Music of the Lowlands of Luzon 1: Music for Liturgay and Devotional Music Music of the Lowlands Lowlands of Luzon 1: Music for Liturgy and Devotional Music
The music of the Lowlands of Luzon, particularly on the Music for Liturgy and Devotional Music.. The Lowlands of Luzon consist of several ethnolinguistic groups.. Throughout the lesson, one will discover how the people of the Lowlands of Luzon Luzon express their feelings towards each other and the environment, their history, and their religious eliefs through voice and musical instruments. ! group performance inspired y the Lowlands" musical examples will culminate the educational experience.
#ocal Music $ 1. The Mass %, a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that sets the invariale portions of the &ucharisticliturgy 'principally that of the (atholic (hurch, the !nglican (ommunion, and Lutheranism) to music. Most Masses are settings of the liturgy in Latin, the liturgical sacred language of the (atholic (hurch*s +oman liturgy, ut there are a signicant numer written in the languages of non%(atholic countries where vernacular worship has long een the norm. -or example, there are many Masses 'often called (ommunion /ervices) written in &nglish for the (hurch of &ngland. Musical Masses ta0e their name from the (atholic liturgy called the Mass as well. Masses can e a cappella, that is, without an independent accompaniment, or they can e accompanied y instrumentaloligatos up to and including a full orchestra. Many Masses, especially later ones, were never intended to e performed during the celeration of an actual mass /ongs in Mass a. yrie is the rst movement of a setting of the 2rdinary of the Mass:
yrie eleison3 (hriste eleison3 yrie eleison '45678 89;<=>. ?67<@ 89;<=>. 45678 89;<=>)
Lord have mercy3 (hrist, (hris t, have mercy3 Lord, have mercy. mercy.
This is from the ancient 'Ailical Bew Testament) Cree0 language, unli0e the rest of the mass which is Latin. yrie movements often have a structure that reects the concision and symmetry of the text. Many have a ternary '!A!) form, where the two appearances of the phrase yrie eleison consist of identical or closely related material and frame a contrasting (hriste eleison section. 2r !!!AAA(((* form is also found later on. -amously, Mozart sets the yrie and(hriste texts in his +eEuiem Mass as the two suFects of a doule fugue. . Cloria is a celeratory passage praising Cod and (hrist:
Cloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominius onae voluntatis. Laudamus te, enedicimus te, adoramus te, gloricamus te, gratias agimus tii
Clory to Cod in the highest, and on earth peace to men of good will. Ge praise Hou, we less Hou, we adore Hou, we glorify Hou, we give than0s
propter magnam gloriam tuam, Domine Deus, +ex caelestis IcoelestisJ, Deus Kater omnipotens.
to Hou for Hour great glory, Lord Cod, heavenly ing, almighty Cod the -ather.
Domine -ili unigenite, esu (hriste, Domine Deus, !gnus Dei, -ilius Katris, Eui tollis peccata mundi,
Lord esus (hrist, only egotten /on, Lord Cod, Lam of Cod, /on of the -ather, who ta0eth away the sins of the world,
miserere nois3 Eui tollis peccata mundi, suscipe deprecationem nostram. ui sedes ad dexteram Katris, miserere nois.
Nave mercy on us3 Hou who ta0e away the sins of the world, hear our prayers. Gho sits at the right hand of the -ather, have mercy upon us.
uoniam tu solus /anctus, tu solus Dominus, tu solus !ltissimus, esu (hriste, cum /ancto /piritu in gloria Dei Katris. !men.
-or Hou are the only Noly 2ne, the only Lord, the only Most Nigh, esus (hrist, with the Noly /pirit in the glory of Cod the -ather, !men.
On Mass settings 'normally in &nglish) composed for the (hurch of &ngland*s Aoo0 of (ommon Krayer liturgy, the Cloria is commonly the last movement, ecause it occurs in this position in the text of the service. On 2rder 2ne of the newer (ommon Gorship liturgy, however, it is restored to its earlier season. c. (redo, a setting of the Bicene (reed, is the longest text of a sung Mass:
(redo in unum Deum, Katrem omnipotentem,
O elieve in one Cod, the -ather !lmighty
factorem cPli et terrae, visiilium omnium et invisiilium.
Ma0er of heaven and earth, of all things visile and invisile:
&t in unum Dominum, esum (hristum,
!nd in one Lord, esus (hrist,
-ilium Dei unigenitum, et ex Katre natum ante omnia saecula.
the only%egotten /on of Cod, egotten of the -ather efore all time3
Deum de Deo, Lumen de Lumine, Deum verum de Deo vero,
Cod from Cod, Light from Light, true Cod from true Cod3
genitum non factum, consustantialem Katri3
egotten, not made, eing of one sustance with the -ather,
per Euem omnia facta sunt.
y Ghom all things were made3
ui propter nos homines et propter nostram salutem descendit de cPlis.
Gho for us men and for our salvation came down from Neaven.
&t incarnatus est de /piritu /ancto ex Maria #irgine, et homo factus est.
and was made esh y the Noly Chost out of the #irgin Mary, and was made man:
(rucixus etiam pro nois su Kontio Kilato passus, et sepultus est,
Ne was also crucied for us under Kontius Kilate3 Ne suQered and was uried:
et resurrexit tertia die, secundum /cripturas,
!nd on the third day rose again according to the /criptures:
et ascendit in cRlum, sedet ad dexteram Katris.
!nd ascended into Neaven, and sits on the right hand of the -ather:
&t iterum venturus est cum gloria, iudicare vivos et mortuos,
!nd Ne shall come again, with glory, to Fudge the living and the dead:
cuius regni non erit nis3
2f Nis ingdom there shall e no end3
&t in /piritum /anctum, Dominum et vivicantem,
!nd O elieve in the Noly /pirit, the Lord, and Civer of Life,
Eui ex Katre -ilioEue procedit.
Gho proceeds from the -ather and the /on
ui cum Katre et -ilio simul adoratur et congloricatur:
Gho, with the -ather and the /on, is similarly adored and gloried,
Eui locutus est per prophetas.
Gho has spo0en through the Krophets.
&t unam, sanctam, catholicam et apostolicam &cclesiam.
!nd O elieve in 2ne, Noly, (atholic, and !postolic (hurch,
(onteor unum aptisma in remissionem peccatorum.
O confess one Aaptism for the remission of sins.
&t expecto resurrectionem mortuorum,
!nd O expect the +esurrection of the Dead:
et vitam venturi saeculi. !men.
!nd the Life of the world to come. !men.
/ince the /econd #atican (ouncil composers have mostly ignored writing melodies for the (redo in vernacular languages. Today, the (reed is usually recited y the congregation. 2rganizers of international celerations, such as Gorld Houth Day, have een encouraged y +ome to familiarize congregants in the Latin chants for the 2ur -ather and the (redo, specically (redo OOO '1Sth century, -ifth Mode) from theMissa
de !ngelis 'the Mass of the !ngels). The purpose of singing these two texts in Latin is to engender a sense of unity in the faithful, all of whom thus sing the prayer of esus and the shared elief of the universal (hurch in the same language. d. /anctus The /anctus is a doxology praising the Trinity:
/anctus, /anctus, /anctus Dominus Deus /aaoth3 pleni sunt coeli et terra gloria tua
Noly, Noly, Noly Lord Cod of Nosts3 Neaven and earth are full of Hour glory.
Nosanna in excelsis
Nosanna in the highest.
! variant exists in Lutheran settings of the /anctus. Ghile most hymnal settings 0eep the second person pronoun, other settings change the second person pronoun to the third person. This is most notale in ./. Aach*s Mass in A minor, where the text reads gloria eFus 'Nis glory). Martin Luther*s chorale Osaiah, Mighty in Days of 2ld, and -elix Mendelssohn*s setting of the Neilig 'Cerman /anctus) from his Deutsche Liturgie also use the third person. e. Aenedictus The Aenedictus is a continuation of the /anctus:
Aenedictus Eui venit in nomine Domini.
Alessed is Ne who comes in the name of the Lord
Nosanna in excelsis is repeated after the Aenedictus section, often with musical material identical to that used after the/anctus, or very closely related.
On Cregorian chant the /anctus 'with Aenedictus) was sung whole at its place in the mass. Nowever, as composers produced more emellished settings of the /anctus text, the music often would go on so long that it would run into the consecration of the read and wine. This was considered the most important part of the Mass, so composers egan to stop the /anctushalfway through to allow this to happen, and then continue it after the consecration is nished. This practice was foridden for a period in the UVth century. f. !gnus Dei The !gnus Dei is a setting of the Lam of Cod litany:
!gnus Dei, Eui tollis peccata mundi,
Lam of Cod, who ta0es away the sins of the world,
miserere nois.
have mercy upon us.
!gnus Dei, Eui tollis peccata mundi,
Lam of Cod, who ta0es away the sins of the world,
miserere nois.
have mercy upon us.
!gnus Dei, Eui tollis peccata mundi,
Lam of Cod, who ta0es away the sins of the world,
dona nois pacem.
grant us peace.
On a +eEuiem Mass, the words miserere nois are replaced y dona eis reEuiem 'grant them rest), while dona nois pacem is replaced y dona eis reEuiem sempiternam 'grant them eternal rest).
U. Kastores % W.. Moro%moroXomedya3 Y. /ena0ulo
Ghat is /ena0uloZ Lenten play depicting the life, suQering [ death of (hrist (omes from /panish word \cenaculo] meaning cenacle %^ room where the Last /upper too0 place ta0es at least _ nights %^ 'Kam /unday $ &aster) `ses oth songs and recitation
-ocuses on (hrist"s mee0 sumissiveness Keople in play do so for entertainment and ecause of their holy vows Kerformed on a proscenium%type stage with painted cloth or paper ac0drops called telon
Modernization
Don"t last as long %^ some can last only U hours -ocus more on (hrist"s courageous motives rather than his sumissiveness May e presented in diQerent types of venues (omedy, courtship and special eQects may e added /treet /ena0ulos ! form of penance reenact suQerings of esus on his way and on the cross people participating as esus suQer the physical harm esus did crucixion Ghipping (rowning with thorns
Manila Moile Theatre /egment of Tanghalang /ta. !na Nas een organizing these plays for over UU years !dd social commentary to the play
/ources http:XXen.wi0ipilipinas.orgXindex.phpZtitle/ena0ulo
b. Kaasa ng Kasyon
Ghat is KaasaZ &very year during Noly Gee0 celerations some -ilipino (atholics get together. This tradition is called \Kaasa].
Kaasa starts on a Noly Gednesday until Cood -riday. Ghich are often held in community chapels. Now do we celerate this festivalZ Kaasa festival is more li0e a tradition when old fol0s in particular read a oo0 called \Kasyon] ' The Kassion of (hrist ).
Aut instead of reading it, they chant it or read it in a tune. /inging the whole oo0 phrase y phrase, line per line.
Ghy do we celerate this festivalZ Ge celerate this festival to commemorate the death of esus (hrist in a solemn and calm manner compared to the other traditions. /2`+(&/ ^2iced., ! -ilipino (atholic tradition during Noly Gee0. +etrieved on -eruary U1,UV11, from
http:XXedisonism.comXindex.php.optioncomcontent[viewarticle[idWU1W!aEu otpaasaaEuot%a%lipino%chatholic%tradition%during%the%holy%wee0% celeration[catidWW!edisonism[Otemid1
. /aluong3
!n &xtra%Liturgical !ctivity Ot is an &aster /unday ritual done efore dawn at exactly Yam +eenacts the +isen (hrist"s meeting with Nis mother 2riginated from MarinduEue
Ot is performed in the churchyard under a specially prepared arch where the veiled image of the #irgin Mary has een placed ! child dressed as an angel that is on a high platform eing held up y ropes, lifts the mourning lamong 'veil of the grieving)oQ image of the Mother (onfetti is thrown into the air and songs of Foy are sung to celerate the +isen (hrist Now is it Kerformed The church ells are rung and there is a procession of the images of (hrist and Nis mother that ends up in the church The participants in the procession are segregated y gender The men follow the image of (hrist while the women follow the image of Mary The procession ends with the two groups meeting inside the church where the mass is held
Ghat does it /ignifyZ Now powerful Cod is for he sacriced his only son and rought Nim ac0 to life again to save us all from our sins Bew eginning for us ecause esus gave us a new life y saving us from our sins
Music `sed /ongs of Kraise oyful Nymns
!t Kresent Time The /aluong is still eing performed on &aster /unday Ot is most popular in places li0e MarinduEue, (eu, Aulacan and +izal Bow, instead of using a toddler to lift the veil from the image of Mary, they now use stronger 1U year olds
S. -lores de Mayo _. /antacuzan
! month%long (atholic event to honor the #irgin Mary -inding of the True (ross y /aint Nelena and her son &mperor (onstantine Ontroduced during the /panish era !ssociated with youth, love and romance
2riginated in Malolos, Aulacan /tarted after: Ommaculate (onception pulication of Mariano /evilla*s -lores de Maria or MariEuit na Aulaclac na sa Kagninilaynilay sa Auong Auan nang Mayo ay Onihahandog nang manga Devoto cay Maria /antisima Ghere it is held On the Aicol region, 'especially in Aarangay /aang in Baga (ity), it is held every Gednesday and /aturday of May. The ritual is started with the rosary, with every decade followed y /panish Marian songs Bine day novena /antacruzan !lso 0nown as The /agala Kageant on the last day of -lores de Mayo Krocession of \Eueens] 'ex. +eyna &lena, +eyna ng /a, +eyna Mra)
Katin $ culminating activity for all the children to enFoy.
/Euare trellis to which goodies 'candies, fruits, small trin0ets, etc.) are tied with strings. /uspended on a strong ranch or pole. (hildren Fump to try to pic0 the goodies while someone Fer0s it up and down repeatedly until all the goodies are gone.
-lores de Mayo is still celerated in many provinces in the Khilippines 'Laguna, Aulacan, Oloilo), and is 0ept alive y -ilipino communities overseas such as in Bew 2rleans and in Aelgium through a special \&uro%/antacruzan] hosted y -ilipinos.
http:XXen.wi0ipedia.orgXwi0iX-loresdeMayo http:XXeducation.ezinemar0.comXores%de%mayo%santacruzan%YdcYfYWb1.html http:XXwww.asiarooms.comXenXtravel%guideXphilippinesXphilippines%festivals%and% eventsXores%de%mayo%or%santacruzan%festival%in%philippines.html http:XXwww.philippinecountry.comXphilippinefestivalsXsantacruzan.html
Onstrumental Music% Las Kinas Aamoo 2rgan Of there"s one thing that is uniEue aout Las Kijas, it is the Aamoo 2rgan, which is considered a Khilippine Bational Treasure. 2n Bovemer UY, UVVW, it was given this recognition y the Bational Museum of the Khilippines since \it is the only 1th century Aamoo 2rgan in the Khilippines that has survived and is still functioning.] This uniEue musical instrument is composed of 1,VW1 pipes, and VU of which are made out of amoo while the rest are metal. ! dose of history The man ehind this masterpiece was a /panish missionary called -ray Diego (era Dela #irgen Del (armel, who was in fact, the rst parish priest in Las Kijas during the /panish era. Ne came from the town of Craus 'Nuesca, /pain), ut he settled in this part of the Khilippines from 1Sb to 1_WV. -r. Diego (era started with the construction of the amoo organ in 1_1 and it was nished eight years after in 1_UY. Ot has gone through a lot since then. During the 1__Vs, there was a typhoon and earthEua0e that damaged the roof of the church, which left the amoo organ open to nature"s elements. The rainwater and stones got inside the organ case, which destroyed the instrument and made it
unplayale for years. !fter that, the pipes were stored in the old sacristy and were forgotten aout until around 11S when a tourist rediscovered its eauty. Ot was only in 1SU when the amoo organ restoration proFect egan. ohannes lais 2rgelau was the one who was awarded the contract, and he had the organ shipped all the way to Aonn, Cermany in 1SW. !fter aout a couple of years, the amoo organ returned to its homeland in 1Sb. Location The /t. oseph Karish (hurch in Las Kijas houses the Aamoo 2rgan, and it is aout ten 0ilometers south of the heart of Metro Manila. Auilt etween 1SS and 1_1, the church has an \earthEua0e] AaroEue architectural style and is mainly made out of adoe stones. Ot had to undergo renovation with the assistance of the local community and the neighoring area, in order to restore the structure and the grounds to its original state. !rchitects -rancisco \Aoy] Majosa and Ludwig !lvarez eQectively spearheaded the renovation from 1S1 to 1Sb. Located within the grounds of the church is the !ntillan Nouse, which serves as the point of entry to the Aamoo 2rgan -oundation Onc, its souvenir shop, the museum, and the Karish !doration (hapel. This place used to e an old /panish convent, and is now eing used as a passage to the Aamoo 2rgan as well. The -estival and the -oundation &ver since the amoo organ"s rigorous restoration, the people celerate this wor0 of art through the Onternational Aamoo 2rgan -estival every -eruary. The Aamoo 2rgan -oundation Onc. organizes this annual musical and cultural event, in cooperation with the people of Las Kijas. The festival"s aim is to pursue and develop the rich cultural tradition of Las Kijas, and a numer of estalished foreign and local artists have participated in this event. Ot attracts a lot of local and foreign tourists, as well as all 0inds of music acionados. The Aamoo 2rgan -oundation Onc. is a non%stoc0 and non%prot group that endeavors to preserve and maintain the Aamoo 2rgan. !side from organizing the yearly festival, it is also involved in the educational, spiritual and social enrichment of the people in the city. The foundation has also sent scholars to !ustria who have managed to ma0e a name for themselves in their chosen elds. There"s !rmando /alarza who specialized in organ performance and church music, Cerado -aFardo who concentrated on choir conducting, as well as (ealwyn Tagle and &dgar Montiano 'k) who focused on organ uilding.
/ource: http:XXlaspinascity.gov.phXhomeXarticleZcatls (ultural (ontext 'Nistory and Traditions) $
/panish colonisation, /panish colonization
The invasion of the -ilipinos y /pain did not egin in earnest until 1bY, when another expedition from Bew /pain, commanded y Miguel Lpez de Legaspi, arrived.Kermanent /panish settlement was not estalished until 1bb when an expedition led y Miguel Lpez de Legazpi, the rst Covernor%Ceneral of the Khilippines, arrived in (eu from Bew /pain. /panish leadership was soon estalished over many small independent communities that previously had 0nown no central rule. /ix years later, following the defeat of the local Muslim ruler, Legazpi estalished a capital at Manila, a location that oQered the outstanding haror of Manila Aay, a large population, and closeness to the sucient food supplies of the central Luzon rice lands. Manila ecame the center of /panish civil, military, religious, and commercial activity in the islands. Ay 1bS1, when Lpez de Legaspi estalished the /panish city of Manila on the site of a Moro town he had conEuered the year efore, the /panish grip in the Khilippines was secure which ecame their outpost in the &ast Ondies, in spite of the opposition of the Kortuguese, who desired to maintain their monopoly on &ast !sian trade. The Khilippines was administered as a province of Bew /pain 'Mexico) until Mexican independence '1_U1).
Manila revolted the attac0 of the (hinese pirate Limahong in 1bSY. -or centuries efore the /panish arrived the (hinese had traded with the -ilipinos, ut evidently none had settled permanently in the islands until after the conEuest. (hinese trade and laor were of great importance in the early development of the /panish colony, ut the (hinese came to e feared and hated ecause of their increasing numers, and in 1VW the /panish murdered thousands of them 'later, there were lesser massacres of the (hinese).
The /panish governor, made a viceroy in 1b_, ruled with the counsel of the powerful royal audiencia. There were freEuent uprisings y the -ilipinos, who disli0ed the encomienda system. Ay the end of the 1th cent. Manila had ecome a leading commercial center of &ast !sia, carrying on a prosperous trade with (hina, Ondia, and the &ast Ondies. The Khilippines supplied some wealth 'including gold) to /pain, and the richly loaded galleons plying etween the islands and Bew /pain were often attac0ed y &nglish freeooters. There was also troule from other Euarters, and the period from 1VV to 1W was mar0ed y continual wars with the Dutch, who were laying the foundations of their rich empire in the &ast Ondies, and with Moro pirates. 2ne of the most dicult prolems the /panish faced was the
defeat of the Moros. Orregular campaigns were conducted against them ut without conclusive results until the middle of the 1th century. !s the power of the /panish &mpire diminished, the esuit orders ecame more inuential in the Khilippines and otained great amounts of property.
2ccupation of the islands was accomplished with relatively little loodshed, partly ecause most of the population 'except the Muslims) oQered little armed attle initially. ! signicant prolem the /panish faced was the invasion of the Muslims of Mindanao and the /ulu !rchipelago. The Muslims, in response to attac0s on them from the /panish and their native allies, raided areas of Luzon and the #isayas that were under /panish colonial control. The /panish conducted intermittent military campaigns against the Muslims, ut without conclusive results until the middle of the 1th century.
(hurch and state were inseparaly lin0ed in /panish policy, with the state assuming responsiility for religious estalishments. 2ne of /pain*s oFectives in colonizing the Khilippines was the conversion of -ilipinos to (atholicism. The wor0 of conversion was facilitated y the asence of other organized religions, except for Oslam, which predominated in the south. The pageantry of the church had a wide plea, reinforced y the incorporation of -ilipino social customs into religious oservances. The eventual outcome was a new (hristian maFority of the main Malay lowland population, from which the Muslims of Mindanao and the upland trial peoples of Luzon remained detached and separated.
!t the lower levels of administration, the /panish uilt on traditional village organization y co%opting local leaders. This system of indirect rule helped create in a -ilipino upper class, called the principala, who had local wealth, high status, and other privileges. This achieved an oligarchic system of local control. !mong the most signicant changes under /panish rule was that the -ilipino idea of pulic use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the granting of titles on memers of the principala.
The Khilippines was not protale as a colony, and a long war with the Dutch in the 1Sth century and intermittent conict with the Muslims nearly an0rupted the colonial treasury. (olonial income derived mainly from entrept trade: The Manila Calleons sailing from !capulco on the west coast of Mexico rought shipments of silver ullion and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of (hinese goods. There was no direct trade with /pain.
(hristianity (hristianity 'from the !ncient Cree0 word ?67<@, (hristos, a translation of the Nerew , Mq, meaning the anointed one,I1J together with theLatin suxes %ian and %itas) is a monotheisticIUJ religion ased on the life andoral teachings of esus as presented in the Bew Testament. (hristianity is theworld*s largest religion, with approximately U.U illion adherents, 0nown as(hristians.Most (hristians elieve that esus is the /on of Cod, fully divine and fully human, and the saviour of humanity whose coming was prophesied in the 2ld Testament. (onseEuently, (hristians refer to esus as (hrist or the Messiah. http:XXen.wi0ipedia.orgXwi0iX(hristianity (atholic religion (atholicism 'from Cree0 =977<, catholi0ismos, according to the whole) is a road term for descriing specic traditions in the (hristian churches in theology and doctrine, liturgy, ethics and spirituality. -or many the term usually refers to (hristians and churches, western and eastern, in full communion with the Noly /ee, usually 0nown as the (atholic (hurch or the +oman (atholic (hurch. Nowever, many others use the term to refer to other churches with historical continuity from the rst millennium.