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N-butane dehydrogenation to n-butene and further reaction
Presentation outline •
What is n-butane
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Butane route of products
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What is Dehydrogenation
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Dehydrogenation Dehydrogenation process
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N-butane vs n-butene as feedstock
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Houndry process Other direct dehydrogenation dehydrogenation process
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What is Oxidative dehydrogenation Oxidative dehydrogenation dehydrogenation process Ad and disadvantage disadvantage Future of butane dehydrogenation Alkylation Alkylation conclusion
N-Butane •
Parrafin hydrocarbon
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Exist as n-butane and isobutane –
Different structure, physical and chemical properties
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SG = 0.579
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B.p. = -0.5 C
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Heating value = 3262 btu/ft 3
N-Butane •
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Commonly used as fuel gas in LPG Good starting material for many chemical production Hazard colorless, highly flammable –
N-Butane •
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existed as mixture of light hydrocarbon in natural gas Mostly available in associated gas
Butane route of product Solvent
Alkylate fuel
Acetic acid & byproducts +O2
-H2
N-Butane
-H2
N-Butene
Butadiene
+O2 Maleic anhydride Precursor for other chemicals
Polymer UPR
Paint
Synthetic rubber
Dehydrogenation •
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Definition - is a process which removes hydrogen from an organic compound or hydrocarbon Common method thermal cracking using high temperature –
Dehydrogenation process •
Direct dehydrogenation –
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Houdry single step dehydrogenation (butane) Dow process (butene) Shell process (butene) Philips process (butene)
Oxidative dehydrogenation –
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Philips O-X-D process Petro-Tex O-X-D process Nippon zeon process
N-butane vs n-butene as feed •
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For most process, both is accepted N-butene is much more reactive (double bond) Less operating condition (lower temp/pressure) Produces same amount of butadiene
Houdry Process •
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Developed by Eugene Houdry (1892-1962), French engineer Achievement –
Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbon
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Produce high octane rating gasoline
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Catalytic converter to reduce waste gas
Houdry Process •
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Catalyst used : Cr supported on alumina Catalyst regen : regen unit included Pressure : 0.2-0.4 bar Temperature : 600-680 C Resident time : 5-15 min Reaction : endothermic Conversion : 30-40% butane Yield : 63% butadiene
Other direct process •
Dow –
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Shell –
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butene as feedstock 1 bar 600-680 C Ca-Ni phosphate catalyst stabilized with Cr 2O3 Conversion 50% yield 90% Fe-Cr oxide with K2O additive
Philips –
Fe-oxide bauxite
Oxidative dehydrogenation •
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Similar to direct dehydrogenation exception : oxygen presence Oxygen shift the equilibrium to favor butadiene formation Can use both n-butane and n-butene Catalyst many different type: mixed oxide based (Bi/Mo), vanadium based, Zn, Mg, Mn –
Advantages Equilibrium favorable Water formation can provide energy for dehydrogenation Auto catalyst regeneration Lower cost
Disadvantages 1. Explosion hazard due to oxygen/paraffin mixture 2. Further cracking possible form CO,CO2 which is more stable than olefins •
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Future of n-butane dehydrogenation •
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Not economical feasible endothermic process Alternative route to produce butadiene steam cracking hydrocarbon Decline in industry: –
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Houdry plant in Japan shutdown at 1967 Petro-tex plant in USA currently inoperative World butane dehydrogenation to form butadiene accounts 3% of total volume
Alkylation •
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Definition a chemical process in which light, gaseous hydrocarbons are mixed and combined to form high octane component of gasoline –
Composition - olefins such as propene, butene and isoparrafin such as isobutane Acid catalyst hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid –
Product isooctane > antiknocking of gasoline –
Feed for dehydrogenation previously isobutane but changed to n-butane –
Conclusion •
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Petroleum products is indispensable in our life New sources or alternatives need to be found to replace petroleum before it is completely depleted Eg: MTO process to produce propylene/ethylene
