Ancient World leAders
Nefertiti
Ancient World leAders
Ancient World leAders leA ders AlexANder the GreAt AttilA the huN chArlemAGNe cleopAtrA cyrus the GreAt Gre At dArius the GreAt GeNGhis GeNGh is khAN khA N hAmmurAbi hANNibAl julius cAesAr julius c AesAr kiNG dAvid Nefertiti QueeN of shebA rAmses the GreAt Gre At sAlAdiN xerxes
Ancient World leAders
Nefertiti
Brenda Lange
Frontispiece: Bust of Queen Nefertiti. Circa 1350 b.c . Egypt, 18th Dynasty.
Nefertiti Cpygh © 2009 y I Puhg
A gh v. N p h k my pu uz y m y y m, mh, ug phpyg, phpyg, g, y y m g v ym, whu pm wg m h puh puh.. F m, : Ch Hu A mp I Puhg 132 W 31 S Nw Yk, NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pu Cataloging-in-Publication blication Data
Lg, B. N / B Lg. p. m. — (A w w ) Iu gph x. ISBN 978-0-7910-9581-2 (hv) 1. N, Qu Egyp, 14h . B.C.—Juv B.C.—Juv u. u. 2. Egyp—Hy—Eghh Egyp—Hy—Eghh yy, . 1570–132 1570–13200 B.C.—Juv u. 3. Qu—Eg Qu—Egyp—Bg yp—Bgphy—Juv phy—Juv u.. I. . II. S. u D87.45.L36 2008 932'.014092—22 2008004869 [B]
Ch Hu k v p u wh puh uk qu u, , u, u, pm pm. . P u Sp S Dpm Nw Yk (212) 967-8800 (800) 322-8755. Yu Ch Hu h W W W hp://www.hhu.m x g y L F Cv g y Jyug A P h U S Am Bg NMSG 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 h k p - pp. A k W W w hk v h m pu. Bu h ym u h W, m k my hv hg pu my g v.
contents
Foreword: On Leadershp
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Arthur M. Schlesnger, Jr Jr..
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On Leadership
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hp, my , y wh mk h w g u. Lv u mh h pg; u v pv w g u. Lhp pu wh hy. h hp m h py vu mv, p, mz m pp h hy gh puu . Smm hp v g pup, mm ; u whh h g v, g h m wm wh v h p mp hy. Nw, h vy p hp mp h pp h vu mk . T pp h v uvy p. Fm m h p y, m hk hv g vu m h h g pw g , whh h g g h w , , h m , , , , h , h w h h pp, h p h m, hy . Ag uh , h vu w g. S h h h mm. y’ g v War and Peace mu m h . Why,, y Why y k, m m m m h Np W, yg h hum g h mm , mv k h Eup ughg h w? “T w,” y w, “w u hpp mpy u
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Foreword w u hpp.” A p hy m . A , hy, y , “ u h h v gv m , k , hy hv h p wh h v.” T g h , “h m puu h vy h p p vy v y h mm.” T , y, “h v hy.” Dmm k my m. Mxm h mm . Nzm h mm . Bu h m wm h v hy u hw h p hum . Rg mm h h hum m—h ump h h u vy mv w mk, vy w w pk, vy hugh w hk. I h h hum py, my u w puh pp p p h y y h . N v y y y m . T Mx pv h hmv y h xm upy h u hp. M h h, hy u h h vu mk . I Dm 1931 Bh p g Fh Avu Nw Yk Cy w 76h 77h S u 10:30 p.m. k h wg w kk w y um— mm, h , m gh, w g: “I u why I w k k ggh quh k gy.” Fu mh Am p, g p Mm, F, w y ; h m hm w h. T wh v h vu mk hy mgh w p whh h x w wu hv h m h M C’ k W Chuh 1931 Gupp Zg’ u k Fk Rv 1933. Supp, , h L h yphu S 1895 h H h k h w 1916. Wh wu h 20h uy hv k k w? F w, vu mk . “T h pp u
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NEFERTITI ymuy,” w h phph Wm Jm, “ w w kw h u. Mk hg v hugh v h p v, g m, m y h u—h h hum pg. Ivu gu hw h wy, wy, h p, p , whh mm pp h p w. w.” Lhp, Jm ugg, m hp hugh w . I h g u, u, hugh my w mk h g h w. “T m p phph, h wh hy gh wh hy wg,” w Jh My Ky, “ m pwu h mmy u. I h w u y . P m, wh v hmv qu xmp m y u u, uuy h v m u m. . . . T pw v vy xgg mp wh h gu hm .” Bu, Ww W , “T y m, h g y, wh . . . . I h h h w hugh g h u u gug .” L hugh v u uy, vg g h k m. L —h py p y h —hv v h w m. A hy v y hmv. Ty mu p h hyhm h g. T gu mu p, ph m Wm Jm, “ h pv h mm.” L u whu w. “T g h m,” h Fh p, hg m h . “I m h . I mu w hm.” G u h h m h m pup h w. Ty z h ppu h m, h hp, , u, , p. Ty u wh v hv pp h wy hm, wh h mmuy wg u, wh hy pv h yg gzg gzg . Lhp L hp mp mp h u w h vu h m hy hy.
Foreword I my hy w. L hv p h m xvg m mu m h hv ug humy. Ty hv v v uh g humy h m vu m, gu , ju, p hum gh. T u wy v wh gg g wh v. Bu g h gy m wm Ancient World Leaders ugg m uu . O h: D y y pu? By mm y ? Tugh m hy hp w x y h v gh uhy. T uy w w y. “T why/ T u .” O , wh h - gh p h 18h uy Eup, u hp w m y hum pup. M , um uh h p m, , g, qu u yy. T g vu m m h h vu quy. “Php m gvm,” w h Bh h Jm By h uy h U S, Te American Commonwealth , “ g muh my.” T h pp hu qu h g h um h uu uhy, hhy, . T vu quy h h w y h u hp. F quy, Ax quv p u h g uy Democracy in America, mgh m quy vu w quy m. “I kw y w mh hg quy h p w,” quv w. “Rgh mu gv vy z, y . . . v , wh h m .” T w m gu “w h vgy h u pw m.” I h hg p 20h-uy hp, quv xp hw h vu quy
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NEFERTITI u h Führerprinzip m um h h w h v kw. Bu wh gh gv vy z h vgy h, h pm hp k w m, m m xg h v . I y u mm hm y h p h k, h mp h gulag . I muh h u gum hvm vm pp w . T Fug Fh h U S u h fuy. Ty v h hy h gv hm h ppuy , Ax Hm w h F Pp, whh m p g gvm “ h, whh hy v p . . . .” Gvm y h w y hp w quy whp. I qu pv ppu , qu w v m pp h p. Dmy m m m p; mm mgguy; u h, h g m pu , yu h pp h m. I mu hp y u h wh vh . I u h h g u p mu y u . Bu hy pp h y jugm, mm y, h mm hy hm. I u h my gu vu g gvm, h v h pp y h v G. Bu my, y ug h gh pp, u- h v h um. A h hg Rh Nuh umm up, “M’’ py ju “M ju mk m my y p, p , u m’ m’ ju mk my y.” A hp h whh pw ugh. Wh hv h g h upmy m h pm vu h
Foreword qu xp h p g pvg h pv p pw, ky h h hp w v h u humy. Wh h g h vy, h wm, h gm ppuy h p pw, h x qu gh m, h h m xp pp, ky h h hp w h um hum y w. L hv g hm h w. Ty hv g . Yu w h h . Ev “g” mu g wh w. L mg; hy pu h u g h ju k y m. N , vy m h gu v. Iv u h v. UquUqug um up m w. Mkg u wy mk. Fuy, h whp g w . “Evy “Ev y h,” Em, Em , “m .” T g h g m h u v g u w v, v, , u fmg u w hg. F g h y hum m g h upp v hy hy.. A hy h y h wm pw h my wh h m uky u, whh why Ahm L m h upm xmp g hp. A g , Em, xh w p humy. “W gu. . . . G m x h h my g m.” G , h, juy hmv y mpg mpwg h w. S humy ugg m y, mmg wh Ax quv: “I u h u vy m y y whh h p; u wh h w vg h h pwu ; wh m, wh mmu.”
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C H A P T E R
1 The World of Nefertiti What comes to mind When We think about egypt? We picture the
v Sh D h v muh h A, wh Egyp . W h N Rv—h g h w—h v h uy y h, h uh. W hk pp wh hy h g, myu, uu. Wh w hk A Egyp, w hk h pym, h Sphx, , u, mumm. Y, h m h m ymz h uy h myu —h ghy p u h vy Qu N. N’ m upu y N’ . . Sh h h h wh y g, h wk k, hgh hk, u p m u y’ m uu upm. Sh w h ky u
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The World of Nefertiti g k g, g kw nefer . N’ mg h pu u m h m p h pp. W my w kw h wm wh p h hu y g, u h kwg w p mgh hv m u h h —g wh h u— uu uu 1912. T y, m Gm hg uv h y Am, m h h uy, h k k h N Rv. Rv. Am h u y N’ hu, h Phh ( Kg) Akh, u h u-k g, A. I 1912, p p wm hpp up m u py h uh. T — ug my mg N h my—uv h gy h w’ u v kwg. I , h m vu A Egyp u h u u u p Egyp hy h w pvuy hu myy. I u w mky w pv, p u— Akh’ h—Am w , py y, u u h . I w v , vyhg u h m m h ppxmy 20-y p w h y h Phh Akh, h Qu N, u 20,000 uj. time Frame
W p A Egyp h p kgm, wh h m p w h kgm. (h p gv h vy mwh, pg whh h yu .) Dug h m, 30 y— m— u h uy. Rmm h b.c., h y h h Ju Ch, u kw: h w h , h u p m. A h h Ch, a.d., h w h p w m wh y. h O
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NEFERTITI
Nefertiti and her husband Akhenaten ruled Egypt during the New Kingdom, in a period known as Amarna. Although her husband was the all-powerful pharaoh, fascination over Nefertiti has made her the better-known monarch. These limestone figures of Nefertiti and Akhenaten date from the Amarna period.
The World of Nefertiti Kgm x m u 2686 2160 b.c. u h h hugh xh y. h w hz y phh wh w y mp pw v h pp w g w kg. h Phh Dj w h m w-kw kg k g g ug h m, whh mm “h Ag h Pym” u h my m u wh h pym. Dj kw h mu p pym h u h m. h Phh Khuu u, ug h uh yy; h kw ug h G Pym Gz. h p Egyp w Mmph ug h p. T M Kgm m u 2055 1650 b.c.; g ug h vh yy w h h hh. Phh h ghy h h pvu , hugh gvm u py muh h . P f gw pw pg. Fw g mum w u, guu g h N. T Nw Kgm—h h u h Am P— m u 1570 1070 b.c., u h ghh hugh wh y. T m p w h m h m w-kw w- kw phh, ug N, wh u wh h hu ug h ghh yy. Oh mu m m h Nw Kgm u ukhukhm, S, Rm. P h f h g pw, w g. T uy pp. A Egyp w v upp w g; w u uy u ppxmy 3400 b.c., wh pwu phh u h w . Fwg h h Nw Kgm, h uy w u p y u g pw, ug h P, Gk, Rm, y m u Im u u 700 a.d. Dug h 1500, Egyp w u y h Om uk, wh m u y 300 y. Np v m F 1798. Egyp g p
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NEFERTITI m G B 1922. y, h uy pu, Mhmm H Muk h v p O 1981. T uy hm y 80 m pp, m whm mk h vg h k h N Rv Rv.. My mu phh u ug h y u, h y mm y hy. Sm u y w y; m k h h yug y h h pw u hy w vy . I w wm h muh pw A Egyp, u w m w g u h phh (whh h hu ); h , h wm w h pw h h h. Sv wm w phh h h w gh. N my hv h Egyp wm: wh h g u v h kg, wh h u phh wg h kg’ h. hoW poWerFul Was neFertiti?
h pu u xy hw muh u N uy h. Bu my pg, upu, hw h p pw—ug mkg g A, h u-k g— pum h h w uy qu u. Sm Egypg— wh uy A Egyp—v h h u h y Akh , u h m h h m. Oh p h mg m m Smkhk, wh u -g (u) wh Akh’’ , ukhm, h Akh h pp—vg Kg u, u, ukhm ukhm m mmy kw, u h w. Bu B u N’ N’ m h v uvy, w my v y kw wh h . I w qu mm u pp h u wh h w v. T gv h ug phh h pp h x kg h p p h wu my my h. Gy, u p m h . Smm
The World of Nefertiti h g u g ug, u kg h v wv wh whm hy h h. I h Akh, N w h pmy w; hwv, u h up h y ugh, ugh, w up h y wv, Ky, pv Akh wh h. ukhm, A Egyp’ m phh, w h h. Akh g 17 y h p h ghh yy, yy, m 1350 1334. Ey h g, h mv h p y h—m T Am— u w p h. T x w mmy kw h Am P, h w y. T p m h m v v m A Egyp hy u h hg g h Akh N u. egyptian religious practices
h A Egyp p polytheism, h whp m h g. I , hy h hu g. Sm g w mgh gz, uh O, h g , h, y; h w, I, g h h; h , Hu, h g wh w phh m gk; h h S, h g h . Egyp py h g g vyhg. hy py g h v h N ju ugh h m hy qu, hy py h g g gv hm u hv. I hy h g w uhppy u h p w p h uk h ppu, p mgh mk hp, w, uk. Evy p h Egyp’ v w gv y h gu h whm h g g. neFertiti and akhenaten make changes
S h w w, Akh h pp whp y g, A. I pu, A p u u k, wh g y g h h h
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NEFERTITI kh, h hgyph ym . Pvuy, g h p m, h m, h hum. A’ pp w v hg u y h whp h w g. I h g, v p w qu h y. h pp h wh h g; g ; , h p p v m, pkg h g g pg pg h . h uhy gv h p mu v h pp, hy v m v pg pw. U Akh’ whp A, hwv, h w p v, h p w hppy u h pw. Akh w h y h g, mkg hm mwh g hm. A w w g, hugh. h u-k ym h wy p h whp h u g, R. Y h pg h k m h m y w v u Akh u . Akh N ju vuz h wy h pp whp. Ty m h up k w vw h w. A h Am P w ug py h uug y h hghy yz mp m m pvu . Kg qu wy h pu pg h wk g gk. Y Akh N w py vy hum up, hg h pyg wh h h. T pg, upu, h uvv m h m h ghh yy qu v y gz, u h uj hm hv u u h muh m hum. Sm Akh Ak h’’ uj uj m y w g wh h hg uqugy uqugy,, php m h kg’ g v. Oh, hwv, u hg wh hy h wy v hw hy h wy v ju u h phh . Dp Akh’
The World of Nefertiti
When Akhenaten took the throne, the new pharaoh rescinded some of the power given to Egyptian priests and declared Aten, the sun god, the only deity worthy of worship. Aten was symbolized as a sun disk, with his rays beaming over people, as in this painted limestone depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and three of their daughters sitting beneath Aten.
whp y A, gu ym, wg, wg hv u h p Egyp—g h Am P—h h hg wh A. Chg
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NEFERTITI wy wm, ppy my h hg m y h y up w uppu y u g my Egyp pp. I Am, Akh N u p mp A; h, hy w j h y my h pp wh whp A g wh hm. Y, Am g: I , hv, wh u 20 25 y. Sv y Akh’ h, Egyp p pp g mh (whp g) y w k h wy. Evuy, v Am w y, m A’ mp Akh’ p w . My A— Akh N—w w v. T vuy v h u h y, hy m h u h vy 1912. Bu h w u h , h j u h v ug Akh’ g, w h h ukhm. Sh v h muh w h, vy , u w wh.
Eulogy to Neertt Found on a Stone Sla n Amarna
The Heiress, Great in the Palace, Fair of Face, Adorned Ador ned with the Double Plumes, Mistress of Happiness, Endowed with Favors, at hearing whose voice the King rejoices. The Chief Wife of the King, his beloved, the Lady of the Two Lands. Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti. May she live for ever and always.
The World of Nefertiti mysterious icon
N m m vy muh j myy, v hugh h h Egyp hy. L kw h h m Akh, v h ug h mg. Dwg upu u Am, g wh wg , pv h x u kwg. Sm Egypg hz h N m Egyp m h uy, u h m m “h uu wm h m.” H g k u p my ugg hy. Oh v h h w mm y h—h ugh u — h uy ugh h kg’ y. S h hk h h w y . W kw h h w Akh’ pmy w, uh w g pw u. M Egyp m m y wm m, u polygamy (mg m h pu m) w mm mg yy. I v h Akh h h u wv gh h—x g wh N, w y y w h wv. N’ u h m y m h pg h M L, h h h m myqu myqu.. N wy g h m uu wm quy, v hugh h y mg m h u. T m u xmy ; , ug y u h y, muh, k. S v h h u gy w m up’ m h u, whh why y w mg— m h upg h y k. M ky, w h m h f y p h qu. Bh h xp pu, u h u w u h u h f u up, Tum. T m h gh hu u h k, p, h, k, u h y pv h uu wm py. py.
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NEFERTITI T muh h w my v kw u N h g, h v hu, h vy g, h h. T p u u w ky m upv. Y, hk h v Am— h gg xv h wh Egyp—w u y u pu wh w k h ghh yy, ug h u Akh N N h h kg.
C H A P T E R
2 Egypt Then and Now egypt is a land oF mystery. mystery. ancient anci ent ruins ru ins and an d gravesites, painting paintings s
g ym, myh, , hu y hy wk h uh u. W w kw m u h uy’ pp hw hy v. Egyptology, h uy h uy hy, h m qu ppu. My k hv w um pu h xp h phh, pym, h qu. Mv u Cp, Kg u’ m, h Dvy Ch umy u N k m u muh hy v u wg u h m pp. W hk w kw u A Egyp, u muh u pp pu. B B gg k m y gu hm u, hp kw
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NEFERTITI mhg u h uy y: wh , m, u m Egyp y. the land
Egyp h h A A v y 370,000 qu m. I h w y Ly, h uh y Su, h h y h M R , pvy pvy.. h v y h h N Rv, whh w h m A mp h M S m h 4,100 m . h N, h w’ g v, g m 1 12 m w, wh u hg . Wh h N h h M M S, u h y wy v muh. h kw h N Rv . Evy y, h N wh hvy h hgh v Ehp h v vw k. h u u u v Egyp Eg yp m, wh y h k, u-h h hp hm hm gw u u p. F u w Ju Juy Spm O, p p w . T uy h w . T h m m My O, wh mpu hg up 126° Fhh (52° Cu) h ym. Fm Nvm Ap, h , mpu p w 55° 70° Fhh (13°–21°C). G h wh p g j wyg pm g h N’ k, wh h w pu. W pu . Cm, h, w u, k, z, m ppu h uy. y, h—whh y hv m g— p y h gvm. Lu ppyu p pu h N Rv . Tughu h , wh pg u h u, m h h vu p . I yu k phgph Egyp, h phgph h g “V” hp, wh p vg gw u h u g
Egypt Then and Now uqu g y Egyp’ m. T vg w g u hp. the people
F u 3,000 y, h w u y u phh. hugh 30 y, h A Egyp v, wk, whp, muu h. P up h uy m ppxmy 525 332 b.c. Ahugh hy w h Egyp pp v muh hy h p h up, w mp pp j wh Ax h G v v h uy (ppxmy 333 b.c.). Ny 300 y , ju h g h mu Qu Cp VII, Egyp w u y u g u h u h Rm, A, uk. Egyp m p h Bh Emp u 1700 g u p 1952, g m A N— h vu— pGm G . H Muk h h p h pu 1981. M h 250,000 M 250, 000 y g, wh h h h m h wy Egyp, g v h uy. S v h, mm 25,000 b.c., h m g hg, ug h v wh hg u. I ppxmy 3400 b.c., m Iq mv h u h k h N u vg mu hu h . T mmg gw wh y h k g h N. Eh y— h v’ w —h mg y g, wh m mkg u u h h h. Smp w w u u h wh p h g m h h. Lg v g . M h ug v w h m wy hy y y,, wh v v shaduf— p upp y wh wgh . T m y w y p, g uk uk,
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NEFERTITI whh mp h . T v y h g h w g . T w h h —wh h h — k, w h w h h h Egyp. Fmg w p A Egyp, wh m pp p p vv wy h hp pu qu p. M h h y’ Egyp v u , wh guu m h wy . Ju h hu y g, y’ u Egyp m h hp, , g. T mx ukh, ukh, Gk, P, L, Sy u. Luh h m y m; (m p ), foul ( v ), t’miya ( hkp wh). Pug w k v . A h f gug, my u hughu h uy uy.. ancient times
h N w h h h v h A Egyp— u m hm, p ppxmy ppxmy 12,500 qu m. h h h “g ” kw h Egyp vz. Ahugh Egyp w uy, w v w gm, kw Upp Egyp (whh, p m, y h uh p h uy) Lw Egyp (whh y h h). h vg w ughy wh C, h p, y. Eh p h uy h w ym, h kg w w. L, h phh wu w w h u p h w—h , wh, hk w Upp Egyp m wh h w, , w Lw Egyp. I m, pp v u g h k h N. M h Egyp w m wh h u g h v hp p
Egypt Then and Now
Because most of Egypt was desert, irrigation methods were quickly developed to help sustain the kingdom. The shaduf (above, in foreground) was a simple mechanism used to lift buckets of water out of the Nile and into the fields. Almost 20 liters of water were needed in order to irrigate one square meter of land for one day.
mg. Hgh v v g , whh hugh h N my h v vy v wk ug h umm mh. Wh w h wh h w w k —h u—h h p, vm p uh. T w h black land . T v Sh D, whh v muh h A,
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NEFERTITI h w h v, mu h g h R S . T , whh hg u uvv, w kw h . Cp w uuy p O hv Mh Ap. T muu w v y y v wadis h m u h h R S. S . T u m x g wu- v. T N Rv hp kp h uy m , u my p uh Egyp mh h h. T m- hp m A Egyp’ uqu uu. B w vywh, y h u h h v h wh. P uk, m, p, g, hp h N Rv hm. L, w u, p, gz, hy, jk v h . T pp m ky, m, w, hp kp p. I , w w mumm u g h m kp hm mpy h . Smm, w p h g u v h . T mumm w h G B, B , wh w p wm wh h h . Egyp w hm v vy w m, uh uk, g, gz, g, m, u h pp w wy h w m gu v h h m ( php p hp w, w, w): hpp . sculptures and other great Works oF art
Egyp u mpg, v v upu h h vy wh h uy. O ym h h m w h Sphx. h 150-g m uu h h y h h kg g, w v u 4,500 y g. M
Egypt Then and Now Egypg v h h G Sphx w v wh h h Phh Kh, wh m “gu.” T G Pym Gz h v w h w h Sphx h uk h y Gz, v m m C h h p h uy uy.. T y g pym w u h m Kg Khuu u 2540 b.c. y’ mpy u hw h u w u . Ty v h v h wk y 20 y, pkgy pg h h 2.3 m m k h wgh vg h. Ah pym w u Kg Dj u 100 y ; h Sp Pym h wy h k p p gg up w h pk. T p w upp p h h kg wu m h j h u g. Pym Gk w mg “p .” Lm, , g u u my h
Kng Tut and the Sphnx
One story about the Sphinx tells o a prince who ell asleep close c lose to the paws o the giant guardian. A god o the Sphinx appeared to the man in a dream, complaining that the desert sand had almost covered its body.. I the prince had the sand cleared away, the Sphinx promised he body would become the ruler o Egypt. This young man did as he was asked and later became King Thutmose IV. The shiting desert sands have nearly covered covered the structure many times, and they have been cleared away many times as well.
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NEFERTITI m mp m m h h h g g h v v.. T v w u hghwy p h ug m h uh. Phh h m w u h hughu h O M kgm. S uu why u h Nw Kgm g ug h m h h u h Vy Vy h Kg m-y Lux, Lux, u hy pu w u m , wh kw hy wu g h wh hy h pym. T A Egyp w kw h pp uu wk. Ty u pg upg xp h v , whp h g, p m vyy . Pg wg w mp w gu. Hum gu w m. Ty w wy hw wh h g w h h u , hy w py m h py p. M wm uuy w p yug uu; pu g k w , hugh mg x pp wh uh whu gh. I mp, pg (wh h mg v py ) mgh hw y g; m, hy mgh hw m hg mg. Uuy, Uuy, h gg h gu p, h m mp h uj. T A Egyp pp pp uu j, h my pg u uy vg. karnak
Kk mv y mp h, u v m h hu y. I w h kg h g, Amu-R, v gu uu. h mpx u w m h Lux (h y h) m h w m u. I m h m mpv hu Egyp.
Egypt Then and Now
The Great Sphinx, one of Egypt’s most recognizable symbols, was built almost 4,500 years ago. Although in fairly good condition, the Sphinx has undergone restoration treatments treatments throughout the years to preserve what is left of the great monument. It is believed the statue once featured a plaited beard, a cobra in the middle of its forehead, and a nose.
h h h m mp h ug w u v uh g p m, y my phh (30 ), uqu vy. Su, hug um v wh hgyph, w h y uvvg k m quy m h mpv Kk.
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NEFERTITI the valley oF the kings
A g vy h w h h N Rv uh Egyp, m h y h (w Lux), kw h Vy h Kg. My phh ( w wv h)—pmy m h Nw Kgm y (h ghh hugh wh)—w u h h uug h vy v y. h wh w h h m Kg u w v 1922 wh my hg g u u y. y. Sxy-u p m hv h vy kw KV1, KV2, . h KV “Kg’ Vy.” KV1 h m Rm VI, wh g m 1133 1125 b.c. w h xh kg h wh yy. H m w p hu y g u y mpy xv xv h m-1980. KV63 w uh My 2005, v y j w u . N w u, u m mumm, ug , , py py,, w v. Egypg v h w g hm m. KV64 y pv m ; ugu m v m . N u hm h v v Qu N, hugh h pu h h mumm hm h vy’ m my h h qu. Vu Egypg v h h h mummy y N, um v; hwv, h m v, h v h h. Umy, m h m my hv hpp wy m h g Egyp wk, u w w h u’ mphm hv .
C H A P T E R
3 Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt For all its diFFiculties, liFe in ancient egypt Was orderly and
u qu u hppy. O u, yu w yy, yu w muh — —h h h g m , vuy muh h h v h v. h w muh h u h pp gh— v my, g, uy, , uu. A h p h w h y—phh h wv h. h upp p, m, , . My h mm h v u, h v p m y h y my. h m w g mp h , m, , h. Fm, v, h wk m up h w , v—wh uuy w
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NEFERTITI pu g mm h m—w h w . Family liFe
h A Egyp my . O, v g v gh u , u v w u h y , h g my hp. I h w, my h w y gp h v h h w k h mh hh. Ch w g g g. I up u hv h, hy p py m u h g h hy wu v. hy mgh v py v v wh h g gv hm h. Smm h up mgh p. M m w g u u, v, m h. I p, wm h my h u h hgh my. Au 25 p hy h h hy,, h 50 p hy p h hy u 10. D h w hk m y, h h ugh wh u m m—uh —w k A Egyp, wh m w muh m pmv hvy mg. M wm y g h wh w “” . T wm wu k k h hm h, hy ugh h ugh h k. Ev hugh h wm w xp y h hu h, hy h y qu g g. Wm w w w h w u u. u. Ty w pm p m m , u h w hy - z. Wh wm m, h w gv mu h gg wh whh hp up h w huh. I h up w v, h wu k h m mu
Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt wh h. A yug g gy v m u y , u vyhg h kw m h mh h m v. Wh y m, h uuy mv h my hm wh h w w. T m pmy w m wk h p vk pv h m. T m w qu qu hp u mp m ug h m h u g h N, wh hy w u m. I v h h v qum hp g h g pym u. T m—g wh v—ph h g mum h . Oh m w m wk wh w uu, , , . A w k mw mwkg; kg; hy uu jwy, h m, h m m g, g, v, pu jw, pw. P w hgh m h v gu, py m m y m h N. wwk v vyhg m y uu hp m v —uh —uh h jup jup , , pm— m mp w h u y. T k h m w pp w y kg qu, h puy ugh h h , kpg h my’ . G v gh, h yug pp h . Wh h p , h wu h y hy h w, h ugh wu h h huh gg. Mg mm w pg (u ) k p vy yug g, uuy u 12 13, u 40 y w h vg p. T w m mg my; up wu ju up huh gh p mmm h u. Ahugh h kg u hv v wv, y m h ju w m. Dv w p, hugh w umm. I h v, m pvuy, h
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NEFERTITI
Life in Ancient Egypt was not easy for ordinary citizens who were not of nobility or royalty. Farmers who did not own their own land paid landowners with part of their crop, while some slaves (above) were forced to serve upper-class families. Both farmers and slaves were expected to help with the building of the pyramids.
w w w kp y m gg h h h wh h m, u ugg y . Eu A Egyp gy wh w ugh h y h p h gu. Ch
Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt wu u h g h w u hm y xmp y p w hugh h g. Ch y m , whh hy w ugh , h, , . T hg hp h pp m h h w mp hm. M m hg w v y h upp —wh wu m , p, gvm f—u w xpv. M- w- w- y g w hp h m m, wk , u h hu. T y wh v m u w ugh y p mp h. T w xk. Su hw w y pg p m, py, py, , , h w . Pp w pu u hh. R wh y , pp k, w u uh. Mhm, hy, my, ggphy w mm uj. Ju k h y, yug Egyp v py u. Ty py pg, ug--w, gm, gm; py wh y m; pg . S vv u xp vyy . O y u wx y h m wh hw h v w m m h yug h w vy h. B w wh m mk y . A gm “Sk” w ppu; hp k k wh y h , w up muh k Ph. Py mv u u h , h v h y w h w. My xmp h gm y hv u x mg h u A Egyp. m pg hw h py u xg wh gm ug vu v u . D w h m y w vu. Quy , yp m, m hug, y v p h .
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NEFERTITI O u, h h h h w p h , wh h h p w ( py hy). h y). T h m m h v pp h m, hy w y g g g vh p. T p w vg u h hy gw hmv. B m m y wh w mm vg . Dy v w mky m. Wm h huh, hugh h wm h v hp wh h h h h, h wh h v p m gg wh kg . Lw- m p h y g h wkg h , wh upp- m wu v h m u h h wk w g h j. medicine
Ahugh m w mx v mg, Egyp u qu k. hy h m my mm mm , whh w hh hy v w u y y u. Egypg v h A Egyp u m my m u p h w m. hy py h my pm wh h y w, u h wg h gh ugh. y, w up h ph h m kwg. O u, hy u h m m w u, hy k h hg ug h w hv, u mu hv u h h mp h h hw “pk u” m h h h h (hy w kg u h pu). D D wk wh mg u k p g. Cmm w mu—p k— hp g w v, u hh m, hp wh h g hh. Mh hug k h k k h
Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt
Although the Ancient Egyptians were skilled in medicine and science, they also liked to combine these subjects with their beliefs in magic. At a young age, people began wearing wearing amulets (above) to ward off snakebites, scorpion stings, and sickness. Even mummies would have these pendants in their belongings for when they were reborn in the afterlife.
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NEFERTITI u h h’ k. I w hugh h h ym wu p hm m g h v wg g y . G, u m, jup , h py m mg. T um m w qu u, hwv, pp v vy g v. homes
W w , h mjy hm w u m k m mu m h N. h mu w h uk, gh wh w m p, pu m, w m. A h k h u, hy w m w v wh m p.. h hm w v p vyy —v h h mh—u h ww w m, h p u kp u h h. M v h ww , kpg u mmum
Papyrus
Papyrus is a tall, reedy plant that is abundant in Ancient Egypt along the banks o the Nile River. Paper was made rom the spongy inside portion o the stem, called pith. The pith was cut into thin strips, and two layers o these strips were soaked in water. They were mashed together ater sitting in the water or a period o time, which created a single sheet that was then allowed to dry. Once it dried, it was polished with stone and used by the scribes to record taxes and religious ceremonies, and to write out stories and poems. Papyrus also was used to make sandals, sleeping mats, and toys.
Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt . Fm wu p p v pu u m vyy h w. F w v wh ppyu m, g w m pm wv gh. Hm h mm w u my y’ pm ug, u wh p- kh uy h my hv h y v m. T pm-k hm h whh h u py m u p wh w vy h. T p gy p m h . T h h g hm h u p kh, m, pv pm. T w g wh wg , ym g, pm, w p k wh h. T g w hgh w upp y v, um. Ty h p ug g g, g m, hug v. T h mm v h p m m (m hw) whh v u pu w v hm; h w wu h u hugh h ugh h h . Ty p wh mp m m wv pm, v wh m k. T w h hm—h p—h m h whh h pp wu p u h v g g; h w m gu h hm m. diet
h A Egyp m u vyhg u hm; hy k v vg g h N’ N’ g g h h gw yp yp p, ug , g, k, , , u. By mm wh w u k , whh w ugh g m h gg. h h w k , m hk , w m g, u . Mummy h hw w m hwg h , whh w
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NEFERTITI y p . h Egyp u h y wh w . Gu, , g, uum, m w gw. Gp w u w . h p m puy, u g mu h, whh w pu. C pu m x— -k p gw g h v—w u wv wh whh h m wu h vy h m h N h w h u . Duk, g, x, pg, hp, g w ugh qu. A yp m , vg u, . W m w m p . special occasions
Ahugh h Egyp Eg yp wk h, h, hy jy hvg g m. S h p v vywh— m py, pg, hgyph. Dwg pg pp g wh mu py u, hp, , hyhm k, hp, g, w pu um mm. O u, w hv wy kwg wh h mu u k, u—jugg m h mg— m h h mu w u ug. M h v w h h g u p. A m h p v, m wm jy wmmg g h N, w pyg gm. O p w m g h h, wh h yg kk h h h w ug g k. Nm w hug h , x, g m uh gz. clothing, beauty, and Fashion
h A Egyp v uy h. Bh m wm u mkup, ug p h y. Ey hw g, pup, u w m m u m gu pw p w u h y. G y p ymz y y.. A kw galena
Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt pu gy-k p w kohl y. h Egyp u h y wh kh, whh m . Chk p w p ug x, whh w pu hughu h uy. Sm m py w mx wh h pw hp hm h h k. M wm k u uu h h mkup m, m, pum. Egyp w wg hum h wx, u uuy ju p , h h wh g w m. Yug g w py pg, y’ h w uuy hv, wh hgg w . Py pg hw Egyp pmpg—ug wz, ug h h, hvg, pug h h up. Evy w jwy. P g, k, , k w mm, h h w p m g py , jw, g, v. N’ mu u hw h wg —g, g —ug gh k. S w m ppyu h, hg w pu m x ( p ). T w w u h m yp u m y wv. T hg h h w h wv , gh. Dpg h , m w k (k) wm w h . Chg w p , p . W kw u hw h p w hv; hwv,, gv hv u, hugh h hwv h mp hg w p h gv h w y, g h p. Yug h h wh h h wm wh, u h h w mu v h p h w. the most valuable proFession
h A Egyp v pp h m wg— whh hy m pu w—h w—h m kw hgyph. h w
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NEFERTITI pu mg h wg h w. Hghy m (mm h wm w w m ) kp w h uy. w hghy g mm y. S v h p h , hy h y w xmp m pyg x m hpg u pym, m, mp. hy g h g yug y wk h h ; h g g u g v u k g wv y. S kp h gvm’ , ug h mu h y h g h y g. hy kw wh w x, hy h hgh h N’ w h u u h y’ g p. Cmm pp u h w h w h mg . S w hghy mhm mhm hy u kp u h h . A g p ’ py w gu u. H w u h pm y p h , h g . T w kp ppyu u wh h ; hy w pv m A Egyp h hy m kw h “k h .” S kp k upp u u w mp h mu yp g m h g g g. Ty kp g v v g m h p h juy h . S w h upp . Ty m, py, m wh h w’ m h v. Ty w u y , uh wh k m u, wh k h w ugh h N, hw h wm pp h m, gu . Muh Muh wh w h w kw u A Egyp h u k p py ostraca, pv y h h, y m u .
Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt
Festivals were often a source of entertainment and relaxation for Ancient Egyptians. These events were documented with hieroglyphics depicting processions of warriors (above) and musicians, while others showed sumptuous feasts and sporting competitions.
Sm m mu; —m Hmh— v m my g u kg. k g. Ah w vu hghy y kg u h kg z h g m wu kw hm h g ( --g) wk hugh h wg h ; u, hy h wh p. S y w p kpg p,
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NEFERTITI vk, h gg, hy g pg m g um. T upp k pu, w w py, pv, h w p w hugh h g g. . I w fu w h hgyph u ug h m. Hgyph w ym—m k ww g wh pu h wh w. T w m h 700 ym , hy m hg wh u m. mk v h ph, hgyph u w y . A m hgyph hieratic w w m gh , v v w u my g um; um; h yp hgyph “hh” “hh” w demotic. S w v whu h vg k upp ppyu, wg mpm, k. My pg hw g -gg—h wk—g wg k h k. Ch, h, u g m w gu up u k. T wu p h k w p, m p’ p, wu h p wg um (mhg k uh) wh whh h ym. W hk h h v kpg u mp muh wh w hv u h v m h A Egyp.
C H A P T E R
4 Religion liFe Was short and diFFicult For the ancient egyptians. about halF
h y h m hy w 10, h u y h h hy. h v w m , hwv, y h hu g vyhg m u hv hhy h. h polytheistic ( m h g) g w h h y v, hy u m h h h w g g h hmv whm hy u u h vy . A p h gu , , h g w h “w” h uv, uv , yhg g h hpp w u hm. I w w, h wh w g, h p w pu, w
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NEFERTITI w u h , m h h g w p. Cvy,, hg hpp— ugh, pgu, p Cvy p hv—h pp mu hv mhg w h g’ wh, g w qu mk h g hppy g. O mm w h kg , whh mgh p wh g w w ugh. liFe aFter death
A h h g w h . h A Egyp v h, hy v g v Eh, hy wu w wh gg p hy . hm, h w y m Eh w. hy v h w p m Egyp—h Eg yp—h h uy uy h v —u h h h hhp hy v wh. L h w y, hwv. T w uw h Duat , p whh w wh gu k , m wg k yu. Sp v h g w w hgyph f. Evuy Ev uy h p w w pp m m m h ppyu p. T , “k h ,” w u u wh mumm. Ty mgh vuz p p, u u m v hp h wy p vg h g h uw, p y xpg hw h p ju h gh m. O g u h uw w u wh h H h w uh, whh h ’ h w wgh g h h p . I p h wk hg ug h , h p wu wgh m h h h, h wu h —mg h hg w hm. I h h gh h h w m v, h w h
Religion
Like other religions of the world, the Egyptians believed a person had to earn a happy afterlife. As depicted in this version of the Book of the Dead, when a person died, they would face the god Anubis, who judged each person by weighing the person’s heart against his or her misdeed. Depending on which was heavier, Anubis would send the person to either a land of relaxation and happiness or a place of pain and terror.
wu ju k Egyp, u whu h h wk fu. A wh g, h Egyp h h xp hw g. M h xp h, h gg m, hg x xp h “W
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NEFERTITI Ch.” Ch.” Sm y h u w p p p v h u g y. Oh y h y pp g w , , gg h m h w. S h y y h g v h W Ch my y. Evuy h z h h w y, h h g g h w—wh Egyp h pp h . T g uuy k h m m, w p m p hum. Ty w h h j. O h j h ym , h kh. O h m mp g w Amu-R, h kg h g—h u g u h uv—u whu hm, h wu Eh. O, h g h uw, w quy mp; whu hm, h wu h.
From Ancient Egypt y George Hart
“Weighing the heart: The heart o the dead man, bearing a record o all his past deeds, is placed on scales. Forty-two assessor gods, one or each district o Egypt—some o whom are shown at the top o the papyrus—interrogate the dead man, accusing him o various crimes, which he denies. I he has told the truth, the ibis-headed god o wisdom, Thoth, writes that he is ‘true o voice’ and can go through to the kingdom o Osiris, who is shown enthroned under the canopy. The awul punishment or the untruthul is shown next to the scales—the goddess called the Devourer o the Dead will eat up the heart.”
Religion mummiFication
hk h h, y m m, , w uy pv hy w u uu y , whh wu w h mu m h y, hyg . O h Egyp g uyg h p h m m, hy z h h wu mp py w hy—h mu h gu u y. Guy, hy vp mh mm h y, whh pv my hm u. Ag M Mz, uh In the Days of the Pharaohs , P w m g mm hugh h h k g h h u w um ( m m m pum). h w h g w mummia (h w mumma m “pv ”), vuy h h vg m kw mumm. Bu h Egyp v h y y wu u m h, w mp hm pv k m p h wu wh g h . Ov h y, hy vp p yg h y y h w v h—m h 3,000 y —w g u pu wh h p k k. T p mmg, wh h y kg k h mumm w m wh y. By h m h ghh yy, yy, wh N u, u, Egyp h p mumm m, vg u wh m h xmp mumm m h —ug Kg u’ mummy h mummy m h hk N. P w hg h mumm mumm p. Ty w h y wh kw h pp py y, y, hy h h y y kwg h hum y. T mumm p k m h w mh—70 y, x— w qu vv. A
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NEFERTITI h g h mv h y . T g m u w h , whh w mv y g hk h pu u u hugh h . A A h g w h mv hugh h mh—xp h h, whh w p u h Egyp v h h h w h p’ g u. T h g w py mm p w, py, m, z p j h w h u hm wh h h mummy. mummy. Smm Sm m h g w wpp vuy p h y y.. T y w h wh p y. Wh w mpy u, h w wp h y k k , wk uk. T h w qu hv wu mm u wh w hm u. F y w mm p h y k. T mpy h h y h w wh pum, wpp my y p . G w k v vy v y p h y py mpy p . Smm g w vuy wpp. T wh m y w g wpp, p py p mu p m wh h wppg w v. Dpg h u h , h y mgh h p v v f y g m . T Egyp v h h u h uvv h wu vuy u wh y, u gz m wh g, whh why hy k uh pv h h y. N y w h mumm y p h m, u—pg h wh h vu—my p g wu u w. T m u uu, hg, , jwy, pg, pg, : yhg h wu mk h ’ x h m m. Fy, ug h u u, h p wu
Religion uh p um h h y’ p hp v w h . T wu u h y, h u , h muh, h u pk. Bu u u qu . . T vy v y h wu h p mu, wh wu y m hw h ug h u. T m mu h w, h g h pw k h m. Phh mm h y my w wy mumm, w m mm h upp . Cmm w pv h wy , u w xpv m-umg p. Igy, my m w mumm. P w h m mm m pv, p v, hy h mu p h h v h . C , whh w g m g, w mm mumm. P mgh mumm hy u h— h— h u wh h h m—u m—u mm hy
Mummfcaton
Death was not an ending or the Ancient Egyptians. Instead, they viewed it as more o an interruptio interruption. n. Elaborate mummifcation rituals— which took 70 days—helped to ensure that the dead person would live again in the aterlie. First, he had to have lived an honorable lie. Next, he had to have relatives and riends who were willing to perorm the tasks required to embalm his body. Once the rituals were completed, the dead person was placed in a tomb and surrounded by items he would need or his journey to the aterlie, including ood, weapons, and household goods.
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NEFERTITI w k h m h m , p wh h f. temples
mp w u h h g; v h m h p h pp m whp. I h mp, whh w uuy v , uy w h pu. Wh h mm , h w u h y h p w w . Ahugh h mp w , h m w h m. Suu y hgh w wh uy, mp wh h m ug h v hm h p, whu, , vy mp w k hm g. h h p h mp w kp uy gg h g h upu h m h g g. h p wu h u g w pu pum , kp h g hppy. h mg h g w ugh u h h y p , wh h mm pp wu m py hmg. T pp v h g h g h wy wu kp hppy— h g g w hppy, hppy, Egyp h pp wu kp ppu. ppu. Kg gv my h p wh p p h v g. Ty mgh gv , g, v h p hp wh h upkp h mp. Smm pp m py u h g, mpm gw up u h mp, ug m, h, . T m w—h wh w g, mp, gu gz—w gu w m u vy. the pharaoh as god
Ahugh h phh w v g, h m y u h w w uy k v
Religion
Cats were so revered in Ancient Egypt, rich families often mummified their felines when they died, or killed the pet for mummification if the owner passed away before the cat (above). This obsession with cats was based on the Ancient Egyptians’ devotion to Bastet, the cat goddess of joy, music, and dancing. Love for cats was said to be so fierce, the Greek historian Herodotus witnessed an Egyptian family shaving their eyebrows in mourning when their family cat died.
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NEFERTITI h p phh. h h m h k w h phy w h w h hgh p h g. h p w h m w h w m h g; h hgh p h h m pw w p h mp u . h p w p w m h g. Lw-v p v vu mp y kpg h mg mp ppy. Wm mm w w v h mp y g h p wh m k u. h p w mhg m, g wh w hw hy w gup. I h p pw h my hv w, v h N v p h uk g, A. Sm mg uvv h hw N pmg gu u g wh h hu, h Phh Akh. I mu , h hw g wh Akh w h ugh, hg up g A. gods and goddesses
h u g, Amu-R, w h m y p , h m pwu h g. H mm w p m wh h h m, h m m wg h wh w pum . H mp Kk, u Lux, h g m mpx h uy. Ah ppu g w Th—h g h m— wh w p y h , yp . Th w h p h w v hv gv hum h kwg wg, m, mh. T g B w h ugh R. Rp wm wh h h , h u h pw h u p p. O w h g h uw, uuy py
Religion g-k m k phh. H w h R, h whh w h wy h . Au—p Au—p m wh h h g—w h g mmg mumm, w h g h uw O. Ah ppu g w B, h g mu . . H v v h p h my wh u h y pg hm g v p. H w py p w, p , h w w g. Hu, vy y g, h h h hwk h y m. H w h p h phh g h ky. My m h p g h A Egyp. Ahugh hy w whp h w gh, h m—ug , , u, , h , h —w . T pp v h g g u h m; hw v h y y,, w y pp h m p wy. Eh w, hvg w g, h m h w kp h mp uy. S w . Sym w ppy qu ppu, hy p pg wg. Egyp mp 42 nomes, mv , whh w m . I h m g h h w, h m h w g. Smm h m m w u p g h m. A yu mg, h u g py ug. A p’ m w -mp h A Egyp. Ju k y, p’ m pv h h y. T Egyp v h yu u y p’ u y g h h m—whh h m u um, , pm. Cvy, yu pk m’ m u u m h h , yu u hp hm h v p h h . T h N’ m w y
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NEFERTITI my wg p m Egypg h h h my m wh w h um mg h. T u uug whp m vy mp mp u y. Hwv, h gu w mpy m p A Egyp.
C H A P T E R
5 Egyptian Royalty not only Was the pharaoh, or king, the ultimate ruler oF the
uy, u h w w, h w g. h w pharaoh m “g hu” gy h g p whh h kg v wh h w, h, u—pp wh v wk h p. Evuy, u h m h N v, h w phh m m h u hm. T phh w u pw v h uj, u u h uy w g, h h u muh h pw h f, py h p. Eh h uy’ uy’ 42 g, m, w v y p f. Eh m h mp, h mp h p; u, h w my y pw w h kg. Ahugh m
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NEFERTITI h f w py uwhy, uwhy, h w uuy h wh mu h pw pw,, g pp u gg p v h . I u g y h kg, h f w w y hvg h m u h. I w v h hy wu w h , g wu p h upg hv wh v. T phh h my u pm p h j. O hm w pv maat, whh w h Egyp w “, uh, ju.” T h qu w vy mp hm w ymz y g m M’, py h wm hg h h ju h. T A Egyp w vy y pp. Ty v h h uv w m hmu p, hy h kg h m h . T w gy h pp’ hv. Yu w h g w, yu w puh. A p h u, h kg w upp v h p h uy vy w y u h h mp w g h h f h m w pmg h j hy, w hk h g w h uy. T m h h kg ( h my) mv u , v p— — h m , h p y wh h p m h m—w u vu p h uy. T kg’ j mgh u mp, u g, u h h z h uy h um pp, w wy y j mph. Gg u w fu, . T w hghwy whk hm m p p. Gy, pp v y , hugh m ky w . T vy h ( y) mgh hv v y hm p h kw litters. Ch h m g u muh .
Egyptian Royalty A w hv y , v py g p h v h Egyp pp. A kg h g 30 y, g w h w h pw gh h h kg. H pp h g kp hm g w, u uph maat , u pv w h pp. O,, hv h p pp h O ug, h wu pp h g u h u u mk vyhg g g. royal burials
L h w pwu p wu h A Egyp, hy p h v ppg . M h kg pp y hvg mp m u wh hy w v. My h u hm w g, hy k y u wh w pg upu. h m w-kw m, u, h pym Gz, py wh kw h G Pym. h mg uu w u h uyg p h Phh Khuu u 2540 b.c. Py h -kw m h h g Kg ukhm, Kg u. h “y kg,” h mmy kw, h h y m h w u vuy uu. h uy u h v h myh h phh’ g wh u. T phh w p hg, h m h p mg. T w h w w uy u w— p w wh ymz Upp Egyp, h p w Lw Egyp. I w v h wh h kg w u’ h k, k, h h h gh u. Bu Egyp m w hv, h kg hm vg g, h wu w pu. T py w m hum h k mhg k g
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The discovery of King Tutenkhamen’s burial chamber and tomb (above) was one of the greatest archaeological finds in Egypt. Uncovered in 1922, King Tut’s tomb was an exceptionally lucky find because it was one of the few graves from its time period that was intact and untouched by robbers.
g—u w h m— w h p y h w p v h . T kg p— g h ymz h uhy, py v h m. Pg hw phh hg h p vh wh gg pv h gu, wg h. T y w guh y h y wv hg, h g jw, jwy
Egyptian Royalty mkup. mkup. T h h u Qu N, xmp, v: , -hp w gh u wh g . I my pg kg qu, hy wg h wh hm. Oy mm h y my w w w h g, h g Wj, wh w v p hm y pg m h m. Smm hy w h mg w g, Wj ( Lw Egyp) Nkh, h vuu g Upp Egyp; h w p wm h. T w ym g h, hugh Egyp w uy, uy, mp w g wh p. p . gh gh,, h w g w kw h “w h phh.” T phh’ , pmy, w w g w h “G Ry W.” I h h , h wu m h x kg. I h h y ugh, h N, h y wv’ wu x h h. I w h h uy p pw m h my p, gmg h yug p w gu y y,, pp hm h pp. g g h kghp u x u my g. Qu , h p h u vy v y yug g u h h h h. h. Wh h hpp, h u wh -g— u mm h y u my wh u—u h w ugh u h w. Vy , h -g w h p’ mh h kg’ wv. I m , h -g k h h pw muh, h p w puh u p h -g k v kg. I w mm kg my h h , h h w p y mm. What about the Women?
Wm gy h p pw A Egyp, u h kg’ mh wy w mp
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NEFERTITI w v. h w u Akh’ mh, Qu y, wh w kw w wm. By u, h w pwu wm qu u u. I m u v, h kg’ m v mgh py h p g. I h w p w yug u h w wh h h, h kg, , h kg’ kg’ m v wu v v -g. H mh w mgh h, hy vu v h p. Sm h wm m w kw h ukhw gh. N my hv v -g ukhm, wh w y wh h h h. Wm u w u ukw. N w py h m phh, gg h phh h xh yy, h h Ppy II. Au 400 y , Sku, wh h -g wh h h, u h y ug h M Kgm—h h m m phh. Qu Ahhp u h , Ahm, p . Qu y, h w Amhp III, w y my, u h w hghy p u wm, y m. y w m Nu; h w h ugh f h u Amhp II, wh wu m h h--w. Sh uppy m g 11 12 w gz qu g. Sm Egypg v h h , Amhp IV—wh hg h m Akh— w hvy u h gu uu y h mh h g kgu. O h m mu m u w Hhpu, Hhpu, wh u 20 y h m kw h “m phh.” Sh w h ugh Tum II; wh h , h (Tum III) y w m kg, Hhpu k v -g. Sh vuy puh h p u h wy u h w—h v w h phh’ w. Dp wh m h “puhy” wy, h w g g , x g py,
Egyptian Royalty
Nefertiti, while beautiful and intelligent, was unable to produce sons for her pharaoh. Because Egyptian tradition dictates the pharaoh’s power must transfer from father to son, the offspring of a lesser wife was chosen to rule Egypt. The unfinished head of Queen Nefertiti (above), created from brown quartzite, dates from the Amarna period.
p h ug my mum. A m p, h mu hv h h wu m m p m—h hg hg h m qu kg
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NEFERTITI w hw wg m’ hg . Sh 1483 b.c., vg h p u h 20 y. Php h m mu m u, hwv, w Cp VII, wh u u 1400 y . Hy u h w g, g , mu, hmg, py p y ku. Sm yug m v . Phh Ppy II my h h h g u—m v h h v 94 y h kg h xh yy yy,, h h F Im p. (Sm Egypg v h h g 64 y.) H w ju 6 y wh h m h h, whh wu hv m hm 100 wh h . uhm IV g ug h ghh yy m mu uvg h Sphx m h , wh h w m. O h m mu h Egyp phh w Rm R m II h h yy. yy. H k h h wh h w ppxmy 20 y g 66 y. H w kw g pwu u hvg m h 100 h y my wv. Ahugh w kw h h kg k g y ( php w) m, m hm h v m . T h m w h my m, hy k h m wh hy w w. T m w w v uh, whh ymz h u—h gv . T uh y vu kg qu u u h h, pg upu h u h v, , u, h m. king tut
y, m pp gz h m ukhm— Kg u, u, h. h . H kw h h “By Kg,” Kg,” u u h k h h wh yug y u y h wh hy. N w h mh--w w h pmh. (u m h ugh N Akh, h w h
Egyptian Royalty Akh Ky, Akh’ y wv.) W kw m u u y u h vy h m 1922 h yhg h mph mph phh. H u hm w u vuy —h y y m m uu. Bu m m w y,, Egypg y Eg ypg v m , u hy mu hv up y gu hy u u mg. T u u u’ m u my m g jw, h vyy m qu qu h , uh uu . u’ m w vy m kg; h y u m m, h p w mm wh h p. I hz h m z m w g u, u h w uh h m h h. T gh g mk h v h h mummy h m mu u h w ymz h h gu A Egyp.
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6 The Lost City of Amarna and King Tut’s Tomb the history oF the city oF amarna is barely a blip on the timeline
h hu y Egyp hy. Ahugh y u 30 y, h Am p u A Egyp. Am w h k h N Rv, ppxmy mwy w h h uh Mmph h h—h m p . M Egypg g h Am w w w y, y, u h p Akh N pv u p whh whp A, h u-k g. h phh gy m h y Akh—whh m “h A h m”— h k h m m hm. y h kw E-Am, , m mpy, Am.
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The Lost City of Amarna and King Tut’s Tomb Akh N ugh wh hm my pp— w 10,000 20,000— ppu h y, whh hy w hv. I my hv h hy , h g my hv uh, u y m. T uy w g u, wh u py g m . I, wh hy m g w mwh u uh wh y— m—wh umyy my hv h uy w. um neFerti ne Fertiti’ ti’s s husband h usband
Akh w w kg 1352 b.c. h, h g uu h w v Amu-R, g h u . h w uy y, m wh h wh h vg y vg Amu-R. Rg w h g u h y upp hu y wk, ug y h hgh p p u h mv wk h mp h wh k hm (m, wwk, h m, ). T w h h y ug y y. Up w h N, mp w u h h g wh h Egyp wh my y ppy uy, w gw up u h g, mm, uu. T hvg g u h my p h mp wk; wh h w mp y h w u, h pw h p gw. Ty h g u— y v g u v p uu. Sm v h Akh’ mv mhm w m puy hw m h pw. pw. Ahugh h u h p p’’ pw mwh, hy mg u pp, jugg y h m u. Akh w h h Phh Amhp III Qu y, wh w Egyp u m m
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NEFERTITI Nu, m Amhp wh h w y u 12 y . L mg Qu y py g wm wh h guy. Sh m kw h “w wm” N’ u, h w ky g u h ugh--w. A Akh m gy vv gu m, m h w v u h my pm p h gvm. gv m. H h--w h--w,, Ay, Ay, h h--w h --w,, G Hmh (m ( m N’ N ’ ) kp Akh. Eh h w wu v Egyp phh h h Kg ukhm. Akh’ h, uhm, wh hu hv m kg h h h h, uy h Amhp’ g. S Akh—hugh h w v 20 y h m—m phh 1370 b.c., upp y h mh. Akh’ m w Amhp IV, h u h m kg. Ju w y , hwv— h v h uy’ g—h k h m Akh h h g A. Sm v h Akh w m g h, xu m my v (h h u h) u y h g Amu-R. Img m ug h hh u hm, u Qu y m hv h p h h hm. Sm h h qu’ hh g w muh mp h h h hu, h h mp h , ugg h mhm. I h p p whh h pp, pp, Akh m wy p mwh m wy. Sm v h h uu kg w wh g my u y M ym, whh mg h y’ y’ v u. u. T wh hv h hv g h vy g m, u h y wh py mu .
The Lost City of Amarna and King Tut’s Tomb
After changing the religion of all of Egypt, Ahmenhotep IV revised his own name to Akhenaten. Images of this pharaoh are unique because he is depicted with a long, narrow face, exaggerated features, and a small potbelly. Unlike the pharaohs before him, who are all sculpted as the ideal man, some believe Akhenaten purposely portrayed himself differently because it was how he truly looked.
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NEFERTITI I h g u, wu xp why h mg k . Dp h u u uug h uy h hp p m g v—h Sh, w , h N (wh gu gu p p p k h hpp )—Egyp wy gu g h wh w . Uuy, Akh w h uw h h v ju u u yhg h h whpg A. H g m my h , whh hy gg gg h hp. Php Php h hugh h hy m, h y wh hpp h w why h . My h w p, my h h h Egyp pp v puh h u u p h A A. . Whv
The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is one o the most important archaeological fnds o all time. The writing on the stone is in both Egyptian and Greek and uses three dierent scripts—Greek, demotic, and hieroglyphics. At the time it was made, in 196 b.c., these three scripts were all used in Egypt. Demotic was the common script, hieroglyphs were used or important documents, and the rulers o the time used Greek. The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799 in the village o Rosetta on the Mediterranean coast, served as a translator or Egyptologists who had unearthed other hieroglyphic writings rom ancient times but could not decipher them. Using the Rosetta Stone, scientists were able to decode ancient puzzles that were a mystery no longer.
The Lost City of Amarna and King Tut’s Tomb h , g m g y Tum III h u w ug h Am p. unWelcome changes
Dug h y up’ xpm wh g, my Egyp mp wh h mm y h h hu g h y A; u m h p hv u hughu h uy, v Am , h h g. h hg p h Akh’ mm p mh g v mpy k h h uy. Php h wh mgy g wh hm uy whp hy wh h pvy h w hm, y p whp A y h g g h kg. T u-k g, A, w w g; h h whp p h u g, R, ug h O Kgm. A w h y g wh k hum m m—h w p u wh g g y h m m. T y y p h, g p vg hg. T g Amu ( Amu-R) w pu m wg h wh g pum g g u . H w v v h kg g, xg h h w. Ogy, Akh h u mp Amu’ Kk, h g mpx mp h Amu, T. T h Akh h v A h u Amu-R w mp h pp p. A , Amu-R w h gv , h kg h g. H x h w h hp m. A, h y, mgh p hm, u h u v h m v mp. Wh Akh h Amu-R Amu-R ’ mp hu h h w g whp, h pp . Akh h “h kg” y. Sm h y h h h v k gh g w
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NEFERTITI w mu. H v h h v hm mk hg: puu mhm u y A w w mu. Tugh h hg, N N w y h , m v v h uy puh hm mk h hg h p. architecture architec ture in ama amarna rna
Wh Am w g, u g mp A—whh w u m mpy m p mp— m mp. Bu h u k w m, h m hv g g ugh mm mm h-m h- m upu upu h g. mp mp my w , hy u m, uy, . Bu A w h u h wm h Eh hp p gw, h mp w u whu h u’ y u p h mp, ghg hg A. h mp v uy, my , p A’ y hg h kh. Au h mp w hm h p h hp, k whh wu k vy y g A. Ay v w gv h p h mp mpy. w p w u Am: h h p h y h h h pp, uhm, . I w w vg wk, w w h . T vu p h y w y w . Akh vw h ug h y m. I w m g h m u hughu Egyp, u h m h u h m g phgu. Ahg w u ugh h f hw mg Qu N h u , xg h m p h hu h. Egypg v h Akh’ y w u h gy, u h mummy h v u.
The Lost City of Amarna and King Tut’s Tomb H y my hv y y m h umk m y h y w wh w p h . Am w — muh w y—u y—u h y w u h u. T vuy v mpy, mpy, hpg pv p v u, whh muh m m u h u u h ghh yy h wy h pp p p v. change in i n art art
Egyp gy py h hum uj m, yz wy, wh h h, g, hw p, h y hw m h . Am w , xp w g. N Akh, hwv, ug py hm u, , pyu p, mg w m h x h wk w. Su m m u-gu uvy. F xmp, Akh N h hw hvg gh p. M wh w u ug h Am p m h y u y p y p upu. Ahugh v h N m, g uh h k y h u-k A, ju hw muh h h h w ukw. Sm h y h m u, u mg Akh h my w mhp pp jk. Whv h h h Am p, hy ugh w m Egyp h u uqu g g. . the boy king
O h mu m m h h A Egyp phh—Cp, Rm, S, N, —w php w kw h . F u, h h m
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NEFERTITI ymz h p A Egyp: h pmp, h, yy yy,, myy my y. W W kw h ym y m Kg u, u, h y kg. u, ukhm, u y w y; h m h h u h g 9 10, u 1334 b.c., g 19. H w Am h Phh Akh h y wv, Ky. Wh h w u 12 y , h m h h-, Akhmu, wh w h ugh Phh Akh Qu N. h m N y h pmh u h mh--w. u’ g m w ukh, whh m “vg mg h A.” A u h m h h m Akhmu, h mv h u k h pvu p T, pyh g, hg h m ukhm, whh m “vg mg h Amu.” u’ w w ppxmy w h y h h w, h up hugh hv h w ugh ugh, , h whm w . Sh v h h u w y y,, mumm m w u wh h u hm Kg u. u u vy g, u h mk mp h uy wh h mp u h , w h h gu h h h . T p m Akh h m whv p, h hy k vg u’ v g h pw hy h . T y kg k g m wh m h g w h wu; whh w h w mu kw. Bu h uxpy, u h m w y mp, h w u m m h my hv m — py u f. T m u m m h w w w wh j m hm u h , ug jwy, um, uu, hg, m , wp. A pvuy m,
The Lost City of Amarna and King Tut’s Tomb
The Tomb of Meryre (above), high priest of Memphis and overseer of the god Aten, was discovered in 2001. Archaeologists and researchers are hoping to discover more information about architecture, events, and Pharaoh Akhenaten from the hieroglyphics featured in the tomb. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, it appears as if all mention of Akhenaten has been removed from the grave.
y wh h m my v h hv h u hm m p u w up h mp. T w h u m y m h w u u. A u 2150 b.c., m phh w u h Vy h Kg, u T’ y m. Gu w p h h m u kw h
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NEFERTITI g h—g h jw—w u wh h w. Am h h u hm w vz v h y. u’ m m y mphm m wh h w v, u h h h h m w u y . u’ m w v y Hw C, Bh Egypg wh h y h u 1922, L Cv, wh h xp. Wh h xv xv m uh h h u hm, h g w p uk, hy kw hy h m mk vy. I, h huh m, hy u phgu, whh h h h f. u’ mummy w v h h, wh h p y h g mk h h m mu ww. ww. T h mummy w p p . H pv g w u u p j wh h p p m. Kg u’ u kp h Egyp Muum C, h uy’ p, u hy guy v h muum u h w hv vw y m. T vy h m w h m mp mg h u u A Egyp, pvg h h g uv h w u, v hugh h m h v u wh h u . Shy h vy u’ m, v mm h hg gup—ug Cv— uy, m y upuy. T umy h u h g h u h phh, whh h whv u phh’ m wu . T u u w u my h kg’ m. N u’ m, hgyph pm, “Dh h m w wg hm wh u h p h h kg.” kg.” T u w v h m mv m u mumm, phh, u. Y, Y, m m hz h m—whh my hv umu wh h k
The Lost City of Amarna and King Tut’s Tomb h m—h mhg wh y h h u hy hy w p. u’ m my hv h y m h Vy h Kg v, u m h v h h m h. Uuy, h m Akh N hv y v wh y y.
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7 The Mysterious Queen Nefertiti by almost any standard, Queen neFertiti Was a strikingly beautiFul
wm. Wh w p g, w-k k, g k y, u p, my mpx, h w gz ug h m h m uu wm h y. M pp vyhg, hwv, N h g g— h m vy php v h h w . Wh h w kw y u Qu N y m. W wu kw v u 1912. A p wm, u ggg , m m py. Sh p h , hg w h p. Fwg xv y Gm hg, vg w uv h h v
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The Mysterious Queen Nefertiti h . T vg vuy xp y—h y Am. Wh w hv u Am h wh u h wh w ppv u vw A Egyp. B B h vy, vy, y h m hghy u Egypg kw u N. T k mm kwg w upg, g h h y whh h v qu w py y wh m h h u. Sh y hz h N h hu, h Phh Akh, h my m wh muh v h v hy u. N w ppy ummy pwu qu; m hk h k h w y h gug h h h. Ey v A’ mp Kk hw h p k w kg, hg h m y h h. Sh p kg v h gu h uy, v vg p. Sh pp v pg kg p whp mkg g A. Pm mg h wh h h u h u w h p wh h h muh pw h Akh m h h. Ty w hppy u g h j wh h g hy v w y h y up, wu hv y g h mm k gy u h hg . Sm h v hk h m my hv k h. neFertiti’s bust
Fuy, h hg h v Am h my uu pu j m gv h hv, muh uvv u uy y. Php h m uu p wk m h p Egyp hy h v m u N. A ug hugh h y’ m, hy v h wkhp up m hum, h up h y u Am. h, mg h u
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Nefertiti, meaning “a beautiful woman has arrived,” lived up to her name when archaeologists discovered a centuries-old bust created in her image. Carved from limestone and painted, the bust stirred up a great amount of excitement. However, archaeologists could not locate Nefertiti’s mummy and concluded that it was either destroyed by her enemies or hidden away by those loyal to her.
The Mysterious Queen Nefertiti u, h y mp u N w uh. h h h u h uu wm h uvv h wkg u , u u g g v y , w mk. Lm my —uuy m pu wh u v, v, h —h m m h k y m h. h u w muuy v, wh vy p, h w p h , whh gv N’ é u h h p, ky u. N’ upu h m uu u v . A u v p p’ h hu, h p h “” wm— g h A Egyp. T u h h y 1345 b.c., mkg m h 3,200 y , h py h Egyp Muum B, Gmy, 1924. N’ mg h pu u m u h w, my — v pp pp my. Php Ph p h m m p u h mg u py quy. T h y m y y u h u N upp h h h h w h y my h uj, wh wu hv w gy h v h. Ahugh m jwy wh h uh w u h y m Am, h p h h w u h. Pg g uy, hm, pw h u g h hu, h vh mgy whu . Sh uy mg h m myu “mu” “mu” pp p p wh v v. What do We knoW?
h m N m, ughy, “h uy ( uu wm) wh h m.” Sh w h g y w Phh Amhp IV, wh hg h m Akh h h u-k g, A. Akh h w h
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NEFERTITI wv—Ky (h mh ukhm) Akhp. Muh , v h Akh k h ugh y N, M, h w. N w h pmy w, h m mp. T w u y , T, h u 12 m y mvg h u Am. My N hv u mg Am’ u, ug p h vu m p h qu: H, G Fv, P Chm, Exug Hpp, M Sw, Bv O, Shg h Kg’ H H Hu, S-Spk A, M Upp Lw Egyp, G Kg’ W, Whm H Lv, Ly h w L. Nm, , y h vu phh’ g ug, — wh muh h m
Part o a Song Wrtten y the Pharaoh Akhenaten, Neertt’s Husand
Thou art in my heart And there is no other that Knows thee Save thy son The world came into being by thy hand Thou art lifetime thy own self For one lives only through thee Since thou didst found the earth And raise them up for thy son Who came forth from thy body The king . . . Akhenaten And the chief wife . . . Nefertiti.
The Mysterious Queen Nefertiti u N—h h wh pp my h. I ppxmy h uh y Akh’ u, N uy pp. Au h m m, -g y h m Smkhk pp u wh Akh u u y h h, u Akh’ , ukhm, k h h. Sm Egypg v h Smkhk w uy N gu m. Oh v h h mgh hv u h uy y h hu , ug h m Nu Nu (whh m “T A A u h uu m m”). ”). S h v h Smkhk w Akh’ y w, h N h -g u h m Nu. I my h N’ N ’ h, h , M, k v v g y w wh h mh v kg. W W m ky w v kw whh hy h y , y. y. A u h m, N pp p h ugh’ u. H h ppy hh, h p gvg N Akh g h , wh u y hg y. T h p N h, Akh’ qu. Cu h u mg h wg pg u w, h py, m h Am xv, y h u’ . Bu h w pu h upy h h hu’ g, h fu Egypg p gh y y u h N. D h v Am vuy? vu y? W W h k? k ? D h g hg h u wh h hu , h h u h p? M ky, ky, h w h qu w v w mpy. N kw wh N , m wh. Whv uh myy uu m wh g muh pu , pp pu m up wh vu h.
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After the discovery of Nefertiti’s bust, archaeologists began to find and decipher hieroglyphics, pottery, and tombs that provided more information about the queen’s life. Details of her role after the death of Akhenaten, however, are nonexistent. It is believed that her enemies and later Egyptian leaders destroyed much of her legacy and vandalized her tomb, even chiseling out her cartouche (above).
O h m pm h h N w mu y h p wh h h pw wh Akh p h g wh h g, A. Oh hk h h my hv kpp h wy y h u wh w m h pw pg u h u. Ev N’ g m hu myy. T u’ u , m wy, m k h Eup
The Mysterious Queen Nefertiti wm h Egyp wm, hugh m m kp ugg h h Gm wh v h u my hv pp m uu y Gm 1912. Imp Impv v hg hv w h u u h ku mummy h m v N’, hugh h ug m w y qu vy. Sm h v h N w Egyp yy, u m h wh hv u h v h h h w h ugh hgh gvm f, h h ugh h y P Amhp IV (wh hg h m Akh). H mg wu hv mpv h u vy h my. Sm hk h h h w f m Ay, h h w py Akh’ u (h mh’ h). Ay w u phh Kg ukhm . Sm v pu h Ay my hv p py mu h yug kg, h u h h. W kw wh N’ mh w, u wg h N w y h Ay’ wv, y. I p h N’ mh hh. royal roy al de piction pictions s
N Akh h x ugh, my h p h mgy hppy my hv uh. h ugh’ m, g h, w M, Mk, Akhp, Nu, Nu, Nu, Sp. A p m hp, py wh h y my, w y A Egyp. Ry m uuy w hw p p— p — pyg g wy. Pg, hwv, hw Phh Akh wh h m u h w pyg wh h ugh. R py h w g h, wh h g h p.
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NEFERTITI Oh, m p pg upu hv u h p h h kg qu m m m g. g . Y Y v h g m h Egyp p y m u hy . Gy, Egyp up wu v h kg wh u xp p u, u Akh w hw hvg mwh gu u u,, ug hgh h g . I u-gh pg, h w p ky k y, wh py. p y. A A m pvuy, pv uy, m pp v h my hv h h u phy m. H pp vy hm m, y h y. N, h h h, w wh hw u gh. I w mm py h wm g h h h m, u whh h w h h h hu h my p h h wy. I 2003, USA oday y m F u w p wh h u u A Egyp mummy. mummy. T p’ uu j w u ku m mu whh h vm’ y w ukw. F w h h mummy h y Bh Egypg J Fh, Fh, Ph.D., gg N, u h p h kw h hy g h wk. Dm Sh m Eg’ Nghm Uvy M Ev Shf Uvy u 3-D mpu “mh” h ku, m gv h m, ugh gph h k, y, p, w. Sm v h h - y m h p u u h up’ wkhp Am, Fh h u h mp pv uh h h mummy h uu Egyp qu. D. Fh h u, “I w w v y , h. T h vy g vu vu . Sh h uh uu p. Sh ug.”
The Mysterious Queen Nefertiti I h hu mp m hw N w h m h p h w-mu u, u h h Egyp Muum B, Dh Wug, y p h h v h w h 30, w pvuy um. H y xm h u ug yp gh C , v h h up h gypum u N’ y hk, whh gh puf. Oh h v h N w m k h mh-w , wh N wu hv k v h w wm h u. T p N’ u m y mg y, whh my hv u pup. D Wug ugg h h up w u, h h w yg h h u h pp gm pm y u. H v h h u w m u h pg h qu’ f p. W w v v kw v vyy N’ N ’ . Y, Y, mhw,, h myy uug h y v hw v mk h h muh m gug.
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C H A P T E R
8 Could This Be Nefertiti? over the course oF the past couple years, british egyptologist
J Fh h g pu wh hy h h u h hg w. Sh v h h h h mummy N. Wh h m Amhp II, Kg u’ ggh, w xv 1898 u T, h phh w u—g wh 11 h mumm— hm. T h 11 w p h m u h p . O h mumm w yug wm wh m kw h “Yug Wm”; h w wm wh hk, uu h, h, h h w h y yug y. I Ju 2002, D. Fh v h xv v qu h
90
Could This Be Nefertiti? Yug Wm Wm mummy h h h v v w w N: N : Sh h u-p ( ym yy), hv h, mp h ku h h y w u h h. Oh gh h . . T mummy w y mu; gh m h w u y. T w w g w , hy h hg mhg—php y p? I ku h g h h h gug, h h muh hk w mg. T h h u. A D. Fh , v uh upp h m. Gv kw h jw j w w p h y’ v g w mv ug h mumm p. O h h y w u wg jwy, h mg h mummy’ h my hv ug h u y y. Fuhm, A Egyp v h, p h , hy w gv h “h .” Dyg h mummy’ muh wu hv wy u h h w u v h h, kpg h m vg h x w. D. D. Fh v v h whv wh v mg h mumm mummy y kw h w N mu u h. T A Egyp v h pkg p’ m gv hm h g, h; y mvg m h wu hp y N, whv mg h mummy u h wu pk h m, u hy wu kw h y. Ag My Ykuhk vy.m, D. Fh m u wg h Egyp Muum C wh wkg h u h. h. Sh v h h hp m m h m kw KV35, v 1898 y V L. L w h h h u hp hm h h mummy wh p kgy m h u N. T h
91
92
NEFERTITI
In 2001, Dr. Joann Fletcher announced her suspicion that one of the female mummies discovered in Akhenaten’s tomb was Nefertiti. Although she has no definitive evidence to prove her case, Fletcher believes the face of the mummy is an important clue to its identity. Fletcher hypothesizes the face was damaged by enemies of the queen, possibly even the new leaders of the kingdom, to prevent her from traveling on to the afterlife.
h wg w h, whh w m h y y wm Am ug h ghh yy. D. Fh’ w Egypg v h h Yug Yug Wm Wm mummy uy u y h qu, hugh hy g h h mummy m h ghh yy py w mm h y my. D. Fh h, u h mummy w up h h N, h ky wy pvy y h. A h wm’ mummy, D. Fh v h h my Qu y—h w Amhp III,
Could This Be Nefertiti? Akh’ mh, Akh’ m h, N’ N ’ mh-- m h--w w.. H u m pg Qu y’ mh, , h 1970, m hg m Am Egyp pp h h w y. T yug y v wh h w wm w y u 10 y , h w u p w hm. H h p , hv h, h k h w y m yug y h y. H u m h mummy, D. Fh pu h h y’ , uhm. D.. Fh h D ug h m up-- hgy xm h mumm, ug m X-y h h h h mumm w mg. Dmgg h mgh kp h p m wkg h . Sh v h h w y mu, u my qu m uw. conclusion
N w uu pwu wm A Egyp. Sh m phh wh my hv g y hy gh, xp h u h “h kg” wh mpy hg h wy h uy whp. Akh Akh ’’ h Egyp hu g whp hu g, hy h hu y, w wy p. h w, mh g u y Akh Qu N w h kw g k. hy h w y whh whp h g, A, p, u Akh v h y u 13 14 y h . A N h y pp h y h h. Wh w y, h p y, Am, w m mpy y. Kg Akh’ , Kg ukhm, h h p k h v u h h h. A Egyp h vy g, u, ug hy. Egypg u mk w v g
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94
NEFERTITI
In spite of all the damage done to the mummy, Dr. Joann Fletcher was able to recreate a portrait using X-rays and computer technology. The portrait (above) bears a striking resemblance to Nefertiti’s bust, and may be one of the few accurate depictions in existence of this strong, beautiful monarch.
Could This Be Nefertiti? p p, ppg vu h g h wy. W hv m kwg h uy pp, hk g v uh h R S Kg u’ u’ m. Hwv, Hwv , h my m my h my v m uv.
95
chronology
7000 b.c.(ppox.)
Pp g h N Vy. Vy.
3400b.c.(ppox.)
A pwu kg u h upp w g A Egyp.
2686 –2160 b.c.
h O Kgm, whh u h h hugh xh y A Egyp; hz y phh wh w y mp pw v h uj g w kg; h u h pym g.
. 2540 b.c.
h G Pym Gz, h v w h w, u h m Kg Khuu.
2055–1650 b.c.
h M Kgm, whh g ug h vh yy u hugh h h hh; p gw pw pg; guu g h N Rv.
1570 –1070 b.c.
h Nw Kgm, whh u h Am P h ghh hugh wh y; m h m mu phh u ug h m, ug Akh, ukhm, S, Rm.
1350 –1334 b.c.
h Phh Akh, N’ hu, g 17 y; y h u, h mv h p m h Am, g w
96
Chronology vy v hg g . 1334 b.c.
N’ p, Kg u, u ppxmy 10 y, u h h g 19.
333 b.c.
Ax h G v Egyp, h M u u u 31 b.c.
1500s
Egyp u u 300 y y h Om O m uk.
1700
Egyp m p h Bh Emp.
1798
Np v m F; h u k y 1801 y h Bh h uk.
1859 –1869
h Suz C u.
1912
h y Am—u y N’ hu, Phh Akh, u h u g, A— uh y Gm hg; h w-mu u Qu N v h u up’ wkhp.
1922
Egyp g p p, Fu’ I m kg; h m Kg u v h Vy h Kg, h w h h N Rv uh Egyp, y Bh Egypg Hw C L Cv.
1948
Egyp j wh Iq, J, Sy k h wy m I.
1952
Egyp g u p m G B; Gm A N, h vu, m p.
1981
Mhmm H Muk m p h pu Egyp.
1980s
Exv mp h m Phh Rm VI, xh kg h wh yy, wh g m u 1133 1125 b.c.
97
BiBliogrAPhy
Amv, I. he Egyptians. B: Hugh M, 1967. Fk, N, Su L. W. Welcome to Egypt. Mwuk, W.: Gh Sv Puhg, 2000. F, m. “Cu h B h P Qu?” USA oday. Av . URL: www.uy.m/w/ /2003–08–12--u_x.hm. H, G. Ancient Egypt: Cultural Atlas for Young Peo ple. Nw Yk, NY: F F, 2003. H, Gg. Ancient Egypt. Nw Yk: Dg Ky, 2000. Mk, Jm Jm.. Cradles of Civilization: Egypt. Nm: Uvy Okhm P, 1993. Mz, M. In the Days of the Pharaohs: A Look at Ancient Egypt. Nw Yk: Fk W, 2001.
98
Further reAding
F v, J Fv, J.,., W. Egypt, Gift of the Nile: Life Under the Pharaohs. Nw Yk: Mm, 1963. Fh, J. he Search for Nefertiti: he rue Story of an Amazing Discovery Discover y. Nw Yk: HpC, 2004. Hw, Zh A., S V. he Royal ombs of Egypt. L: hm & Hu, 2006. MN, Sh. Ancient Egyptian People. Bk, C.: MN, Mk P, 1997. W Bug, E.A. he Egyptian Book of the Dead: he Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum. Nw Yk: Dv, 1967. WEb SiTES
Gu v Egyp: www.touregypt.net/
Gu Egypgy : www.egyptologyonline.com www.seaworld.org/egypt/egypt.html www.globalfriends.com/html/world_tour/Eypt/Egypt.htm www.Discovery.com
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Photo credits
pg: 3: © Bhv Puh Kuuz/A Ru, NY 14: ©S/A Ru, NY 19: ©W ©W Fm/A Ru, NY 27: ©HIP/A Ru, NY 31: © Fx Hy/p/L Hy/p/Lv v 36: ©Eh Lg/A Ru, NY 39: ©Eh Lg/A Ru, NY 45: © Bhv Puh Kuuz/A Ru, NY 49: ©Bh Muum/ Muum/A A Ru, NY
55: ©Eh Lg/A Ru, NY 62: ©S/A Ru, NY 65: ©W ©W Fm/A Ru, NY 71: ©W ©W Fm/A Ru, NY 77: ©N ©N Ggph/ Gy Img 82: ©Hu Ahv/Gy Img 86: ©N Ggph Ggph/ / Gy Img 92: ©Gy Img 94: ©Gy Img
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index
A , hp , 8 a.d. m, 13–15 p, 34 mumm , 53 g , 48–50 Ag h Pym, vvw , 13–15 guu, 25–27, 35 Ahhp, 64 Ahm, 64 Akh , 75 u Am y, 13 mh , 63–64 vvw , 69–73 pg , 87–88 pygmy , 21 hp wh, 16–17 g , 17–20, 73–74 g w y, 84 wv , 83–84 Ax h G, 25 Am hu , 74–75 , 75 vy y Gm hg, 13, 80–81
Nw Kgm , 15 vvw , 68–69 g , 18–20 Amhp III Akh , 69 y , 64 m , 90–93 Amhp IV. See Akh American Commonwealth, he (By), 9 mu, 38 Amu-R , 50 Kk , 30–31 vvw , 56–57, 73 h , 69 Ancientt Egypt Ancien Egypt (H), (H), 50 m, 24, 28, 53–54, 57 Akhmu, 76 Akhp, 84, 87 Au, 57 A, gug, 26 hu, Am, 74–75 . See also u N Am P , 18 hg , 75 y , 35 g wk , 28–29 g, 50 my, 56
101
102
NEFERTITI A Akh , 13, 18–20 hg N , 73–74 N g , 56 g , 16 Ay, 70, 87
B y, 41–42 B, 28, 56 b.c. m, 13–15 , N, 13, 43 uy,, 42–43, 80–83 uy B, 57 k , 27 gm, 37 “By Kg.” See ukhm (Kg u) , 41–42 By, Jm, 9 u, y, 61–63 u N g wh pg , 89 p , 12–13 my uug, 21, 86–87 N , 43 vvw , 81–83
C C, 26, 78 m, 60 Cv, L, 78 C, Hw, 78 , 28, 53–54, 57 w, 35 h, 60 h, vw , 34 Ch, Ju, a.d., b.c., , 13–15 Chuh, W, 7
uu y , 37–38 mumm , 53 vvw , 33–34 Cp VII, 25, 66 hg, 42–43, 61–63 C, M, 7 -g, 63 , 49–50 , 28, 37, 40 w, 26 uum, 42 u Kg u’ m, 78–79
D , 42 ugh N Akh, 87–88 Days of the Pharaohs, In the (Mz), 51 h, g , 48–50 h N, k kwg u, 85–86 m, 70–72, 88 hy, mumm , 51 Dmy, hp , 9–10 Democracy in America ( quv), 9–10 m, 46, 72 , 28 mm, h, 6–7 Dvu h D, 50 Egyp, 26, 41–42 Dvy Ch umy, 23 , 38 v, 34–36 Dj (Phh), 15, 29 um, 23 ky, 60 Du, 48
Index
E y w, 35 u, 35, 36–37, 63 Egyp m, 26–28 , 18, 28–29 hg, uy, h , 42–43 , 41–42 my , 34–38 hm , 40–41 Kk , 30–31, 56, 81 m , 38–40 vvw vyy , 33–34 pp , 25–26 phy p , 24–25 g , 17–20, 47–58 , hgyph , 43–46 p , 42 h kgm , 13–16 Vy h Kg , 30, 32, 77–79 Egyp Muum, 78, 83, 89 Egypgy, , 23 E-Am hu , 74–75 , 75 vy y Gm hg, 13, 80–81 Nw Kgm , 15 vvw , 68–69 g , 18–20 mmg, 51, 57 mm, 41–42 m N, 81 quy,, hp , 9–10 quy Ehp, N Rv , 24 ugy N, 20 Ev, M, 88 y, mg, 89 y hw, 42–43
F u, 88 mg, 25–27, 35 h, 42–43 F Pp, 10 , mg, 93 y, 42 g, 42 h, 42 x, 42 Fh,, J, 88, 90–93 Fh g, N Rv , 24, 26–27 w, hp , 8 Egyp, 26, 41–42 u ( v ), 26 m, mm v., 7 F, m, 88
G g, 42–43 gm, 37, 42 g , 63–66 Gz, G Pym , 15, 29, 61 g. See also pyhm hgg vw , 18, 73–74 phh , 54–56 mp , 54 gu, 42 gv y, 77–78, 91 G B, 25 G Pym Gz, 15, 29, 61 “G Ry W” , 63 G Sphx, 28–29, 66
H h, 43, 91–92 h, H h w uh, 48–49 Hm, Ax, 10 H, Gg, 50 Hhpu, 64–66 hwk, 57 h, 62–63, 83
103
104
NEFERTITI h kg, 73. See also Akh h, 46 hgyph, 18, 31, 43–46, 72 hpp, 28 h mm, 6–7 H, A, 7 hm Egyp, 40–41 Hmh, 45, 70 Hu, 17, 57 hum, py , 30
I , 50, 56 vu, hp , 6 my , 34 h, 35, 63 x, 43 g h, 25–26 I, 17
J Jm, Wm, 7–8 jwy vyy , 43 my , 35 Kg u’ m , 76–78 mumm , 52 yy , 62–63 ju, mp , 60
K Kk, 30–31, 56, 81 Ky, Jh My, 8 Khuu, 15, 29, 61 kppg hy, 86 Kg u. See ukhm Ky, Akh , 17, 76, 84 kh, 43
L whp, 34, 35–36 gug, 72 gug Egyp, 26 Lhp, Shg , 6–11 L, Vm, 7 Ly, gh Egyp, 24 m, 83 L, Ahm, 11 , 57 , 60 Egyp, 24 L, V, 91 Lw Egyp, 26, 61 Lux,, 30, 32, 56–57 Lux
M M’, 60 mg, m , 38–40 M ym, 70–72 mg my , 34–35 pygmy , 21 -kpg , 44 yy , 63 Mxm, 7 mhm, , 44 m, vvw , 38–40 M S, 24 Mk, 87 m, 42 Mz, M, 51 Mmph, O Kgm , 15 M, 84, 87 mwkg, 35 M Kgm, vvw , 15 my, 63, 70, 72 mhm, 17–20, 73–74 m , 37, 60 my , 34, 47 mv, 23 Muk, Mhmm H, 16, 25
Index mumm , 28 u , 88 Kg u’ u , 78 N, 88, 90–93 vvw , 51–54 mu hy, 86 mu, mumm , 91 my uug N, 21–22, 80–89
N m, mp , 57–58, 66 Np W, 6–7 N, Gm A, 25 , 52 Nzm, 7 , 13, 43 Nu, N u, 85, 87 87 Nu, 87 Nkh, 63 Nw Kgm, 15, 32 Nuh, Rh, 10 N Rv guu , 26–27 u hu m mu , 40–41 , 41–42 m’ , 35 vvw , 24 N, 64 m, 57, 59 Nu, 64, 70
O , vvw , 24–25 k, 31 O Kgm, vvw , 13–15 , mp , 60 g N, k kwg u, 86–87 O, 17, 50, 56–57
, 44 Om Emp, 15, 25
P pg, 30, 85, 87–88 p, 20, 60, 74 p, 46 ppmkg, 40 ppyu, 40, 44 Ph, 37 Ppy II, 64, 66 P, 25 P, 15 p, mumm , 53–54 phh. See also p phh w , 26 g, 54–56 kgm Egyp , 13–16 mumm , 53 vvw , 59–60 pp Egyp , 25 pg, 91 ph, ppyu , 40 pygmy, 21, 63, 66 pyhm, 17, 47, 76 py, 35 pw N, vvw , 16–17 pym, 15, 29–30. See also p pym
R R, 18, 56–57, 73 , mm , 7 Rm, 15 Rm II, 66 Rm VI (Kg), m , 32 u, , 88 , 28 R S, Egyp , 24, 28
105
106
NEFERTITI k, 15 g , 48–50 Akh , 17–20 u , 37 g, g , 56–58 mumm , 51–54 vvw , 47–48 phh , 54–56 mp , 54 h , 69 ukhm , 76 u, mumm , 53 y,, gv, 77–78, 91 y Rm, 15, 25 Rv, Fk D., 7 R S, 72, 95 yy. See also phh u , 61–63 vvw , 59–60 wm , 63–66
S Sh D, 27–28, 72 , 43 phgu, 78 p, 62 Sh, Dm, 88 , 34, 37, 43–46. See also hgyph , w , 48 upu, 88. See also u N Egyp, 24 S, 17 Sp, 87 S, Nw Kgm , 15 v w h w, 29 hu, 25–26 vy,, 29, 60 vy Smkhk, 16, 85 “Sk” gm, 37
k, 48 Sku, 64 Sphx, 28–29, 66 Sp Pym, 29 Su, gh Egyp, 24 u g (R), 18, 56–57, 73 Sym , 57 Sym
T x, , 44 mp Am , 74 ug , 20, 29–31, 35 g , 54 y, 87 h, 30–31, 32, 69, 73 hh, 50, 56 hum (up), 21, 81 hum IV (Kg), 29 m, g , 13–15 y (Qu), 63–64, 69–70, 92–93 ’my ’ my ( hkp wh), 26 quv, Ax , 9–10, 11 y, L, 6–7 m Am , 74–75 ug , 35 k kwg u, 32 mummy N , 88, 90–93 yy , 60, 61 ukhm , 32, 61, 67, 78–79 v, mh , 60 uh, mp , 60 uk, 15, 25 ukhm (Kg u) Nw Kgm , 15 vvw , 66–67, 75–79 pg , 17, 66 Sphx , 29 m , 32, 61, 67, 78–79
Index uhm, 70 uhm IV, 66, 93
U uw, 48, 56–57 Upp Egyp, 26, 61
V Vy h Kg, 30, 32, 77–79
W w (v), 28 Wj, 63 War and Peace (y), 6–7
W Ch, 49–50 wg, 43, 91–92 w Egyp, 24, 28 Wug, Dh, 89 w, 44 W, Ww, 8 w, 42 wm, yy , 63–66 wwkg, 35
Y Ykuhk, My, 91
Z Zg, Gupp, 7
107
ABout the Authors
BrendaLange h ju, uh, pu
p 20 y. I h wk wh Ch Hu—h h xh k yug u—h h w wpp, mgz, pu, pm pu u v . B mm ASJA SPJ v wk Dyw, Pyv. H W www.g.m. mm h g Am h u m. H w h Puz Pz h k he Age of Jackson (1945) A housand Days (1965), whh w h N Bk Aw. Shg w h A Shwz P h Hum h Cy U vy Nw Yk w vv v h Ch Hu pj, ug h Revolutionary War Leaders , Colonial Leaders , Your Government . arthurSchLeSinger,Jr.
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