NEBOSH IGC – 2 1.
List eight design features and/or safe practice intended to reduce the risk of Accidents on staircase used as internal pedestrian routes within work premises. • The removal of obstructions • Provision of non slippery surfaces, together with reflective edging. • Adequate lighting. • Effective maintenance of the staircase. • Width of the staircase • Provision of handrails • Dimension of treads and risers • Provision of landings. • Provision for disabled persons. • Possible use of elevators / life as alternative. • Imposing site rules for using appropriate foot wear.
2.
Outline the precautions that might be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in vehicle maneuvering areas • • • • • • • • •
3.
Separate systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Appropriate road markings. Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent door, provision of lighting etc). Audible warning on vehicles. The wearing of high visibility jackets. Good standard of house keeping. Training for, and supervision of all concerned. Enforcement of site rules. Supervision.
Outline the means by which the risk accidents from reversing vehicles within a workplace can be reduced. The various means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles within a workplace can be reduced are. • Trying to avoid the need of vehicle to be reversed. (One way or drive through system, turning circles etc). • Separation of vehicles and pedestrians (barriers, signs etc). • Aspects of vehicle and workplace design (audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles and at blind corners, refuges, lighting etc) • Procedural measures like use of banksmen, site rules, driver training etc.)
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4.
Identify the types of hazard that may cause slips or trips at work. •
5.
Outline how slips and trip hazards in the workplace might be controlled. •
6.
Control measures such as highlighting changes in level with hazard warning strips, providing good lighting, introducing procedures for reporting defects and for spillages, gritting oil and icy surfaces, using non slip flooring and ensuring high standards of housekeeping to keep floors free of obstruction.
Outline the possible causes of a forklift overturning. • • • • • • • • • •
7.
There are many reasons why people slip or trip at work. The main reasons are floor poorly being maintained, changes in level (with ramp, slopes or kerbs), slippery surfaces caused by oil, water or ice, inappropriate footwear, and general obstructions in walkways such as trailing cables, pipes and air hoses.
Driving too fast Sudden breaking Driving on slopes. Driving on debris Under-inflated tires. Driving over holes in floor, such as drains. Driving with load elevated. Overloading – exceeding maximum capacity. Collisions with buildings or other vehicles. Incorrect choice of forklift for the job.
Outline the conditions and environments in which a vehicle accident may occur. • • • • • • • • • •
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Inadequate lighting Inadequate direction signs Inadequate signs or signals to identify the presence of vehicles. Drivers unfamiliar with site. Need to reverse. Poor visibility e.g. sharp bends mirror / windscreen misted up. Poor identification of fixed objects e.g. overhead pipes, door ways, storage tanks, corners of buildings. Lack of separation of pedestrians and vehicles. Lack of safe crossing pints on roads and vehicle routes. Pedestrians using doors provided for sole vehicle use.
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• • • • • 8.
What are the factors that to be taken into account when planning traffic routes for internal transport. • • • • • • • •
9.
Lack of barriers to prevent pedestrians suddenly stepping from an exit/entrance into a vehicle’s path. Poor maintenance of vehicles e.g. tiers or brakes Excessive speed of vehicles. Lack of vehicle management e.g. use of traffic control, ‘signaler’. Environmental conditions e.g. poor lighting, rain, snow or ice.
The purpose of the route, the types of vehicle using the routes. The likely volume of traffic, the layout of the area. The possible need for one-way systems. Speed limits. Markings Crossing points and signs The importance of separating pedestrians and vehicles possibly by the use of physical barriers. Suitability of floors as well as environmental issues such as lighting levels and ventilation when diesel-powered transport is to be used inside a building.
Identify eight rules to follow when a fork-lift is left unattended during a drivers work break. There are a number of precautions that a driver must follow when leaving his/her forklift truck unattended. The first one relates to leaving the forklift truck on a firm level surface, in a designated area, to ensure that it cannot roll away. The truck must not be left in a position where it could obstruct the emergency exits, walkways or fire points, and must be parked away from other vehicles. The truck should be left with the mast tilted slightly forward and forks resting on the floor to make sure that it is stable and not likely to overturn. The truck must not be left until the break has been applied and the power switched off. Where a start key is used, the key must be removed and returned it to a responsible person, as appropriate. This will prevent the unauthorized use of the truck.
10.
Outline the precautions to be taken when using a mobile elevating work platform (MEWP) to reach a high point such as a streetlight. The need to inspect the equipment before use and to ensure it is in good state of repair.
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Using only competent workers Using outriggers and brakes Erecting warning signs and barriers to avoid collisions Avoiding overhead obstructions Wearing a harness. Ensuring the platform is not overloaded. 11.
List four specific types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual handling off loads. Spinal disc compression or slipped discs Torn ligaments or strained or sprained tendons Hernias, Dislocations and fractures Muscular strains Cuts and abrasions Crushing and impact injuries
12.
Outline the factors in relation to the load that will affect the risk of injury. The factors in relation to the load that can affect the risk of injury are size and weight of the load the possibility that the contents might move and the load become unbalanced, the weight distribution (the center of gravity not being in the center of the load), difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load, and the presence of sharp edges or very hot or cold surfaces.
13.
Battery-powered forklift trucks are used to move palletized goods within a warehouse. a) Describe four hazards associated specifically with battery-powered forklift trucks. b) Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in the areas where the fork-lift trucks are operating.
A) • • • • •
Main hazards include hydrogen gas being released during battery charging. Electricity problems during charging. Manual handling of liquids for batteries. Corrosive acids caused by charging. Quiet so can cause accidents in areas where PPE is worn.
B) • •
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Separate systems for vehicular and pedestrian traffic. Appropriate road markings.
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• • • • • • • 14.
Maintaining good visibility (mirrors, transparent door, provision of lighting etc). Audible warning on vehicles. The wearing of high visibility jackets. Good standard of house keeping. Training for, and supervision of all concerned. Enforcement of site rules. Supervision.
Outline a good handling technique that could be adopted by a person required to lift a load from the ground. Give two examples of how a manual handling task might be avoided. • • • • • • •
Consider the size & weight of the load Correct position of the feet. Take firm grip Keeping the back straight Bending only the knees Use strength of thigh muscles Lifting smoothly keeping the load close to the body.
The manual handling task can be avoided by mechanization and use of fork lift trucks, hoists, cranes and conveyors. 15.
Outline the precautions that should be taken in order to ensure the safety of employees carrying out maintenance work on process equipment. • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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Permit to work Pre-task assessment / method statement Isolation / lock out Tag out procedure. Pre-clean /purging / ventilation Atmosphere testing Safe access egress Suitable tools (non spark) Suitable PPE Suitable lighting Competent / trained personnel Above ground support / supervision Communication (signals / radio) Emergency procedure.
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16.
Outline the issues to consider when undertaking a manual handling assessment of a task that involves lifting buckets of water out of a sink. • • • • • • •
17.
What are the four factors to be considered when doing the assessment for manual handling? • • • •
18.
Load Individual Task Environment
Outline the steps for safe operation of a crane • • • • • • • • • • • •
19.
Frequency of the activity Vertical & horizontal distances to be lifted / transported. Distance of load from the body Awkward body movements & so on The type / size of bucket & water temperature Wet floors, space constraints & ambient temperature. Physical capabilities & limitations of the individual.
Ensure operators / slingers are trained and competent. Select the correct appliances and tackle for the job. Ensure the appliance is stable when lifting. Use correct slinging methods. Protect sling from sharp edges. Ensure the sling is securely attached to the hook. Ensure the load is lifted to correct height and moved at an appropriate speed. Use standard signals Never drag a load or allow sudden shock loading. Never use any damaged equipment for lifting. Never exceed the safe working load. Never lift a load over the workers.
Outline the hazards that could be faced by the worker who is using a petrol driven strimmer to maintain roadside grass verges. • • • • •
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Contact with the moving parts of the strimmer The possibility of being struck by flying stones or other materials. Slips / Trips / Falls Manual handling hazards. The danger posed by moving traffic, noise and vibration.
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• • • 20.
List the five items of personnel protective equipment that should be provided to the work who is engaged in using petrol driven strimmer to maintain roadside grass verges. • • • • • • •
21.
• •
The use of traffic control or barriers. The selection and maintenance of equipment to reduce to a minimum the levels of noise and vibration. The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision and health surveillance. Completion of a risk assessment for the job to be done.
Outline the sources and possible effects of four non-mechanical hazards commonly encountered in a wood working shop. • • • • • •
23.
Ear defenders Eye protection Respiratory protection Gloves Safety footwear Gaiters High visibility jackets that also offers protection against the weather
Outline measures other than the use of protective equipment that might be necessary to ensure the health and safety of the worker who is engaged in using petrol driven strimmer to maintain roadside grass verges. • •
22.
Dust and fumes. The hazards associated with the storage and transfer of petrol. Weather condition like exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Dust from sawing and sanding operations (leading to lung disorders and possibly cancer) Chemical hazards from vanishes, glues etc (leading to a range of ill-health effects) Noise from machinery (causing noise-induced loss and other auditory and nonauditory effects) Sharps and splinters (causing noise-induced hearing loss and other auditory and non-auditory effects). Manual handling hazards (resulting is musculoskeletal disorders) Electricity (causing shock, burns and fire).
Describe the possible effects of electricity on the body.
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• • • 24.
Outline four factors that may affect the severity of injury from contact with electricity. • • • •
25.
Voltage Current path Duration exposed to the electricity Frequency.
Identify four mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drill & outline in each case how injury may occur. • • • • •
26.
Interference with nerve / muscle action, tissue burns, possibility of damage to internal organs. Cardio-respiratory effects. The risk of fatal injury to disruption of heart rhythm.
Entanglement of hair with the drill bit or chunk. Stabbing injuries from the bit Contact with the drill bit or chuck resulting in abrasions. Ejection of, or impact by, unclamped work pieces, made worse by the fact that the work piece may be spinning at fast speed on the bit. Cutting hazards may also be presented by mental sward produced by the drilling process.
Outline the principles of the following types of machine guard. 1.) Fixed Guards, 2) Interlocked Guards Fixed guards: A fixed guard / fence be fitted such that it cannot be removed other than by use of specialist tools which are not available to operators of the equipment. Interlock Guards: An interlocked guard is similar to a fixed guard, but has movable (usually hinged) part, so connected to the machine controls that if the movable part is in the open / lifted position the dangerous moving part that the work point cannot operate.
27.
Identify two advantages & disadvantages of fixed machine guards. Advantages: It is less costly, needs maintenance and periodic attention, no moving parts, require a too to remove. Disadvantages: May cause problems with visibility for inspection, if enclosed may create problems with heat, machine can still be used even if the guard is removed.
28.
Outline four main categories of guards and safeguarding devices that may be sued to minimize the risk of contact with the dangerous parts of machinery.
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• • • •
Fixed guards Interlocked guards Automatic guards Trip devices
29.
Outline four control measures to reduce the risk of injury from pedestal drill. • Avoid wearing loose clothing with sleeves, any bracelets and chains while working with pedestal drill. • Avoid placing hands under the drill while it is running & use of PPE • Make sure that the work piece at which drill has to be used is secured enough to sustain the drill operation • Double check the tightening of the drill bit & make sure that the correct size of the bit is used.
30.
Provide sketches to show clearly the nature of the following mechanical hazards from moving parts of machinery. • • • •
31.
Outline a range of check that should be made to ensure electrical safety in an office environment. • • • • • •
32.
Entanglement Crushing Drawing-in Shear
Visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and sockets. The need to ensure that all fuses are the correct rating The equipment is sited such that outlets are not overloaded and the cables are not in vulnerable positions. The equipment itself should be checked to ensure suitability and conformity with recognized standards. Specific testing procedure for portable appliances should be place. Procedure for reporting defects or damage.
In relation to the use of electrical cables and plugs in the workplace identify four examples of faults and bad practices that could contribute to electrical accidents. Also outline the corresponding precautions that should be taken for each of the examples identified in. • • •
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Failure to select the right equipment for the environment Incorrect rating of fuses. Ineffective or discontinuous earthing
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• • • • •
Overloading of socket outlets Cables unnecessarily long or short. The use of coiled extension leads Poorly wired plugs The use of defective cables and plugs
The relevant precautions for the above identified examples are: • Earthing • Calculate correct rating for a fuse • Residual current device • Reduce voltage • Battery powered. • Double insulation. 33.
In relation to electrical safety, explain the meaning of the following terms. a) Isolation b) Earthing c) Reduced low voltage d) Over current protection Isolation – it refers to shutting of the electricasl supply to an item of equipment or part of an item of equipment or part of an electrical system and preventing inadvertent reconnection in order, for instance, to carry out maintenance work. Earthing – this means whereby electrical equipment and conductive items are connected to earth by a cable or metal pope work such that the route to earth provides the path of least resistance to a current flowing under fault conditions. Reduced low voltage – Commonly used on construction sites, involves the reduction of local supply voltage by a transformer to a lower, safer voltage – typically 110 or 55 volts. Over current protection – is a method of preventing the flow of excess current by cutting the supply under fault conditions by means of a fuse or circuit breaker.
34.
Outline how earthing can reduce the risk of receiving an electric shock? Earthing may prevent electric shock, the electricity supply company has one of its conductors solidly connected to the earth and every circuits supplied by the company must have one of its conductors connected to earth. This means that if there is a fault, such as a break in the circuit the current known as the earth fault current, will return directly to earth, which forms the circuit of least resistance.
35.
Outline the emergency actions to take if a person suffers a severe electric shock.
The action of discovering a person having suffered an electric shock should be to make others aware of the situation and, at the same time or immediately afterwards, to turn off the 95928463.doc
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supply. If this is not possible, and the victim is still in contact with, or in close proximity to, the live part, then he/she should be pushed clear using a non-conductive implement (such as a broom). First-aid should then be administered, which, depending on the condition of the person, may include cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. If successful, an airway should be maintained by placing the victim in the recovery position and breathing should be monitored until medical help arrives. 36. Outline the precautions to protect against electrocution when a) When excavating near underground cables. b) Working near overhead power lines. a) Excavating near underground cables • • • • •
Supply isolation Cable routes identification via plans and cable detectors Checking for service box covers Marking of cable routes Digging with hand tools.
b) Working near overhead power lines • • • • • • 37.
Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when using a portable electrical appliance on a construction site. • • • • • • • • •
38.
Isolation Goal-post barriers defining clearance distances Use of signs and bunting to clearly mark danger zones Safe access routes under lines Use of marshals and banks men when cranes, excavators or tipper lorries may approach Restriction on use of metal ladders and scaffold tubes
Ensuring suitable equipment is used Reduced voltage supply Use of RCD’s Double insulated tools Battery operated tools Suitable connections Pre-use visual check on the plug, the lead and the drill Equipment tested frequently Avoid using in we conditions.
Explain using a suitable sketch, the significance of a ‘fire triangle’ FUEL
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OXYGEN HEAT (Ignition)
39.
Identify four methods of heat transfer and explain how each can cause the spread of fire Methods of heat transfer include: Conduction: Where heat is transferred through a conducting material (e.g., metal), without the conductor itself is burning. Convection: As the hot air and gases rise from the fire, cooler air is drawn in which, in turn, his heated and rises. The continuous process of air being drawn in and heated, then rising, cooling and descending, forms circulating currents which enable the fire to spread. Radiation: Heat energy from the fire, in the form of infrared radiation, is transmitted through the air and may be absorbed by other fuel sources causing them to heat up, possibly enough to cause ignition. Direct burning: Combustible materials in direct contact with naked flame.
40.
Outline measures that should be taken to minimize the risk of fire from electrical equipment. Measures such as the proper selection of equipment to ensure its suitability for the task, pre-use inspection by the use, establishing correct fuse ratings, ensuring circuits and sockets are not overloaded, disconnecting or isolating the equipment when it is not in use, and ensuring that electric motors do not overheat (e.g. by checking that vents are uncovered). Additional measures include the need to uncoil cables (particularly extension leads) to prevent the build up of heat and protecting cables from mechanical damage. Importantly, electrical equipment and systems should be subject to regular inspection, testing and maintenance by competent persons. This should ensure, for instance, that contacts are sound, thereby reducing the likelihood of electrical arcing.
41.
Explain why water should not be used on fires involving electrical equipment Using water on an electrical fire can lead to electric shock since water is a good conductor of electricity. Carbon dioxide and dry powder were correctly identified as suitable extinguishing agents where electrical equipment is involved but references to halon were discounted due to the fact that its use has been banned.
42.
List eight ways of reducing the risk of a fire starting in a workplace. •
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The control of smoking and smoking materials
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• • • • • • • 43.
Good housekeeping to prevent the accumulation of waster paper and other combustible materials Regular lubrication of machinery. Frequent inspection of electrical equipment for damage Ensuring ventilation outlets on equipment are not obstructed Controlling hot work The provision of proper storage facilities for flammable liquids Segregation of incompatible chemicals.
List the five steps in doing an assessment on fire risks Step 1 – Identify the fire hazards • Identify sources of ignition • Identify sources of fuel • Identify sources of oxygen Step 2 – Identify people at risk • Consider people in the premises • How could fire, heat or smoke spread to areas that people occupy? • Who and where are the people that may be at risk? • Identify people who are specially at risk • How will people be warned of fire and could people by trapped by fire? Step 3 – Evaluate, remove or reduce and protect from risk • Risk reduction by prevention • Risk reduction by protection Step 4 – Record, Plan, Inform, Instructed train Step- 5 Review and Monitor
44.
A factory uses small quantities of various toxic chemicals which re obtained from & returned to a central storeroom. A) Identify four possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body & in each case, describe a circumstance in which the storeroom staff might be at risk of such exposure. b) Outline the factors to consider when assessing the health risk to storeroom staff from handling the chemicals. C) Outline the control measures that might be required in order to minimize the risk to the health of those working in the store room. a) The possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body refers to inhalation, ingestion, absorption & injection
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The operations in which the storeroom staff would typically be engaged & related possible routes of entry to these are • Inhalation in relation to spillage & the build up of vapors. • Ingestion due to poor personal hygiene practices • Absorption through the skin as result of inadequate personal protective equipment or uncovered wounds. • Injection from the use of damaged, broken or unsuitable containers for handling the toxic substances. b) The factors to consider when assessing the health risks to storeroom staff from handling the chemicals are: • Degree of toxicity of the substance used. • The methods of work adopted (which may determine the routes of entry) • The possible duration & frequency of exposures. • An assessment of the effectiveness of existing control measures. c) Specific control measures include: • The use of suitable containers for the chemical & the methods for handling them. • The provision of ventilation & appropriate personal protective equipment. • Procedures for dealing with spillage. • The introduction of site rules to ensure personal hygiene • The provision of information & training to the staff involved. 45.
Identify possible routes of entry of biological organism into the body. Inhalation Injection Entry through broken skin Exchange of body fluids and ingestion
46.
Outline control measures that could be used to rescue the risk of infection from biological organisms. Cleaning and disinfecting Personal protective equipment Engineering controls Vermin control Good personal hygiene. Immunization
47.
A worker is engaged in general cleaning a large veterinary practice. a) Identify four specific types of hazards that the cleaner might face when undertaking the cleaning.
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b) Outline the precautions that could be taken to minimize the risk of harm from these hazards. a) Four specific types of hazards are • Cleaning fluids • Manual handling • Slips / Trips / Falls • Sharp objects • Biological hazards • Contact with animals • Dangers associated with using specialized equipment for cleaning b) • • • • •
The provision and use of personal protective equipment (including overalls and gloves) The introduction of a procedure for the handling and disposal of sharp objects The need for animals to be kept in secure enclosures. The possible need for immunization against diseases know to be transmitted by animals Specific training for the worker with related to the job to be done.
48. A company produces a range of solid and liquid wastes, both hazardous and nonhazardous. Outline the arrangements that should be in place to ensure the safe storage of the wastes prior to their collection and disposal. • • • • • • • • • • 49.
The completion of risk assessments that address the nature, properties and quantities of the wastes likely to be stored. Minimizing the quantities stored by organizing regular collections. Ensuring the separation of incompatible wastes. Providing appropriate means for containing the wastes in secure storage facilities. Installing and maintaining fire protection and fire-fighting systems in the case of flammable or combustible wastes. Installing bunds and drawing up procedures to deal with spillages that might present environmental risks. Providing safe means of transport and access to the storage sites. Ensuring that wastes are accurately identified and that warning signs are in place where appropriate. Training employees in the precautions to be taken Ensuring that they are provided with, and use, appropriate personnel protective equipment, such as gloves, overall and eye protection.
For each of the following agents, outline the principle health and safety effects and identify a typical workplace situation in which a person might be exposed.
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a) Isocyanides b) Asbestos c) Leptospira bacteria d) Lead Isocyanates are a respiratory sensitizer and may also cause dermatitis. Persons carrying out work involving the use of insocynates based printing inks, adhesive or paints would be at risk Exposure to asbestos may cause asbestosis, lung cancer or mesothelioma. Carrying out maintenance work on, or the demolition of, a building where asbestos is contained in the fabric of the structure could lead to the inhalation of airborne fibres. An infection caused by exposure to the leptospira bacterium is called leptospirosis, with symptoms that resemble influenza. The health effects of exposure to lead are many and varied but principally include anemia, fertility problems, damage to kidneys etc. 50.
Outline the precautions to ensure the health & safety of persons engaged in spray painting activities in a motor vehicle repair shop. • • • • • • •
51.
Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of employees in the workplace. • • • • • • •
52.
Segregation of the activity, typically by means of a spray booth fitted with local exhaust ventilation & protected electrical equipment. Suitable storage & fire precautions for flammable paints & solvents. The provision & use of personal protective equipment (clothing, respiratory protection etc) Monitoring employee’s exposure to airborne substances. Ensuring the examination & maintenance of control measures. Providing appropriate training to employees. Maintaining welfare & hygiene facilities.
Poor ill-health & absence records Increase in first – aid treatments Complaints from employees The findings of risk assessments The results of inspections or monitoring & activities Changes in methods of work The relevant requirements of current legislation & approved codes of practice.
An office building is about to be occupied by new owners.
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a) Outline the factors that should be considered by the new owners when assessing the suitability of lighting within the building. b) Describe the FOUR effects on health & safety that might result from inadequate lighting c) Outline the welfare facilities that should be provided in the building a) Factors Such as • The tasks to be undertaken & the equipment to be used. • The availability of natural light • The adequacy of the existing lighting levels including that provided for specific areas such as stairs & corridors • Significant contrasts in lighting levels between different areas. • The layout of the office, including the position of screen dividers in relation to overhead lighting & other areas that may be in shadow • The appropriateness & condition of the particular type of artificial lighting installed (eg. Fluorescent & spot lighting) • Possible glare created on computer screens lighting is another issue that should have been considered. b) The possible health effects on health & safety from inadequate lighting: • Eye strain • Headaches & increased levels of stress • Trips & falls • The possibility of errors in performing tasks that might put others at risk c) Welfare facilities that should be provided include: • An adequate number of well ventilated & lit sanitary conveniences in relation to the numbers of male & female employees. • Washing facilities with hot & cold running water & means of drying • A suitable source of drinking water (clearly marked where appropriate) • Facilities for taking rest & refreshments away from working areas. • Accommodation for clothing not worn during working hours • First-aid facilities • Rest facilities for pregnant woman & nursing mothers • Protection for non-smokers from the effects of smoke • Prayer facilities. 53.
Outline the main precautions to be taken to ensure the safe transport of hazardous by road. Load: • Nature of load – information • Suitable containers / able to withstand the transportation • Clear labeling
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•
Emergency contact points
Vehicle: • Properly designed / constructed for the load • Maintain in an efficient state • Marked with the approved signs / symbols • Carry emergency equipment Driver: • Driver trained and competent for class of material • Safe system for loading / unloading • Emergency arrangements • Trained and competent for class of vehicle 54.
Outline the particular hazards that might be encountered by staff working in busy hotel kitchen. • • • • • • • •
55.
Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in the workplace. • • • • •
56.
Electrical & mechanical hazards associated with machinery such as food mixers & processors Hot surfaces Sharp implements Wet of obstructed floors increasing the risk of slips, trips & falls Boiling water & hot cooking oils causing burns Manual handling hazards Health hazards (e.g foodstuffs causing allergic reactions); & cleaning materials that may be corrosive. Hot, busy environment of a commercial kitchen.
Visible signs of dust (in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes) Complaints of discomfort by employees Impaired health linked to exposure (possibly detected by health or medical surveillance) The results of workplace monitoring Problems associated with plant & equipment such as blocked filters.
Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of airborne dust. • • • •
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Coughing & sneezing Filtering effect of nasal hairs Mucus in the respiratory tract & bronchi Eyes watering
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• 57.
Blinking
Identify four possible health effects from exposure to flammable solvents. • • •
Dermatitis, Headaches Drowsiness through to unconsciousness & death Irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes & respiratory tract, absorption into the body may lead to kidney or liver damage.
58.
Outline the safety precautions that should be taken when using flammable solvents. • The removal of potential sources of ignition from the site of the operation • The provision of adequate ventilation • Limiting the quantity of solvent in use at any one time • Clear marking of containers • Ensuring that suitable fire-fighting equipment is in place • The provision of personal protective equipment such as gloves, eye& respiratory protection • Ensuring that operatives are informed of, & trained in, the procedures for the safe use of solvents, especially those concerned with the cleaning of brushes & disposal of rags.
59.
An essential ingredient for a process is delivered in powdered form and poured b y hand from bags in to a mixing vessel. Outline the control measure that might be considered in this situation in order to reduce employee exposure to the substance. • • • • • • • • •
60
Elimination (e.g. by introducing pre-formed components or outsourcing the dusty operation) Substitution (e.g. of powder by granules , liquid or paste) Isolation of the process in a separate room. Enclosure (in a glove box, for instance) The provision of LEV Suppression by damping down & carrying out cleaning operations by vacuuming rather than sweeping Supply of respirator and eye protection Limit time of exposure Carryout measurement of dust level.
Outline the requirement to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a building in the event of a fire. • • •
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The means of raising the alarm An acceptable distance to the nearest available exit. Escape routes of sufficient width
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• • • • • • •
Clear signing of escape routes The provision of emergency lighting Escape routes kept clear of obstructions with the fire door closed to prevent the spread of smoke. The provision of fire-fighting equipment The appointment of fire marshals Procedures for the evacuation of those with a physical impairment The need to practice the evacuation plant at regular intervals.
61.
Outline the reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace. • As a legal requirement • To evaluate the current scenario of emergency response in case of a fire • For checking whether the alarm can be heard in all parts of the building • Familiarizing employees with the alarms, evacuation procedures, escape routes & assembly points so that, in case of a real emergency, they would know the actions to be taken. • Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific functions to practice their designated roles.
62.
Identify four health effects that may be caused in working in the hot conditions • • • • •
63.
Outline the control measures that can be taken in order to minimize the health effects of working in hot environments. • • • • •
64.
Heat stress Heat cataracts Dehydration Exhaustion Respiratory distress.
The gradual acclimatization of new personnel to the environment The provision & consumption of adequate amounts of fluid The provision of regular breaks away from the work Ensuring adequate ventilation; the provision of screens to protect against radiant heat. The wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment
Identify 3 forms of biological agents 1. Fungi: are a variety of organisms that act in a parasitic manner 2. Bacteria: are single cell organisms 3. Viruses: are the smallest know type of infectious agent.
65.
Define the ergonomics?
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The study of the relationship between human begins the equipment with which they work and the physical environment in which this worker-machine system operates. 66.
Outline the factors of the physical environment that may cause a person for feel stressed at work. • • • • • • • • • •
67.
Cramped conditions Dirty or untidy working conditions Workplace layout resulting in alack of privacy or security Poor lighting Problems with glare Extremes of temperature and or humidity Inadequate ventilation resulting in stale air Exposure to noise & vibration Inadequate welfare facilities Those working outside, inclement weather conditions.
Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of occupational stress amongst worker. • • • • • • • • • • •
Shift work Unsociable hours Excessive overtime Job insecurity Fear or redundancy Repetitive monotonous work Lack of adequate breaks Lack of control over the job Work load too high or too low Harassment, bullying, fear of violence, poor communication Personal and social factors e.g. financial, illness, family.
68. In relation to ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand held tools identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected individuals. • • • • •
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Acute: Tingling in the hands and extremities Chronic: Numbness and balancing of the fingers Swollen painful joints Reduction in manual dexterity Reduction in the sensation of touch.
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69.
Outline the control measures that may be used to minimize the risk of health effects caused by using the vibrating hand held tools. • • • • • • • •
70.
Alter the work process Select low vibration equipment Reduce the grip and push forces Reduce the time of exposure Health surveillance / health promotion Warm weather proof clothing Gloves, heating pads Information and training.
For each of the following types of non-ionizing radiation, identify a source an state the possible ill-health effects on exposed individuals. a) Infrared radiation b) Ultraviolet radiation Typical sources are: a) Infrared Radiation – Fire or furnaces b) UV light – welding operations Health effects caused are: a) Burns to skin and eye damage b) Effects of the sun
71.
Identify the general methods for protecting people against exposure to nonionizing radiation. • • • • •
72.
Shielding Increasing the distance between source and person Reducing the duration of exposure Appropriate personal protective equipment The use of barrier cream.
Explain the following terms in relation to noise exposure at work. a) Noise-induced hearing loss b) Tinnitus Noise induced hearing loss is normally caused by prolonged exposure to high noise levels causing damage to the hair cells and leading to a permanent threshold shift at particular frequencies, which worsens with continued exposure both in terms of the extent of the threshold shift and of the frequencies affected.
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Tinnitus on the other hand is typified by a ringing or similar sound in the ears caused by over-stimulation of the hair cells. It can be acuter or chronic, permanent or intermittent. 73.
Identify four limitations of personnel hearing protection as a means of protecting against the effects of noise. • • • • • • • •
Poor fit Resistance to use Comfort factors Incompatibility with other protective equipment Costly in terms of replacement and maintenance Interference with communication Hygiene with communication The need for constant supervision and attention.
74. Outline the specific causational factors that may have contributed to work related upper limb disorders. • • • • • 75.
Outline the measures that can be taken to reduce the risk of work related upper limb disorders. • • • • • • • • •
76.
Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements Twisting movements Squeezing Hammering Pushing, pulling or reaching movements.
Reduce frequency of operation Reduce duration of operation Provide rest or recovery Improve posture Ensure adequate space Improve environment Mechanize task Use correct tools and equipment Suitable training.
Outline four types of engineering control that may be used to reduce noise in the workplace giving an example of each. Source: Eliminating or reducing noise at the design stage e.g. nylon bearings instead of metal. Silencing: An attachment is fitted to the exhaust of a machine the baffles reduce the noise.
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Damping: Reduction in structure born noise by use of rubber/cork, springs etc in noise path e.g. panels, motors etc or by reducing vibration. Isolation: Protection of persons from noise source by distance or sound proofed rooms. Lagging: On pipes carrying steam or hot mud’s insulation of pipes to reduce sound transmission. Absorption: Absorbing sound in the work area by means of acoustic absorbent panels on walls or ceilings Enclosure: Placing a sound-proof cover over the noise source. 77.
Outline the main factors to be considered when doing and ergonomic assessment of a DSE workstation. • • • • • • • •
78.
Identify the features of a chair to ensure it is suitable for use at a DSE workstation. • • • • • • • • • • •
79.
Equipment Environment Task Individual Repetition Working posture of fingers, hands and wrists Working posture of shoulders and arms Psychosocial factors such as: pace work, unplanned overtime/ shift work, little control over own work, stressful, deadlines, lack of training.
The chair is suitable The chair is stable The chair is adjusted correctly The user is aware if how to adjust the chair There is proper backrest Seat back height & tilt adjustment Seat height adjustment Swivel mechanism Castors or glides Are forearms horizontal when suing the keyboard Are feet on the floor, without too much pressure from the seat on legs.
Outline the main precautions to be taken when carrying out excavation works. • • • • •
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Support of slides (shoring, benching etc) Detection of services (from plans, use of cable / pipe detectors etc) Storage of materials, equipment & spoil away from edge. Means of preventing vehicles falling into the excavation or causing collapse Means of preventing people falling into the trenches
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• • • • • 80.
List EIGHT safe practices to be followed when using a skip for the collection & removal of waste from a construction site. • • • • • • • • • •
81.
Ensure the integrity of the skip Locating the skip in firm, level ground away from excavations Ensuring clear accesses for filling & for removing from site by vehicles Filling by chute or by mechanical means unless items are to be placed in the skip in hand Introducing controls to prevent overfilling The tipping of incomplete wastes Netting or sheeting when the skip is full The fire hazards created by the skips & The probable need to site away from buildings & to protect against arson. All construction waste is controlled waste & must be carried by a licensed waste carrier, under a waste transfer note system, to a disposal site capable of accepting the waste.
Outline the main dangers associated with excavation work on construction sites. • • • • • • • •
82.
Means of preventing collapse of adjacent structures Safe means of access & egress Testing for, & ventilation of, noxious fumes Means of pumping out water Procedures for working with mechanical plant & general issues such as inspection, training, supervision & the use of PPE.
Who might be harmed by a collapse of the excavation? Contact with buried services Ingress of water Build-up of fumes or being struck by falling materials Dangers associated with the excavation machinery The effect on adjacent structures The possibility of vehicles of people falling into unprotected excavations Contact with buried materials that can be hazardous to health.
Outline EIGHT precautions that may taken to ensure the safety of children who might be tempted to gain unauthorized access to a construction site. • • • • • •
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Fencing hoarding sings security Covering or fencing excavations Removing ladders Immobilizing plant / machinery Locking away chemicals / tools Reducing height of materials
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• • 83.
What are the hazards connected with construction activities • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
84.
Falls from heights Fragile roofs Falling objects Slips, trips Excavations Demolition Explosives Working in or over water Working in tunnels vehicles Traffic movements Plant and equipment Doors and gates Lighting Weather Fire Material storage
Outline the precautions to be taken when carrying out repairs to the flat roof of a building. • • • • • • • • • • •
85.
Isolating services Clearing away rubbish and debris
Carry out survey Safe means of access Roof edge barriers Roof ladders / crawling boards Identifying and covering roof lights Facilities to raise and lower materials Protection of person below Provision of person below Provision of harness No work in severe weather Competent worker.
What are the main hazards connected with the use of ladders at work. • • • • •
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Over-reaching form ladder Unsecured / unstable ladder Ladder not extended above step off point Using a damaged / worn ladder Metal ladder contact with electrical cables Page 26 of 27
• • • 86.
Explain how hazards connected with the use of ladders can be avoided • • • • • • • • •
87.
Falling material being carried up ladder Vehicle collision with base of ladder Manual handling – carrying and erecting
Properly secured before use. Fixed at the top, or base, or footed Unable to run side ways or slide away from the wall Top rested against a solid surface Never supported by rungs Landings required ever 9m vertical run Tools and materials in holster or bag One person at a time Work facing the ladder with one hand holding the ladder
Outline the precautions to be taken using step ladder • • • • • • • • •
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Ladder should be suitable for the job No work carried off top step Worker maintains three point contact Step ladder in good condition Properly created and legs fully extended Positioned on even ground Close to work to avoid overreaching Not overloaded Footed if necessary.
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