi y|lp~b pkcfkdk`i `hl fbf pbfb if`b}i w}lwi}i~k wl} ji piwklfqi nk Qi}i~h|p~}i1 wl} nk}l nk pê i ~|~~b& Y|lp~i è ji tl}i lpwl}klfqi nk Qi}i~h|p~}i& Fbf è di`kjl nktlf~i}l tl}iolf~l jkml}k* i``l~~i}l plfqi `bf~}b/ wi}~k~i ji pbddl}lfqi* kj oijl* kj nbjb}l l bcfk jkok~l |oifb& Y|lp~b è kj olppicckb nk Qi}i~h|p~}i1 kowi}i}l in i``l~~i}l&  Iob} di~k µ (H& C& Ciniol}*  Kj n}iooi nk Qi}i~h|p~}i* i `|}i nk @& Ifcljkfb* Kj oljifcbjb* Clfbti 9;;9* w& <<+& 9>< D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 39& 9>4 D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 988
<7

nk}lqkbfl nlj w}bw}kb p|wl}iolf~b* è tbjbf~ç nk p|wl}i}pk y|k ln b}i 9>3* nk nktlfk}l kj plfpb nljji ~l}}i* è nl`kpkbfl nk tbjl}l y|k ln b}i |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk i~~kok kooifk* nk tbjl} `bf`lwk}l ji w}bw}ki lpkp~lfqi y|k ln b}i ‖`bol pl‒ nbtlppl ~b}fi}l fljjb p~lppb obnb* è tbjbf~ç nk lplc|k}l y|k ln b}i |fi ~}iptij|~iqkbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k 9>8& Kj p|wl}|bob* `kbè kj p|wl}iolf~b nljj‒|bob* p`i~|}kp`l wl} Fkl~qp`hl nijj‒ip`bj~b nlk }kf~b``hk nk olqqifb~~l nljji `iowifi nljji ob}~l nk Nkb l nljj‒ittlf~b nlj fk`hkjkpob1 y|lp~b è j‒ltlf~b ~l}}kmkjl l pijtkdk`b wl} j‒|bob* è ji `bfpiwltbjlqqi nljj‒b}k nljj‒b}kckfl ckfl fk`hkjkp~k`i nlj tl``hkb obnb nk wlfpi}l wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk i `|k fl`lppk~i `b}}kpwbfnl}l ifnifnb kf`bf~}b* fljji fb~~l wkû m|ki* ij olqqbckb}fb nlj wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb* |f obnb nk  wlfpi}l `hl iddl}oi j‒kowb}~ifqi j‒k owb}~ifqi nljji tk~i* nljji ~l}}i* nljj‒|bob n ljj‒|bob l nk |fi ~}iptij|~iqkbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k9>;& Ji ob}~l nk Nkb è |f ltlf~b plfqi ~lowb* è j‒b}i kf `|k ji picclqqi nk Qi}i~h|p~}i nk`l ¥Tlfk~l) ¥Tlfk~l) Tlfk~l) Tlfk~l) Inlppb `iookfkiob) L‛ j‛b}i1 `iookfkiob fljji

fb~~l)µ9<75 è |f‒b}i kf~koi* wi|}bpi l ~lfl}i kf `|k kj obfnb nb}ol l j‒|bob wkbomi kf |f  wbqqb w}bdbfnb* è |f‒b}i `hl clji* `hl wi}ijkqqi wl}`hë nk`l ¥ \bob* pkk i~~lf~b) µ9<9* è j‒b}i kf

olqqifb~~l w}bdbfni2 µ9<=& `|k ji olqqifb~~l wi}ji1 oi ¥ @hl nk`l ji olqqifb~~l Nk`l `hl y|lp~i è j‒b}i kf `|k mkpbcfi w}lfnl}l |fi nl`kpkbfl* j‒b}i `hl `hklnl ijj‒|bob `hk nltl lppl}l kj win}bfl nljji ~l}}i* è j‒b}i kf `|k wi}ji |fi tb`l wl} b}l``hkl dkfk5 j‒b}i nljji ob}~l nk Nkb è |f‒b}i `bkftbjclf~l* k}}lpkp~kmkjl* `hl nk`l `hl ¥ w}bdbfnb è kj obfnb) µ9<0 l `hl pl pk è nifqi~b* fbf pk è if`b}i immip~ifqi nifqi~b& K }kf~b``hk nljji `iowifi ‐  `iowifi  ‐ `hl `hl t|bjl ob}k}l nk ckbki fbfbp~if~l immki kj `|b}l ji`l}i~b nij nbjb}l `hl cjk |bokfk hiffb wi~k~b i `i|pi nk |f obnb nk wlfpi}l wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk  ‐  }kl`hlcckifb ni |f }lob~b wippi~b fbf pbjb ji ob}~l nk Nkb oi if`hl ji }kfip`k~i nljji

9>3

¥Kj p|wl}|bob lpkp~l pbjb i~~}itl}pb j‒|bob* wl} kj di~~b `hl j‒|bob ti bj~}l pl p~lppb* `}lifnb ‚y|ij`bpi ij nk jç nk pë‟1 wl} tktl}l pl p~lppb ‚kf |f obnb nlj ~|~~b f|btb‟µ (C& Dkcij*  Fkl~qp`hl& \f }k~}i~~b  dkjbpbdk`b* ~}& k~& nk I& O& Jbppk* Nbfqljjk* ]boi =77=* ww& 900/90>+& 9>8 ¥Kj p|wl}|bob kf`i}fi ji pif~kdk`iqkbfl nljj‒ijnky|i `bol }kpwbp~i ijji ‚ob}~l nk nkb‟& Kj p|wl}|bob è jkml}b nijji }ljkckbfl1 fbf j‒hi wl}n|~i* oi j‒hi } ki``bj~i kf pë& Kj fk`hkjkp~i imk~|ijl kftl`l* j‒‚|j ~kob |bob‟* j‒hi pbjb wl}n|~i l hi oif~lf|~b ji tk~i w}bdifi~i fljji p|i wbtl}~ç& Oi `bj p|wl}|bob Fkl~qp`hl t|bjl pijti}l jl db}ql pif~kdk`if~k wl} j‒ijnky|i* `bf~}b ji ~lfnlfqi fk`hkjkp~k`i ijji jb}b w}bdifiqkbflµ (]& Pid}ifpek*  Fkl~qp`hl&  Mkbc}idki nk |f wlfpkl}b* ~}& k~& nk P& D}if`hkfk* Jbfciflpk* Okjifb =779* w& =8;+& 9>; ¥Kj p|wl}iolf~b nlj fk`hkjkpob* in bwl}i nljj‒|bob `hl p|wl}i pl p~lppb* è ji `bfnkqkbfl nljji w}bdlqki nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb* l ji dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl fbf ti kf jkfli nk w}kf`kw kb bj~}l y|lp~i& Ji tbjbf~ç nlj pbt}i/|bob l nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb è j‒ ‚|j~koi tbjbf~ç‟ nk Fkl~qp`hl* kj p|b ‚|j~kob wlfpkl}b‟* flj y|ijl pk }kipp|ol pkp~loi~k`iolf~l ji ~b~ijk~ç nlj p|b lpwl}kolf~bµ (E& Jôsk~h*  Fkl~qp`hl l j‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb* }k~b}fb* `k~&* w& <4+& 9<7 D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 03=& 9<9  Ktk* w& 030& 9<=  Kmknlo& 9<0  Ktk* w& 03>&

<9

tl``hki picclqqi nk Nkbfkpb 9<>* nljji ob}lf~l dljk`k~ç nk olqqifb~~l `hl nk`l1 ¥w}bdbfnb è kj obfnb* l wkû w}bdbfnb `hl flk wlfpkl}k nlj ckb}fb) µ9<<& Y|lp~i è j‒b}i kf `|k kj nbjb}l nlj obfnb obfnb è w}bdbfnb wl} j‒kfdljk`k~ç `hl j‒|bob hi p|mk~b wl} ~|~~b y|lp~b ~lowb i `i|pi nljj‒kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl nljj‒lpkp~lfqi wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk1 ¥ w}bdbfnb è kj p|b nbjb}l µ9<4* oi inlppb kj ¥ wki`l}l è wkû w}bdbfnb if`b}i nk pbddl}lfqi µ9<3 wl}`hë inlppb y|lp~i pbddl}lfqi è dkfk~i* wl}`hë è ck|f~b kj obolf~b kf `|k è wbppkmkjl |fi }kfip`k~i nljji picclqqi nk Nkbfkpb* |fi ciki picclqqi `hl fbf t|bjl pl p~lppi* `hl fbf t|bjl nltb~k l `hl fbf t|bjl kj nbjb}l nljj‒|bob ‐ `bol ‐  `bol kj tl``hkb obnb nk wlfpi}l wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk flj y|ijl ¥ nk`l kj nbjb}l1 ‚ wl}kp`k)‟µ9<8  ‐  oi `hl t|bjl pbjb i}}l`i}l wki`l}l ijj‒|bob& Wl}`hë ¥kj wki`l}l fbf t|bjl l}lnk* fbf dkcjk* ‐  dkcjk* ‐ kj kj wki`l}l t|bjl pl p~lppb* t|bjl l~l}fk~ç* t|bjl kj }k~b}fb* t|bjl kj ~|~~b/i/pë/ l~l}fiolf~l/|c|ijlµ9<;5 è |fi picclqqi `hl `bfpkcjki ijj‒|bob nk tktl}l kf obnb ~ijl ni tbjl}  ~b}fi}l i tktl}l nk f|btb* `hl cjk p|ccl}kp`l nk tbjl}l bcfk i~~kob* wlfpifnb nk tbjl}jb tktl}l `bpê kf l~l}fb* |fi picclqqi `hl lpij~i j‒|bob l kj wki`l}l `hl y|lp~k w}bti flj p|b tbjl}l*

wki`l}l t|bjl  ‐ l~l}fk~ç)µ9471 ¥ wl}`hë bcfk wki`l}l ¥Bcfk wki`l}l t|bjl j‒l~l}fk~ç nk ~|~~l jl `bpl U․_ t|bjl pl p~lppb* ob}nl pl p~lppb* kf lppb jb~~i ji tbjbf~ç nljj‒ifljjb* t|bjl iob}l* t|bjl bnkb* ~}imb``i nk }k``hlqqi* nbfi* m|~~i tki* olfnk`i* wl}`hë y| ij`|fb jb w}lfni* }kfc}iqki `bj|k `hl w}lfnl* tb}}lmml lppl}l bnki~b* `bpê }k``b è kj wki`l}l* `hl hi pl~l nk pbddl}lfqi* n‒kfdl}fb* nk bnkb* nk tl}cbcfi* nk p~b}wki~b* nk obfnb*  ‐  wl}`hë y|lp~b obfnb1 bh* tbk jb `bfbp`l~l) \bokfk p|wl}kb}k* kj wki`l}l iflji i tbk* pd}lfi~b* mli~b*  ‐ ijji  ‐  ijji tbp~}i pbddl}lfqi* b oij}k|p`k~k) Bcfk l~l}fb wki`l}l iflji i `ký `hl è oij}k|p`k~b& Wl}`hë bcfk wki`l}l t|bjl pë* wl}`ký t|bjl if`hl pbddl}lfqi) Bh dljk`k~ç* bh nbjb}l) Bh* pwlqqi~k `|b}l) \bokfk p|wl}kb}k* kowi}i~l1 wki`l}l t|bjl l~l}fk~ç*  ‐  wki`l}l t|bjl l~l}fk~ç nk ~|~~l jl `bpl* t|bjl

 w}bdbfni* w}bdbfni l~l}fk~ç)µ949&

Wl} Fkl~qp`hl* j‒b}i nljji ob}~l nk Nkb è flj `bf~lowb j‒b}i kf `|k }kfip`l ji picclqqi nk Nkbfkpb* j‒b}i kf `|k w|ý fip`l}l j‒|bob l kj obfnb n k Qi}i~h|p~}i94=* j‒b}i kf `|k j‒|bob pk

9<>

¥Nkbfkpb è ji }kpwbp~i ij C} ifnl Ifljk~b nljj‒|bob* è `bj|k `hl di nktlf~i}l ipplf~l ~|~~b j‒Lf~l w}lplf~l* è `bj|k `hl }lccl bcfk o|~iolf~b l kj `b}pb nljjl `bpl flj ~lowb& Nbtl iwwi}l kj Nkbfkpki`b p~lppb* `hl c|kni l }lccl bcfk o|~iolf~b* pk è tl}kdk`i~b j‒ i}}ktb nlj obfnb µ (L& Dkfe* Ji dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl* `k~&* w& 993+& 9<< D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 03>& 9<4  Ktk* w& 03<& 9<3  Kmknlo& 9<8  Ktk* w& 034& 9<;  Kmknlo& 947  Ktk* w& 033& 949  Kmknlo& 94= ¥J‒|bob l kj obfnb nk Qi}i~h|p~}i pb}cbfb `bf ji ob}~l nlcjk nèk5 l `ký `hl fip`l fbf è |f wi}inkpb kf ~l}}i* oi |f kfdl}fb pl`bji}kqqi~b& Ji p|i ~l}}i fbf è y|lp~i ~l}}i* oi |f ij nk jç `hl hi w}lpb kf w}lp~k~b ji p|i j|`l tici if`b}i ni |f if~k`b pwjlfnb}l `ljlp~l5 kj p|b |bob fbf è y|lp~b |bob* oi |f |bob nk jç ni tlfk}l `hl

<=

~}bti i |f mktkb l nltl p`lcjkl}l kf `hl obnb t|bjl `bf`lwk}l ji w}bw}ki tk~i1 pl`bfnb kj obnb nk wlfpi}l wl} `i~lcb}kl ob}ijk* `kbè kf obnb ~lbjbck`b l ~ljlbjbck`b* bww|}l pl`bfnb kj  wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* nljj ‒|c|ijl* `kbè ioifnb kj }k~b}fb* tbjlfnb kj }k~b}fb* tbjlfnb |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk i~~kok kooifk kf `|k di lpwl}klfqi nlj wki`l}l nk tbjl}l* nlj wki`l}l nk lpl}`k~i}l ji w}bw}ki tbjbf~ç kf obnb `}li~ktb* `}lifnb ni pë ji w}bw}ki tk~i kf obnb ni tbjl} j‒ l~l}fk~ç flj olnlpkob obnb& ~b}fi}l ~b}fi}l i tktl}ji bcfk tbj~i l wl} j‒l~l}fk~ç J‒b}i nljji ob}~l nk Nkb l nljj‒ittlf~b nlj fk`hkjkpob è wl} Fkl~qp`hl |f c}ifnl ol}kcckb* kf y|if~b wbfl bcfk pkfcbjb |bob nk d}bf~l in |f i~~b nk p|w}loi }kdjlppkbfl l }lpwbfpimkjk~ç940 flk w}bw}k `bfd}bf~k* flk }kc|i}nk nlj ~lowb* nljji tk~i `hl }lp~i wl}`hë ¥kf bcfk ifljjb nljj‒lpkp~lfqi |oifi `‒è plow}l |f obolf~b kf `|k w}koi kf |fb* wbk kf obj~k* wbk kf ~|~~k iddkb}l}ç kj wlfpkl}b wkû wbpplf~l* y|ljjb nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk ~|~~l jl `b pl  ‐  l bcfk tbj~i wl} j‒|oifk~ç è j‒b}i nlj ol}kcckbµ94>* wl}`hë

¥kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb è1 y|ifnb j‒|bob p~i ij `lf~}b nlj p|b `iookfb ~}i j‒ifkoijl l kj p|wl}|bob* l `ljlm}i kj p|b ittki}pk ijji pl}i `bol ji p|i pwl}ifqi wkû ljlti~i1 cki``hë y|ljji è ji tki tl}pb |f f|btb oi~~kfb& Ijjb}i `bj|k `hl ~}iobf~i mlflnk}ç pl p~lppb* `bol |fb `hl wippi ijj‒ij~}i pwbfni5 l kj pbjl nljji p|i `bfbp`lf qi p~i}ç wl} j|k flj ol}kcckb& ‚ Ob}~k pbfb ~|~~k cjk nèk1 b}i tbcjkiob ‟‐  y|lp~i pki |f ckb}fb* tbc jkiob `hl kj p|wl}|bob tkti ‟‐ y|lp~i flj c}ifnl ol}kcckb* ji fbp~}i |j~koi tbjbf~ç)µ

94<

&

Jb Qi}i~h|p~}i ijjb}i pk obp~}i wl} j‒|oifk~ç `bol ¥kj wkû c}ifnl }lcijb `hl lppi immki oik it|~bµ944 wl}`hë wbfl nk d}bf~l icjk |bokfk y|lp~b obolf~b lwb`ijl `|k fbf è wbppkmkjl pb~~}i}pk* nbwb nbwb ji p`bwl}~i nljji ob}~l nk Nkb* l `kbè kj obolf~b nk nl`knl}l ~}i j‒ifkoijl l kj p|wl}|bob* ~}i j‒|j~kob |bob l kj p|wl}|bob* ~}i |f i~~lcckiolf~b nk fk`hkjkpob wippktb b |fb i~~ktb5 bcfk |bob è wbp~b nk d}bf~l i y|lp~i p`lj~i l ji p|i |fk`i wbppkmkjk~ç wl} fbf `inl}l fljj‒imkppb è y|ljji nk p|wl}i}pk* nk wippi}l in |f obnb nk `bf`lwk}pk pl`bfnb j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl* tktlfnb pl`bfnb j‒ iob} di~k943&

i`y|kp~i* fljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|j~koi nl`kpkbfl |fi w}bmjloi~k`i koob }~ijk~çµ (E& P`hjl`h~i*  Fkl~qp`hl l kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb* `k~&* w& 39+& 940 ¥@hk nl`knl pwl}kolf~i j‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb `bol w}bti oippkoi nlj tijb}l nljji nl`kpkbfl l nljji }lpwbfpimkjk~ç `hl ~ijl nl`kpkbfl `bowb}~i1 ‖tijb}l‒ `hl fbf è `bookp|}i~b in |f obnl jjb b in |f dkfl  ‐  ~}ip`lfnlf~l b kooiflf~l `hl pki  ‐* oi pbjb ijji }kwl~kmkjk~ç l~l}fi5 ‖}lpwbfpimkjk~ç‒`hl fbf pkcfkdk`i kj nbtl}  }kpwbfnl}l i y|ij`|fb b i y|ij`bpi* oi pbjb ij tijb}l kf~}kfpl`b nljji nl`kpkbfl l nljj‒iqkbfl okp|}i~b p|jji wbppkmkjk~ç nk }k~b}fi}l kf l~l}fbµ (C& Wipy|ijb~~b*  Fkl~qp`hl* b nljj‛l}olfl|~k`i kf~l}okfimkjl* kf~l}okfimkjl * kf II&TT&* @}|`kijk~ç nlj ~lowb& Picck p|jji `bf`lqkbfl fkl~qp`hkifi nlj ~lowb * `k~&* w& 93>+& 94> D& Fkl~qp`hl* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988=* `k~&* d}& 99 U =0< _ * w& 0<;& 94< D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 88& 944 D& Fkl~qp`hl*  L``l hbob* `k~&* w& 90& 943 ¥Kj ol}kcckb è kj ‚w|f~b nk olqqb nk |f `iookfb‟ ~}i j‒ifkoijl l pbt}i /|bob* kj y|ijl* ni wi}~l p|i* lf~}i kf p`lfi pbjb y|ifnb ~|~~k cjk nèk pbfb ckç ob}~k& @ký `hl flj ol}kcckb pk }ktlji fbf è kj obfnb nlj nkb

<0

Pl* `bf ji ob}~l nk Nkb* j‒|bob p`bw}l `hl* i~~}itl}pb k w}l`l~~k nljji ob}ijl `}kp~kifi l cjk knlijk ip`l~k`k* ji p|i tbjbf~ç l}i tbjbf~ç nlj f|jji wbk`hë w}bkl~~iti kj plfpb nlj obfnb ij nk d|b}k nlj obfnb* `bowb}~ifnb wl}`ký |f }kdk|~b nljji `b}wb}lk~ç* nljji tk~i* nlj nbjb}l* |fi flciqkbfl nljji pkfcbji}k~ç nk bcfk tbjbf~ç5 pl* `bf ji ob}~l nk Nkb* j‒|bob `bow}lfnl `hl `bf`l~~k `bol ji mlflnkqkbfl nlj jitb}b l j‒iob}l nlj w}bppkob pbfb olqqk wl} ditb}k}l |f‒kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl nlj }lijl tbj~i ijji `bfpl}tiqkbfl nljji tk~i nlj c}lccl l ij pi`}kdk`kb nlk `iw kp`l `hl fbf lpkp~l |fi `bp~k~|qkbfl |j~koi okcjkb}k9485 pl* `bf ji ob}~l nk Nkb* j‒|bob `iwkp`l nljjl `bpl* fë tijb}k dkppk* koo|~imkjk l kfp`}k~~k flcjk lf~k* oi `hl lppk hiffb it|~b b}kckfl nijji tbjbf~ç nk wb~lfqi nljj‒|bob p~lppb5 ijjb}i Fkl~qp`hl wlfpi `hl ji p~lppi ob}~l nk Nkb ‐  ni `|k fl `bfplc|l j‒ittlf~b j‒ ittlf~b nlj fk`hkjkpob ln |fi wbppkmkjl }kfip`k~i nljji picclqqi nkbfkpki`i  ‐  è |f ltlf~b lwb`ijl* |f c}ifnl ol}kcckb `hl wl}ol~~l in bcfk |bob* flj  w}lfnl}l `bp`klfqi nk ~|~~b `ký* nk nl`knl}l ‚`hl di}l `bj }lp~b nljji w}bw}ki tk~i‟* `hl `bfplf~l in bcfk |bob ji `hif`l nk w}lfnl}l kf oifb jl }lnkfk nljji w}bw}ki tk~i l nl`knl}l ni pë `hl fl è nljji tk~i* nk d}bf~l ij `ký `hl }lp~i nk lppi wl} bcf|fb 94;& J‒|bob* i wi}~k}l ni y|ljj‒ltlf~b* w|ý nl`knl}l kf `hl obnb ‖y|ijkdk`i}l‒* `bol }klowk}l y|ijk~i~ktiolf~l ji w}bw}ki tk~i l Fkl~qp`hl p|ccl}kp`l nk fbf }lp~i}l dl}ok* c|i}nifnb kfnkl~}b kj obfnb `hl `}bjji* oi nk `bokf`ki}l i `iookfi}l c|i}nifnb itif~k* c|i}nifnb ij p|wl}iolf~b nk y|lp~i dipl `}k~k`i l nk `ký `hl pk è p~i~k dkfb}i* c|i}nifnb ijji wbppkmkjk~ç nk |fi ~}iptij|~iqkbfl nk ~|~~k k tijb}k `hl pb~~bjkflk ji `lf~}ijk~ç nljji tk~i* nljji `b}wb}lk~ç* c|i}nifnb ijji wbppkmkjk~ç nk }kwlfpi}l pl p~lppk kf obnb f|btb 937& J‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl `bol kf~l}w}l~iqkbfl `bpobjbck`i l `bol kowl}i~ktb l~ l~k`b k`b è y|lp~i wbppkmkjk~ç 939* di`lfnb ~lpb}b nk ~|~~b kj nbjb}l nlj wippi~b wl} ~}ipdb}oi}jb bcck flj wki`l}l nk wb~l} nl`knl}l* nk wb~l} tbjl}l y|k ln b}i ji w}bw}ki tk~i `bol |f l~l}fb }k~b}fb nk i~~kok koolfpk& pbt}iffi~|}ijl Wif* mlfpê |f‒ ‚|j~koi tbjbf~ç‟ l |fi ‚p|w}loi pwl}ifqi‟ nk i|~b}lnlfqkbfl nljj‒|bobµ (E& Jôsk~h* Fkl~qp`hl Jôsk~h* Fkl~qp`hl l j‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb* }k~b}fb * `k~&* w& 97<+& 948 @d}& D& Fkl~qp`hl*  Q|} Clflijbckl nl} Ob}ij * Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 4 Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc  ‐ = = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;485 ~}& k~& nk D& Oipkfk* Clflijbcki nljji ob}ijl * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;84* wi}}& 99/9=/90/9
<>

Y|lp~b è kj `bowk~b `hl Fkl~qp`hl hi tbj|~b ptbjcl}l* ¥kj `bowk~b nk w}lwi}i}l j‒|oifk~ç i |f obolf~b nk p|w}loi }kdjlppkbfl p| pl p~lppi* |f c}ifnl ol}kcckb µ93=* kf `|k ~|~~l jl wbppkmkjk~ç nljj‒|bob* nlj obfnb* nljji tk~i pbfb }kipp|f~l kf |fk~ç flj wb~l}l nl`kpkbfijl nljj‒|bob* flj wb~l}l nk nl`knl}l i|~bfboiolf~l ‚`hl di}l `bj }lp~b nljji w}bw}ki tk~i‟* l kf lppi* fljji wbppkmkjk~ç nk nl`knl}l `hl di}fl nlj obfnb* nljj‒kf~l}i lpkp~lfqi* nk pl p~lppk930& Pl nicjk p`}k~~k ckbtifkjk Di~b l p~b}ki l  Jkml}~ç nljji tbjbf~ç l di~b dkfb icjk p`}k~~k nlj tbol}l hi plow}l }k`bfbp`k|~b `hl ¥bcfk |bob è lcjk p~lppb |fi wi}~l nk di~bµ 93>* `bf jb

 Qi}i~h|p~}i* Fkl~qp`hl hi tbj|~b nbfi}l in bcfk pkfcbjb |bob ji wbppkmkjk~ç nl`knl}l ni pë kj  w}bw}kb di~b* hi tbj|~b nbfi}l ijj‒|oifk~ç y|lp~b c}ifnl ol}kcckb ol}kc ckb l* `bf lppb* hi tbj|~b nbfi}l ji wbppkmkjk~ç in bcf|fb nk c|i}ni}l ijji c}ifnl pij|~l* nk c|i}ni}l i pl p~lppk* i y|lp~b obfnb* i y|lp~i tk~i* in bcfk i~~kob nk lppi `bf ckbki* wlfpifnb `hl bcfk i~~kob pki l~l}fb* tbjlfnb `hl bcfk i~~kob pki l~l}fb& @bf jb  Qi}i~h|p~}i* Fkl~qp`hl hi tbj|~b nbfi}l ~|~~b y|lp~b* hi tbj|~b ‖nbfi}l kj  wlfpkl}b nljj‒l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‒|c|ijl‒* wl}`hë b}oik k plcfk* kj jlbfl l jb p~b}ob nk `bjbomk* pbfb ck|f~k ln è ck|f~b kj ~lowb nk lddl~~|i}l ji ‚w}koi `lfi |oifi* ~}bwwb |oifi‟* ji w}koi nk kff|ol}ltbjk `lfl kf bfb}l nljji picclqqi ~}ick`i nlj nkb Nkbfkpb1 ¥Y|lp~b è kj okb oi~~kfb* ji oki ckb}fi~i `bokf`ki1 p|* tklfk p|* c}ifnl ol}kcckb) µ93<&

93=

D& Fkl~qp`hl*  L``l hbob* `k~&* w& 8;& ¥Kf |fi wi}inbppijl iddkfk~ç `bf jl if~k`hl }iww}lplf~iqkbfk* Fkl~qp`hl plom}i n|fy|l `bow}lfnl}l bcfk i``inl}l `bol |f l~l}fb `k}`bjb* lf~}b kj y|ijl kj ol}kcckb `hl plow}l }k~b}fi fbf }iww}lplf~i wl}ý |fi fi~|}ijl* kf |f `l}~b y|ij obnb kffb`lf~l `|jokfiqkbfl* oi tklfl in iwwi}k}l `bol j‒b}i nk |fi nl`kpkbfl w|}iolf~l |oifi* `bol `lp|}i `hl j‒|bob nltl plow}l nk f|btb w}bn|}}l& Oik `bol y|k j‒|bob nltl tbjl}l* oik `bol y|k cjk tklfl `hklp~b |fb pdb}qb plfqi wi}kµ (E& P`hjl`h~i*  Fkl~qp`hl l kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb* `k~&* w& 43+& 93> D& Fkl~qp`hl* \oifb* ~}bwwb |oifb KK * `k~&* id& 49* w& 948& 93< D& Fkl~qp`hl* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i* `k~&* w& 08=& 930

<<

Mkmjkbc}idki

i+

Bwl}l nk D}kln}k`h Fkl~qp`hl

 Olkf Jlmlf& I|~bmkbc}idkp`hl I|~bmkbc}idkp`hl Pekqql nlp a|fclf Fkl~qp`hl (98<4/984;+* Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 9 Im~lkj|fc  ‐  9 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;;<5 ~}& k~& nk O& @i}wk~ljji*  Ji oki tk~i * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;;8&

 Nkl Clm|}~ nl} ^}icônkl (983=+*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 0 Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc ‐ 9 9 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;3=5 ~}& k~& nk C& @bjjk*  Ji fip`k~i nljji ~}iclnki* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;8=&

 Nkl Whkjbpbwhkl ko ~}ickp`hlf Qlk~ij~l} nl} C}lk`hlf (9830+* Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el * E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 0 Im~lkj|fc  ‐  = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl} C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;305 ~}& k~& nk C& @bjjk*  Ji dkjbpbdki fljj‛lwb`i

~}ick`i nlk C}l`k l p`}k~~k 9837/9830* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;87&  KK& \fqlk~cloippl Ml~}i`h~|fclf& Ml~}i`h~|fclf& Tbf F|~qlf |fn Fi`h~lkj nl} Hkp~b}kl d|} nip Jlmlf Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 0 Im~lkj|fc ‐  (983>+* Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el Im~lkj|fc  ‐ 9 9 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;3=5 ~}& k~& nk P& Ckiol~~i*  KK kfi~~|ijl& P|jj‛|~kjk~ç l kj niffb nljji p~b}ki wl} ji tk~i * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;8=&

 KKK& \fqlk~cloippl Ml~}i`h~|fclf& P`hbwlfhi|l} P`hbwlfhi|l} ijp L}qklhl}  (988>+*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 0 Im~lkj|fc  ‐  9 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;3=5 ~}& k~& nk O& Obf~kfi}k*  KKK&

kfi~~|ijl& P`hbwlfhi|l} `bol ln|`i~b}l * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;8=&

<4

 Olfp`hjk`hlp*  Olfp`hjk`hlp* Ijjq|olfp`hjk`hlp Ijjq|olfp`hjk`hlp K  (9838+*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el * E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* > Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc  ‐ = = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;435 ~}& k~& nk P& Ckiol~~i* \oifb* ~}bwwb |oifb K * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;4<&

 Olfp`hjk`hlp*  Olfp`hjk`hlp* Ijjq|olfp`hjk`hlp KK  (9887+* Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* > Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc  ‐ 0 0 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;435 ~}& k~& nk P& Ckiol~~i* \oifb* ~}bwwb |oifb KK * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;43&

 Ob}clf}ô~l (9889+*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* < Im~lkj|fc  ‐  9 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e  9;375 ~}& k~& nk D& Oipkfk* I|}b}i* Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;84&

 Fi`hcljipplfl  Fi`hcljipplfl D}icolf~l 9889/988= *  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* < Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc ‐ = = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;305 ~}& k~& nk O& Obf~kfi}k* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9889/988= * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;4<&

 Nkl D}ôhjk`hl Skpplfp`hid~  Skpplfp`hid~  (988=+*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* < Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc ‐  = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;305 ~}& k~& nk D& Oipkfk*  Ji ciki p`klfqi l Knkjjk nk Olppkfi * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;4<&

 Ijpb pw}i`h Qi}i~h|p~}i (9880"988<+*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 4 Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc ‐ = = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;485 ~}& k~& nk O& Obf~kfi}k* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;84&

 Ijpb pw}i`h Qi}i~h|p~}i (9880"988<+*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 4 Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc ‐ = = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;485 ~}& k~& nk O& D& B``hkwkf~k* @bpê wi}jý Qi}i~h|p~}i * Obfninb}k* Okjifb 9;;=&

<3

 Fi`hcljipplfl  Fi`hcljipplfl D}icolf~l 9885 ~}& k~& nk P& Ckiol~~i* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 988
 Q|} Clflijbckl nl} Ob}ij (9883+*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 4 Im~lkj|fc ‐  Im~lkj|fc ‐ = = Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;485 ~}& k~& nk D& Oipkfk* Clflijbcki nljji ob}ijl * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;84&

 Fi`hcljipplfl  Fi`hcljipplfl D}icolf~l 9883/9888 *  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 8 Im~lkj|fc /= Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e 9;375 ln& k~& nk C& @bjjk l O& Obf~kfi}k* D}ioolf~k wbp~|ok 9883/9888 * Inljwhk* Okjifb* 9;3;&

 L``l Hbob (9888+*  Fkl~qp`hl Sl}el* E}k~kp`hl Clpio~i|pciml* 4 Im~lkj|fc  ‐  0 Mifn* Hl}i|pclclmlf tbf C& @bjjk |fn O& Obf~kfi}k* Sij~l} nl C}|{~l}* Ml}jkf/Fls [b}e  9;4;5 ~}& k~& nk D& Oipkfk* L``l hbob* Inljwhk* Okjifb* 9;84&

m+

Bwl}l p| D}kln}k`h Fkl~qp`hl

II&TT&

@}|`kijk~ç nlj ~lowb& Picck p|jji `bf`lqkbfl fkl~qp`hkifi nlj ~lowb * i `|}i nk O& @i``ki}k* Jkc|b}k* Fiwbjk 9;87&

@bjjk* C& P`}k~~k p| Fkl~qp`hl * Inljwhk* Okjifb 9;87&

whkjbpbwhkp`hl Lkfdúh}|fc * Whkjkww ]l`jio a|f& ComH $ @b&* Dkcij* C&  Fkl~qp`hl& Lkfl whkjbpbwhkp`hl P~|~~ci}~ 9;;;5 ~}& k~& nk I& O& Jbppk*  Fkl~qp`hl& \f }k~}i~~b dkjbpbdk`b * Nbfqljjk* ]boi =77=&

Dkfe* L&

 Fkl~qp`hlp Whkjbpbwhkl* Ebhjhiool} Comh* P~|~~ci}~ 9;475 ~}& k~& nk W& ]& ^}itl}pb* Ji dkjbpbdki nk Fkl~qp`hl* Oi}pkjkb* Winbti 9;30& <8

Ciniol}* H&C&

 Nip N}ioi Qi}i~h|p~}i * A&@&M& Obh}* ^úmkfclf 9;845 ~}& k~& l i `|}i nk

Qi}i~h|p~}i* Kj oljifcbjb* Clfbti 9;;9& @& Ifcljkfb* Kj n}iooi nk Qi}i~h|p~}i Eôhjl}* A&  Qi}i~h|p~}ip Clhlkofkp* C}lfb Tl}jic ComH* Fô}njkfclf 9;8;5 ~}& k~& nk W&

Qi}i~h|p~}i* ]|p`bfk* Okjifb 9;;>& Dbf~ifi* i `|}i nk D& Okfiqqk*  Kj plc}l~b nk Qi}i~h|p~}i Jôsk~h* E& Fkl~qp`hlp  Fkl~qp`hlp Whkjbpbwhkl nl} lskclf Sklnl}ehl} nlp Cjlk`hlf * Dljkx Olkfl} }k~b}fb* Tl}jic* Hiom|}c 9;385 ~}& k~& nk P& Tlf|~k*  Fkl~qp`hl l j‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb* Ji~l}qi* ]boi/Mi}k 9;8=&

Pid}ifpek* ]&

 Fkl~qp`hl* Hifpl}* Tl}jic =7775 ~}& k~& nk P& D}if`hkfk*  Fkl~qp`hl&

 Mkbc}idki nk |f wlfpkl}b wlfpkl}b* Jbfciflpk* Okjifb =779& P`hjl`h~i* E&

 Fkl~qp`hlp c}bppl} Ok~~ic * Ejbp~l}oiff* D}ifed|}~ 9;<>5 ~}& k~& nk D&

ol}kcckb * C|kni* Fiwbjk 9;89& Wb}qkb* Fkl~qp`hl l kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb P~lkfl}* ]& D}kln}k`h Fkl~qp`hl* lkf Eîowdjl} clclf plkfl Qlk~ * ]|nbjd P~lkfl}/ Fi`hjipptl}sij~|fc* Nb}fi`h 9;405 ~}& k~& l i `|}i nk W& @iool}kflpk*

D}kln}k`h Fkl~qp`hl& \f jb~~i~b}l `bf~}b kj p|b ~lowb * ^kjbwi lnkqkbfk* ^l}iob/ ]boi 9;8<&

Ti~~kob* C&

`+

 Kf~}bn|qkbfl i Fkl~qp`hl* Fkl~qp`hl* Ji~l}qi* ]boi 9;8<&

Ij~}l bwl}l `bfp|j~i~l

 Ji Mkmmki nk Cl}|pijlool * ln& k~& i `|}i nk |f c}|wwb nk mkmjkp~k k~ijkifk pb~~b ji nk}lqkbfl nk D& Ti~~kbfk* Lnkqkbfk Nlhbfkifl* Mbjbcfi 9;;> l =777&

<;

Kfnk`l

Kf~}bn|qkbfl

w& 0

@iwk~bjb K

w& <

Pkjp/Oi}ki* icbp~b 98891 4777 wklnk ij nk jç nljj‛|bob l nlj ~lowb

@iwk~bjb KK

w& =>

^}iobf~b l ~}ifpkqkbfl1 tl}pb kj wlfpkl}b nljj‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‛|c|ijl

@iwk~bjb KKK

w& 08

J‛l~l}fb }k~b}fb nljj‛|c|ijl1 tl}pb kj c}ifnl ol}kcckb

Mkmjkbc}idki

w& <4

47