Contents:MyGrammarLabAdvancedC1–C2 Introduction Glossary
8 11
ui
Nouns,possessivesandpronouns
a
p-sa + Diagosic s 1
Nouns
2
Possessive’s Possessive ’s
3
Possessivewith’s Possessivewith ’sor orof of ?
4
Personalpronouns
5
Impersonaland indefnitepronouns
12 Gender,nounsendingin-s,noun–verbagreement, countable/uncountablenouns: two pieces o urniture , a sot cheese rom the Pyrenees Doublepossessives,speciying/classiying: expensive children’s clothes , the older children’s clothes ten minutes’ drive , the fre o 1666 Subject/objectpronouns,refexive andreciprocalpronouns: themselves, each other , one another You never know! They’ve changed change d the law. law. One can sympathise with that view. something , somewhere, everything , anyone
Review
7
Fixedcommonuses
8
Quantifersanddemonstratives
Naming,describingandclassiying:an Arican elephant , the Arican elephant , Arican elephants Article/noarticle:in prison; without hope , the hope o fnding a cure
She plays tennis /the violin; two dollars an hour both, some, either , none o ; this, that , these, those
Prepositionsoplaceand movement
11
Prepositionsotime; othermeanings
2
34
44 laDmaks 46
as well as; despite (the act that); no choice except to; Strandedprepositions:the job I applied or against , alongside, over the road ; up the M1; saving towards a holiday (metaphorical) beore six o’clock, by Thursday, on /in time; due to, or (reason); ), on behal o against (comparison); besides, except , made (o ),
Review
3
48 50 54 58
Adjectivesandadverbs
lawaDoD
p-sa + Diagosic s
60
12
Adjectivepatterns
Attributiveandpredicativeposition: They saw an exciting flm.She became uneasy. the lost ring , the only seat available, concerned residents,the topic discussed
13
Groupsoadjectives
Adjectiveorder:a antastic new MP3 player Pairedadjectives: grey grey and white uniorms, simple yet eective
14
Comparativeand superlativeadjectives
15
Othercomparativepatterns
16
Gradableand ungradableadjectives
17
Adverbormanduse
18
Adverbposition Review
28
40
p-sa + Diagosic s
10
24
38
Prepositions Prepositionsand prepositionalphrases
20
32
Review
9
18
iaioalogaisaios
p-sa + Diagosic s Articles
14
30
Articles,demonstrativesandquantifers
6
1
Intensiyingandweakeningcomparisons: considerably more important , by ar the largest not as large as, more and more important , The longer you leave it, the the worse it’ll get. It eels like silk.
highly intelligent, quite interesting, virtually bli nd; It’s absolutely ree. Conusingorms:close/closely , ,late/lately ,etc ,etc. Modiying:deeply ashamed , quite a shock, so beautiully They hardly ever watch television. I take my health more seriously seriously now. now.
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66 68 72 76 80 82 86
63
4
cos ui
Tenses
5
hcima
p-sa + Diagosic s 19
Auxiliariesandhave Auxiliariesand have got
20
Presentsimpleorcontinuous?
21
Pastsimpleandcontinuous; used toand toandwould would
22
Pastperectsimple andcontinuous
23
Presentperectsimple
24
Presentperectcontinuous
25
Stateverbs
88
I haven’t seen it. Do you enjoy the theatre? You’re being silly. I’ve got the results. Permanent/temporarysituations,regular/repeatedactions, seriesoevents,trends,etc. Actionscompleted,inprogress,interrupted,etc. It used to be a capital city. city. We would get up early every Thursday Thursday.. Sequencesopastactions,givingreasons: All the leaves had allen rom the trees trees beore we arrived. Ongoingsituations,unnishedtimeperiods,presentresults: I’ve only been there once. once. The house has stood stood here or 200 years. years. I’ve been looking into this recently recently.. It’s clear you’ve you’ve been revising. It means ‘stop’. You’re always meaning to call but you you never do. Senseverbs,e.g.hear ;perormativeverbs,e.g. ;perormativeverbs,e.g.thank
Review
Predictions
27
Decisions,intentionsand arrangements
28
Otherwaysoexpressing theuture
29
Futureinthepast
It won’t be light beore 6 a.m. That player’s going to be booked. He’ll have had the operation by next month. They’ll have been travelling or eight months by the end o May. I’m going home now. now. I ’m staying in tonight. Will you be staying long? We are to be inormed by post. Roadworks are due to start on 16th February. February. Hurry! We’re We’re about to leave. We’ll leave when the rain has stopped. stopped. I was going /was about to tell you but … The results were due to arrive /have arrived this morning.
31 32 33 34 35
36
p-sa + Diagosic s Ability
can, could ; be able to, manage to, succeed in can, could , may , might , be able to Possibility This must be the place. You can’t be serious! Speculationandexpectation She may be on the next train. have to, have got to, must , need to, should , ought to Obligationandnecessity We’re not obliged to give a reund. You mustn’t do that. You should have been here ages ago. Prohibitionandcriticism He’ll be at home now. now. The car would never start on winter mornings. Certainty,habitsandwillingness I you’ll take a seat or a moment … May I interrupt? What shall we do today? Will you have some some cake? W ould you lend me the car? Y ou should consider it. Otherusesomodals I’d like you to come. I wouldn’t say that.
8
38
Unlikely,unrealand pastconditions
39
I wish and if only
40
Subjunctivesandthe ‘unreal’past Review
64
120 124 128 132
136 138 140 142 146 150 152 156
hviom
p-sa + Diagosic s 37
112
160
Conditionals,subjunctivesandthe‘unreal’past if andalternatives;present andalternatives;present andutureconditions
110
spo
Review
8
106
134
Modalverbs 30
102
118
Review
7
98
poliicsaDcoomics
p-sa + Diagosic s 26
94
116
Futureorms
6
90
162
provided that , whether … or not , unless I you can’t read read this, you need glasses. Zeroconditional: I Firstconditional: I I you get home late, I’ll be in bed. Secondconditional: I I they were here, here, we would see them. Thirdconditional: I I would have called you i I had your your number. number. Mixedconditional: I I they let at 11.30, they’ll be here soon. I wish I had a car. car. I only you weren’t weren’t so untidy! The judge insisted that they clear the court. They act as i they owned owned the place. It’s high high time you did some work.
164
168 172 174 178
cos ui
Tenses
5
hcima
p-sa + Diagosic s 19
Auxiliariesandhave Auxiliariesand have got
20
Presentsimpleorcontinuous?
21
Pastsimpleandcontinuous; used toand toandwould would
22
Pastperectsimple andcontinuous
23
Presentperectsimple
24
Presentperectcontinuous
25
Stateverbs
88
I haven’t seen it. Do you enjoy the theatre? You’re being silly. I’ve got the results. Permanent/temporarysituations,regular/repeatedactions, seriesoevents,trends,etc. Actionscompleted,inprogress,interrupted,etc. It used to be a capital city. city. We would get up early every Thursday Thursday.. Sequencesopastactions,givingreasons: All the leaves had allen rom the trees trees beore we arrived. Ongoingsituations,unnishedtimeperiods,presentresults: I’ve only been there once. once. The house has stood stood here or 200 years. years. I’ve been looking into this recently recently.. It’s clear you’ve you’ve been revising. It means ‘stop’. You’re always meaning to call but you you never do. Senseverbs,e.g.hear ;perormativeverbs,e.g. ;perormativeverbs,e.g.thank
Review
Predictions
27
Decisions,intentionsand arrangements
28
Otherwaysoexpressing theuture
29
Futureinthepast
It won’t be light beore 6 a.m. That player’s going to be booked. He’ll have had the operation by next month. They’ll have been travelling or eight months by the end o May. I’m going home now. now. I ’m staying in tonight. Will you be staying long? We are to be inormed by post. Roadworks are due to start on 16th February. February. Hurry! We’re We’re about to leave. We’ll leave when the rain has stopped. stopped. I was going /was about to tell you but … The results were due to arrive /have arrived this morning.
31 32 33 34 35
36
p-sa + Diagosic s Ability
can, could ; be able to, manage to, succeed in can, could , may , might , be able to Possibility This must be the place. You can’t be serious! Speculationandexpectation She may be on the next train. have to, have got to, must , need to, should , ought to Obligationandnecessity We’re not obliged to give a reund. You mustn’t do that. You should have been here ages ago. Prohibitionandcriticism He’ll be at home now. now. The car would never start on winter mornings. Certainty,habitsandwillingness I you’ll take a seat or a moment … May I interrupt? What shall we do today? Will you have some some cake? W ould you lend me the car? Y ou should consider it. Otherusesomodals I’d like you to come. I wouldn’t say that.
8
38
Unlikely,unrealand pastconditions
39
I wish and if only
40
Subjunctivesandthe ‘unreal’past Review
64
120 124 128 132
136 138 140 142 146 150 152 156
hviom
p-sa + Diagosic s 37
112
160
Conditionals,subjunctivesandthe‘unreal’past if andalternatives;present andalternatives;present andutureconditions
110
spo
Review
8
106
134
Modalverbs 30
102
118
Review
7
98
poliicsaDcoomics
p-sa + Diagosic s 26
94
116
Futureorms
6
90
162
provided that , whether … or not , unless I you can’t read read this, you need glasses. Zeroconditional: I Firstconditional: I I you get home late, I’ll be in bed. Secondconditional: I I they were here, here, we would see them. Thirdconditional: I I would have called you i I had your your number. number. Mixedconditional: I I they let at 11.30, they’ll be here soon. I wish I had a car. car. I only you weren’t weren’t so untidy! The judge insisted that they clear the court. They act as i they owned owned the place. It’s high high time you did some work.
164
168 172 174 178
cos ui
Wordorderandverbpatterns
iaioalavlaDouism
p-sa + Diagosic s 41
Verbpatterns(1)
42
Verbpatterns(2)
43
Introductorythere Introductory thereand andit it
44
Commonexpressions withthere with thereand andit it
45
Infnitivepatterns
46
Verb-ingorms; Verb-ing orms; verb+-ing verb+ingormorinfnitive? ormorinfnitive?
180 Transitiveandintransitiveverbs Verb+prepositionalphrase: He careully removed the the egg rom the nest. Verb+twoobjects:They awarded him a scholarship. Verb+(object)+complement: The journey made the children irritable.
182
184
There’s a man sitting in the corner. There’s corner. It is said that … I hate it when … There’ss supposed to be a meeting today. There’s no point in … There’ It’s no no secret … They were lucky to fnd a hotel. He daren’t go out. Innitiveopurpose:She’s gone to collect the children. Winning this match is important. I can’t imagine him saying that. I remember seeing that play years ago. Did you remember to lock the the door?
Review
48
Negativeormsand meanings(2)
49
Questionsand questionwords
You won’t get any advice rom them. You’ll get no help rom them. Not many people know that. that. I hope we won’t be late. Negativeprexes:This species is not dissimilar to the coral snake. Didn’t they come ater all? Why didn’t you tell me? I ail to understand why … Subjectquestions:Who invited Jack? Would you preer a bath or a shower? What’s or dinner? Which do you ancy? ancy? Who are you buying buying it or?
He told us that he was wrong. He admitted that he was wrong. wrong. She begged us not to leave. They accused him o taking taking the money. money. ‘I’m going on holiday.’ ➞She said she was/is going on holiday. Changesinreportedspeech were doing. She told us to come back later. Reportedquestions,commands She asked what they were I asked you not to bring a present. andrequests Review
Pronouns,adverbsand prepositionsinrelativeclauses
55
Participleclauses
56
Infnitiveclauses
57
Nounclausesandothernoun structures Review
11
222 226 230
figusfomhisoy
p-sa + Diagosic s
54
214
232
Relative,participleandotherclauses
Relativeclauses
210
220
Patternsinreportedspeech
53
10
206
famousspchs
p-sa + Diagosic s
52
198
218
Reportedspeech
51
194
204
Review
50
192
clusaDsociis
p-sa + Diagosic s Negativeormsand meanings(1)
188
202
Negativesandquestionorms 47
9
234 Dening: Is Is this the book that you you wanted? Non-dening: He He lost the match, which ended his career. career. Commentclause:We waited or ages, which was really annoying. It’s the the man whose car was towed towed away. The person to whom this letter is addressed … It was the day when the heatwave started. The goods, hal o which were damaged, arrived today. You can invite whoever you like.
Turning the corner, we saw the sea at last. Turning Treated Tr eated with care, this product will last or years. Reducedrelatives:The students living upstairs are very noisy. Dening: He He was the only one to stay on aterwards. He took a year to travel and see the world. Purpose: He Result: He He rushed out, only to realise he’d orgotten his keys. Tell us about what you saw. It doesn’t say who painted it. Comparisonclause: There are ewer cars in central London than there were previously.
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240
244
248
250 252
65
12
cos ui
Conjunctionsandlinkingexpressions
13
Disass
p-sa + Diagosic s 58
Linkingsentencesandclauses
59
Subordinateclauses(1) time,reason,result,etc.
60
Subordinateclauses(2) contrastandconcession
61
Adverbiallinkingexpressions
254
not only … but also, either … or , neither … nor , when, ater , i , although It wasn’t Tom who told me, it was Mary. Can you look ater the baby until I get back? I was so busy that I orgot to call you. She acts as though she hasn’t a care in the world.
256
258
The electricity company switched me to a higher rate, even though I’d asked them not to. It’s very kind o you to invite us. All the same, we eel that it would be unwise or us to attend.
Review
hisoicalsis
p-sa + Diagosic s 62
Thepassive:ormanduse
63
Otherpassivestructures
64
Causative: have /get something done
270 Passive-ing orm:We regret not being told about it. Passiveinnitive:The fles need to be updated. Verbswithtwoobjects:The customer was oered a reund.
272
Passivereportingstructures: He was believed to be innocent. He got caught. He was made to work late. They had the roo repaired last year. We got them to give us a reund. I’ll have my secretary email you the details.
276 278
Review
15
280
Wordcombinations 65
p-sa + Diagosic s Dependentprepositions(1)
66
Dependentprepositions(2)
67
Phrasalverbs
68
Commoncollocations
chology 282 284
insist on, a demand or , keen on, concerned about , etc. be annoyed at fnding /to fnd , insist on/that They accused her o stealing. Can you explain it to me? Prepositionalverb: I’ll look into that. Phrasal: I made up that story. I made it up. Phrasal-prepositional:We let him in on the plan. light meal, poor health, make an enquiry , do the shopping , have a chat , take turns, etc.
286 290 294
Review
298
Wordormationandwordsotenconused
16
264 268
Thepassive
14
262
aualhisoy
p-sa + Diagosic s
282 Suxesandprexes:history /historian, centre/central, argue/argument , drive/overdrive, pay /repay , etc.
69
Wordormation
70
Compoundnounsandadjectives headache, mobile phone, eedback, user-riendly , sel-conscious, etc. make/do, bring /take/etch, speak/talk, lay /lie, raise/rise, rob/steal Verbsotenconused
286
Review
298
71
ThegrammaroormalEnglish
17
284
liau
p-sa + Diagosic s 72
Substitution(1) nounsandnounphrases
73
Substitution(2) verbsandverbphrases
74
Ellipsis
75
Emphasis(1) cletsentences
66
290
312
The exhibition opens today. It will run or six weeks. This reects both my opinions and those o others. Most people enjoy swimming but I don’t. Anyone wishing to ask a question should eel ree to do so. Lucy went to the counter and (she) asked or a coee. She said she was going out but she didn’t say where (she was going). It clets: It was Will Smith that Tom saw at the awards party. Wh-clets:What we did was (to) buy tickets in advance. The last thing (that) we did was (to) pack the kettle.
314 316 320 322
cos ui
ThegrammaroormalEnglishcontinued … 76
77
78
Emphasis(2) inversionandronting
Organisinginormation inwriting
Othertexteatures
Only later did Dickens produce ull novels. Then came the turning point as Ed scored a goal. Emily cleaned the kitchen frst. The other rooms she let or later. Inormationprinciple:The door opened and John walked in. He was carrying a black leather briecase. End-weightprinciple:The champion was beaten by an unknown player o only twenty-one rom the depths o Siberia. Contrast:The car looked small. But inside it was quite spacious. Nominalisation: The government hesitated to lower taxes, which caused unrest. ➞ The government’s hesitation to lower taxes caused unrest. Formality:The show starts at nine o’clock. ➞ The perormance commences at nine o’clock. Parallelstructures:To err is human; to orgive, divine.
Review
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334
338
ThegrammarospokenEnglish
79
326
lisuaciviis
p-sa + Diagosic s
340
Indirectquestions:Could you tell me when he let? Questiontags:Nobody has phoned, have they? Spokenquestionsandresponses Echoquestions:‘ Jim’s been promoted.’ ‘Has he? That’s great!’ Shortresponses:‘ I didn’t want to go.’ ‘Me neither.’
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80
Emphaticormsinspeech
81
Adverbs
82
Hypothesisinginspeech
83
Otherspokeneatures
Do let me help you with that heavy case. Why on earth did you do that? You must go. There are so many bargains this year. Modiying:dead scary , a bit boring Sentenceadverbs:rankly , luckily , to tell the truth What i we miss the train? Suppose your parents had ound out, how would they have elt? Hurry up! It’s time we let or the airport. Bring your swimsuit in case there’s a pool there. Ellipsis:‘Want to buy some tickets? ’ ‘Mmm, I don’t know.’ Inserts: Really? Yeah, right! etc. Preacesandtags:Spaghetti, I love it. It’s a great movie, this one.
Review
346 350
352
354 358
Grammarcheck Quickchecks QUICKCHECK1verbtenendr
360
QUICKCHECK2mderb QUICKCHECK3lnnrd
362
APPENDIX 2
Commonprepositionalphrases
365
APPENDIX 3
Spellingrules
366
APPENDIX 4
BritishandAmericanEnglish
368
APPENDIX 5
Wordlists 1 cn derb + djete tn
369
2 n + retn + nn /-ingr
370
3 adjete + retn
370
4 verb + dret bjet + retn + ndret bjet
371
Commonmulti-wordverbs
372
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 6
Index Diagnostictestanswers Answerkey Pronunciationtable
360 366
369
373 384 385 inside back cover
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18
E L U D O M
4
Adjectivesandadverbs
Beoreyoustart 1 Reviewtheseintermediategrammarpointsandcheckyouknowthem.
Adjectives 1 Adjectivesarewordswhichgiveextrainormationaboutnouns.Theydonotchange
theirormtoshownumberorgender: The hero was played by a young boy. Several young girls took the secondary roles. 2 Manyadjectivesareormedromotherwords: history ➞ historic beauty ➞ beautiuldepend ➞ dependent eect ➞ eective 3 Weotenusethepast(- ed )andpresent(-ing )participlesasadjectivestodescribeeelings oremotions. Weusethe-ing ormtodescribeaeelingthatsomethingcauses: It was a rightening flm.(=Itrightenedus/madeuseelaraid.) Weusethe-ed ormtodescribeaeelingthatsomeoneexperiences: I elt rightened when I watched that flm.(=Iwasrightened/experiencedear.) Inanimateobjectscannothaveeelingssowedon’tusuallyuse-ed adjectivesabout eelingstodescribethem: ✗ The report into police behaviour during the demonstration was rather worried. ✓The report was rather worrying .(=Thereportmadereaderseelanxious.) 4 Wecanalsocombinewordstomakecompoundadjectives,e.g.home-made, Spanish-speaking.
Adverbs 1 Adverbsarewordswhichmodiyorgiveextrainormationaboutverbs,adjectives,other
wordsorwholeclauses.Herearesomecommonexamples: ntredrterrd here just never quite soon still tomorrow too well xedre
at last kind o o course
redrterrd
djete+-ly (nteen)
easy ➞ easily excitable ➞ excitably real ➞ really tragic ➞ tragically
nd
some + times ➞ sometimes
2 Themostcommonuseoadverbsistomodiyadjectives;theadverbusuallycomes
beoretheadjective: I thought his answers were pretty good on the whole. Those cars are terribly expensive. Someadverbs,e.g. really ,almost ,quite, pretty ,canmodiyanotheradverb: The French team did quite well in the frst round.
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4 MODULE
2 Readthearticleandidentiy examplesoadjectivesandadverbs.
e rnk’s-ma obber y
tor y took place on The bigges trobber yin Britishhis en broke in to the 26 No vember 1983 when sixm o w Airpor t, London. Brink’s-MA T warehousea tHea thr tree tonnes of gold bullon, e y stole £3 llon n cs nd ed robbers poured petrol ort round £26 llon. e r tretened to set te o ver te terred securt y gurds nd gng trelessl y, nd lgt. e rts polce pursued te leder mcel mca vo y n1984 rn obnson nd gng ed robber y, rece vng ere cugt nd found gult y of r e ver, te oter ebers sentences of 25 yers n prson. ho te bulk of te gold s of te gng re stll t lrge, nd ne ver been found.
3 Completethediagnostictestbelow.Choosethecorrectwordsin italics.Ibothoptionsare correct,chooseboth. 1 In viewo theterrible natureothe crime, the sentence imposed by the ➤ Unit12.1 judge was maximum/the maximum sentence was imposed by the judge. 2 The involved people / people involved willbecaughtandseverelypunished. ➤ Unit12.3 3 The rich seem /seemstobegettingricherandthepoorpoorerthesedays. ➤ Unit12.5 4 They’re selling that Victorian wonderul house/wonderul Victorian house ➤ Unit13.1 on the corner. 5 Prisoners can be identied by their grey and white/ grey white ➤ Unit13.2 striped uniorms. 6 Intheeighteenthcentury,theBastillewasthemostinamousprison ➤ Unit14.1 o /in France. 7 Thedivorce has undoubtedlymade him the unhappiest /most unhappy ➤ Unit14.3 man in the street. 8 Our new social security scheme is lots/ar moregenerousthanthe ➤ Unit14.5 previous government’s. 9 Getting a made-to-measure suit wasnotnearly more expensive than/ ➤ Unit15.1 as expensive asIhadeared. 10 The more rustrated he becomes, angrier /the angrier hegets. ➤ Unit15.4 11 The favour is more sweet /sweeter thansavoury. ➤ Unit15.5 12 Maria worked like/asashopassistantduringtheuniversityvacation. ➤ Unit15.6 13 The weather is Greece was more boiling /much hotter thanweexpected. ➤ Unit16.1 14 Steve’s sister is absolutely /very intelligent. ➤ Unit16.2 15 Atertwomonthswithnorainthegrassis almost /slightly dead. ➤ Unit16.5 16 Theresult o the election came as so/quiteashock. ➤ Unit17.2 17 Aswedescendedthehillthecarbegantogoaster /more ast . ➤ Unit17.3 18 I very careully opened the old box containing my mother’s photographs./ ➤ Unit18.1 opened the old box containing my mother’s photographs very careully . 19 I’vebeensueringrominsomniarecently. I only slept last night / ➤ Unit18.2 Last night I only slept orourhours. 20 Emotionally, Harriet / Harriet emotionally hasalwaysbeendependenton ➤ Unit18.5 her brothers.
4 Checkyouranswersonpage384.Thengototheunitormoreinormationandpractice. gnnerdnttet
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12 Adjectivepatterns
A ft er a spate of v andalism in Spo r nton, the police hav e r eassur ed concer ned r esidents that the per sons r espo nsible w ill be caug ht and punished.
1 Adjectivesbeforenouns(attributiveposition) Mostadjectivescanbeusedbeoreanoun(ttrbtetn),orateralinkingverb, e.g.be,become,etc.(redtetn): attrIbUtIVe We’ve just seen an exciting flm. PreDICatIVe That flm was exciting . Butndjete(whichdescribewhattypeothingsomethingis)andemphasising adjectivesarenormallyonlyusedBEFOREanoun: ✗ The plant they are building here is chemical. ✓They’re building a chemical plant here. ✗ The chance that they met was mere.✓ It was mere chance that they met. ATTRIBUTIVEPOSITION
n (exe)
chemical chie criminal elder entire eventual ormer industrial local lone main maximum medical national nuclear only outdoor / indoor principal social sole underlying whole
en mere sheer utter ACADEMICENGLISH
Inacademicwritingweusuallypreeradjectivesinattributiveposition, e.g.basic processes,experimental physics,appropriate conditions, principal causes,etc.
2 Adjectivesafterverbs(predicativeposition) Adjectivesinpredicativepositionareusuallythecomplementoalinkingverb,e.g.be, become,eel,seem(➤Unit42.1):When she heard the noise Mary became very uneasy . However,atercertainverbsothinkingandeeling(i.e.consider ,fnd ,think)wecanomit thelinkingverb: I consider / fnd him (to be) very reliable. Manyadjectivesbeginningwiththeletteraandadjectivesdescribinghealthandeelings arenotusuallyusedbeorenouns;instead,weusetheminpredicativeposition: ✗ Try not to disturb the asleep children.✓ Try not to disturb the children; they are asleep. PREDICATIVEPOSITION
bennnta
ablaze aflame afloat aoot araid alight alike alive alone aloo ashamed askew asleep awake aware
etndeen content fne glad ill* pleased poorly ready* sorry* sure* upset* (un)well * erereexedre / dneenrredtedjeteberennt eenn,e..a sure grasp,ill health,a ready wit ,a sorry state,an upset stomach.
Somepredicativeadjectiveshaveequivalentwordswhichcanbeusedbeoreanoun: PREDICATIVE
alive
araid
alike
asleep
ill
ATTRIBUTIVE
live / living rightened similar sleeping sick
They are doing experiments on live animals/animals which are alive.
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4 3 Adjectivesafterpronouns,nouns,etc. AdjectivesalwayscomeAFTERindenitepronouns,e.g.something ,anyone(➤Unit5.2): ✗ I’m looking or cheap something.✓ I’m looking or something cheap. Someadjectives,includingmanythatendin-ableand-ible,canollowanounatera superlativeadjectiveoraterthefrst /last /next /only : ✓ The only seat available is in the back row.✓The only available seat is in the back row. Adjectivesthatareollowedbyaprepositionalphrase,e.g.interested in something , suitable or somebody ,goater,notbeore,anoun: ✗ The project will appeal to interested in ecology students. ✓ The project will appeal to students interested in ecology . Thisissimilartoareducedrelativeclause(➤Unit55.5).Wecanalsouseaullrelative clausewiththeadjectiveinpredicativeposition: The project will appeal to students who are interested in ecology . Someadjectiveshaveadierentmeaningwhenusedbeoreorateranoun: The meeting was ull o concerned residents.(=worried) The students concerned were a small minority.(=whotookpart/wereinvolved) I’m araid we have opposite points o view.(=contrasting) We used to live in the house opposite.(=physicallyacing/acrossromus) The present director is American.(=current/existingnow) We took a vote o all members present .(=physicallythere) Responsible parents have been outraged by this show.(=caring/conscientious) The person responsible will be caught and punished.(=whodidtheaction) He gave us a ridiculously involved excuse.(=complicated) The president gave medals to all those involved .(=whotookpart) 4 Verbsactingasadjectives Participleormsoverbs(usuallyendingin-ed or-ing )canotenactasadjectives.Someo thesecanbeusedontheirownbeoreorateranoun: Please provide me with a list o the selected candidates / candidates selected . ! SomeparticipleormscanonlybeusedAFTERanoun: ✗ Please dispose o your rubbish in the provided bins.✓ ... rubbish in the bins provided . bererternn aected chosen identifed inected remaining selected stolen nternn
applying caused discussed ound provided questioned taken
Whenweuseparticiplesasadjectives,present(-ing )participleshaveanactivemeaningand pastparticipleshaveapassivemeaning: I always seem to play or the losing team.(=theteamwhichislosing) She ound the lost ring under the soa.(=theringwhichhadbeenlost) Participleormsateranouncanbepartoareducedrelativeclause: I eel sorry or the people let behind .(=thepeoplethatareletbehind) Moreontheuseofparticiplesinclauses➤Unit55
5 Adjectivesactingasnouns Adjectivescansometimesactasnounswhentheydescribeaparticulargroupor characteristic(➤Unit1.5).Weusuallyusethedenitearticleandapluralverb: Old people are becoming more numerous. = The old are becoming more numerous. ! Wecannotusethepossessive ’swithadjectivesusedasnounsormakethemplural: ✗ The government is looking at the disabled’s problems. ✓ The government is looking at the problems o the disabled. ✗ The Japaneses enjoy a high standard o living. ✓ The Japanese(or Japanese people)enjoy a high standard o living. 71
12
aDcivpas
Practice 1 LookatsentenceAandBineachpair.Tick( ✓)thosewhicharegrammaticallycorrectand cross( ✗)thosewhichareincorrect.Insomecasesbothsentencesarecorrect.
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
A A A A A A A A A
Cost is the chie actor. This is the principal argument. He had an ashamed eeling. That’s a ridiculous idea. The village has a local post oce. It was sheer madness. You have a ready dinner. He had an alone sensation. We’re building an indoor pool.
..........
10 11 12 13 14 15
A A A A A A
You have very alike children. That was a silly comment. She’s a mere beginner. Those are araid people. We have maximum security here. He’s my ill brother.
..........
.......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
.......... .......... .......... .......... ..........
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B
Thecostactorischie. .......... Thisargumentisprincipal. .......... He elt ashamed. .......... Thatideaisridiculous. .......... Thevillagepostoceislocal. . . . . . . . . . . Themadnesswassheer. .......... Yourdinnerisready. .......... Hesensedhewasalone. .......... Thepoolwearebuildingis .......... indoor. Yourchildrenareveryalike. .......... Thatcommentwassilly. .......... Thatbeginnerismere. .......... Thosepeoplearearaid. .......... Herethesecurityismaximum. . . . . . . . . . . My brother is ill. ..........
Choosethecorrectwordsinitalicsinthisarticle.Ibothoptionsare correct,chooseboth. GRAMMARINUSE
in recent y ears is the (6) und er l yin g pr oble m / w hich is und er ly in g . pr obl em B y contrast, airports in the gro w ing economies of south-east A sia and the Pacific ha v e receiv ed far higher satisfaction ratings. Man y of the e rs / re se arc he r s inv olv ed re se ar ch (7) invol ve d noted that these airports, w hich are generall y more modern than their equiv alents in the W est, off ered (8) e nhance d / enhanc in g check -in f acilities and (9) pl e asant somew he re / some w her e pl easant in w hich to w ait for flights. W ith regard to the issues w hich most anno y ed people, the lack of children’s f acilities and w ireless Internet access w ere tw o of the s w hic h w er e main / main c onc er ns. (10) c onc e rn A nother w as the w a y in w hich airports deal w ith flight dela y s. The better airports ha v e found w a y s RESULTSOF arecentsurveyof international to cope w ith this, ranging f rom telev ision lounges airtravellers haverevealedhugediscrepancies y in g / D el a d / to children’s acti v ity areas. (11) D e la y ed inthe levelsof (1 )comf or t and serv ic e pr ovi de passengers seem to appreciate small details such pr ovi ded c omfort and ser vi ceatmanyleading as comfortable seating and the a v ailabilit y of a airportsaroundtheworld. w ide range of refreshments – an y thing to relie ve / sta g ge rin g 75 percent of those A (2) st a gg e re d m of w aiting m utt e r / ut te r bor e do the (12) bor e do inter v ie w ed f elt that airports w ere f ailing to f or a delay ed flight. (13) A f fe c te d passen g er s / pro v ide a (3) re la xe d / re la x in g and efficient P assen g er s a f f ec te d w ere less lik el y to complain en v ironment. A irports in the UK and the United if their children w ere (14) amuse d / amusin g States came in for particular criticism. Fe w er than the y w ere able to find inex pensi ve caf és one in ten people w ere f ull y (4) sat is fie d / sat isf yin g and and restaurants. The airports w hich came w ith the serv ice at leading airports in these out w orse seemed to ha v e (15) aloof st a ff / countries. A irports in continental Europe recei v ed st a f f w ho w er e aloof , w ith little interest in (5) al ik e / similar negativ e feedback . Perhaps communicating w ith passengers. the enormous gro w th in passenger numbers
AIRPORT MISERY
72
4 3 Indicatethecorrectpositionorthewordsinbrackets,asintheexample.Thewordthe adjective/phrasedescribesisunderlined. 2.22 Listenandcheck.
original
0 There was nothing in the book. (original) 1 Allstudentsshouldapplytothebursar’socebeoretheendoterm. (interested in the grant) 2 Therewassomethingaboutherbehaviour.(inexplicable) 3 Theygaveanexplanationwhichsimplyservedtoconusethejury.(involved) 4 I’maraidsixo’clockistheonlyappointment.(available) 5 Thestateoaairsisunlikelytocontinueormuchlonger.(present) 6 I’maraidthepersonisonholidayatthemoment.(responsibleorrecruitment) 7 They’vestartedhavinglatenightpartiesintheapartment.(opposite) 8 Anyonewouldbedeeplyoendedbythatharrowingdocumentary.(sensitive) 9 Don’tworryaboutgettingreceipts,theamountsareverysmall.(concerned) 10 Makesureyouarewearingshoesbeoreyousetout.(suitableorarockyterrain)
4
Someotheunderlinedphrasesinthisarticlecontainmistakes.Findthe mistakesandcorrectthem. 2.23 Listenandcheck. GRAMMARINUSE
NEWS
hewrdiukineihetiptidtnintertnent&art
Moreviolentcrime Crimeisontheriseaccordingtoa(1)worriedreportissued thisweekbythegovernment’snationalstatisticsoffice. (2)cnernedtzenreetberedbterert’ nn.Deterettteernenttn erre,terertndte6%renerene erteter.eretnreebeennt, eetennnerteren.e (3)trnnteereertbetertn nrnnerte,ndntereredr-reted. rrendtetenreed,tber erente.e(4)bnre3%rtne ter.gernentrettte(5)ndernrenrtnree teenttn.antnendtere(6)ntnrrn ntere.hentedt(7)erendbedterenren te(8)reenternent’netentnedtnndtrnn.er tepeoer’atnedrenbtrtettnnteder temnterte,te(9)renbetnrn.edtnne nberebeen(10)trrnntertre,entend. a,t(11)dndnerberetetbetetre. mretn38%te(12)tdentednterertereertee65.it ertntretttereerrentteeder,ndbbnrre nr(13)rdetntbednebtterbe.erenr (14)entenerextbeentterntttret (15)teederrdbed.eeete(16)nedrndbened reeeretnter.
gnnerrerte
73
13 Groupsoadjectives inrtnndernerre tennernroughgreyand whitestripeduniforms.int,tee dtrnererblueorgrey boilersuitsrer.
1 Adjectiveorder Weotenusemorethanoneadjectivetodescribeanoun.Weputopinionadjectives, e.g.antastic ,beautiul,useul,charming beoreallothers: ✗ I’ve bought a new antastic MP3 player.✓ I’ve bought a antastic new MP3 player. Weputthecategorywhichismostpermanentorimportant(usually‘type’or‘purpose’) nexttothenoun;theseareotenpartothenoun,e.g.mobile phone: ✗ We removed the gas heating old system.✓ We removed the old gas heating system. Moreoncompoundnouns➤Unit70.1 Ithereareotheradjectives,weusuallyputtheminthisorder: a large well-preserved eighteenth-century armhouse ze + qt / rter + e / e + r + rn + ter
a square black box a grey Italian leather soa !
Wedon’tusuallyusemorethanthreeorouradjectivesbeoreanoun.Iwewanttogive moreinormation,wecanuseadditionalclauses: [ Elaine’s just bought a beautiul well-preserved eighteenth-century French stone armhouse. ] Elaine’s just bought a beautiul French stone armhouse which is well-preserved and dates rom the eighteenth century .
2 Pairedadjectives Itwoadjectivesdescribedierentpartsothesamething,weputand betweenthem: ✗ The chrome steel door glinted in the sun. ✓ The chrome and steel door glinted in the sun.(Somepartswerechrome,someweresteel.) Wealwaysuseand betweentwocolours: ✗ They are wearing grey white uniorms.✓ They are wearing grey and white uniorms. Wecanuseand betweentwoadjectiveswhichdescribesimilaraspectsosomething: The protesters are calling or more political and economic reedom. Whentwoadjectivesdescribecontrastingaspectsothesamething(i.e.itmightseem surprisingthattheygotogether)weputbut , yet orthoughbetweenthem: The at was located in a rundown but central part o town. Group therapy can be a simple yet eective solution to this sort o problem. 3 Usingcommasorand Whenthereareseveraladjectivesinpredicativepositionweusuallyputand beorethe lastone: I’m araid the hotel was ancient, dirty and overpriced. Withlongerlistsoadjectivesothesamecategorybeoreanounwecanusecommasand putand beorethelastadjective,orwecansimplylisttheadjectives: I ound him a riendly , knowledgeable and dedicated guide. I ound him a riendly , knowledgeable , dedicated guide. ! Wedon’tuseand beorethelastadjectivewhentheadjectivesareodierentcategories: ✗ We enjoyed sitting in the antastic sot grey and leather seats. ✓ We enjoyed sitting in the antastic , sot , grey leather seats. 74
4 Practice 1 Choosethecorrectwordsinitalics.Ibothoptionsarecorrect,chooseboth. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
Thecolourschemeorthepartyis red orange /red and orange. Dieterhadalwayswanted an expensive German/a German expensivesportscar. Theoldcottagehas brick and stone/brick stonewallsandacharmingthatchedroo. Itwasachallenging, difcult, demanding /difcult and demanding course. Weoundthehoteltobeawelcomethough/and priceyhavenromthenoiseand conusionothesurroundingstreets. Manyothesestone large/large stonestructuresdateromtheearlyBronzeAge. Wecanseatuptotenpeopleatouroval and mahogany /oval mahogany diningtable. I’medupwiththesemindless,boring and sentimental/boring, sentimentalTV talent shows. Wewillneversubmittotheiroutrageous yet /and unreasonabledemands. Nineteenth-centurynovelstendtobeullolong, detailed /long and detailed descriptivepassages.
Completethearticle,usingthewordsinbracketsinthecorrectorder. Inecessary,add and or yet .Sometimesmorethanoneanswerispossible. 2.24 Listenandcheck. GRAMMARINUSE
etbtextee ete(0). .priceless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(enne / ree)terbeentter tree-ernt.e(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(enrtedene / d)ter,nnte ser,netet(2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(bet / )rte (3). . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .(xteent-entr / frentne/eebrted)tr, enentcen.eter,rttet50ner,tenrte knttremenvenn.etet(4). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(e / drn). inteddetenttetebededn,edtrneternd edte(5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( / e)dentnnteter.er entbtteertrdedttndnredt.itn’tntrrtertt teenerntedte(6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ttered / )dendredter. seteterteereeedrndend10nerrteretrnte (7). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ree / n)tre.indernttn ertrdtnreteteentdendbtextee.it (8). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(td / t)te.ee erebettretebeneenttetextee ndteddttrtrne.n (9). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(zn / rtt)ndene tedreneerndtdtete rtedntenedbeend.e (10). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(rn / dtnt)tre tendbtteneerebrdtnv ndtndeereednedntte denttn.eeteetteend edtetretnrtvenn.eretendte (11). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(ete / nded)tre ddenn(12). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(den/)bx. Detrteser
gnnerrerte
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14 Comparativeandsuperlativeadjectives 1 Formanduse Weusecomparativeadjectivestocomparetwo(ormore)thingsorpeople,andsuperlative adjectivestodistinguishonethingorpersonromanumberoothers. COMPARATIVEADECTIVES
SUPERLATIVEADECTIVES
nebe* large
djete + -er (+ than): Los Angeles is larger (than San Francisco).
the + djete + -est : The Twin Towers Correctional Facility is the largest prison in the world.
trrebe* expensive
more + djete (+ than): the most + djete: Gold is more valuable (than silver). Platinum is the most valuable metal.
rrerdjete good / bad ,ar ,old
better / worse,urther / arther , older / elder
the best / worst ,the urthest / arthest , the oldest / eldest
* frexetn➤14.3be
Spellingrulesfortheseforms➤page367
!
Weusethantointroduceanounoraclauseateracomparativeadjective: Los Angeles is larger than San Francisco. Los Angeles is larger than I expected it to be. Wecanuseotherphrasesbetweenacomparativeadjectiveandathanclause: The prisoners were more violent in this prison than in the others we visited. Itheobjectothecomparisonisapronounwithoutaverbweusuallyuseanobject pronoun(➤Unit4.1).Ithereisaverbweuseasubjectpronoun: [ I’m taller than he.]✓ I’m taller than him.✓ I’m taller than he is. Whenwehavetwoormoreadjectiveswithmoreinalist,weusuallyonlyusemoreonce: [ Lester and Graves were more hardworking and more determined than the others.] ✓ Lester and Graves were more hardworking and determined than the others. Atersuperlativesweuseinbeoresingularnouns(i.e.thenameoaplaceorgroup),but weuseo beorepluralnouns: ✗ The Twin Towers Correctional Facility is the largest prison o the world. ✓ The Twin Towers Correctional Facility is the largest prison in the world . Mallorca is the largest o the Balearic islands. InormalEnglishwecanaddano phraseatthebeginningothesentence: O the candidates interviewed, David Slater was the most suitable or the post.
2 lessandleast Weuselessandleast astheoppositeomoreandmost .Weusethesewordswithall adjectivesincludingone-syllableadjectives: I preer the paisley pattern; it’s less bold than the others. The tuna salad is the least expensive dish on the menu. IninormalEnglishweusuallypreertousenot as … as: I preer the paisley pattern; it isn’t as bold as the others. FORMALITCHECK
more / most / less / least withnouns➤Unit57.2
3 Specialrules One-syllableadjectivesendingin-ed andtheadjectivesreal,right andwrong ormthe comparativeandsuperlativewithmoreandmost (wedonotadd-er or-est ): ✗ I was boreder than I was on the ight to Sydney. ✓ I was more bored than I was on the ight to Sydney.
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4 Manytwo-syllableadjectivesendingin-ly ,- y ,-ow ,-r and-l,andtheadjectivescommon, handsome,mature, pleasant , polite,simpleandstupid canhaveeithermore/most or-er /-est : The photographer wanted something more lively (orlivelier ). The sta couldn’t have been more riendly (or riendlier ). Are people in the country more polite(or politer )than those in the city? Whenweaddanegativeprextotwo-syllableadjectivesendingin- y (e.g.happy –unhappy ) theycanalsotakemore/most or-er and-est : She was the unlikeliest candidate to succeed. He’s the most unhappy man I’ve ever met. Wesometimesomitthebeoresuperlativesdescribingtitles,award,prizes,etc: This year’s prize or most promising newcomer goes to Lizzie Gordon. IninormalspokenEnglishwesometimesuseasuperlativeadjective whenweareonlycomparingtwothings,especiallyithetwothingsmakeaset: I’ve got two cars but the Mercedes is the best . FORMALITCHECK
4 Irregularadjectives Wecanuseelder andeldest (insteadoolder andoldest )totalkaboutpeople’sages,especially peopleinthesameamily,butwecan’tuse elder immediatelyateraverb: Their eldest / oldest son went to Harvard. Mary is the eldest / the oldest . ✗ My sister is elder (than me). Notethatwedon’tuseelder andeldest totalkabouttheageothings: ✗ This is the eldest house in the street. Weuseurther orarther totalkabouta‘greaterdistance’: John’s house is the arther one. I’ve moved urther away rom my parents.(=agreaterdistanceaway) ! Weuseurther (notarther )withthemeaningo‘extra’or‘more’: Let me know i you have any urther questions.(=extra/more) 5 Intensifyingandweakening;emphasis Comparativesandsuperlativescanbemadestrongerorweakerbyaddingtheollowing: COMPARATIVES
even (very) much ar His new flm’s even more exciting than the last one. a lot lots (nr) ➞trner The issue o accountability became substantially considerably signifcantly more important in the weeks beore the election. substantially a great deal ➞eer
!
a little slightly a bit (nr) somewhat (r)
The lamb’s a bit cheaper than the fsh. The artist’s style is somewhat darker than that o his contemporaries.
Wedon’tusea little/a bit whenanounollowsthecomparativeadjective: ✗ It’s a little higher price than I expected.✓ The price is a little higher than I expected. SUPERLATIVES ➞trner
by ar The Twin Towers Correctional Facility is by far the largest easily (nr) prison in the world. (rertnteter)
➞eer
one o some o New York is one of the largest cities in the world. among (terebeerer)
Mostone-syllableadjectivescanalsoormthecomparativeand superlativewithmoreormost insteado-er or-est .Weusuallyusetheseormsoremphasis inspokenEnglish: You should be more proud o the things you’ve already achieved.(=prouder) I think this is the award she is the most proud o.(=proudest) FORMALITCHECK
77
14
compaaivaDsuplaivaDcivs
Practice 1 Completethesentences,usingsuitablecomparativeandsuperlativeormsothe adjectivesinthebox.Addthanortheinecessary,asintheexample. 2.25 Listenandcheck. bdbreddrrdeenerettreredtdetrn
0 Sincewe’vehadacleaner,thehousehasbecomealot . . .tidier . . . . . . . . . . than . . . . . . . . . . itusedtobe! 1 And now we come to the award or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .actorinaleadingrole. 2 It’sbeenrainingnon-stop.Ithinkthiswillbe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Julyonrecord! 3 Theauthenticityodialogueandsettingotenmakeslow-budgetlmsseem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .thesomewhatarticialversionorealityinHollywoodmovies.
4 Inmedievaltimespeoplerarelytravelledar.Formostpeasants, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . destination would be the local market town. 5 Thisskirt’smuchtootightonthehips.Ineedsomethingwitha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .t. 6 The pianist was awul! I think that’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .perormanceI’veeverheard. 7 Idon’tmindtheMediterraneansummerbecauseit’sa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .heatthanyou nd in the tropics. 8 I like all Mozart’s operas but I think Don GiovanniistheoneIam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .on. 9 We’veinheritedtwopaintings.Othetwo,I’dsaythelandscapeis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 Iknowallthetiswrong,butdon’tyouagreethatit’s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .tostealroman individual than rom a company? 11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I’veeverbeenwaswhenJoeandIwerefyingovertheHimalayasand
we hit a storm; it was absolutely petriying. 12 That play was so tedious. I was . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .watchingthatthanIwaswhenIspent three hours trapped in that lit last year!
2
GRAMMARINUSE karen toby
Findandcorrecttenmoremistakes.
2.26
Listenandcheck.
Nowwe’veseenallthecandidates,whatdoyouthink?
strongest
It’sadicultchoice,butIthoughtStevenwasthemoststrongothethree.
karen
Oh?Youcouldn’tbemorewrong!Meeradenitelyhasbettererexperience.
toby
Wellocourseshedoes,she’selderthantheothertwo.
karen
Yes,andshe’smaturer.
toby
True.Butdon’tyouthinkshe’sabitsetinherways?Wouldshereallytinhere?
karen
Idon’tseewhynot.Let’saceit,theothertwoareveryyoung–signicantlymore younger than most o our sta.
toby
Thatcouldbeagoodthing.Imeanyoungerpeopleareadaptablerthanolderones.
karen
OK.WhataboutAhmed?Hewasthebestqualiedinthecandidates.
toby
I’mnotsure.Heseemedthelesspromisingothethree.Hewastoolaidback.
karen
Yes,hewastheeasilymostrelaxed–peopleareusuallymorenervouser at interviews.
toby
SowecomebacktoSteven.HewasonethemostambitiouscandidatesI’veever interviewed.Ithoughtthatwasapositivething…
karen
Yes.Buthe’sverydistant.Aren’twelookingorsomeonemoreriendlier andapproachable?Let’slookattheirCVsagain.
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4 3 Completethesecondsentencesoithasasimilarmeaningtothefrst.Usethreetosix wordsinyouranswer,includingthewordinbrackets,asintheexample. 0 AlltheothermembersotheamilyareyoungerthanUncleJacob.(the) UncleJacob
is the oldest member
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . otheamily.
1 IliveclosertothebusstopthanIvandoes.(away) Ivanlives
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .thanme.
2 Theseapplesaren’tastastyastheonesLizziebought.(than) TheapplesLizziebought......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... . 3 Themassacrewasamongthemostdespicableepisodesintheregiment’shistory.(one) Themassacrewas ......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ........ intheregiment’shistory. 4 Theendingothelmwasn’tassentimentalasI’dexpected.(than) I’dexpectedtheendingothelmtobe . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . itwas. 5 Mikhail’sessaywasn’tasbadastheothers.(the) Mikhail’sessay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 6 AlltheotherfightsweremoreexpensivethantheEasyjetone.(o) TheEasyjetfight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . thefights. 7 ThatwaseasilythemostridiculousstoryI’veeverheard.(by) Thatwas
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . I’veeverheard.
8 Othetwosisters,SophieandCaroline,Sophieistheelder.(than) Sophieis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . sisterCaroline.
4
Studythecharts;thencompletethedescription,usingthepromptsin brackets.Iyousee<,useasuitablemodiyingwordorphrase,e.g.considerably ,among etc.asintheexample. GRAMMARINUSE
Numberofprisonersworldwide (tt9.25n)
Prisonersasproportionofpopulation (per100,000ntntn) USA Russia St Kitts and Nevis US Virgin Islands Turkmenistan Belize Cuba Bahamas Cayman Islands American Samoa
2.19 million
USA China Russia Others
4.64 million
1.55 million 0.87 million
738 611
0
100
200
300
400
547 521 489 487 487 462 453 446 500 600
700
800
frwrdprnptnlt(eentedtn).knceelndninterntncentrerprnstde
0 TheUSAhas. by . . . . . far . . . . . . the . . . .. . .highest . . . . . . . . . . . . ..number . . . . . . . . . . . . .of . . .. .prisoners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(</high/number/prisoners) 1 TheUSAhas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... (</large/numbersoprisoners/anyothercountry) 2 Italsohas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... othenationalpopulation.(high/number/prisoners/asaproportion) 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AmericanSamoahas(countries/thechart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .per100,000population.(low/numberoprisoners)
4 Chinahas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... (</great/numberoprisoners/Russia). 5 StKittsandNevisandtheUSVirginIslandsaresmallstates,buttheyhave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
(</high/proportionoprisonersperpopulation/apartromtheUSAandRussia).
gnnerrerte
79
15 Othercomparative patterns re te BonnieParkerand Cl yde Barro w
ercn stor y. ost fous bnk robbers n a strng of in te erl y 1930s te y crred out st. altoug robberes n te aercn d- we ung couple, the y lookedlikean innocen t yo te y tr velled, te y ere rutless crnls. as ing, kllng t te y bece more and more dar e e ventull y lest nne polce ofcers. e y er r stor y s sot ded b y polce n 1934. e de nto l n1967.
1 (not) as … as Wecansaythattwothingsareequal byusingas+adjective+as: The Spanish omelette is as expensive as the chicken salad. They both cost € 7.99. Wemakethiscomparisonmore emphaticwith just : In the American legal system, juries are just as important as in the UK. Tosaythatthingsarealmostequalweuse just about ,about ,almost ,more or lessor nearly +as: Let’s not eat here. This caé’s just about as bad as the last one. My niece is nearly as old as me! Wemakeanegativecomparisonwithnot as/so+adjective+as: Warsaw isn’t as large as London.(=Londonislarger.) Wecanmodiythistypeocomparisonwithnearly orquite: Motor bikes aren’t nearly so expensive as cars.(=Motorbikesaremuchcheaper.) My mobile phone isn’t quite as good as Sunil’s.(=Sunil’sphoneisslightlybetter.) IninormalspokenEnglishwecanusenot anything like,nothing likeor nowhere near +as+adjective: That dress isn’t anything like as nice as the red one. This outft’s nothing like / nowhere near as ashionable as the one in the magazine. FORMALITCHECK
similar to,different than / from / to ➤pages370–1
2 no / not any +comparativeadjective Wecanusecomparativeadjectivestosaythattwothingsareequal. Weuseis + no+comparativeadjectiveoris not + any +comparativeadjective: That Nokia phone is no more expensive than / no dearer than the Samsung. (=Theyarethesameprice.) The Nokia isn’t any cheaper than / isn’t any less expensive than the Samsung. (=Theyarethesameprice.) 3 Progressivecomparison Wecandescribehowsomethingincreasesordecreasesinintensitybyrepeatingmoreorthe samecomparativeadjective,withand betweentheorms: As they travelled, Bonnie and Clyde became more and more daring . Her visits to the country to see her son became rarer and rarer . 80
4 4 Combinedcomparison Todescribehowachangeinonethingcausesachangeinanother,wecanusetwo comparativeormswiththe.Notetheuseothecommaatertherstclause: The longer you leave it, the worse it’ll get. Wesometimesomittheverbbeintheclauses: The more sophisticated the product, the more substantial the potential proft. 5 Contrastivecomparison Whenwecontrasttworelatedqualities,wealwaysusemore(not-er ): ✗ I’m sadder than disappointed.✓ I’m more sad than disappointed. ✓ Her eyes are more green than grey. Wecanalsousenot so much … asorrather than: I’m not so much disappointed as sad. Her eyes are green rather than grey. 6 likeandas;similesandmetaphors Weotendescribesomethingbycomparingittosomethingelsewhichhassimilar qualities.Thesecomparisonsareknownas‘similes’.Therearetwoorms: • as+adjective+as: Listening to her was as interesting as watching paint dry. (IninormalEnglishwesometimesomittherstas:She looks white as a sheet.) • like+nounorverbphrase:The cruise ship was like a skyscraper lying on its side. Therearemanyidiomsinwhichweusethesetwopatterns: You’re as white as a sheet ; I think you’d better see a doctor. I eel ull o energy today – I slept like a log last night. ! Weuselike(notas)beoreanountocomparetwothingswhichSEEMsimilar: ✗ Although they looked as an innocent young couple, they were ruthless criminals. ✓ Although they looked like an innocent young couple, they were ruthless criminals. (Theyappearedtobeinnocent,buttheyweren’t.) When Mike puts on his dark suit he looks like a waiter.(=Heresemblesawaiter.) Sometimes my boss acts like a dictator.(=Hebehavesinasimilarwaytoadictator.) This abric is so sot it eels like silk. (=similartosilk) ! Weuseas(notlike)beoreanounwhenwearedescribingsomeone’sactualjob,roleor identity,orsomething’sunction: ✗ Simon’s working like a waiter during the summer vacation. ✓ Simon’s working as a waiter during the summer vacation.(Thisishisjob.) Use your payroll number as a password or the computer.(Thisisitsunction.) Jude Law appeared as Hamlet in a recent production o the play.(Thiswashisrole.) The SAT tests are used as an entry test by many American universities.(Thisistheirunction.) Wecanalsodescribesomethingbycomparingitwithsomethingsimilarwithoutusing likeoras;thisisknownasa‘metaphor’: The new treaty will orm a bridge between our two nations.(a bridge=metaphoror‘alink’) MetaphorsarecommoninpoetryandliteraryEnglish: I all upon the thorns o lie! I bleed!(thorns o lie=badexperiences) 7 asand such Wecanuseasandnot suchtointroduceacomparisonwithnouns.Therearetwopatterns: • as+adjective+a+noun+as: It wasn’t as bad a result as I’d expected.(=betterthanexpected) • not such a+adjective+noun+as: It wasn’t such a bad result as I’d expected. so dark / such a dark night that ... not light enough to,etc.➤Unit59.4
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15
ohcompaaivpas
Practice 1 Choosethebestexplanation,AorB. 1 Thepricesonthemenuaren’tnearlyasexpensiveasIexpected. A Prices are a littlecheaper than I expected. B Prices are much cheaper than I expected. 2 Itlooksasiyournewcarisn’tanymorereliablethantheoldone! A Both cars are equally unreliable. B Thenewcarisslightlylessreliablethantheoldone. 3 Ihavetosaythatthehotelwasn’tquiteasluxuriousasthebrochureclaimed. A Thehotelwasmuchlessluxuriousthanthebrochureclaimed. B Thehotelwasslightlylessluxuriousthanthebrochureclaimed. 4 Sheisn’tanythinglikeassnobbishasyousaid. A She is less snobbish than you said. B She isn’t snobbish. 5 I’maraidyourguresarenomoreaccuratethantheonesRachelgaveme. A Your gures are less accurate than Rachel’s. B Your gures and Rachel’s gures are equally inaccurate. 6 AsarasDaniel’sjobisconcerned,thingsareaboutasbadastheycanbe. A Daniel’s job could get worse. B Daniel’s job couldn’tbe any worse than it is. 7 Carol’snowherenearasecientasmylastassistant,Becky. A Carolisslightlylessecient thanBecky. B Carol is much less ecient than Becky. 8 Inhisnewjob,Gerhardisworkinglikeaslave! A Gerhard is an actor in alm aboutancientRome. B Gerhard has to work very hard.
2 Choosethecorrectwordsinitalics. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
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2.27
Listenandcheck.
Myexamresultswere nearly not /not nearly asgoodasCarmen’s. WhenLucygetsdressedupshelooksas/likeamoviestar. Itwasn’tasexcitingflm/a flmashisearlierones. AreyoueelingOK?You’reas white as/whiter thanasheet! Mynewhouseisnothing as/like asbigasmypreviousplace. Mobilephonesseemtobegettingsmaller and smaller /more small and more small. It’sanunusualcolour,redder /more red thanpink. Whenhewasyounger,myuncleworkedlike/asaporterinthelocalhospital. Itwasn’tsuch/soasurprisingpieceonewsaswe’dexpected. Thehigheryouclimb,the urther than/the urtheryouhavetoall. WhenGeorgetriedtosingitwaslike/asacatscreeching! Thissweaterisn’tasdarker /darkacolourasI’dwanted–canIexchangeit? Theurnishingsinthehotelroomsarecomortableratheras/thanluxurious. Carlyisnowhere/nothing nearastolerantasheryoungersister. Itwasn’taseasier /easy avictoryaseveryonehadexpected. Asweapproachedthecity,theroadsbecamemoreand /thanmorecrowded. Theurtheroutyouswim,the colder /the more cold thewatergets. IsitOKtousemydateobirthas/likemyPINnumber? I’mnotasdedicatedaanothebandthan/asIwaswhenIwasyounger. Mybedisreallycomortable,Isleptas/likealoglastnight!
4 3
Completethetextbywritingonewordonlyineachgap. Listenandcheck.
GRAMMARINUSE 2.28
Teenage girls cause ma yhem in California s tree t races fo yas egtreetrehve been the urgelangee.wevngthrughthe bu t treet nued-ur, mteurdrver re t n rzeu t $3,000. crhe ndtte remmne nd the e eemunbe t ter the t themenebeue (1) . ..
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thedrve, he thermn,the (2) ung evenmre dmge. he drver thee re‘uttngu’ntet nd therm t drve tbethrugh r ded (3) . ..
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treet, vertkngnd ‘uttng u’rdnr drver. he rmnueer – thek rdnrm rtthe nked (4) ee,but ntthehve been ttedth ue ner eru bter.athugh (5) ..
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mre thn hundred.a treetrehvegr n dngeru,theehve mre nd(7) been redttke trngertn. he rkd n h reuted nurrngdver – mt the rer re teenge gr rtherthn teenge b, xteen.ut nd mereung (8) ..
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t mnmember the ub thn’t urrngrevetn.e (9) mn theegreem t be rm the an mmunt,erhmdeng themeve ndne d,stth-jnee rmer treetrer ..
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hh hngedher ndn rk egtmte rngdrver. (10)
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renrng r, thee (6) vehe n treh hgh eed nd be extreme dngeru. ..
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energ but tenee er ere kedn treet re n the l angeere. the gure
phgt hvebmed therme ve n the nfluene muter gme,mn hh eture treet re.eenger nt t be (11) the drvern theegme. ut drvng ngme thn re.whenu rh tn(12) rn muter gmeu mtrt gn. in . ..
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ree thenequene re rther mre eru.
4 Completethesecondsentencesoithasasimilarmeaningtothefrst.Usetheword(s)in brackets,asintheexample. 0 Asstudentsgetclosertotheirexamstheybecomemorenervous.(themore) The closer students get . . . . . . .to . . . . their . . . . . . . . . exams, . . . . . . . . . . . . the . . . . . . .more . . . . . . . . .nervous . . . . . . . . . . . . .they . . . . . . . .become. ....................................... 1 Theirsummerpartywasn’tanythinglikeasgoodastheirpreviousone.(nothing) Their summer party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .theirpreviousone. 2 Mytestscorewasn’tasbadasI’deared.(such) It wasn’t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I’deared. 3 I’mbored rather thantired. (not somuch) I’m
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4 MyriendsclaimedthatthelmwasinterestingbutIounditprettydull.(lm) It wasn’t as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5 Iyoukeeppickingthatspotitwillgetworse.(themore) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .itwillget. .
6 She’sslightlyangrybutshe’sverydisappointed.(than) She’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 Wenoticedthesoundothepolicesirenbecomingincreasinglyloud.(and) We noticed the sound o the police siren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8 Asdogsgetoldertheybecomelessaggressive.(theless) The older dogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
gnnerrertendrretet
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16 Gradableand ungradableadjectives THE MOST F A MOUS art f orger of the t w entieth centur y w as the Dutch artist Han V an Meegeren. He created se v eral w ork s w hich he passed off as priceless masterpieces b y V ermeer. He w as ex posed in 1947 and his paintings w ere re v ealed as f ak es and theref ore absolutely w orthless.
1 Gradableandungradableadjectives grdbedjeterepresentapointonascale.Forexample,cheapandexpensiveare adjectivesonthescaleo‘howmuchsomethingcosts’. unrdbedjeterepresentthelimitsoascale.Forexample,ree(=itcostsnothing) and priceless(=itscostistoogreattobecounted)arethelimitsonthescaleo‘howmuch somethingcosts’. nrdbedjete ree
rdbedjete
(very cheap) cheap (not very cheap) (a bit expensive) expensive (very expensive)
nrdbedjete priceless
!
reezing vast / enormous cold large / big
cool tepid
small
hot boiling
minute / tiny
MostEnglishadjectivesaregradable.Wecanmakecomparativeandsuperlativeormsrom allgradableadjectives(➤Unit14).Wedon’tusuallymakecomparisonswithungradable adjectives,althoughtherearesomepatternsweuseinspokenEnglish: That was the most delicious meal! Her house is even more enormous than his! Someadjectivescanhavebothgradableandungradablemeanings,dependingonwhether thespeakerisdescribinganabsolutequalityoronewhichisrelativetosomethingelse: I’m araid there are no rooms – the hotel is ull.(ungradable=completelyull) The hotel’s very ull but I think I can get you a single room or tonight. (gradable=hasmanyguestsbutthereisstillsomespace) Otheradjectiveslikethisare:empty ,beautiul,black,delicious,new , possible.
2 Intensifyinggradableadjectives Wecanmakegradableadjectivesstrongerwith very ,butnotwiththeadverbabsolutely : ✗ That new jacket looks absolutely expensive.✓ That new jacket looks very expensive. Thereareotherwordsweusetostrengthenthemeaningotheseadjectives: extremely most (r) pretty (nr)rather really so terribly
Last night’s match was terribly exciting . I elt pretty upset ater the accident.(inormal) The chapter on the early sonnets was most instructive.(ormal) Weusuallyuserather withnegativeadjectivesorwhendescribingsomethingunexpected: There was a rather unpleasant smell in the at. Surprisingly, the flm was rather good . MoreexamplesinspokenEnglish➤Unit81.1
84
4 Weotenuselesscommonadverbstointensiycertaingradableadjectives: I was bitterly disappointed at my exam results. My brother is painully shy . The students in this school are highly intelligent . Butnotethatwecanotenonlyusecertainadverbswithcertainadjectives. Commonadverb+adjectivecollocations➤page369
3 Weakeninggradableadjectives Gradableadjectivescanusuallybemadeweakerbythewordsairly ,slightly ,a (little) bit (inormal)andsomewhat (ormal): I’ve been eeling slightly dizzy all morning. My riend was a bit upset .(inormal) The police reported that the man was somewhat aggressive.(ormal) Wecanusenot very andnot at alltoweakengradableadjectivesatertheverbbe: The end o term test wasn’t very long and it wasn’t at all difcult . Withgradableadjectivesquiteusuallymeans‘airly’butcanhaveothermeanings, dependingonstressandintonation: The lecture was quite interesting.(unmarked:airlyinteresting) The lecture was quite interesting.(stressedadjective:moreinterestingthanthespeakerexpected) The lecture was quite interesting.(stressedadverb:lessinterestingthanthespeakerexpected) Pronunciation➤1.04
4 Intensifyingungradableadjectives Acommonwaytointensiythemeaningoungradableadjectivesiswiththeadverb absolutely .WeotenusethisdevicetoaddemphasisininormalEnglish: I couldn’t swim in the sea; the water was absolutely reezing . The show was absolutely abulous. ! Wedonotusuallyuse very withungradableadjectives: ✗ Entrance to the museum is very ree.✓ Entrance to the museum is absolutely ree. Whenweusequitewithungradableadjectives,ithasasimilarmeaningto‘completely’, emphasisingthestrengthotheadjective.Inspeechthestressisusuallyonquite: The tenor’s perormance was quite amazing . You’re quite correct . Wecanalsousea most beoreanungradableadjective+noun: Hilary has a most amazing hairstyle.(=Herhairstyleiscompletelyamazing.) Althoughweuseabsolutely withmanyungradableadjectives,therearesomeadjectives wherewepreertouseotherintensiyingadverbssuchascompletely ,totally andutterly . Therearenogrammarruleswhichexplainthesecombinationssoitisbesttolearnthem asvocabularyitems(➤page369). I’m araid your answer is completely wrong . Since the accident Henry has been totally dea in one ear. Susan was utterly appalled by her husband’s dishonesty. 5 Weakeningungradableadjectives(almost ,nearly ,etc.) Weusealmost ,nearly , practically orvirtually toindicateapointclosetotheabsolute meaning o ungradable adjectives: He never turns the heating on – it’s practically reezing in there. The battery in my calculator is almost dead . Ater six months with the disease he was nearly dea and virtually blind . ! Wedonotusuallyusethemodiersairly ,slightly ,a (little) bit ,somewhat ornot very with ungradableadjectives: ✗ Their avourite possession is a slightly priceless Satsuma vase. ✗ I wouldn’t recommend the show; it’s not very abulous. 85
16
gaDalaDugaDalaDcivs
Practice Tocompletetheseexercisesyouwillneedtorefertopage369. 1 Puteachadjectiveintothecorrectboxbelow.Eachboxwillcontaintenadjectives. znttrtedrretdedenrextnexeneextnt ntnreezndenteretnrentered nrdbedjete
rdbedjete
2 Usethewordsintheboxbelowtomaketheadjectivesineachsentenceeitherstronger orweaker,asintheexample.Useeachwordonceonly. 2.29 Listenandcheck. btbtebrteterrt
Makethesesentencesweaker:
slightly damaged
0 ThedressIboughtyesterdayisdamaged.
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1 Thesedaysmobilephonesareinexpensive.
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2 Takecarewhenyouchangegear;thegearstick’ssti.
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3 Theinscriptiononthetombwasindecipherable.
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4 ManyotheIncaceremonieswerebloodthirsty.
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Makethesesentencesstronger:
5 Jane’sfatwasreezinglastnight.
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6 Thisnewcomputergamesoundsinteresting.
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7 Hilary’shusbandisrich.
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8 Victoryinournextgameseemsunlikely.
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3 Sixothesesentencescontainmistakes.Tick(✓)thecorrectsentences,thenfndthe mistakesandcorrectthem. 1 WethoughtthestateroomsintheWhiteHousewereveryimpressive! 2 I’maraidthere’snothingtoeat;theridgeisveryempty. 3 ThetourbusiscompletelyullsoI’veonlygotsixseatslettooeryou. 4 Comeon,Lizzie.Let’sgetsomeothoseItalianicecreams–I’mveryamished. 5 Wechosethehotelbecauseitwasveryrecommendedbyourneighbours. 6 Iyouwerereallyseriousaboutyourstudies,youwouldhavegivenupthat evening job. 7 EveryoneinourclasslikesJackie–she’sprettyriendly. 8 Jackwasaverybuiltmanwithmassiveshouldersandamenacingstare. 9 Ioundtheuneralceremonyabsolutelymoving. 10 TheAmbassadorwouldbehighlydelightedtoacceptthishonouronbehal o the President.
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4 4
Readthearticleanddecidewhichword,A,BorCbelow,bestftseach gap,asintheexample. 2.30 Listenandcheck. GRAMMARINUSE
fke nd n jr e oscawhimuscalla,(0) .. . .. repeted regtte yrk’metrptn me, tt re tn 1,250rgereren dpn terd’edng e ndrt gere.in tet bk mrepe ne 37rgeren te lvre, 16 n te rt me nd 45 n n en e yrk. mre’erer ve been ev (1). .. . . b ee re (2). . .. . pped trgent.te (3).. . .. gd ent evdene r , ng ttver 40 perent teb jet exnedb te oxrd terneene brtrreke.
nb jet.wen exnng tebk te rger ten k(8) . . .. . derentr te rgn.tetend t be (9) . .. . . nervtvend tet qetn b jet ve been ttngn ter etnr n er. mre pee n te nentmddet, nd tte reregn e nd n rgere.t reer d te eet ndernng te repttn e rt (10).. .. . regrded ntttn,nd t dbe nernt nne ver trertge.
erenrteqntt rgere (4) .. . .. pe. ee n teb jet n r e erend b ternd egexprted r terntre rgn teven prvenne r dentedtr. me re pn (5).. . .. tebrrng prbend retteve been knn t verkte krtten rerd bereeptng r bngntqte. prte ket(6) . . .. . pbe t detetrgere, epe te re rte pe.tn tn rgere re(7) . . .. . bv te re ten pedrptgrp n ternt
0 1 2 3 4 5
AabsolutelyBhighlyCvery AdiscussedBrejectedCcriticised AbitterlyBhighlyCrather AperectlyBabsolutelyCsomewhat AvirtuallyBquiteCabit AconsciousBunderstandingCaware
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AveryBvirtuallyCpretty AabitBentirelyCdeeply AcompletelyBabsolutelyCalmost AheavilyButterlyCdeeply AveryBhighlyCabsolutely
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17 Adverbormanduse 1 Confusingforms Someadverbshavethesameormasadjectives: close,dead (inormal),ast ,fne,long ,low , pretty (inormal),short ,straight ,wide,wrong Someadverbsareormedbyadding-ward /sor-wisetoanounorpreposition: home ➞ homeward ater ➞ aterwards price ➞ pricewise health ➞ healthwise SOMEBASEADVERBSWITHDIFFERENTMEANINGS
close(=ntr) closely (=erre)
He lives close to me. We watched them closely .
direct (=tttn) directly (=ext / ree)
We flew direct rom La Guardia to Houston. The taxi waited directly opposite the house.
late(=ntnte / nter) lately (=reent)
The plane arrived late due to bad weather. She’s been rather ill lately .
high(=tretet) highly (=extree)
He lited it high over his head. Arsenic is highly toxic.
hard (=ttert / eere) hardly (=re,tnt)
He braked hard when he saw the cat. We hardly know our neighbours.
right (=dretn / rret) rightly (=rretnnn)
Turn right at the crossroads. Try to do it right this time! The tribunal rightly condemned the war criminals.
ree(=ttn) We got into the concert free! reely (=ttttnrntr) Sheep roam freely over the hills. deep(=tretdet / dtne) deeply (=tr / extree) !
We travelled deep into the jungle. I’m deeply ashamed o my behaviour.
Thereareaewadjectiveswhichlooklikeadverbs,e.g.riendly ,lonely ,cowardly . Wecannotmaketheseadjectivesintoadverbsintheusualway: ✗ He let cowardlily, sneaking out the back door.✓ He let in a cowardly way / manner … AdjectivesasadverbsinspokenEnglish➤Unit81.2 AmericanEnglish ➤page368
2 Addinginformation;modifying Weuseadverbstoaddinormationaboutthetime,mannerorplaceoanactionorstate: derbnner retnrederbe He hit the ball hard and this time it ew into the back o the net . nnrederbte
Certainadverbs,e.g.quite(a),roughly ,rather (a),about ,approximately ,canbeusedtomodiy nounphrases,prepositionalphrasesandnumbers: Her news came as quite a shock. In our college roughly fty students have motorbikes. She made rather a uss about the results. Moreonrather andquite ➤Unit16.2 / 4
Wecanuseadverbswith as,so,too,enough,etc: She perormed so enthusiastically that the judges overlooked her inexperience. We missed the bargains because we didn’t get to the shops soon enough.
3 Usingadverbsincomparisons Wecanuseadverbsincomparativesandsuperlatives,usuallywithmoreandmost : This car seems to need servicing more requently than our old one. O all the relatives at Gran’s uneral, I think Uncle Ralph elt her loss most deeply . Adverbswhichdonotendin-ly takethesamecomparativeandsuperlativeormsas adjectives(➤Unit14): I you tuned the engine more oten the car would go aster . Do the best you can. 88
4 Practice 1
GRAMMARINUSE
Choosethecorrectwordsinitalics.
2.31
Listenandcheck.
Prison or holida y camp? open prisons are more lik e countr y IN A RECENT (1) hig h / hig hl y hotels; prisoners can w ander contentious mo v e the Prison (6) fr ee / fr ee ly around the grounds Serv ice has announced a decision and there are no high w alls or to build three more open prisons barbed w ire f ences. Inmates can and to close tw o existing ‘closed’ the prisons. The Ser v ice sa y s the mo v e (7) e as y / e asil y w alk out into surrounding areas. A nd as most is prompted b y the increasing ly in are positioned (8) d ee p / d e ep numbers of lo w -risk prisoners. the country side it w ould be Critics are (2) ri ght / r i g htl y (9) e as y / easily f or absconding concerned about this mo v e and nders to disappear w ith little of fe belie v e it is (3) se r ious /ser iousl y hope of recapture. fla w ed. The y argue the decision Critics of open prisons sa y is a c y nical cost-cutting measure that the y do not pro v ide the w hich ma y put the public at risk. deterrent eff ect of traditional A t present open prisons are prisons in w hich prisoners ha v e restricted to prisoners w ho ha v e to w ork (10) har d / har dl y and committed non- v iolent crimes hav e fe w lux uries. The problem and to those w ho are getting se / c lose ly to the end of their f or the prison authorities is (4) c lo that traditional jails are prison term. (5) Rou g h / Rou ghl y (11) hi g h / hi g hly expensiv e to 20% of prisoners are held in these es facilities at the current time. Man y run and off er fe w opportuniti
A female prisoner does the gardening, East Sutton Open Prison
f or the rehabilitation and nders. In re-education of of fe open prisons off enders ha v e the chance to ex perience something closer to ev er y da y life, and this helps to prepare them f or their ev entual release. W hoe v er is (12) r ig ht / r ig ht ly , the public is bound to be concerned about this new de v elopment in prison polic y .
2 Completethesecondsentencesoithasasimilarmeaningtothefrst.Usethreeorour wordsinyouranswer,includingthewordinbrackets,asintheexample. 0 Karendidreallywellinthetest.(highly) Karen . . . . . . . .was . . . . . .. .highly . . . . . . . . . . .successful . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .inthetest. 1 Thecarstartedtoaccelerateasweturnedthecorner.(go) Asweturnedthecorner,thecar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. 2 Shereallydidn’texpecttoinheritsomuchmoney.(quite) Inheritingsomuchmoneycame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .surprise. 3 Evolutionisslowerduringperiodsoclimaticstability.(happens) Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .duringperiodsoclimaticstability. 4 Wedidn’tgetthereintimetoheartheoverture.(soon) Wewantedtoheartheoverturebutwedidn’tget. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 5 Moreorlessthree-quartersoourstudentsareee-payingthesedays.(roughly) Thesedays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .ourstudentspayees. 6 IntheUSAonlyaewpeoplehaveheardoourproducts.(entirely) Ourproductsare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .intheUSA. 7 Melinda’sattempttorepairthetorncurtainwasn’tverysuccessul.(rather) Melinda’sattemptatcurtainrepair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .ailure. 8 MrSkidmorehadadeeperinvolvementthananyotheotherdirectors.(most) Oallthedirectors,MrSkidmorewas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..
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18 Adverbposition eteenteredtersilently ndcarefullyenedteedr.
1 Thethreepositions Adverbswhichmodiyaverboraddinormationabouthow,whenorwheresomething happenscantakeseveralpositionsinasentence: rnttn(berebjet)
endtn(terbjetreent)
These days I probably take my health much more seriously . dtn(nextterb)
Itheobjectorcomplementoaverbisverylong,wecanputanend-positionadverb beoreit: These days I take much more seriously all those things I used to take or granted.
2 Frontposition Weusuallyputtimeandplaceadverbsattheendothesentence,e.g. I worked more than twelve hours yesterday ,butwecanputthemattheronttoormalinkorcontrastwith inormationintheprevioussentence: I’ve been incredibly busy this week. Yesterday I worked more than twelve hours. Aternegativeadverbs(e.g.never ),orateradverbsotimeandplaceollowedbyaverbo movementorposition,wecanputtheverbbeorethesubject.Weusuallyonlydothisin ormalwrittenEnglish: Never had he seen such a disturbing sight. Here lies the body o our late sovereign. !
Inversion➤Unit76.2 / 3 Wedonotuseadverbsodeniterequency,e.g.daily ,weekly ,inrontposition: ✗ Monthly I get paid.✓ I get paid monthly .
3 Midposition Thisistheusualpositionortheollowingadverbs,andorevenandonly .
!
!
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derbndentereqen
always requently generally hardly ever never normally occasionally oten rarely seldom sometimes usually
derbderee
absolutely almost completely entirely just hardly partly quite rather really slightly totally
derbertnt
certainly defnitely probably
trtderbte
already fnally immediately no longer soon still then (btnt today , yesterday , tomorrow , et.)
Withthepresentandpastsimpleweputtheadverbbetweenthesubjectandtheverb, butwithsimpleormsobetheadverbgoesatertheverb: ✗ She arrives always by taxi and she always is on time. ✓She always arrives by taxi and she is always on time. Ithereisamodalorauxiliaryverbweputtheadverbaterthe(rst)auxiliary(+not ): We’ve never been to the Greek islands. You can just see the coast. Sea eagles have occasionally been seen around Loch Lomond. They don’t really understand my point o view. Weputsometimes,still,certainly ,defnitely and probably BEFOREanegativeauxiliary: ✗ I don’t sometimes understand his arguments. He hasn’t still convinced me. ✓ I sometimes don’t understand his arguments. He still hasn’t convinced me.
4 InspokenBritishEnglish,iwewanttoemphasiseanauxiliaryverbor asimpleormobe,wecanputsomemid-positionadverbsbeoreit.Theauxiliary/verbis usuallystressed: ‘But I thought you liked him!’ ‘Oh, you really don’t understand me at all!’ ‘Joe’s late. That’s strange’ ‘Not really, he never is on time!’ Compare: I don’t really like him.(unmarked:Islightlydislikehim.) I really don’t like him.(emphatic:Istronglydislikehim.) Wedonotuseothertimeadverbs(denitetimeorrequency)inmidposition: ✗ We yesterday bought our lunch at Joe’s sandwich bar. ✗ I once a month pay my rent. Butwecandothisinnewsreports: The Federal Reserve today announced an immediate rise in interest rates. FORMALITCHECK
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4 Endposition Thisisthemostrequentpositionoradverbs.Itistheusualpositionor yet ,a lot ,any more,any longer ,too,as well: ✗ They aren’t any more selling it.✓They aren’t selling it any more. Weusuallyputadverbsomanner(whichdescribehowsomethingisdone)andadverbso deniterequencyinthisposition: ✗ He well plays the guitar.✓ He plays the guitar well. ✓The magazine is published monthly . Adverbsomannerwhichendin-ly (exceptbadly )cangoinendormidposition: Harry painstakingly counted out the coins and arranged them neatly into piles. The thie entered the room silently and careully opened the sae door. ! Wedon’tusehardly ever ornever inendposition: ✗ They watch television hardly ever.✓They hardly ever watch television. Iweputoten,rarely andseldominendposition,weuseamodier,e.g.very ,extremely : ✗ These days I eat desserts rarely.✓These days I eat desserts very rarely . Weusuallyavoidhavingtoomanyadverbsinendposition,butwhenthisoccursweoten ollowthissequence: 1nner 2e 3te The statue was lited careully onto the platorm beore the ceremony .
5 Sentenceadverbs sentenederbreertothewholesentence,notjustpartoit.Weusuallyputthese adverbsatthebeginningoasentence,separatedbyacomma: , the current government has been a resounding success. Economically (=Thegovernmenthassuccessullymanagedtheeconomy.) Generally , the employer pays or travel expenses.(=Thisistrueinmostcases.) centderbaresentenceadverbssuchasadmittedly ,rankly ,indeed ,understandably , whichweusetoexpressourattitudetowardstheinormationinastatement: , these results are only preliminary.(=Thismaycontradictpreviousinormation.) Admittedly Pronunciation➤1.05
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Useoftheseadverbsinwriting➤Unit78.4,inspeech➤Unit81.3 Otherlinkingadverbs,e.g.additionally ,however ,therefore ➤Unit61 Someadverbs,e.g.naturally andclearly ,canbeusedassentenceadverbsandalsoasadverbs omanner.Notethedierentmeanings: Despite being in a zoo, the animals behaved quite naturally .(=inanaturalway) , wild animals behave quite dierently in captivity.(=ocourse) Naturally The teacher answered the question clearly and precisely.(=inaclearway) , the teacher didn’t answer the question.(=Thisisobvious.) Clearly
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18
aDvposiio
Practice 1 Tick(✓)allthoseadverbswhichcancompletethesentencesandcross( ✗)thosethat cannot,asintheexample.Inonecase,noneotheadverbswillft. 0 The bank robbers . . . . . openedthedoortothesecretcompartment. A slowly . . . .✓✗✓ . . . . . . Blastweek. . . . . . . . . . Cprobably. . . . . . . . . . 1 We don’t . . . . . knowtheidentityothemaskedgunman. A still . . . . . . . . . . Breally. . . . . . . . . . Ccertainly. . . . . . . . . . 2 You can . . . . . seethecoastromthispoint. A denitely . . . . . . . . . . Bjust. . . . . . . . . . Caswell. . . . . . . . . . 3 Our next door neighbours go there . . . . . . A as well . . . . . . . . . . Bhardlyever. . . . . . . . . . Calot. . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . thebossgivesmeahardtime. A Every day . . . . . . . . . . BDaily. . . . . . . . . . CSometimes. . . . . . . . . . 5 I get the eeling you haven’t . . . . . understoodmypoint. A entirely . . . . . . . . . . Breally. . . . . . . . . . Cprobably. . . . . . . . . . 6 The public don’t . . . . . respondinthewaysadvertisersexpectthemto. A sometimes . . . . . . . . . . Bimmediately. . . . . . . . . . Calways. . . . . . . . . . 7 I haven’t been to the cinema . . . . . . A yet . . . . . . . . . . Boten. . . . . . . . . . Cveryoten. . . . . . . . . . 8 Signso radiation leakage havebeen . . . . . reportedatthepowerstation. A oten . . . . . . . . . . Bthisweek. . . . . . . . . . Calways. . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . haveourclientsbeensubjectedtosuchoutrageousdemands. A Never . . . . . . . . . . BRarely. . . . . . . . . . CAdmittedly. . . . . . . . . . 10 I’maraidthe bankdoes not . . . . . permitsuchlargeoverdrats. A generally . . . . . . . . . . Banylonger. . . . . . . . . . Canymore. . . . . . . . . . 11 The patient . . . . . reactstoanykindobrightlight. A badly . . . . . . . . . . Bimmediately. . . . . . . . . . Cusually. . . . . . . . . . 12 He plays the saxophone . . . . . . A too . . . . . . . . . . Bquiterarely. . . . . . . . . . Cnever. . . . . . . . . . 13 Thedataromthosesensorsisn’t. . . . . reliable. A absolutely . . . . . . . . . . Bsometimes. . . . . . . . . . Calways. . . . . . . . . . 14 Thelastcontestantstoodupandsangthesong . . . . . . A beautiully . . . . . . . . . . Bwell. . . . . . . . . . Cbadly. . . . . . . . . .
2 Rewritethesesentences,usingthewordsandphrasesinbracketsinthebestorder,asin theexample.Notethatnoneothesesentencesisemphatic. 2.32 Listenandcheck. 0 Myparents(allowed/hardlyever)usto(late/onweekdays/stayup).
My . . . . . . . .parents . . . . . . . . . . . . hardly . . . . . . . . . . . .ever . . . . . . . allowed . . . . . . . . . . . . .us . . . . .to . . . .stay . . . . . . . .up . . . . .late . . . . . . .on . . . . .weekdays. ....................................................... 1 Owenkickedtheball(intothenet/justbeorehaltime/skilully). .............................................................................................................................................
2 Foxes(oten/beseen/can)scavenging(onthestreetsoLondon/atnight). .............................................................................................................................................
3 David(well/behaves/quite)whenheisathomebuthe(atschool/causestrouble/oten). .............................................................................................................................................
4 Thepost(arrive/sometimes/ontime/doesn’t)inthispartothecity. .............................................................................................................................................
5 Jennier(immediately/didn’t/recognise)themanwaving(attheendotheshow/ rantically/rom the balcony). .............................................................................................................................................
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4 6 Suchlosses(have/would/normally/avoided/been)bytheuseoback-updevices. ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
7 Thesechildren(never/have/had/probably)theopportunitieswetakeorgranted. ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
8 (nolonger/is/unortunately,accesstotheInternet)available(onweekdaymornings ree o charge/at our libraries). ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
9 We(unable/oer/are/usually/to)reundsonthespot,butwewillexamine(thoroughly beore the end o the week/your claim). ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
10 Manyotheoldmastershadassistantswhowouldpreparetheoilpigments (each morning/by hand/in their studios). ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
3
Rewritetheanswersintheseshortdialoguestomakethemmore emphatic.Usetheadverbinbracketsinasuitableposition,asintheexample.Makeany othernecessarychanges. 2.33 Listenandcheck. GRAMMARINUSE
0 ‘Lucyhasn’tturnedupyetagain.’‘Iknow.Sheisunreliable,isn’tshe?’(really)
‘I know. She really is unreliable, isn’t she?’
....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
1 ‘Admitit.Youstoleit.’‘Sorry,Idon’tknowwhatyou’retalkingabout!’(really) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
2 ‘Theycan’ttusinonSaturday.’‘ThatplaceisullonSaturdayevenings!’(always) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
3 ‘Henevermentionshiswie.Isn’tthatstrange?’‘Yes,I’vewonderedaboutthat.’(oten) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
4 ‘Alan won’t evendiscuss your proposal.’ ‘I’mnotsurprised.Hedoesn’tlistentomyideas.’(never) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
5 ‘Thatcustomsocerreallywentthroughmyluggagewithane-toothcomb!’ ‘That’snotunusual;thecustomsocersherearequitethorough.’(usually) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
6 ‘Youmusthavesomeideaohiswhereabouts.’ ‘I’m sorry but wedon’t know where he is.’(honestly) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
7 ‘Ithinkyoushouldswallowyourprideandapologisetothem.’ ‘Comeoit.Youcan’texpectmetojustgiveinlikethat.’(really) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
8 ‘Takeabreak?Giveyourselspace?Whatareyouonabout?’ ‘Youdon’thaveacluewhatI’mtalkingabout,doyou?’(absolutely) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
9 ‘Downloadingthatsotwareseemstobetakinganawullylongtime.’ ‘I’maraidtheseprogramsdotakealongtimetodownload.’(sometimes) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
10 ‘Look.It’smiddayandZoestillisn’there.’ ‘Well,sheisintheocebeoretwelvethesedays.’(rarely) ....................................... ........................................ ....................................... .......................
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Review MODULE4 1
Allthesesentencescontainoneormoremistakes.Findthemistakes andcorrectthem,asintheexample.Insomecasesyoumayneedtoadd,removeor changewords;inothers,youmayalsoneedtochangethewordorder. UNITS12,13AND16
readers fascinated by crime
0 The book is bound to appeal to ntnbrereder. 1 Sylviahadawarm,gentlebutriendlypersonality. 2 They’vejustboughtalittlePersianbeautiulcat. 3 Thiswasthetakenroutebytheoriginalexplorers.
4 Thewealthiesseemtohaveallthepowerinourcapitalistsocieties. 5 Janinewasabsolutelyupsetbythebehaviouroherbossormer. 6 Wecomortedthearaidchildrenatertheirterriedordeal. 7 Theinjuringbirdappearedtohaveabreakingwing. 8 Darren’snewboathasanaluminiumandglass-breuniquehull. 9 Theoldhospitalwasveryvastandullorustyanddecayingequipmentmedical. 10 Nopunishmentissevereenoughortheresponsiblepersonorthesecrimes. 11 LivinginScotlandviewersmayexperiencepoorreceptionduetoweatherconditions. 12 Tallanyonewillndtheseseatscripplinglyuncomortable.
2
UNITS14AND15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3
Matchsentences1–7withthemeaningsinA–G.
It’s slightly cheaper. It’s much cheaper. It isn’t anything like as cheap. It’s just as cheap. It’s by ar the cheapest. It isn’t quite as cheap. It isn’t as cheap.
UNITS17AND18
A B C D E F G
It’s considerably more expensive. It’s the least expensive. It’s more expensive. It’s somewhat less expensive. It’s no more expensive. It’s slightly more expensive. It’s nothing like as expensive.
Rewritethesesentences,usingallthewordsinbrackets.
0 Mybossadvisedmenottodiscussthematter. (beoretheconerence/lastweek/publicly)
Last week my boss advised me not to discuss the matter publicly before the conference.
..................................... ........................................ ....................................... ...........................
1 Ruined,theownerothebusinessagreedtosellthepremises. (reluctantly/withinthemonth/nancially/rather) ..................................... ........................................ ....................................... ...........................
2 Thereisnothingbetterthancollapsing. (ontoasoa/probably/attheendotheday/lazily) ..................................... ........................................ ....................................... ...........................
3 Controlled,thiseectivenewdrugcanreducebloodpressure. (amazingly/withinhours/careully/dramatically) ..................................... ........................................ ....................................... ...........................
4 Weseemtogetthechancetotalk. (aboutanything/seriously/thesedays/rarely) ..................................... ........................................ ....................................... ...........................
5 Manyomycolleaguesdisapproveomyschemetoupdatetheaccountingprocedures (thoroughly/overthenextquarter/unortunately/inthesalesdepartment) ..................................... ........................................ ....................................... ...........................
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