National Climate Change Law and Policy-making in India, NAPCC — a a balance sheet 1. Introduction Introduction
With extensive industrialisation in a fast developing Indian economy, India has become one of the leading emitters of Carbon dioxide and green house gases. The accumulation of these gases has led to a global threat of climate change. Further, the modern lifestyle, changing land use techniques, over agricultural use and extensive pressure on natural resources aggravates the situation. Global warming which is adversely affecting the developing countries like India due to their limited capacity of dealing with it, is a specific example of the broader ter m „Climate Change‟ Change‟ and refers to the observed increase in the average temperature temperature of the air near earth‟s earth‟s surface and oceans in recent decades.1 The effects of climate change are evidently seen in Indian climate with the recent Uttrakhand incident, changed climate patterns, extreme weather conditions in different seasons, abruptly reduced and increased rainfalls in different regions. Under a national survey of 4,031 Indian adults conducted by Yale Project on Climate Change Communication in collaboration with GlobeScan Incorporated, on Nov-Dec, 2011 revealed some of the results like 80% of respondents said that the amount of rainfall in their local area had changed in the past 10 years – either decreasing (46%) or increasing (34%); 54% said that hot days in their local area have become more frequent; 21% said that severe storms and droughts had become more frequent, while 15% said floods had become more frequent; 38% said the monsoon has become more unpredictable in their local area compared to the past.2 As Indian economy is primarily based on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, water and forestry, with close ties with natural resource base, climate change can adversely affect the livelihood of its people with alteration in the distribution and quality of natural resources. India, being one of the large population countries below poverty line, exerts high pressure on the depleting natural resources for their development, and thus is facing the challenge of sustainable economic development. This stands in contrast to international environmental concerns, and the impacts of climate change on Indian people. Thus, there is an emergent
1
India, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Annual Report, 2012-13, p. 349. Yale project on Climate Change Communication, ‘Climate Change in Indian Mind’, Available at: http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/article/climate-change-indian-mind.. http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/article/climate-change-indian-mind
2
need of a balanced pathway for sustainable economic development while dealing with the menace of climate change. Further, India bestowed with such diverse topography, climate and biosphere becomes vulnerable to impacts of climate change, mainly the water stress, impacts on agriculture and susceptibility to weather-related disasters which further stress on the need for an action plan dealing with climate change. There is thus a growing realisation within the international community that for sustainable development and poverty alleviation projects to have any impact, they must be combined with the fight to tackle climate change. In a world where the use of finite energy sources devastates the planet (through sourcing and use) and leads to ever-increasing human antagonism, projects that do not promote the use of local, sustainable energy resources will be short-lived and harmful. The importance of a grass roots approach to develop the use of sustainable energy sources is increasingly recognised amongst governments and international organisations. The United Nations‟ Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC) entered into force on 21 March 1994 with the ultimate objective of stabilizing Green House Gas concentrations „at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced) interf erence with the climate system‟. In pursuance of the obligations cast on parties to UNFCCC, India has undertaken to communicate information about the implementation of the Convention, taking into account the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and their specific regional and national development priorities, objectives and circumstances. The elements of information provided in the communication include a national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all Green House Gases, a general description of steps taken to implement the Convention including an assessment of impacts and vulnerability and any other relevant information. 3 This response was not only in pursuance of the global commitment but also because India realised that it would suffer adversely from unchecked changes in climate. Thus, as a roadmap for India‟s climate change policy, on June 30, 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh released India‟s first National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining existing and future policies and programs addressing climate mitigation and adaptation. India‟s NAPCC, while asserting its emphasis on adaptation to climate change and priority for economic development, also lays out, in general terms, the overall framework for actions in 3
Government of India, June 2008, National Action Plan on Climate Change, pg. 3.
different spheres of its energy system in response to climate change. Specifically, it lays out eight national missions as the way forward 4: national missions for solar energy, energy efficiency, sustainable habitat (public transport; building codes), water, Himalayan ecosystem, Green India (aforestation), sustainable agriculture, and strategic knowledge for climate change. 2. Scope of the Paper
This paper would try to provide with a complete insight of National Action Plan on Climate Change adopted in june 2008. With its outline, principles and functions undertaken in it, this paper would try to elaborate the eight national missions sought by NAPCC. Further, there would be a critical assessment of the implementation of objectives sought under NAPCC and its national missions with the help of NAPCC evaluation reports published by various authorities. The policies underlying this whether are being effective and cooperative at grass root level is to be assessed in this paper. Lastly, this paper would throw some light over the other initiatives and programmes implemented by government of India and the level of effectiveness reached through them in combating Climate change. 3. National Action Plan on Climate Change : an outline
On June 30, 2008, Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh released India‟s first National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining existing and future policies and programs addressing climate mitigation and adaptation. India, being a developing country, needs to safeguard the high growth rate and maintained living standards of its population, and for that, this plan was formulated on the basis of socio economic principles like protection of sensitive & vulnerable sections of society through sustainable development strategy; enhancement of ecological sustainability by mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and arrangement of appropriate technologies for the same; development of efficient and costeffective strategies for end user Demand Side Management and engineering of new and innovative forms of market, regulatory and voluntary mechanisms to promote sustainable development; implementation of programmes by coordinated efforts of civil society, local government institutions and public-private partnership and lastly, with cooperation of International institutions for research, development programmes.
4
Ibid.
The plan in order to emphasize more on the overriding priority of maintaining high economic growth rates to raise living standards, adopted the basic approach as „identification of measures that promote development objectives of country while also yielding co-benefits for addressing Climate Change effectively.‟ For this, the plan outlines a number of steps to advance India's development and climate change-related objectives of adaptation and mitigation. The structure designed in this Plan consists of eight national missions which are to be dealt in detail in this paper. These missions form the core of this plan representing “ multi-pronged, long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in the context of climate change”. This underscores the fact that several of the programmes enumerated under NAPCC are already being undertaken under various schemes / programmes of the Government of India (GoI) but in the present context would require a change in “direction, enhancement of scope and accelerated implementation”5. Apart from that, other ongoing initiatives, including: (i) Power Generation; (ii) Renewable Energy; and (iii) Energy Efficiency; are also described in the plan. All national missions have been approved by the Prime Minister‟s Council on Climate Change and are at different stages of implementation. Under advice of the Central Government, State Governments are also preparing State Action Plans on Climate Change that are aimed at creating institutional capacities and implementing sectoral activities to address Climate Change.6 So far, 21 States namely Andaman and Nicobar, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Karnataka, Lakshadweep, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal have prepared document on State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC). 7 4. National Missions under NAPCC
There are Eight National Missions which form the core of the National Action Plan, representing multi-pronged, long-term and integrated strategies for achieving key goals in the context of climate change. The focus of these missions, is on “promoting understanding of 5
Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, ‘India Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’, 2012, Executive summary, at pg. Xvii. 6 Lok Sabha Secretariat (LARRDIS), ‘Climate Change - India’s Perspective’, Members’ Reference Service Reference Note . No. 25 / RN / Ref. / August/ 2013, at pg. 11. 7 Ibid.
climate change, adaptation and mitigation, energy efficiency and natural resource conservation.” 4.1. National Solar M ission
“Our vision is to make India’s economic development energy-efficient. Over a period of time, we must pioneer a graduated shift from economic activity based on fossil fuels to one based on non-fossil fuels and from reliance on non-renewable and depleting sources of energy to renewable sources of energy. In this strategy, the sun occupies center stage, as it should, being literally the original source of all energy” – Indian Prime Minister on the release of the National Action Plan A National Solar Mission will be launched to significantly increase the share of solar energy in the total energy mix while recognizing the need to expand the scope of other renewable and non-fossil options such as nuclear energy, wind energy and biomass. Great importance has been given to the National Solar Mission in the NAPCC. This is justified by the fact that India is ideally situated in the equatorial Sun Belt receiving abundant solar radiation the year around. The average solar insolation incident over India is about 5.5 kWh/m2 per day, which means that just 1% of India‟s land can meet the country‟s entire electricity requirement till 2030.8 The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission envisages implementation in three stages leading up to an installed capacity of 20,000 MW by the end of the 13th Five Year Plan in 2022, with 1,100 MW of solar power through the electricity grid and 200 MW off the grid, in its first phase; and a „focussed R&D programme.‟ 9 4.2. National M ission f or En hanced Energy Eff iciency
This Mission is basically targeted at industry, which, according to the NAPCC, accounts for 42% of the country‟s total commercial energy use (2004-2005) and 31 % of total CO2 emissions (1994). The Government of India already had a number of initiatives to promote energy efficiency in place before the NAPCC such as the star labelling system and energy
8
National Action Plan on Climate Change, pg. 18, 30 June 2008. Centre for Education and Documentation , ‘India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change’, ( 08 / 2010). Available at: http://base.d-p-h.info/fr/fiches/dph/fiche-dph-8799.html. 9
conservation building code and had also passed the Energy Conservation Act of 2001. 10 In addition to these, the NAPCC calls for:
Mandating specific energy consumption decreases in large energy consuming industries and creating a framework to certify excess energy savings along with market based, mechanisms to trade these savings. This is aimed at enhancing cost effectiveness of improvements in energy efficiency in energy-intensive sectors.
Innovative measures to make energy efficient appliances/products in certain sectors more affordable.
Creation of mechanisms to help finance demand side management programmes by capturing future energy savings and enabling public-private-partnerships for this.
Developing fiscal measures to promote energy efficiency such as tax incentives for including differential taxation on energy efficient certified appliances.11
The National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency is expected to save 23 million tonne oil equivalent of fuel and avoid the need to build additional capacity of over 19,000MW, leading to greenhouse gas emissions reduction of 98.55 million tonnes per year, and will add towards the country‟s target of reducing its emission intensity by 20-25% below 2005 levels.12 4.3. National M ission on Sustainable Habitat The aim of this Mission is to make habitats more sustainable through a threefold approach that includes improvements in energy efficiency of buildings in residential and commercial sector, Management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Promote urban public transport. 13 In this mission, the Government of India had called for wide and diverse range of policy instruments so that the barriers in adopting energy efficient residential and commercial sectors can be achieved. For this, there is a need for competitive market for energy efficient products and transfer of technology from developed nations. 10
Summary: India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change; PEW Center on Global Climate Change; available at: http://www.pewclimate.org/international/country-policies/india-climate-plan-summary/06-2008. 11 Climate Leaders, ‘INDIA’S NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CL IMATE CHANGE’, 2014 LEAD INTERNATIONAL | LEAD INDIA, available at: http://www.climate-leaders.org/climate-changeresources/india-and-climate-change/indias-national-action-plan-on-climate-change#foot_src_2. 12 Supra note 9. 13 Supra note 11.
For MSW, the plan suggests common regional disposal facilities for smaller towns and integrated system for collection, transport, transfer, treatment and disposal facilities, and with regards to urban public transport, mass transit such as buses, railways and mass rapid transit systems and the use of CNG, ethanol blending in gasoline and bio-diesel is suggested. In addition, the Plan proposes the promotion of costal shipping and inland waterways, increasing attractiveness of railways, introducing appropriate transport pricing measures to influence purchase and use of vehicles in respect of fuel efficiency and fuel choice, tightening regulatory standards in fuel-economy of automobiles. 14 4.4. National Water M ission
According to the NAPCC, out of the 4000 billion m 3 of precipitation that India receives annually, only 1000 billion m 3 is available for use, which comes to approx. 1000 m 3 per capita per annum. Further, by 2050 it states that India is likely to be water scarce. The National Water Mission thus aims at conserving water, minimising wastage and ensuring more equitable distribution through integrated water resource management. It also aims to optimize water use efficiency by 20% by developing a framework of regulatory mechanisms having differential entitlements and pricing. In addition, the Water Mission calls for strategies to tackle variability in rainfall and river flows such as enhancing surface and underground water storage, rainwater harvesting and more efficient irrigation systems like sprinklers or drip irrigation.15 4.5. Nati onal M issi on for Sustain in g the H im alayan Ecosystem
The NAPCC recognises the Himalayan ecosystem as vital to preserving the ecological security of the country. It consists of forests; perennial rivers which are a source of drinking water, irrigation, and hydropower; rich biodiversity; and is a major tourist attraction. All these are in danger from climate change through increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, drought and glacier melt. The Plan calls for empowering local communities especially Panchayats to play a greater role in managing ecological resources. It also reaffirms the following measures mentioned in the National Environment Policy, 2006.
Adopting appropriate land-use planning and water-shed management practices for sustainable development of mountain ecosystems,
14
Supra note 10. Ibid.
15
Adopting best practices for infrastructure construction in mountain regions to avoid or minimize damage to sensitive ecosystems and despoiling of landscapes,
Encouraging cultivation of traditional varieties of crops and horticulture by promoting organic farming, enabling farmers to realise a price premium,
Promoting sustainable tourism based on best practices and multi-stakeholder partnerships to enable local communities to gain better livelihoods,
Taking measures to regulate tourist inflows into mountain regions to ensure that the carrying capacity of the mountain ecosystem is not breached,
Developing protection strategies for certain mountain scopes with unique “incomparable values”.16
5.6. National M ission f or a Green I ndia
The Green India Mission aimed at enhancing carbon sinks in sustainably managed forests and other ecosystems, adaptation of vulnerable species & ecosystems to the changing climate, and adaptation of forest-dependant local communities in the face of climatic variability. Its goals include the afforestation of 6 million hectares of degraded forest lands and expanding our forest cover from 23% to 33% of the country‟s geographic area. 17 A Joint Forest Management Committees is to be set up under State Departments of Forests which will promote direct actions from communities, provide training on silvicultural practices for fast-growing and climate-hardy tree species, enhancing public and private investments for raising plantations, revitalizing and upscaling community-based initiatives such as Joint Forest Management and Van Panchayat committees for forest management, etc. 5.7. National M ission f or Sustainable Agri cultur e
The aimof this mission is to make Indian agriculture more resilient to climate change by identifying new varieties of crops, especially thermal resistant ones and alternative cropping patterns. This is to be supported by integration of traditional knowledge and practical
16
Supra note 11. Supra note 9.
17
systems, information technology and biotechnology, as well as new credit and insurance mechanisms. In particular the Mission focuses on rain-fed agricultural zones and suggests18: i.
Development of drought and pest resistant crop varieties
ii.
Improving methods to conserve soil and water
iii.
Stakeholder consultations, training workshops and demonstration exercises for
farming communities, for agro-climatic information sharing and dissemina tion Financial support to enable farmers to invest in and adopt relevant technologies to
iv.
overcome climatic related stresses In addition, the Mission makes suggestions for safeguarding farmers against
v.
increased risk due to climate change. These suggestions include, strengthening agricultural and weather insurance; creation of web-enabled, regional language based services for facilitation of weather-based insurance; development of GIS and remote sensing methodologies; mapping vulnerable regions and disease hotspots; and developing and implementing region-specific, vulnerability based contingency plans. Finally, it suggests greater access to information and use of biotechnology.
vi.
5.8. Nati onal M issi on on Str ategic Kn owledge for Cli mate Change
This Mission will strive to work with the global community in research and technology development and collaboration through a variety of mechanisms and, in addition, will also have its own research agenda supported by a network of dedicated climate change related institutions and universities and a Climate Research Fund. The Mission will also encourage private sector initiatives for developing innovative technologies for adaptation and mitigation. The Mission includes:
Research in key substantive domains of climate science to improve understanding of key phenomena and processes,
18
Supra note 11.
Global and regional climate modelling to improve the quality and accuracy of climate change projections for India,
Strengthening of observational networks and data gathering and assimilation to increase access and availability to relevant data,
Creation of essential research infrastructure, such as high performance computing.
4.9. Oth er Pr ogrammes
The NAPCC also describes other ongoing initiatives, including: Power Generation: The government is mandating the retirement of inefficient coal-fired power plants and supporting the research and development of IGCC and supercritical technologies. Renewable Energy: Under the Electricity Act 2003 and the National Tariff Policy 2006, the central and the state electricity regulatory commissions must purchase a certain percentage of grid-based power from renewable sources. Energy Efficiency: Under the Energy Conservation Act 2001, large energy-consuming industries are required to undertake energy audits and an energy labelling program for appliances has been introduced. 19 5. Implementation According to the NAPCC the 8 National Missions are to be institutionalised by “respective ministries” and will be organised through inter -sectoral groups including, in addition to related Ministries, Ministry of Finance and the Planning Commission, experts from industry, academia and civil society.
Structure of Institutional Arrangement of NAPCC 19
Summary: India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change; PEW Center on Global Climate Change; http://www.pewclimate.org/international/country-policies/india-climate-plan-summary/06-2008.
Each Mission has been given the task of evolving specific objectives for the remaining duration of the 11 th Plan and the 12th Plan period (through to 2017). These objectives were to be stated in comprehensive documents along with strategies, plans of action, timelines and monitoring and evaluation criteria, which were to be submitted to the Prime Minister‟s Council on Climate Change by December 2008. The Council is to periodically review the progress of these Missions and the each Mission is to report its performance publically every year. The implementation strategy is to be supported by increasing public awareness through a media and communication strategy, civil society involvement, capacity building, curricula reform and awards.20 5. Critical Assessment of NAPCC
The NAPCC is found to be comprehensive in ambition — the agenda it sets for the eight national missions is wide-ranging. But the plan is an aspiration more than a strategy. The eight national missions span actions that are cost-effective and ready for implementation to those that are difficult to see achieved in practice. But the real opportunity each of the mission areas provide as a viable and a valuable response varies. In the eyes of India‟s foreign policy partners, it is hard to assess the credibility of the NAPCC.21 Though it is commonly agreed that the NAPCC represents a significant step forward, in that it is the first systematic attempt by the Government to frame a comprehensive policy framework to deal with climate change, most believe that it is insufficient and lacking in vision and real measurable targets. One of the strongest criticisms has come from a civil society coalition called Climate Challenge India coalition, which gives the NAPCC “a B+ grade for effort, and a D grade for vision”22.
20
Ibid. Varun Rai and David G. Victor, ‘Climate Change and the Energy Challenge: A Pragmatic Approach for India’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.44, No. 31, 1-7 August 2009. Available at: http://irps.ucsd.edu/dgvictor/publications/Working%20Papers/WP83%20Climate%20Change%20&%20Energy %20Challenge.pdf . 22 Excerpt taken from : http://www.challengingclimate.org/story/1554/1335/Green-coalition-criticizesIndia%E2%80%99s-climate-plan. 21
The coalitions main criticisms are23:
The NAPCC just takes a number of the Government‟s existing National Plans for water, agriculture, renewable energy, energy efficiency, etc. and combines them with a few additional ones, rather than formulating a new “well-thought through „strategy‟ chalking out a discernible low-carbon pathway for India.”
It relies too much on out of date IPCC projections and not the best currently available climate science, thereby leading to a lack of urgency
The NAPCC lays blame on developed countries without taking enough ownership for the problem
It has a lack of clear targets and timetables for action thereby showing a lack of ser iousness in the Government‟s commitment to dealing with climate change. The only targets are vague like, at no time during its development will India‟s per capita emissions surpass those of the developed world.
There is a lack of focus on forest conservation as opposed to afforestation
The NAPCC suggests glacier melt might not be caused by climate change and that further study is needed.
Other criticisms include:
Lack of clarity with regards to roles and responsibilities. How is the NAPCC to reach citizens all over India? Who will be responsible for interpretation and translation of the document and its objectives? Who will fund the national outreach/public awareness programmes? These questions and others are not answered. 24
23
Climate Challenge India – Initial Assessment of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change; http://www.csmworld.org/public/pdf/CCI-NAPCC_statement_final.pdf . Sujatha Byravan & Sudhir Chella Rajan, “An Evaluation of India‟s National Action Plan on Climate Change”, Centre for Development Finance (CDF), IFMR and Humanities & Social Sciences, IIT Madras, July 2012, Available at : www.indiaclimatemissions.org. 24 Rahul Goswami, Blind Spots in India’s new National Action Plan on Climate Chagne; Indian Network on Ethics and Climate Change; http://www.inecc.net/debate/Blind%20Spots%20in%20NAPCC.php
There has been no stakeholder consultation during the framing of the NAPCC. No opinions were taken from a broader community of experts, citizen‟s groups, civil society, etc.25
NAPCC does not adequately analyse regional or global views. It does not mention the deadlock in the international arena on climate change. 26
Sectoral and ministry-bound approaches (like NAPCC) to problems have till date kept climate change risks out of our national development policies. 27
Policy is limited by what contributes to the development process and also by political concerns like elections.28
NAPCC does not outline a definitive strategy of how to take to eight Missions of the ground. 29
The Government has not clearly stated how it will finance the plan, it does not talk of any concrete financial mechanisms nor does it set out a budgetary allocation process.30
6. Other Initiatives and Programmes instituted by Government of India.
Apart from NAPCC, the government of India in consonance with that have introduced many other programmes to mitigate and adapt to the changing climate scenario and reduce its impact on the common mass. National Environment Policy National Environment Policy, 2006 outlines essential elements of India‟s response to Climate Change. These, inter-alia, include adherence to principle of common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities of different countries, identification of key
25
Supra note 11. Ibid. 27 Rahul Goswami, Blind Spots in India’s new National Action Plan on Climate Chagne; Indian Network on Ethics and Climate Change; http://www.inecc.net/debate/Blind%20Spots%20in%20NAPCC.php 28 Climatico: Assessing National climate Policy – November 2008 to February 2009; March 2009. 29 Tirthankar Mandal; Climate Brief 5: The Action Plan on Climate Change, G8 Declaration and the Accra Climate Change Meet: Points to Ponder; Centre for Trade and Development; August 2008; http://www.centad.org/download/Climate_Brief_5.pdf. 30 Ibid. 26
vulnerabilities of India to Climate Change, in particular impacts on water resources, forests, coastal areas, agriculture and health, assessment of the need for adaptation to Climate Change and encouragement to the Indian Industry to participate in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).31 Parliamentary Forum on Global Warming and Climate Change The Forum was constituted for the first time in 2008 and since then has been involving parliamentarians to interact with specialists working on Global Warming and Climate Change. The Members of the Forum participates in discussions and presentations on various subjects relating to Climate Change like: Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture; Population, Resources & Biodiversity with reference to Climate Change; etc., giving insight into different perspectives of issue of Climate Change, are made by the members.32 Climate Change Action Programme (CCAP) Various other science initiatives are planned by the Ministry as part of the Climate Change Action Programme (CCAP). These include National Carbonaceous Aerosols Programme (NCAP), Long Term Ecological Observatories (LTEO), and Coordinated Studies on Climate Change for North East region (CSCCNE). The NCAP is a major activity involving multiinstitutional and multi-agency study launched in 2011. In this initiative, Ministry of Environment and Forests will collaborate with the Ministry of Earth Sciences, the Indian Space Research Organization, the Ministry of Science and Technology and other associated agencies to enhance the understanding of the role of Black Carbon in climatic change through monitoring and assess the impacts of black carbon through various modeling techniques. The work programme envisages three Working Groups namely Long term Monitoring of Aerosol (Working Group-I), Impact of Aerosol on Himalayan Glaciers (Working Group-II) and Modeling of Black Carbon emissions inventory India and assessment of its impacts (Working Group-III).33 Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA)
31
Lok Sabha Secretariat (LARRDIS), ‘Climate Change - India’s Perspective’, Members’ Reference Service Reference Note . No. 25 / RN / Ref. / August/ 2013, at pg. 11. Available at: 32 Available at: http://164.100.47.134/committee/Forum_informations. 33 India, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Annual Report, 2012-13, at pg.352.
Steps have also been taken to increase capacity at the institutional level for conducting research into Climate Change science and making necessary assessments. The Ministry has already set up a network, namely the Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) comprising of 127 research institutions tasked with undertaking research on the science of Climate Change and its impacts on different sectors of economy across various regions of India. INCCCA has helped the Ministry put together its Green House Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventories and in carrying out other scientific assessments at more frequent intervals.34 Other Initiatives Other initiatives included several parallel international initiatives on Climate Change like the Xth BASIC Ministerial Meeting on Climate Change in New Delhi (13-14 Feb, 2012), along with three more meetings at South Africa, Brazil and China, to facilitate exchange of views on outcomes of the Durban Conference and evolution of common BASIC position on key issues in Climate Change where apart from BASIC countries, Switzerland, Singapore and Qatar were also invited. India also participated in the meetings of the Major Economies Forum and the organized by the United States of America (USA) and the Petersburg Dialogue initiated by Germany. At the sub-regional level, India partnered with Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh for cooperation to address adverse effects of Climate Change through adaptation actions in the four thematic areas of Food, Water, Energy and Biodiversity. 35 For promotion of renewable energy sector, Renewable Energy Procurement Obligation (RPO) is formulated. Further, the National Tariff Policy (NTP) 2006 was amended in 2011 to prescribe that solar-specific RPO be increased from a minimum of 0.25% in 2012 to 3% in 2022. At Doha Conference, India, succeeded in defending agriculture sector from being included in mitigation programme to be lauched at global level. 36 Conclusion & Suggestion After accessing all the above said areas of NAPCC, we can attribute it with some merits and some demerits. In this plan there is some recognition of the problems the country faces and understanding of how these will be exacerbated which was not done so effectively
34
Ibid. Ibid, p. 356. 36 Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2091, dtd. 11.03.2013 35
beforehand. In each of the missions, there is some dedication for implementation, along with the introduction of innovative ways so that the problems can be efficiently adhered to. But still there are some technical demerits or to say problems in this plan which are need to be removed by the policy makers. Some of the problems are: The mission on sustainable agriculture does not address the needs and challenges of marginal and poor farmers, Identifying and scaling up successful sustainable farming practices in different agro-climatic zones is vital to address food security and for tackling climate change — these elements are missing in the mission design; the entire approach appears to be similar to past policies without recognition of the urgency of the problems in the agricultural sector, which will only be exacerbated by climate change, the energy sector has been on a low carbon pathway for the past 20-30 years, and this mission brings little novelty to the sector;The mission‟s is too narrowly focussed on end-use whole, including high grid losses, thereby missing an opportunity to be ambitious, etc. 37 The broad participatory domestic process for preparing
India‟s Second National
Communication has contributed to an improved understanding of the challenges associated with formulating an appropriate policy response for addressing climate change concerns in India, while simultaneously building capacity in diverse disciplines such as inventory estimation, emission coefficient measurements, quantitative vulnerability assessment, and inventory data management. A key area requiring attention is data requirements for continuous reporting. Measures for bridging the data gaps and overcoming data barriers for the future national communication exercises would include designing compatible data reporting formats for continuous GHG inventory reporting at detailed sub-sector and technology levels, gathering reliable data for informal sectors of the economy, enhancing data depths to move to a higher tier of inventory reporting and conducting detailed and fresh measurements for Indian emission coeffi cients. This would entail substantial fi nancial commitment, fresh technical inputs and building of scientific capacity.38
37
Sujatha Byravan & Sudhir Chella Rajan, “An Evaluation of India‟s National Action Plan on Climate Change”, Centre for Development Finance (CDF), IFMR and Humanities & Social Sciences, IIT Madras, July 2012, Available at : www.indiaclimatemissions.org. 38 Supra note 5.
Thus it can be finally concluded that this NAPCC when seen as a roadmap for mitigating climate change impacts is not leading to its destination and there is need for further construction of effective way to achieve the set international target.
