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CAMATT 2.20 User’s guide

November 2011

WARNING This software has been developed throuh resear!h !ondu!ted or !o""issioned b# C$T% and tarets e&perien!ed professionals. While ever# possible pre!aution has been ta'en durin their develop"ent and validation( the# "a# !ontain errors. %nder no !ir!u"stan!es "a# C$T% be dee"ed liable for an# dire!t or indire!t da"ae that "a# be !aused b# usin this software. An# users who dete!t errors or ina!!ura!ies when deplo#in the software are invited to notif# C$T%.

Tunnels Stud# Centre 2)( avenue *ran+ois Mitterrand Case n,/1 R3N 4 *RANC$ T5l.6 77 8091 2 -1 71 00 : *a&6 77 8091 2 -1 71 70 !etu;developpe"ent4durable.ouv.fr www.!etu.developpe"ent4durable.ouv.fr

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Presentation of the application

5

1.2

Installing, launching and uninstalling the application

5

1.2.1

Windows

5

1.2.2

inu!

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1.#

2

$eneral wor%ing scheme

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%SING CAMATT CAMATT 2.20>>>>>> 2.20>>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>> ? 2.1

Presentation of the main interface

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2.2

(enus

)

2.2.1

*+ile menu

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New -pen lose lose all /ave /ave as /ave all uplicate Print preview Print Preferences ecent documents uit

2.2.2

) ) 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 1# 1# 1# 13

*4dit menu

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ndo edo elete /election mode /elect all Previous Ne!t 6oom in 6oom out 6oom bo! 7iew all (ove $rid $roup devices ngroup devices

2.2.#

15 15 15 15 1" 1" 1" 1" 1" 1& 1& 1& 1& 1& 1&

*Networ% menu

1'

8unnel amp 9et fan arra: In;ector
2.2.3

1' 22 23 25 2" 2& 2' 2) #0 #1 #2

*Parameters menu

#3

8unnel > amps

#3

*8unnel sections tab *amps tab *ocal head losses tab

#5 #" #&

evices

#'

*istributed ventilation tab *9et fans tab *In;ectors tab

30 30 30

2

*
Pressure at portals +ire Pollution 8raffic 4nvironment ata summar:

2.2.5 2.2.5

33 3" 3& 3' 3) 50

*/imul */imulati ation on menu menu

51

+ire mode Pollution mode

2.2."

51 51

*esults menu

5#

Plot results

5#

urves f?!@ and f?t@ ontour lines f?!,t@ 7iewing outAofAservice ;et fans

53 5" 5&

/how traffic 4!port results 4!port traffic results

2.2.& 2.2.&

5' 5) "1

*ibrar *ibraries ies menu menu

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Wall materials Pollutants

2.2. 2.2.' '

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*B *B menu menu

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CelpD =boutD

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2.#

8oolbar

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2.3

rawing sheet

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2.3.1

rawing area

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2.3.2

&0

amp angle /lopes of tunnel sections 8unnel orientation evices

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31 31 31 32 32 32 3#

&0 &0 &0 &1

2.3.#

egend

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2.3.3

/cale

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S3@$< S3@$< $B%ATI3NS>> $B%ATI3NS>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>>> >>>>> > 2 #.1

onservation of mass

&2

#.2

onservation of the momentum

&2

#.2.1

&3

inear source terms ?or sin%s@
#.2.2

ocal source terms ?or sin%s@

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riving forces communicated to the air b: a ;et fan arra: riving forces communicated to the air b: an in;ector +orces due to air drag in turbulence Eones

#.#

&3 &3 &3 &" &" &"

onservation of enthalp:

&&

#.#.1

=mount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire

&&

#.#.2

onvective heat transfers with walls

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#.#.#

a adiant heat transfers with walls

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#.#.3

8ransfers of heat during air blowing

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istributed blowing vents ocal blowing vents In;ectors =eraulic transparencies =ir entering via the portals

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#.#.5

8ransfers of heat during air e!traction istributed e!traction dampers ocal e!traction dampers (assive e!tractions =eraulic transparencies =ir e!iting via the portals

'0 '1 '1 '1 '1 '2

#.3

Ceating of walls

'2

#.5

8hermod:namic eFuations

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#.5.1

4Fuation of state

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#.5.2

/pecific enthalp:

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#."

8ransp 8ransport ort of a passiv passive e scalar scalar

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#.".1

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$aseous pollutants 4missions of gaseous pollutants from the seat of a fire 4missions of gaseous pollutants b: road traffic istributed blowing vents istributed e!traction dampers ocal blowing vents ocal e!traction dampers In;ectors (assive e!tractions =eraulic transparencies =ir entering via the portals =ir e!iting via the portals

#.".2

=ir opacit:

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4missions of soot from the seat of a fire 4missions of particulates from road traffic istributed blowing vents istributed e!traction dampers ocal blowing vents ocal e!traction dampers In;ectors (assive e!tractions =eraulic transparencies =ir entering via the portals =ir e!iting via the portals

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G$TTING START$< WIT= CAMATT 2.20

-.-. - r res esen enta tati tion on of the the app appli li!a !ati tion on =nne! =nne! 1 of the +rench +rench interA interAmin minist isteri erial al circul circular ar No. 2000A"# 2000A"# of 25 =ugust =ugust 2000 2000 relatin relating g to safet: safet: in the +rench road tunnel networ% reFuires a safet: dossier for all tunnels e!ceeding #00 m in length. In particular, this dossier includes a specific haEard investigation, describing the accidents, of an: origin whatsoever whatsoever,, that are li%el: to occur during operational operational phases, together with their t:pe and the magnitude of their possible impact. In 200#, in order to assess the impacts of an inAtunnel fire and, more specificall:, to describe the changes that ta%e place in ambient tunnel conditions, mainl: in the first #0 minutes following an outbrea% of fire, the 48 developed =(=881 to model road tunnel airflow in the presence of fire. In addition to this specific use for haEards studies, =(=88 is also used to siEe road tunnel ventilation s:stems. 4ight :ears of use of =(=88 revealed the need to develop a new release, the 2.20, aimed at corre cting the various listed bugs, improving the numerical convergence of calculations and integrating a new graphical user interface, together with new functionalities such asG 

an option for modelling fires, traffic or eFuipment in a ramp



an option for viewing traffic distribution within a tunnel and an: related ramps at an: given moment in time



a module for ma%ing ma%ing calculation calculations s under stationar: stationar: operating conditions conditions used to model the distribution distribution of pollutants in a tunnel and an: related ramps during normal operating conditions



the portabilit: of the solver and the graphics interface to inu!

-.2 Insta Installi llin( n( laun! laun!hin hin  and unins uninstal tallin lin  the appli! appli!ati ation on -.2.- Windows
8he aide folder contains onAline software support in the form of a P+ file. 8he bin folder contains the e!ecutable version of the software together with the libraries reFuired for its correct operation ?binDlib folder@. 8he Ere folder contains the virtual 9=7= machine used to selfAstart the 9=7= programme ?with no additional installation@. +or each each machi achine ne user user,, a fol folder der name named d .!a"att is crea creatted in thei theirr fol folder der C6D
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=cron:m =cron:m for =lcul =lcul (onoAdimension (onoAdimensionnel nel =nisotherm =nisotherme e 8ransitoire 8ransitoire en 8unnel 8unnel ?oneAdimensio ?oneAdimensional nal anisotherma anisothermall transient transient calculatio calculation n in tunnels@

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

bdd 8his folder contains the bdd.!ml file grouping all the pollutant and material characteristics. 8his file is updated via the applications graphical interface.



$&port 8his folder is automaticall: used to save all the J.csv files that can be e!ported from the applications graphi graphics cs interfa interface ce ?data ?data summar: summar:,, aeraul aeraulics ics calcul calculati ation on result result or traffi traffic c distri distribut bution ion for the select selected ed scenario at an: given time@.



referen!es 8his folder contains the .!ml file preferences that group all the application preferences defined b: the user using the *Preferences *Preferences command in the *File *File menu, i.e.G K e!port folder for the data and results summar: K pollutant definition units ?ppm or mg>m#@ K drawing sheet and curve parameters ▫ colour and thic%ness of the lines s:mbolising tunnels or ramps ▫ show or hide the scale ▫ show or hide the grid ▫ show or hide the %e: show or hide outAofAservice ;et fans on the curves ▫ K the list of buttons on the toolbar

@aun @aun!h !h 8o launch =(=88 =(=88 2.20, doubleAclic% doubleAclic% the installation process.

icon generated generated automaticall automaticall: : on the des%top des%top during the

8he application can also be accessed via the /tart>Programs>=(=88 2.20 menu or b: doubleAclic%ing on a J.cmf scenario file generated b: the application. IllustrationG IllustrationG

When using =(=88 2.20 for the first time, it is recommended to select the wor% folder to which will be e!ported the files that can be generated b: =(=88 2.20. 8o do this, use the *Preferences command in the *+ile menu.

%ninstall 8o uninstall =(=88 =(=88 2.20, clic% ninstall =(=88 2.20 in the /tart>Programs>=(= /tart>Programs>=(=88 88 2.20 menu . Lou Lou also need to delete the .!a"att folder folder located in the director: director: C6D
-.2.2 @inu& escription of the installation When the camattA2.20A4NAlinu!.tar.gE pac%age ?or camattA2.20A+Alinu!.tar.gE for the +rench version@ is uncompressed in a folder of the user choice, the =(=88A2.20 director: is created. 8he file tree in this folder is as followG 8he aide folder contains onAline software support in the form of a P+ file. 8he bin folder contains the e!ecutable version of the software together with the libraries reFuired for its correct operation ?binDlib folder@. 8he Ere folder contains the virtual 9=7= machine used to selfAstart the 9=7= programme ?with no additional installation@. +or each machine user, user, a .!a"att folder is created created in their F=3M$ folder the first time the application is launched. launched. 8his folder contains the following directoriesG

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

bdd 8his folder contains the bdd.!ml bdd.!ml file that groups all the pollutant and material material characterist characteristics. ics. 8his file is updated via the applications graphics interface.



$&port 8his folder folder is automaticall: automaticall: used to save save all the csv files that that can be e!ported from the applicatio applications ns graphi graphics cs interfa interface ce ?data ?data summar: summar:,, aeraul aeraulics ics calcul calculati ation on result result or traffi traffic c distri distribut bution ion for the select selected ed scenario at an: given time@.



referen!es 8his folder contains the .!ml file preferences that group all the application preferences defined b: the user using the *Preferences *Preferences command in the *File *File menu, i.e.G K e!port folder for the data and results summar: K pollutant definition units ?ppm or mg>m#@ K drawing sheet and curve parameters ▫ colour and thic%ness of the lines s:mbolising the tunnel or ramps ▫ show or hide the scale ▫ show or hide the grid ▫ show or hide the %e: show or hide outAofAservice ;et fans on the curves ▫ K the list of buttons on the toolbar

@aun @aun!h !h 8o launch =(=88 2.20, doubleAclic% the camattA2.20.sh script located at the root level in the CAMATT 2.20 director: in the install folder. 8he application can also be launched b: t:ping the following command line in the install director:G .!a"att4

2.20.sh %ninstall 8o uninstall =(=88 2.20, :ou need to delete the folder f older =(=88 =(=88 2.20 and also the .!a"att folder located in :our F=3M$ director:.

-.7 -. 7 Ge Gene nera rall wor' wor'in in  s! s!he he"e "e =(=88 =(=88 2.20 simulations are performed based on scenarios saved in M( files with a J.cmf e!tension. = scenario corresponds to a tunnel with its ramps, if an:, and its eFuipment modelled in a drawing sheet and lin%ed to a set of time, environment and traffic parameters that ma%e it possible to run the simulation.
WARNING H.!"f H.!"f files files enera enerated ted under under CAMA CAMATT TT -.-.-7 7 to des!ri des!ribe be a s!e s!enar nario io are not !o"pat !o"patibl ible e with CAMATT 2.20.

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%SING CAMATT 2.20

2.2. - r res esen enta tati tion on of of the the "ai "ain n int inter erfa fa!e !e 8he main interface of the =(=88 2.20 2.20 release comprisesG 

a menu bar



a toolbar



a drawing sheet

IllustrationG IllustrationG Menus Toolbar

8hese three elements are described in sections 2.2, 2.# and 2.3 of this ser $uide.

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2.2 Menus 2.2. 2.2.- *i *ileJ "e "enu 8he *+ile menu in the menu bar is mainl: used to handle scenarios ?create, open, close, save, print and duplicate@ and to access application preferences. IllustrationG IllustrationG

New 8his command is used to open a new blan% drawing sheet. 8his new drawing sheet is named */cenarioi where i is the number of new drawing sheets created b: the user. Note that the blan% drawing sheet */cenario1 is generated automaticall: on opening =(=88 =(=88. 8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlKN. 8he user can create as man: new drawing sheets as the: wish and switch between them b: simpl: clic%ing on the corresponding tab. IllustrationG IllustrationG

3pen 8his command is used to open an e!isting scenario using a dialog in which the user selects the J.cmf file to be opened, then clic%s . 8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlK3. 8he user can also select several files to be opened using the Ctrl or Shift %e:s. 4ach scenario is then loaded in a tab.

)

IllustrationG IllustrationG


Close 8his command is used to close the selected scenario. If the user has made changes, a message is displa:ed as%ing them whether the: want to save the changes made to the current scenario. =n: scenarios that have been changed but not saved are identified b: a star ?J@ ne!t to the scenarios name. 8he user can also close a scenario b: clic%ing the cross on the left side of the tab. IllustrationG IllustrationG


Close all 8his command is used to close all the open scenarios. If the user has made changes to one or more scenarios, a message is displa:ed for each modified scenario, as%ing them whether the: want to save the changes.

Save 8his command is used to save the selected scenario as a J.cmf file. 8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlKS. 10

If the scenario has alread: been saved, the previous file version is overwritten. If the user is saving the scenario for the first time, the: are invited to select the file name and the folder via a dialog. 8here are no restrictions on the file name or location of a folder ?hard dis% or networ%@. IllustrationG IllustrationG

Save as 8his command command is used to save the selected selected scenario as a J.cmf file using a dialog dialog in which the user can select the file name and folder. 8here are no restrictions on the file name or location of the folder ?hard dis% or networ%@.

Save all 8his command is used to save each open scenario as a J.cmf file. /cenarios are automaticall: given the file name *Name of the scenario.cmf. =lso, if the folder alread: contains a file of the t:pe *Name of the scenario .cmf, the previous file version is overwritten. If the user is saving one or more scenarios for the first time, the: are invited to select a file name and folder for each scenario via a dialog. 8here are no restrictions on the file name or location of the folder ?hard dis% or networ%@.

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rint preview 8his command launches a graphics interface used to show the diagram as it will be printed when the user starts the print. 8his interface is also used to change the la:out of the document to be printed and to start the print using the and buttons respectivel:. respectivel:. IllustrationG IllustrationG

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rint 8his command is used to print the part of the selected drawing sheet that can be seen on the displa: using a dialog in which the user can enter the printing parametersG 

choice of printer



properties of the selected printer



number of copies


referen!es 8his command is used to open the application preferences dialog that lets the user change the following itemsG 

e!port directories for the results and data summar:



pollutant definition unit ?ppm or mg>m#@



drawing sheet and curve parameters colour and thic%ness of the lines s:mbolising the tunnel or ramps K show or hide the scale K K show or hide the grid K show or hide the %e: K show or hide outAofAservice ;et fans on the curves



show buttons on the toolbar


Re!ent do!u"ents 8his command is used for Fuic% access to the last five documents opened b: the user and opens a scenario directl: ?selected from the list of most recentl: opened documents@ without using the *-pen command in the *+ile menu.

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Buit 8his command is used to close and Fuit the application. If the user changes one or more scenarios before closing and Fuitting the application, a dialog is displa:ed as%ing them whether the: wish to save the changes made to the scenarios.

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2.2. 2.2.2 2 $d $ditJ itJ "en "enu 8he *4dit menu in the menu bar is used to access the various commands specific to the drawing sheet. 8his menu is also used to group and ungroup eFuipment of the same t:pe. IllustrationG IllustrationG

%ndo 8his command is used to cancel the last action performed on the drawing sheet. +or e!ample, it lets the user cancel the insertion of an element, or delete or move an element. 8his command does not, however, have an: effect on the Eoom. 8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlKL.

Redo 8his command is used to repeat the last action cancelled on the drawing sheet, e!cept where this involved an action on the Eoom. 8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlK.

Sele!tion "ode /witching to the applications select mode selects one or more elements in the drawing drawing sheet in order to delete or move them. If several eFuipment of the same t:pe are selected, the: can be grouped in order to define a single control for them all. When the application is in select mode, the toolbar button is shown on a white bac%ground and a tic% appears in front of the corresponding menu. IllustrationG IllustrationG

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8he chosen element element is selected selected b: clic%ing on itO the element can be moved b: leftAclic%ing leftAclic%ing the selected selected element and then dragging it. When a tunnel section ?or ramp@ is selected, it is highlighted b: the displa: of a green sFuare at each edge. When one of these edges also corresponds to one of the ends of the tunnel, a red rather than a green sFuare is displa:ed. IllustrationG IllustrationG

When a piece of eFuipment is selected, it is highlighted b: the displa: of four :ellow sFuares outlining it. IllustrationG IllustrationG

When a group of eFuipment is selected, it is highlighted b: the displa: of four green sFuares outlining each piece of selected eFuipment. /electing one element in a group results in the automatic selection of all the other elements in this group. IllustrationG IllustrationG

/eve /everal ral elem element ents s can can be selec selecte ted d simul simulta taneo neous usl: l: b: pres pressi sing ng the the Ctrl %e: when select selecting ing each eFuipment using the mouse, or b: selecting an area in the window b: leftAclic%ing the mouse while dragging it.

Sele!t all 8his command is used to simultaneousl: select all the elements in the diagram. 8his command can also be accessed via the %e:board shortcut CtrlKA. IllustrationG IllustrationG

revious 8his command is used to cancel the last action performed on the Eoom and to go bac% to the images previous displa:. displa:.

Ne&t 8his command can onl: be accessed if the *Previous *Previous command has been used, otherwise it remains shaded. It is therefore used to cancel the last action performed on the Eoom with the *Previous command and to go bac% to the images previous displa:.

Loo" in 8his command is used to Eoom in on the drawing sheet.

Loo" out 8his command is used to Eoom out on the drawing sheet.

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Loo" bo& 8his command is used to Eoom in or out of an area on the selected drawing sheet that the user has selected within a rectangle using the mouse.

iew all 8his command is used to automaticall: ad;ust the Eoom to give an overall view of the modelled tunnel.

Move /witching to the applications pan mode lets the user move the whole diagram around the drawing sheet using the mouse, i.e. in order to centre it. When the application is in pan mode, the toolbar button is shown on a white bac%ground, a tic% appears in front of the corresponding menu and the mouse pointer is shown as a hand. IllustrationG IllustrationG

Grid 8his command is used to displa: or delete the drawing sheet grid. 8his grid helps to place elements on the drawing sheet. 8he grid is automaticall: displa:ed on the drawing sheet area. Cowever, Cowever, the user can mas% it if the: wish using the *Preferences *Preferences command in the *File *File menu. When the grid is displa:ed, the toolbar button is shown on a white bac%ground and a tic% appears in front of the corresponding menu. IllustrationG IllustrationG

Group devi!es 8his command is used to group several devices of the same t:pe that were previousl: selected b: the user so as to enter their control characteristics in one single, simultaneous actionO a single device can onl: belong to one group. 8he devices to be grouped are selected b: pressing the Ctrl %e: when selecting each piece of eFuipment with the mouse, or b: using the mouse to select an area in the window b: leftAclic%ing the mouse and dragging it. If the user selects a device device alread: belonging belonging to a group, all devices in that group will be selected, selected, each one being outlined b: four green sFuares.

%nroup devi!es 8his command command is used to ungroup devices of the same t:pe that were previousl: previousl: grouped earlier earlier b: the user.

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2.2. 2.2.7 7 Net Netwo wor' r'J J "enu "enu 8he *Networ% menu in the menu bar is used to model the tunnel with, where applicable, its ramps, ventilation eFuipment and closure s:stems. IllustrationG IllustrationG

-n opening a new drawing sheet, all the commands are shaded e!cept for those used to model a tunnel. (odelling a tunnel on the drawing sheet activates all other commands and deactivates that used to model a tunnel as onl: one tunnel can be modelled on the drawing sheet at an: given time.

Tunnel 8his command is used to insert a tunnel comprising one or more sections in the drawing sheet. 4ach tunnel section is delineated b: two nodesG 

one *upstream node corresponding to the first node created on the drawing sheet



one *downstream node corresponding to the second node created on the drawing sheet

Note that, even after having inserted a tunnel on the drawing sheet, :ou can still change the length of the tunnel or add a tunnel section b: acting directl: on the drawing sheet rather than using the *8unnel command, which has been deactivated. ►

To insert a tunnel on the drawin sheet 1@ /elect /elect the *8unn *8unnel el comman command. d. IllustrationG IllustrationG

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2@ +irst, +irst, leftAclic% leftAclic% on the drawing drawing sheet with the the mouse. mouse. = leftAclic% of the mouse creates the upstream node for the first tunnel section. IllustrationG IllustrationG

left !li!'

#@ (ove (ove the the mouse mouse withou withoutt clic% clic%ing ing.. 8he length of the inserted tunnel section is displa:ed for information. IllustrationG IllustrationG

3@ lic% on on the drawing drawing sheet a second second time time using a right right or leftAclic leftAclic% % of the mouse. mouse. = leftAclic% creates the downstream node for the section maintaining the *draw tunnel section mode active. 8he user can therefore create as man: sections as the: wish b: repeating operation # with a leftAclic% of the mouse. 8he rightAclic% is used to create the downstream node of the section b: deactivating the *draw tunnel section mode. 8his action is used to create the downstream node for the last tunnel 1)

section. Illustration of a right-click (tunnel with a single section)G section)G

riht !li!'

Illustration with a left-click, followed by a right-click (tunnel with two sections)G sections) G

left !li!'

riht !li!'

ightAclic%ing on the mouse also automaticall: generates a local head loss and imposed pressure condition at each end of the tunnel. ►

To !hane the lenth of a tunnel se!tion via the drawin sheet 1@ /witch /witch to the select select mode using using the */elect mode mode command command in the *4dit *4dit menu where where necessar:, necessar:, then leftAclic% the mouse to select the tunnel section that needs to have its length changed. 2@ Point Point the mouse mouse on the upstrea upstream m or downst downstrea ream m node of the end of the select selected ed tunnel tunnel section section and then leftAclic% the mouse.

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left !li!'

#@ eftAcl eftAclic% ic% and drag the mouse. mouse. 8he new length of the tunnel section is displa:ed for information. IllustrationG IllustrationG

with left !li!'

3@ elease elease the mouses mouses left left button button to place place the node in its new position. position. ►

To add a tunnel se!tion via the drawin sheet 1@ /witch /witch to the select select mode using using the */elect mode mode command command in the *4dit *4dit menu where where necessar:, necessar:, then leftAclic% the mouse to select the tunnel end section to which the new tunnel section is to be added. 2@ Point Point the mouse on the tunnel tunnel ends ends upstream upstream or downstr downstream eam node dependi depending ng on which end section has been selected, then press the Ctrl %e: and leftAclic% the mouse.

21

Illustration with the ost downstrea end section selected G

left !li' K Ctrl

#@ eftAclic% eftAclic% and drag drag the the mouse mouse while while holding holding down the Ctrl %e:. 8he length of the newl: inserted tunnel section is displa:ed for information. IllustrationG IllustrationG

with left !li!' K Ctrl

3@ ele eleas ase e the the mous mouse es s left left butt button on to posi positi tion on the the upstr upstrea eam m or down downst strea ream m node node of the the newl newl: : inserted tunnel section depending on which end section has been selected. eleasing the left button deactivates the *tunnel line mode and automaticall: relocates the head loss and the imposed pressure condition to the new tunnel portal.

Ra"p 8his command is used to insert a ramp with a single section. amps can onl: be inserted at the ;unction between two tunnel sections. It is therefore impossible to place a ramp at the end of tunnel. 22

It is also impossible to place two concurrent ramps at the same ;unction between two tunnel sections. ►

8o insert a ramp on the drawing sheet 1@ /witch /witch to the select select mode using using the */elect mode mode command command in the *4dit *4dit menu where where necessar:, necessar:, then select one of the two sections between which the ramp is to be inserted. 2@ /ele /elect ct the the *amp *ampco comm mman and. d. IllustrationG IllustrationG

#@ Point the the mouse on on the node node corresponding corresponding to to the ;unction ;unction between between the the tunnel and the ramp ramp and leftAclic% on the mouse. IllustrationG IllustrationG

left !li!'

3@ rag the mouse mouse while while holding holding the left button button in a directio direction n other than than that of the the tunnel. 8he length of the inserted ramp is displa:ed for information.

2#


5@ elease elease the mouses mouses left left button button to position position the ramps ramps upstream upstream node node2. eleasing the left button deactivates the *ramp line mode and automaticall: generates a head loss and an imposed pressure condition at the end of the ramp.

et fan arra# 8his command is used to insert a ;et fan arra: in tunnel or a ramp. = ;et fan is a fan attached to a tunnel wall or ceiling that is used to add a local momentum source term in the longitudinal direction without adding a mass source term. = ;et fan arra: consists in a group of several ;et fans installed at the same location. ►

To insert a Eet fan arra# into a drawin sheet 1@ /elect /elect the the *9et *9et fan fan arra: arra: command command.. IllustrationG IllustrationG

When this command is activated, the button in the toolbar is shown on a white bac%ground and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding command.

2

=(=88 =(=88 2.20 2.20 automat automatical icall: l: genera generates tes an an entrance entrance ramp

23


2@ Point the the mouse at the the place where where the ;et ;et fan arra: is is to be inserted inserted and leftAclic leftAclic% % on the mouse. mouse. 8he arra: is then added to the drawing sheet and the ;et fan characteristics can be entered via the *Paraeters *Paraeters menu. IllustrationG IllustrationG

left !li!'

8o add other ;et fan arra:s, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the mouses left button. #@ -nce all the the ;et fan arra:s arra:s have been been added, added, select the the *;et fan arra: arra: command command to deactivat deactivate e it. 8he toolbar button no longer longer appears on a white bac%ground bac%ground and and the the s:mbol is no no longer longer visible in front of the corresponding command. 8his command is also deactivated automaticall: if a nother command is activated. -nce all the ;et fan arra:s have been added, the *$roup devices command in the *4dit menu can be used to regroup several ;et fan arra:s so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.

InEe!tor 8his command is used to insert an in;ector in a tunnel or a ramp. =n in;ector is a fan that is located either in a ventilation plant or in a duct, and used to deliver a directional ;et of outside air into a tunnel. It can therefore be used to ma%e local additions of both a momentum source term in the longitudinal direction and a mass source term. ►

To insert an inEe!tor on the drawin sheet 1@ /elect /elect the *In;ec *In;ector tor comm command. and. When this command command is is activa activated, ted, the button in the toolbar toolbar is is shown shown on a white white bac%ground bac%ground and a tic% appears in front of the corresponding command. IllustrationG IllustrationG

25

2@ Point the the mouse at the the place where where the in;ector in;ector is is to be inserted inserted and leftAcl leftAclic% ic% on the mouse. mouse. 8he in;ector is then added to the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be entered via the *Paraeters Paraeters menu. IllustrationG IllustrationG

left !li!'

8o add other in;ectors, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the mouses left button. #@ -nce -nce all the in;ect in;ectors ors have have been been added, select select the *In;ect *In;ectors ors command command to deactiva deactivate te it. 8he toolbar button button no longer appears on a white white bac%ground and the the s:mbol is no longer longer visible visible in front of the corresponding command. 8his command is also deactivated automaticall: if another command is activated. -nce all the in;ectors have been added, the *!rou" *!rou" devices devices command in the *#dit *#dit  menu can be used to regroup several in;ectors so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.

lowin vent 8his command is used to insert a blowing vent in a tunnel or a ramp. = blowing vent is used to blow e!ternal air into a tunnel at ambient temperature, perpendicular to the airflow in the tunnel. It can therefore be used to ma%e local additions of a mass source term without adding a momentum source term. ►

To insert a blowin vent in the drawin sheet 1@ /elect /elect the the *
2@ Point the the mouse at the the place where where the blowing blowing vent vent is to be inserted inserted and and leftAclic% leftAclic% on the the mouse. When this command command is activated, activated, the button button in in the the toolbar is shown on a white bac%ground bac%ground and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding command.

2"


left !li!'

8o add other blowing vents, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the mouses left button. #@ -nce all the the blowing blowing vents have have been added, added, select select the *
$&tra!tion da"per 8his command is used to insert an e!traction damper in a tunnel or a ramp. =n e!traction damper is used to e!tract air from the tunnel locall: as reFuired perpendicular to the airflow in the tunnel. tunnel. It theref therefore ore ma%es it possib possible le to e!trac e!tractt mass mass source source terms terms locall: locall: without without adding a momentum source term.

N3T$ In !ontrast to "assive e&tra!tion( the "ass flow rate e&tra!ted b# an e&tra!tion da"per does not depend on the te"perature of the e&tra!ted air. It is therefore !onstant and eOual to oBv( where o is the densit# of a"bient air and Bv is the flow rate of the e&tra!tion devi!e lo!ated upstrea" upstrea" of the e&tra!tion da"per da"per. This assu"es( assu"es( therefore( therefore( that the e&tra!tion e&tra!tion fans are lo!ated in an area suffi!ientl# far awa# fro" the fire not to be affe!ted a ffe!ted b# the te"perature. ►

To insert an e&tra!tion da"per into the drawin sheet 1@ /elect /elect the the *4!tra *4!tracti ction on damper damper comman command. d. When this command command is is activa activated, ted, the button in the toolbar toolbar is is shown shown on a white white bac%ground bac%ground and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding menu. IllustrationG IllustrationG

2&

2@ Point Point the mouse mouse at the place where where the e!tract e!traction ion damper damper is to be inserted inserted and leftAc leftAclic lic% % on the mouse. 8he e!traction e!traction damper is then added to the drawing drawing sheet and its characteristi characteristics cs can be entered entered via the *Paraeters *Paraeters menu. IllustrationG IllustrationG

left !li!'

8o add other e!traction dampers, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the mouses left button. #@ -nce -nce all the e!trac e!tractio tion n dampers dampers have have been been added, select select the *4!trac *4!traction tion damper damper command command to deactivate deactivate it. 8he 8he toolbar toolbar button no longer longer appears appears on a white white bac%gro bac%ground und and the s:mbol is no longer visible in front of the corresponding command. 8his command is also deactivated automaticall: if a nother command is activated. -nce all the e!traction dampers have been added, the *!rou" *!rou" devices devices command in the *#dit *#dit  menu can be used to regroup several e!traction dampers so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.

Massive e&tra!tion 8his command is used to insert a massive e!traction in a tunnel or a ramp. =s with an e!trac e!tractio tion n damper, damper, a massiv massive e e!tract e!traction ion is used used to e!trac e!tractt air from the tunnel tunnel locall locall:, :, perpendicula perpendicularr to the airflow in the tunnel. It therefore therefore ma%es it possible possible to e!tract mass source terms locall: without adding a momentum source term.

N3T$ In !ontrast to an e&tra!tion da"per( the "ass flow rate e&tra!ted b# a "assive e&tra!tion depends on the te"perature te"perature of the e&tra!ted air. air. This eOuals eOuals Bv( where where is the densit# densit# of air in the tunnel opposite the "assive e&tra!tion and Bv is the "assive e&tra!tion flow rate. This theref therefore ore assu"es assu"es that that the e&tra! e&tra!tio tion n fans fans are lo!ated lo!ated in the i""ed i""ediat iate e vi!i vi!init nit# # of the e&tra!tion point. ►

8o insert a massive e!traction into the drawing sheet 1@ /elect /elect the the *(assi *(assive ve e!tra e!tracti ction on comma command. nd. When this command is activated, activated, the button in the toolbar toolbar is is shown shown on a white white bac%ground bac%ground and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding command.

2'


2@ Point the the mouse on the tunnel tunnel at the place place where where the massive massive e!traction e!traction is to be inserted inserted and and leftA clic% on the mouse. 8he massive e!traction is then added to the drawing sheet and its characteristics can can be entered via the *Paraeters *Paraeters menu. IllustrationG IllustrationG

left !li!'

8o add other massive e!tractions, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the mouses left button. #@ -nce all the the massive massive e!tractions e!tractions have have been added, added, select select the *(assive *(assive e!traction e!traction command command to deactivate it. 8he toolbar toolbar button button no longer appears on white bac%ground and the the s:mbol is no longer visible in front of the corresponding command. 8his command is also deactivated automaticall: if a nother command is activated. -nce all the massive e!tractions have been added, the *!rou" *!rou" devices devices command in the *#dit *#dit  menu can be used to regroup several massive e!tractions so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.

@o!al head loss 8his command is used to insert a local head loss in a tunnel or ramp, generall: caused b: a sudden change in the crossAsection area. ►

To insert a head loss in the drawin sheet 1@ /elect /elect the the *ocal *ocal head head loss loss comma command. nd. When this command command is activated, activated, the button in the toolbar toolbar is is shown shown on a white bac%ground bac%ground and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding command. IllustrationG IllustrationG

2)

2@ Point Point the mouse mouse at the place place where the the local head head loss is to be insert inserted ed and leftAc leftAclic lic% % on the mouse. 8he local head loss is then added to the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be entered via the *Paraeters *Paraeters menu. IllustrationG IllustrationG

left !li!'

8o add other local head losses, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the mouses left button. #@ -nce -nce all the the loca locall head head losses losses have been been adde added, d, select select the *oc *ocal al head loss loss command command to deactivate deactivate it. 8he 8he toolbar toolbar button button no longer longer appears appears on a white bac%ground bac%ground and and the s:mbol s:mbol is no longer visible in front of the corresponding command. 8his command is also deactivated automaticall: if a nother command is activated.

Aerauli! transparen!# 8his command is used to insert an aeraulic transparenc: in a tunnel or ramp. =n aeraulic transparenc: is a large ceiling opening that connects with the outside. epending on the sign of the pressure difference on either side of the aeraulic transparenc:, transparenc:, air is either e!tracted from or blown into the tunnel. 8his e!change is alwa:s perpendicular to the airflow in the tunnel. 8herefore, depending on the sign of the pressure difference on either side, an aeraulic transparenc: is used to locall: subtract or add a mass source term without adding a momentum source term.

N3T$ An aera aeraul uli! i! tran transp spar aren en!# !# is "ode "odell lled ed as a lo!a lo!all head head loss loss with with a !oef !oeffi fi!i !ien entt of -. -.) ) !orrespondin to a narrowin and then a sudden widenin( s!aled to the !ross4se!tion of the aerauli! transparen!#( followed b# pressuriPin to a"bient pressure. When air is e&tra!ted fro" fro" the the tunn tunnel el(( its its te"pe te"pera ratu ture re is that that of the the ai airr in the the tunn tunnel el oppo opposi site te the the aer aerau auli li! ! transparen!#Q when air is blown into the tunnel( its te"perature is that of a"bient air. ►

To insert an aerauli! transparen!# in the drawin sheet 1@ /elect /elect the the *=erauli *=eraulic c transpar transparenc enc: : comman command. d. When this command command is activated, activated, the button of the the toolbar toolbar is shown shown on a white bac%ground bac%ground and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding command.

#0


2@ Point Point the mouse at the place where where the aeraulic aeraulic transp transparen arenc: c: is to be inserte inserted d and leftAclic leftAclic% % on the mouse. 8he aeraulic transparenc: is then added in the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be entered via the menu *Paraeters *Paraeters. . IllustrationG IllustrationG

@eft !li!'

8o add other aeraulic transparencies, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as necessar: using the mouses left button. #@ -nce -nce all all the the aera aeraul ulic ic trans transpar paren enci cies es have have been been adde added, d, sele select ct the the *=era *=eraul ulic ic tran transp spar arenc enc: : command command to deactivate deactivate it. 8he toolbar toolbar button no longer appears appears on a white bac%ground and the s:mbol is no longer visible in front of the corresponding command. 8his command is also deactivated automaticall: if a nother command is activated. -nce all the aeraulic transparencies have been added, the *!rou" *!rou" devices devices command in the *#dit *#dit  menu can be used to regroup several aeraulic transparencies so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.

Traffi! interruption 8his command is used to insert a traffic interruption in a tunnel or ramp. = traffic interruption is a barrier, traffic light or an: other s:stem used to stop vehicles located upstream ?in relation to the direction of traffic@. ►

To insert a traffi! interruption in the drawin sheet 1@ /elect /elect the the *traffi *traffic c interrup interruptio tion n command. command. When this command command is activated, activated, the button in the toolbar toolbar is shown on a white bac%ground bac%ground and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding command. IllustrationG IllustrationG

#1

2@ Point Point the mouse mouse at the place place where where the traffic traffic interrupt interruption ion is to be inserted inserted and leftAc leftAclic lic% % on the mouse. 8he traffic interruption is then added to the drawing sheet and its control characteristics can be entered via the *Paraeters *Paraeters menu. IllustrationG IllustrationG

left !li!'

8o add other traffic interruptions, ;ust repeat this operation as man: times as as necessar: using the mouses left button. #@ -nce -nce all the traffic traffic interru interrupti ptions ons have been added, added, select select the *traffic *traffic interru interrupti ption on command command to deactivate deactivate it. 8he 8he toolbar toolbar button button no longer longer appears appears on a white bac%ground bac%ground and and the s:mbol s:mbol is no longer visible in front of the corresponding command. 8his command is also deactivated automaticall: if a nother command is activated. -nce all the traffic interruptions have been added, the *!rou" *!rou" devices devices command in the *#dit *#dit  menu can be used to regroup several aeraulic transparencies so as to define their ;oint control characteristics.

*ire 8his command is used to insert a fire in a tunnel or ramp. -nl: one single fire can be modelled. ►

8o insert a fire in the drawing sheet 1@ /ele /elect ct the the *+i *+ire re comm comman and. d. When this command command is activated, activated, the button in the toolbar toolbar is is shown shown on a white bac%ground bac%ground and the s:mbol appears in front of the corresponding command. IllustrationG IllustrationG

2@ Point the the mouse at the the place where where fire is is to be inserted inserted and leftAcli leftAclic% c% on the mouse. mouse. 8he fire is then added to the drawing sheet and its characteristics can be entered via the *Paraeters Paraeters menu.

#2


left !li!'

#@ -nce the fire fire has been added, added, the command command is automati automaticall: call: deactivated deactivated as as onl: one single single fire can be modelled at a time. 8he toolbar button is shaded and the s:mbol is no longer visible in in front of the corresponding command.

##

2.2. 2.2.1 1 ar ara" a"et eter ersJ sJ "enu "enu 8he *Parameters menu in the menu bar is used to enter all the data for the model, thereb: parameteringG  tunnel sections and an: ramps  eFuipment and their controls  pressure conditions at interfaces with the outside  fire  pollutant concentrations in ambient air  traffic  tunnel environment

8his menu is also used to e!port a J.t!t file summariEing the data for the model entered b: the user. IllustrationG IllustrationG

-n opening a new drawing sheet, all the commands are shaded e!cept for that used to define the tunnel environment. (odelling a tunnel and an: related ramps and eFuipment using the *$etwork * $etwork  menu activates all the commands, with the e!ception of the *Fire *Fire and *ata summar: commands. 8he *Fire *Fire command is onl: activated if a fire has been modelled in the drawing sheet using the *Fire * Fire command in the *$etwork *$etwork  menu. 8he *%ata *%ata suary  command is onl: activated when all the elements modelled in the drawing sheet using the *$etwork *$etwork  menus ?tunnel, ramps, eFuipment and fire@ have been full: parametered using the *&unnel *&unnel ' Ra"s, Ra"s, *%evices *%evices commands and, where applicable, the *Fire *Fire command in the *Paraeters *Paraeters menu. Illustration of a tunnel odelled with no fire on the drawing sheet G

Tunnel  Ra"ps 8his command uses a dialog to enter the characteristics for the tunnel sections, ramps and local head losses that are automaticall: generated at the ends of a tunnel and at an: related ramps for the selected scenario. 8he dialog contains two or three tabs depending on whether there is a ramp.

#3

8he first tab, tab, entitl entitled ed *8unne *8unnell sectio sections, ns, is used used to enter enter the character characterist istics ics of each each tunnel tunnel sectio section n modelled in the drawing sheet. 8he second tab, entitled entitled *amps, is onl: displa:ed if a ramp has alread: been modelled in the drawing sheet. It is used to enter the characteristics of each ramp modelled in the drawing sheet. 8he last tab, entitled *ocal head losses, losses, is used to enter local head loss coefficie coefficients nts at the ends of the tunnel and an: ramps, where applicable. Illustration of the &unnel &unnel sections tabG tabG

Illustration of the Ra"s tab*

Illustration of the +ocal head losses tab*

8he user moves around the tables either b: pointing and then leftAclic%ing leftAclic%ing the mouse on the fields to be selected, or b: using the following %e :board %e:sG 

select the cell content in the ne!t columnG Tab



select the cell content in the previous columnG MaE K Tab



select the cell content in the ne!t n e!t lineG 



select the cell content in the previous lineG 

N3T$ To be ta'en into a!!ount( the value entered in a field "ust be !onfir"ed either b# !li!'in outside the sele!ted field( or b# pressin the $nter 'e#. 8he following following tables describe describe the fields to be filled filled in for each of the # tabs, their default value and their area of validit:G ►

Tunnel se!tionsJ tab *ield

%nit

@abel

=lphanumeric code used to name the tunnel section

@enth

ength of the tunnel section

m

ength indicated when creating the section in the drawing sheet ?II@

Positive real number

Cross4se!tion area

rossAsection through the tunnel section

m2

0 ?III@

eal number belonging to Q0O1000R

eri"eter

Perimeter of the tunnel section or ramp

m

0 ?III@


#5

8unnel sect. No i

Area of validit# ?I@

haracter string

*ield

%nit

Area of validit#

S

0

eal number

7alue of the tunnel section slope in the upstream A downstream direction.

Slope 84 if downhill9 Negative if the tunnel section is descending and positive if it is rising

►

*ri!tion !oeffi!ient

+riction coefficient of the tunnel section walls

A

0.025

eal number belonging to Q0O1Q

Material -

+irst t:pe of material used for the tunnel section walls. 8his is chosen from the list of wall materials defined in the *libraries menu

A

oncrete

A

Material 2

/econd t:pe of material used for the tunnel section walls. 8his is chosen from the list of wall materials defined in the *libraries menu

A

oncrete

A

roportion of "aterial -

Proportion of material 1 in relation to material 2 in a part of the tunnel section

S

100


?I@

i corresponds to the tunnel section creation ran%ing. ran%ing. If a ramp is inserted between tunnel tunnel sections i and iT1, tunnel sections ran%ed higher than iT1 are automaticall: incremented b: 1.

?II@

8he length of the tunnel section is automaticall: updated updated b: the application according according to the position of the end nodes on the drawing sheet. onversel:, onversel:, if the user modifies the length of the tunnel section in this field, the tunnel section modelled in the drawing sheet will be automaticall: updated.

?III@

8he default value does not belong in the area of validit:O it must therefore be replaced b: a valid value.

Ra"psJ tab *ield

%nit

Area of validit#

@abel

=lphanumeric code used to name the ramp

A

amp No. ; ?I@

haracter string

@enth

ength of the ramp

m

ength indicated when creating the ramp in the drawing sheet ?II@


Cross4se!tion area

rossAsection of the ramp

m2

0 ?III@


eri"eter

Perimeter of the ramp section

m

0

Slope 84 if downhill9

7alue of the ramp slope in the upstream A downstream direction. Negative if the ramp is descending and positive if it is rising

S

0

eal number

*ri!tion !oeffi!ient

+riction coefficient of the ramp walls

A

0,025


Anle

=ngle of the ramp with the tunnel

?I7@

U

=ngle indicated when creating the ramp in the drawing sheet ?7@

eal number belonging to Q0O)0R

3rientation

4ntrance or e!it ramp

A

4ntrance

4ntrance and 4!it

Traffi! dire!tion

irection of traffic flow in the tunnel associated with the ramp

A

pstr. A ownst.

pstr. A ownst. * and ownst. pstr. *

Material -

+irst t:pe of material used for the ramp wall. 8his is chosen from the list of wall materials defined in the *libraries menu

A

oncrete

A

Material 2

/econd t:pe of material used for the ramp wall. 8his is chosen from the list of wall materials defined in the *libraries menu

A

oncrete

A

roportion of "aterial -

Proportion of material 1 in relation to material 2 in a section of the ramp

S

100


?III@


(I)

If a ramp is inserted between tunnel sections i and iT1, ; is eFual to iT1O tunnel sections ran%ed higher than iT1 are automaticall: incremented incremented b: 1.

?II@

8he length of the ramp is automaticall: updated b: the application according to the position of the end nodes in the drawing sheet. onversel:, onversel:, if

#"

the user modifies the length of the ramp in this field, the ramp modelled in the drawing sheet will be automaticall: updated. ?III@


?I7@

8he angle has to be entered b: ta%ing account of the direction of traffic in the tunnel associated associated with the ramp and of the t:pe of ramp entered via the *irection and *-rientation fields respectivel:. respectivel:. If the direction of traffic in the tunnel associated with the ramp is *pstream A ownstream, the angle to be entered isG  

for an entrance ramp, the angle between the tunnel section located upstream of the ;unction in the direction of traffic and the ramp for an e!it ramp, the angle between the tunnel section located downstream downstream of the ;unction in the direction of traffic and the ramp

If the direction of traffic in the tunnel associated with the ramp is *ownstream A pstream, the angle to be entered isG for an entrance ramp, the angle between the tunnel section located downstream of the ;unction in the direction of traffic and the ramp  

for an e!it ramp, the angle between the tunnel section located upstream of the ;unction in the direction of traffic and the ramp

8he following table gives all the possible optionsG

?7@

Traffi! dire!tionJ field

3rientationJ field


4ntrance


4!it

ownst. pstr.

4ntrance

ownst. p pstr.

4!it

Anle

8he default value does not necessaril: belong to the area of validit:O it must therefore be replaced b: a valid value. -nce the dialog has been confirmed, the angle of the ramp is automaticall: updated updated in the drawing sheet according to the elements entered in the *=ngle, *-rientation and *8raffic direction fields.

N3T$ In the CAMATT 2.20 release( the fun!tion used to ta'e a!!ount of head losses at the Eun!tion has not been a!tivated as it "a# !ause diital diveren!e proble"s with !ertain flow rei"es. Also( the value entered in the AnleJ field has no effe!t on the !al!ulations. Conversel#( this value has to belon to the area of validit# 0Q/0U. ►

@o!al head lossesJ tab *ield

Area of validit#

@abel

=lphanumeric code used to name the local head loss

Portal loss No. i or ocal loss No. ; ?I@

haracter string

@o!al !ross4 se!tion area

rossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp at the level of the local head loss

2

m

rossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp at the level of the local head loss ?II@

NonAmodifiable

Referen!e !ross4 se!tion area

rossAsection used to calculate the head loss ?III@

m2

rossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp at the level of the local head loss


%pst. 4
oefficient representing the head loss for an airflow in the upstream A downstream direction

A

0 or 0.5 or 1 ?I7@


oefficient representing the head loss for an airflow in the ownstream A pstream direction

A

0 or 0.5 or 1 ?I7@


?I@

Position of the local head loss

%nit A

alculated based on the position of the ;et fan arra: Non modifiable or in the drawing sheet ?7I@ or eal number belonging positioned 0.10 m from a to Q0Ol tunnel R or Q0Ol rampR portal

?7@

Portal loss No.i describes the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal. Portal loss No.1 describes the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal corresponding to the tunnels upstream node. Portal loss No.2 describes the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal corresponding to the tunnels downstream node. Portal loss No.i with iV2 describes the head loss located at the level of the ramp portal that alwa:s corresponds to a downstream node as the upstream node is the one located at the level of the ;unction with the tunnel. +or each ramp, i ta%es the value nT2 where n corresponds to the creation ran%ing of the ramp in the drawing sheet. ocal loss No.% describes a local head loss. If a local head loss is inserted in a tunnel or ramp, % is eFual to i with each new insertion of a local head loss. loss.

T 1. It is then incremented b: 1

ma!

?II@

8he interior Eone is displa:ed for information on an orange bac%ground and corresponds to the value entered in the *rossAsection area fields of the *8unnel sections and *amps tabs for the *8unnels > amps command.

?III@

8he *reference section noted / ref appears in the e!pansion eFuation for the following head lossG 2 1   P=  2 2 /ref

#&

avec P

   ?I7@

G head loss G air densit: G head loss coefficient G flow rate

8he head loss coefficient automaticall: eFuals 0 e!cept for the head losses located at the portals of a tunnel or ramp . +or the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal corresponding corresponding to the tunnels upstream node, the head loss coefficient coefficient in the upstream A downstream direction eFuals 0.5 and that in the ownstream A pstream direction eFuals 1. +or the head loss located at the level of the tunnel portal corresponding to the tunnels downstream node, the head loss coefficient in the upstream A downstream direction eFuals 1 and that in the ownstream ownstream A pstream direction eFuals 0.5. +or the head loss located at the level of the ramp portal that alwa:s corresponds to a downstream node, the head loss coefficient in the upstream A downstream direction eFuals 1 and that in the ownstream A pstream direction eFuals 0.5.

?7@

+or a head loss located in the tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to the tunnels upstream node. +or a head loss located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to the portal of the ramp for an entrance ramp and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.

?7I@

-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the local head loss is automaticall: automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.

;et fan arra:s



in;ectors



blowing vents



e!traction dampers



massive e!tractions



aeraulic transparencies



traffic interruptions

It is also used to enter, enter, for each tunnel section section and ramp in the drawing drawing sheet, the characteristic characteristics s of the distributed blown or e!tracted flow rate. 8he dialog ma: therefore contain 1 to ' tabs depending on the t:pe of eFuipment modelled in the drawing sheet. 8he first tab, entitled *istributed ventilation, is used to enter the characteristics of the distributed blown or e!tracted flow rate for each tunnel section and ramp. 8he other other tabs, tabs, entitl entitled ed *9et *9et fans, fans, *In;ec *In;ectors tors, , *
Illustration of the et fans tabG tabG

Illustration of the Inectors tabG tabG

#'

Illustration of the .lowing vents tabG tabG

Illustration of the #/traction da"ers tabG tabG

Illustration of the 0assive e/tractions tabG tabG

Illustration of the 1eraulic trans"arencies tabG tabG

Illustration of the &raffic interru"tions tabG tabG

=ll the tabs in the dialog have the same structureO the: containG 

fields used to characterise eFuipment and its location



for eFuipment eFuipment blowing blowing air into a tunnel or ramp, a concentrations in the blown air



a



button used to characterise characterise pollutant pollutant

button used for individual eFuipment control

where applicable, a button that replaces the button used to simultaneousl: contro controll several several eFuipmen eFuipmentt of the same t:pe t:pe that that were were previou previousl: sl: grouped grouped using using the *!rou" *!rou" command in the *#dit *#dit  menu

8he user moves around the tables either b: pointing and then leftAclic%ing leftAclic%ing the mouse on the fields to be selected, or b: using the following %e:board %e:sG 

select the cell content in the ne!t columnG Tab






select the cell content in the ne!t n e!t lineG 



select the cell content in the previous lineG 

N3T$ To be ta'en into a!!ount( the value entered in a field "ust be validated either b# !li!'in outside the sele!ted field( or b# pressin the $nter 'e#. 8he following tables describe the fields characterising the eFuipment to be filled in for each of the ' tabs, their default value and their area of validit:G

#)

►



%nit

@abel

Name of the tunnel section or ramp

A

7alue of the distributed blowing flow rate in the tunnel section

►

Area of validit#

8unnel section No. i or amp No. ;

Non modifiable

m#.sA1.mA1

0


m#.sA1.mA1

0


?I@

8he description?s@ automaticall: automaticall: correspond to those entered in the *abel fields of the *8unnel sections or *amps tab of the *8unnels > amps command in the *Parameters menu.

et fansJ tab *ield

@abel

Name of the ;et fan arra:

Nu"ber of Eet fans

%nit free4field thrust

et velo!it#

%nit

Area of validit#

A

=rra: No. i

haracter string

Number of ;et fans ma%ing up the arra:

A

1

Positive whole number

8hrust of a ;et fan in the arra:. =ll the ;et fans in the arra: are assumed to be identical.

N

0

eal number

m.sA1

#0


/peed at which air is e;ected from a ;et fan outlet

$ffi!ien!#

-verall efficienc: of the ;et fan arra:, in particular, factoring in the effects of the wall

A

0,'5


Ma& wor'in te"perature

8emperature above which the ;et fan arra: is assumed to be destro:ed

U

200


Referen!e densit#

=ir densit: corresponding to the conditions under which the arra:s ;et fan performance was measured

%g.mA#

105


Tunnel !ross4se!t. area

rossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp at the level of the ;et fan arra:

m2

rossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp at the level of the ;et fan arra: ?I@

Non modifiable

Cross4se!t. area at Eet fans

rossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp opposite the ;et fan arra:

m2

0 ?II@


Position of the ;et fan arra:

m

alculated based on the position of the ;et fan arra: Positive real number on the drawing sheet ?I7@

?I@

?III@

8he interior Eone is displa:ed for information on an orange bac%ground and corresponds to the value entered in the fields *rossAsection area in the *8unnel sections and *amps tabs of the *amps command.

?II@


?III@

+or a ;et fan arra: located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the tunnels upstream node.

?I7@

+or a ;et fan arra: located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp. -nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the ;et fan arra: is automaticall: updated updated on the drawing sheet .

N3T$ To si"ulate a Eet fan fa n arra# operatin in the reverse dire!tion( i.e. in the
InEe!torsJ tab *ield

@abel

Name of the in;ector

InEe!tion flow rate

%nit A m#.sA1

30

Area of validit#

In;ector No. i

haracter string

0


*ield

et velo!it#

/peed at which air is e;ected from the in;ector outlet

Anle with tunnel a&is

Area of validit#

m.sA1

0 ?I@


=ngle between the tunnel and air ;et a!es at the in;ector outlet ?II@

U

15

eal number belonging to Q0O1'0Q

$ffi!ien!#

In;ector efficienc:, in particular, factoring in the effects of the wall and the shape of the blowing device

A

05


Tunnel !ross4se!t. area

rossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp at the level of the in;ector

m2

rossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp at the level of the in;ector ?III@

Non modifiable

Cross4se!t. area at inEe!tor

rossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp opposite the in;ector

m2

0 ?I@


istance between the upstream node of the tunnel end or of the ramp and the in;ector

m

alculated based on the position of the in;ector in the drawing sheet ?7@


?I7@

%nit

?I@

8he default value does not belong in the area of validit:, it must therefore be replaced b: a valid value.

?II@

=n angle of between 0U and )0U corresponds to a downstream thrust, and an angle of between )0U and 1'0U corresponds to an upstream thrust.

?III@

8he interior Eone is displa:ed for information on an orange bac%ground and corresponds to the value entered in the *rossAsection area field in the *8unnel sections and *amps tabs of the *8unnels > amps command.

?I7@

+or an in;ector located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to tunnels upstream node. +or an in;ector located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.

?7@

►

-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the in;ector is automaticall: updated updated on the drawing sheet .

lowin ventsJ tab *ield

@abel

Name of the blowing vent

lown flow rate

istance between the upstream node of the tunnel end or of the ramp and the blowing vent

?I@

%nit A m#.sA1

m

Area of validit#

haracter string

0


alculated based on the position of the blowing vent in the drawing sheet


?II@

+or a blowing vent located in the tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to tunnels upstream node. +or a blowing vent located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.

?II@

►

-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the blowing vent is automaticall: updated in the drawing sheet.

$&tra!tion da"persJ tab *ield

@abel

Name of the e!traction damper

$&tra!ted flow rate

+low rate e!tracted from a tunnel or ramp b: the e!traction damper

istance between the upstream node tunnel end or of the ramp and the e!traction damper

?I@

%nit A m#.sA1

m

Area of validit#

4!traction damper No. i

haracter string

0

eal number

alculated based on the position of the e!traction damper on the drawing sheet ?II@


+or an e!traction damper located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to tunnels upstream node. +or an e!traction damper located in a ramp, the upstream distance distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.

?II@

►

-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the e!traction damper is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.

Massive e&tra!tionJ tab *ield

%nit

@abel

Name of the massive e!traction

$&tra!ted flow rate

+low rate e!tracted from a tunnel or ramp b: massive e!traction

istance between the upstream node tunnel end or of the ramp and the massive e!traction

A m#.sA1

31

m

Area of validit#

(assive e!traction No. i

haracter string

0


alculated based on the position of the massive e!traction on the drawing sheet ?II@


?I@

+or a massive e!traction located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to tunnels upstream node. +or a massive e!traction located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.

?II@

►

-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the location of the massive e!traction is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.

Aerauli! Transparen!iesJ tab *ield

@abel

Name of the aeraulic transparenc:

Transparen!# !ross4area

/ection of the aeraulic transparenc:

3utside pressure

elative pressure ta%en on the e!ternal side of the aeraulic transparenc: in relation to the absolute reference pressure

istance between the upstream node tunnel end or of the ramp and the aeraulic transparenc:

?I@

?I@

%nit

Area of validit#

=eraulic transp. No.i

haracter string

m2

0


Pa

0

eal number

m

alculated based on the position of the aeraulic transparenc: on the drawing sheet ?II@


A

+or an aeraulic transparenc: located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to tunnels upstream node. +or an aeraulic transparenc: located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.

?II@

►

-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the aeraulic transparenc: is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.

Traffi! InterruptionsJ tab *ield

@abel

Name of the traffic interruption

istance between the upstream node tunnel end or of the ramp and the traffic interruption

?I@

?I@

%nit

Area of validit#

A

8raffic interruption No. i

haracter string

m

alculated based on the position of the traffic Positive real number interruption on the drawing ?II@ sheet

+or a traffic interruption located in a tunnel, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to tunnels upstream node. +or a traffic interruption located in a ramp, the upstream distance corresponds corresponds to its position in relation to the ramp portal for an entrance ramp and in relation to its ;unction with the tunnel for an e!it ramp.

?II@

►

-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the position of the traffic interruption is automaticall: updated on the drawing sheet.

The

button

+or air blowing eFuipment in a tunnel or ramp such as distributed or local blowing vents and in;ectors, or eFuipment that is li%el: to blow air, such as aeraulic transparencies, clic%ing on the button in the *Pollution column lets the user open a dialog named *Pollution parameters forG label of the device and enter the blown air pollutant concentrations for the selected eFuipment. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he list of pollutants is that defined in the pollutants librar: that can be accessed via the * Pollutants Pollutants command in the *+ibraries *+ibraries menu that automaticall: contains three gaseous pollutants, carbon mono!ide ?-@, benEene and nitrogen o!ides ?N-!@, and particulates. 8he pollutant concentrations for eFuipment blown air are automaticall: Eero. Pollutant concentrations can be e!pressed in mg.mA# or ppm for gaseous pollutants, and in mg.m A# or mA1 for opacit: opacit:,, accord according ing to the units units select selected ed in the applic applicati ation on prefer preferenc ences es using using the *Preferenc *Preferences es command in the *+ile menu.

32

N3T$ ollutant !on!entrations for eOuip"ent blown air in a tunnel or ra"p !an be entered in two different wa#s that should not be !onfused6 

either b# usin the

button in the 


or b# usin the ollution J !o""and in the ara"etersJ "enu

The button is used to "odif# pollutant !on!entrations for eOuip"ent blown air for ea!h separate eOuip"ent "odelled in the drawin sheet. The The o ollut llutio ionJ nJ !o"" !o""an and d in the the ar ara" a"et eter ersJ sJ "enu "enu is used used to "odi "odif# f# poll pollut utan antt !on!entrations for eOuip"ent blown air for all the eOuip"ent "odelled in the drawin sheet. ►

The

and

buttons

lic%i lic%ing ng on the button button in the *ontro *ontrol l column column opens opens a dialog dialog entitl entitled ed *evic *evice e contro controlG lG description of the selected eFuipment and is used to enter the control characteristics for the selected eFuipment. If several eFuipment eFuipment of the same t:pe have been previousl: previousl: grouped using the * $roup command command in the *4dit *4dit menu, menu, the button button replac replaces es the button. button. lic%i lic%ing ng this button button then opens opens a dialog dialog entitled entitled *evice *evice control controlGG label label of the device device group group and lets the user enter enter the ;oint control control characteristics of all the eFuipment in the selected group. Illustration of the dialog dis"layed by clicking on the

buttonG buttonG

Illustration of the dialog dis"layed by clicking on the

buttonG buttonG

While the dialoges are identical for a given piece of eFuipment, whether this is controlled individuall: or ;ointl: with other eFuipment of the same t:pe, the: differ significantl: depending on the t:pe of eFuipment and, therefore, on the corresponding tab. 

+or the *istributed ventilation, *9et fans, *In;ectors, *


+or the *=eraulic transparencies tab 8he dialog is used to specif: the position of the aeraulic transparenc:, open or closed, according to time. =eraulic transparencies are automaticall: closed at the start of the simulation.

3#




+or the *8raffic interruptions tab 8he dialog is used to specif: at which time the traffic is to to be interrupted b: the closure s:stem, i.e. a barrier or traffic light. IllustrationG IllustrationG

N3T$ No "ore than one sinle event "a# be entered for traffi! interruptions. 3n!e the traffi! interruption has been a!tivated( it is final. Traffi! interruptions have to be a!tivated after the start of the fireQ otherwise( the# will have no effe!t. =ll these dialogs containG 

a

button for adding an event in eFuipment control.




a

button for modif:ing the selected event with the mouse in eFuipment control



a

button for deleting the selected event with the mouse in eFuipment control.

ressure at portals 8his command is used to enter the pressure conditions and pollutant concentrations imposed at the portals of a tunnel and an: related rampsO these represent the models limit conditions.

33


-nce the dialog has been confirmed, the portal pressure conditions are automaticall: updated in the drawing sheet. 8he user moves around the tables either b: pointing and then leftAclic%ing leftAclic%ing the mouse on the fields to be selected, or b: using the following fo llowing %e:board %e:sG 

select the cell content in the n e!t columnG Tab






select the cell content in the n e!t lineG 



select the cell content in the p revious lineG 

lic lic%i %ing ng on the the butt button on in the the *Pol *Pollu luti tion on colu column mn opens opens the the dial dialog og enti entitl tled ed *Pol *Pollu luti tion on para parame meter ters s forG forG label label of the the impo impose sed d press pressur ure e condi conditi tion on and and lets lets the the user user enter enter the the pollu polluta tant nt concentrations for the air li%el: to enter the tunnel via the selected portal. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he list of pollutants is that defined in the pollutants librar: and can be accessed via the * Pollutants Pollutants command in the *+ibraries *+ibraries menu that automaticall: contains three gaseous pollutants, carbon mono!ide ?-@, benEene and nitrogen o!ides ?N-!@, and particulates. Pollutant concentrations for air entering the tunnel via a portal are automaticall: Eero. Pollutant concentrations can be e!pressed in mg.mA# or ppm for gaseous pollutants, and in mg.mA# or mA1 for opacit opacit:, :, depend depending ing on the units select selected ed in the applicati application on prefer preferenc ences es using using the *Preferences *Preferences command in the *File *File menu.

35

N3T$ ollutant !on!entrations in air that are li'el# to enter a tunnel or ra"p via a portal !an be entered in two different wa#s that should not be !onfused6 

either usin the

button of the 


or usin the  PollutionJ !o""and in the  ParaetersJ "enu

The The butt button on is used used to "odi "odif# f#(( for for ea ea!h !h indi indivi vidu dual al port portal al(( the the poll pollut utan antt !on!entrations for air li'el# to enter the tunnel via a iven portal. The PollutionJ !o""and in the ParaetersJ "enu is used to "odif#( for all the portals( the pollutant !on!entrations for air li'el# to enter the tunnel via these portals.

*ire 8his command is used to define the fire to be studied in *Fire *Fire ode ode via a dialog for the selected scenario. 8his command is onl: activated if a fire is modelled in the drawing sheet. 8he parameters to be entered areG  start time of the fire  location of the fire in relation to the upstream node of the ramp or tunnel end  t:pe of fire

8he fire alwa:s starts at t  00 h 00 min 00 sO its position is calculated automaticall: based on its location in the drawing sheet. 8he =(=88 2.20 release automaticall: contains the fire load curves for the 12 reference fires defined in leaflet 3 of the guide to road tunnel safet: dossiers relating to /pecific CaEards /tudies, in addition to opacit: flows and emission rates for the related pollutants. 8he mouse can be used to select one of these reference fires b: chec%ing the element located in the *hoose column. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he pollutant automaticall: ta%en into account for each of these reference fires is carbon mono!ide ?-@O however, another pollutant ma: be ta%en into account b: changing the value of the pollutant emission rate. 8he dialog also containsG  a button for adding a fire b: defining the fire heat release rate curve, its opacit: flu! and pollutant emission rate via a dialog.

3"


8his dialog containsG K a field for entering the t:pe of fire. fire. a button for adding an event to the fire evolution and defining the fire heat release K rate curve, its opacit: flu! and pollutant emission rate at a given moment in time. time. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he event time needs to be defined in relation to the fire start timeO this is a relative rather than an absolute time. 8he heat release rate figure to be recorded is the fires total heat release rate, a third of which is assu assume med d to be diss dissip ipat ated ed via via radi radiat atio ion n throu through gh the the wall walls s dire direct ctl: l: oppo opposi site te the the fire fire.. 8herefore, onl: two thirds of the recorded heat release rate is used in the calculations. K K

a a

button for modif:ing the selected event using the mouse. button for deleting the selected event using the mouse. mouse.

button for changing the fire selected and highlighted in blue with the mouse via a dialog  a identical to that described above that lets the user add a fire. button used to delete the fire selected and highlighted in blue with the mouse.

 a

N3T$ All the fires listed in the *ireJ dialo dialo "a'e up a librar# in the sa"e wa# as those found found for wall "aterials or pollutants in the the +ibrariesJ "enu. As with the two others( this librar# is6 

!o""on to all the s!enarios

saved in the bdd.&"l file of the .!a"attbdd folder found in the user profile folder in Windows or in the F=3M$ folder in @inu&( and therefore spe!ifi! to ea!h user



.

All !hanes or additions to this librar# will therefore appl# to all the s!enarios( whether the# are new( e&istin or dupli!ated( but will onl# be valid for the user responsible for said !hane or addition.

ollution Pollutant concentrations for the air around portals and the air in;ected into the tunnel or its ramps are alwa:s Eero. Eero. =s described described earlier earlier in pages 3" and 3& of this serXs $uide, $uide, clic%ing clic%ing on the button button lets the user modif: this value individuall: for each portal or each eFuipment in;ecting air into the tunnel or its ramps, if an:. an:. 8he *Pollution *Pollution command is used to overwrite all these values and to assign to all the eFuipment modelled 3&

in the drawing sheet and to all the portals of the tunnel and its ramps, if an:, the same pollutant concentrations for eFuipment blown air or for air li%el: to enter the tunnel via one of its portals. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he list of pollutants is that defined in the pollutants librar: that can be accessed using the *Pollutants command in the *ibraries menu that automaticall: contains three gaseous pollutants, carbon mono!ide ?-@, benEene and nitrogen o!ides ?N-!@, and particulates. particulates. Pollutant concentrations in ambient air are automaticall: Eero. Eero. Pollutant concentrations can be e!pressed in mg.mA# or in ppm for gaseous pollutants, and in mg.mA# or mA1 pour opacit:, depending on the units selected in the application preferences via the *Preferences *Preferences command in the *File *File menu. menu. 8o assign the same concentration for a given pollutant to all the portals and all the eFuipment modelled in the drawing sheet, ;ust enter the new value to be ta%en account of for the selected pollutant and clic% on the relevant relevant button button found in the *=ppl: to all column, column, then Fuit the dialog b: clic%ing clic%ing on the button.

N3T$ The ollutionJ ollutionJ !o""and !o""and in the ara"etersJ ara"etersJ "enu onl# a!ts on air blowin eOuip"ent eOuip"ent alread# "odelled in the drawin sheetQ it has no effe!t on an# eOuip"ent that is "odelled in the drawin sheet at a later date. *or su!h eOuip"ent( the pollutant !on!entrations for inEe!ted air re"ain the default value( i.e. Pero .

Traffi! 8his command is used to characterise road traffic for the selected scenario. scenario. 8he following table describes the fields to be filled in, their default value and their area of validit:G *ield

roportion of =Gs

Proportion of C$7s in the traffic

Si"a>CV for !ars

+rontal surface for cars

Si"a>CV for =Gs

%nit

Area of validit#

0

eal number belonging to R0O100Q

m2

0,)


+rontal surface for C$7s

m2

3,5


+ront bumper A front bumper distance for stopped vehicles

m

10


ollutant e"issions

7ehicle pollutant emissions for each tunnel section and ramp, for each pollutant listed in the pollutants librar:

%g.s A1.mA1

0


No"inal speed

8raffic speed in each traffic direction

%m.h A1

&0


No"inal flu&

7ehicle flu! in each traffic direction (I)

veh.hA1

0


Nu"ber of lanes per dire!tion

Number of lanes in each traffic direction for each tunnel section and ramp (II)

-

1

Positive whole number

-

(I)

Where there are one or more ramps, the onl: flu!es to be recorded are those for vehicles entering each end of the mar%ed tunnel in relation to the direction of traffic, the vehicles entering via the entrance ramps, and leaving via the e!it ramps. 8he traffic flu! in the other tunnel sections is automaticall: calculated calculated b: the application b: conservation of the traffic at tunnel A ramp ;unctions .

(II)

+or twoAwa: traffic, the number of driving lanes is supposed to be the same in each traffic direction .

3'


$nviron"ent 8his command is used to characterise the tunnel environment, together with heat transfers with tunnel walls and ramps, if an:, an:, for the selected scenario. scenario. 8he following table describes the fields to be filled in in order to characterise the tunnel environment, together with their default value a nd area of validit:G *ield

Averae altitude

=verage tunnel altitude

A"bient air te"perature

(ean temperature of ambient air inside the tunnel (I)

(I)

%nit

Area of validit#

m

0


m2

0.) 0.)

eal number

8his temperature applies to ambient air inside the tunnel or ramp, as well as outside and to a depth of 1" cm in the walls .

=mbient air densit: is calculated automaticall: based on the values entered for these two fields according to the following eFuationG −#

o=#,3'5.10 .

Po 8o

. 10

2&#.E alt − 1'300.8 o

avec

o P o T o

z alt

G densit: of ambient air G absolute pressure at sea level, i.e. 101 #25 Pa G temperature of ambient air inside the tunnel G average tunnel altitude

8he following table describes the fields to be filled in in order to characterise heat transfers with tunnel walls and an: ramps, together with their default value and area of validit:G *ield

Min value of radiant heat transfer !ff.

oefficient for the minimum radiant heat transfer between smo%e and tunnel walls and an: ramps

Ma& value of radiant heat transfer !ff.

oefficient for the ma!imum radiant heat transfer between smo%e and tunnel walls and an: ramps

%nit

3)

Area of validit#

W.mA2.YA1

0


W.mA2.YA1

100


*ield

Wall e"issivit#

Wall emissivit: used to calculate the radiant heat transfer coefficient

iew fa!tor

7iew factor for the tunnel and ramps characterising their shape and used to calculate the radiant heat transfer coefficient

%nit

Area of validit#

-

0.) 0.)


-

1

eal number belonging to the interval Q0O1Q

8he file generated can be opened using a te!t editor such as 4!cel or -pen -ffice.

50

2.2. 2.2.) ) Si" Si"ul ulat atio ionJ nJ "en "enu u 8he */imulation menu in the menu bar is used to launch the calculation for the selected scenario in either smo%e e!traction mode or normal e!traction mode. IllustrationG IllustrationG

-n opening a new drawing sheet, all the commands are shaded. 8he: remain shaded and inaccessible until the user has correctl: entered all the model data reFuired for the calculations.

*ire "ode 8his command is used to launch the calculation for the selected scenario in *+ire mode using a dialog to specif:G  the simulations ending time  the simulations time step

8he simulations starting time set at 00 h 00 min 00 s cannot be changed, which means that the simulation ending time also corresponds to the duration of the simulation. 8his is automaticall: set at #0 minutes. 8he simulations time step is used to define the calculations results sampling. 8his corresponds to the time step between 2 results curves f?t@ at successive fi!ed !. 8he: must not be confused with the calculations time step, which is set at 1 s in the code, and that ma: not be changed b: the user. IllustrationG IllustrationG

lic%ing on the

button e!ecutes the calculation in *+ire mode.

N3T$ efore e&e!utin !al!ulations in *ire "ode( the appli!ation auto"ati!all# !he!'s for the presen!e of an# !o4lo!ated "odel ele"ents. If the# are found( the !al!ulation is not e&e!uted and the user is alerted to the presen!e of !o4lo!ated ele"ents. The user then has to "ove the relevant "odel ele"ent8s9 to ensure there are no loner an# !o4lo!ated ele"ents.

ollution "ode 8his command is used to launch the calculation in *Pollution mode for the selected scenario. 8he calculation is made under stead: state regime. = message is displa:ed to notif: the user that the calculation has been completed.

51


N3T$ As des!ribed for the *ire "odeJ !o""and( the appli!ation auto"ati!all# !he!'s for the presen!e of an# !o4lo!ated "odel ele"ents before e&e!utin the !al!ulation.

52

2.2. 2.2.  Res Resul ults tsJ J "en "enu 8he *esults menu in the menu bar is used to view the results of the calculation e!ecuted in either *Fire * Fire ode ode or *Pollution *Pollution ode, ode, and of the e!port in a J.csv file. If the latest calculation was e!ecuted in *Fire *Fire ode, ode, then this menu is also used to view traffic distribution according to time in the tunnel tunne l and its ramps, if an:, and to e!port the data f or a given time to a J.csv file. IllustrationG IllustrationG

-n opening a new drawing sheet, all the commands are shaded. 8he: remain shaded and inaccessible until the user has e!ecuted a calculation in either *Pollution *Pollution ode ode or *Fire *Fire ode. ode. 4!ecuting a calculation activates some or all of the commands in this menu depending on whether the calculation was e!ecuted in *Fire *Fire ode ode or *Pollution *Pollution odeG odeG Illustration of a calculation in Fire ode with a odelled fireG fireG

Illustration of a calculation in Fire ode with no odelled fire or in Pollution ode G

lot results 8his command is used to view plot results for the latest calculation e!ecuted in either *Fire *Fire ode ode or *Pollution ode, ode, via a dialog. 8he mouse is used to clic% in the dialog to selectG  the part of the tunnel for which the user wishes to view the resultsG tunnel or ramp  the ph:sical Fuantities to be displa:ed from among all the available ph:sical Fuantities

In *Fire *Fire ode, ode, the available Fuantities areG K air temperature K wall temperature K air opacit: K pollutant concentration K air velocit: K longitudinal flow rate K total pressure K static pressure In *Pollution *Pollution ode, ode, the available Fuantities areG K pollutant concentration for all the pollutants listed in the pollutants librar:, accessible and modifiable using the *Pollutants *Pollutants command in the *+ibraries *+ibraries menu K air velocit: K longitudinal flow rate

5#

 the t:pe of view for the ph:sical Fuantities selected for displa:

In *Fire *Fire ode, ode, a ph:sical Fuantit: can be viewed asG K either a spatial curve, f?!@, for a given time K or a time curve, f?t@, for a given abscissa K or contour lines in the plane ?!,t@ i.e. f?!,t@ In *Pollution *Pollution ode, ode, as the calculation is made in stead: state regime, a ph:sical Fuantit: can onl: be viewed as a spatial curve, f?!@.  according to the t:pe of displa: selectedG K either, the times for which the user wishes to view the spatial curve f?!@ for one or more of the selected ph:sical Fuantities K i.e. the abscissas abscissas for which the user wishes to view the time curve, f?t@ for one or more of the selected ph:sical Fuantities

Illustration in Fire ode G

Illustration in Pollution ode G

8o select several ph:sical Fuantities Fuantities or several times or abscissas, abscissas, ;ust clic% on them using the mouse while pressing the Ctrl or MaE %e:. 8he actions described in the first three points above can be performed in an: order. -n the other hand, the action described in the last point can onl: be performed after having selected the t:pe of displa: for the selected ph:sical Fuantities.

N3T$ The !ontour lines f8&(t9 are onl# available for6

►



air te"perature



air opa!it#



pollutant !on!entration



air velo!it#

Curves f8&9 and f8t9 4ach ph:sical Fuantit: is viewed in a window whose name indicates the t:pe of displa:, the name of the scenario and the part of the tunnel under stud:. 8he name of the ph:sical Fuantit: is displa:ed as the title of the f?!@ or f?t@ curve. If the user has chosen to view the evolution of a given given Fuantit: in terms of f?t@ for several abscissa or f?!@ at several moments in time, all the curves are displa:ed on the same graph.

53


= rightAclic% on the chart drawing sheet used to view the evolution of a ph:sical Fuantit: lets the userG  access and modif: chart properties  save the chart in J.png format  print the charts  access Eoom and automatic scaling functionalities


riht !li!'

hart properties can be used, in particular, to change the charts title and scales. IllustrationG IllustrationG

55

►

Contour lines f8&(t9 4ach ph:sical Fuantit: is displa:ed in a window w whose name indicates the t:pe de displa:, the name of the scenario and the part of the tunnel under stud:. 8he name of the ph:sical Fuantit: being viewed is displa:ed as the title of the contour line curve f?!,t@. f ?!,t@. IllustrationG IllustrationG

=s with the f?!@ and f?t@ curves, a rightAclic% on the charts drawing sheet lets the userG  access and modif: chart properties  save the chart in J.png format  print the charts  access automatic scaling and Eoom functionalities


riht !li!'



8he charts colour scale is displa:ed on the right of the curve. It can be modified b: doubleAclic%ing on the colour scale that starts an editor. IllustrationG IllustrationG

!li! droit

double4 !li!'

5"


8his is used to match the chosen colours to the selected values ?represented b: the horiEontal arrows@. olours are interpolated between two arrows. 8o add new values, ;ust leftAclic% in the desired area of the colour bar. 8o delete an arrow, ;ust select it and clic% on the Suppr %e:. 8he arrows can also be moved using the mouse. 8o select the colour lin%ed lin%ed to a value ?or accuratel: specif: specif: the value corresponding corresponding to the arrow@, ;ust doubleAclic% on the desired arrow. =n editor lets the user specif: the value corresponding corresponding to the colour colour in the *7alue field together together with the corresponding colour. 8his can be selected from a list of basic colours, in 8/ format ?Cue, /aturation,
►

iewin out4of4servi!e Eet fans 8he evolution curves f?!@ and f?t@ can be used to displa: ;et fan arra:s Fui that have been disabled due to an e!cessive temperature rise in a tunnel or ramp. Lou can do this simpl: b: indicating it in the application preferences accessible via the *Preferences * Preferences command in the *File *File menu b: chec%ing the *ispla: outAofAservice ;et fans bo!.

5&


8he location of each heatAdisabled ;et fan arra: is mar%ed on the f?!@ evolution curves b: an annotation that gives the name of the disabled ;et fan arra: and the time of its disablement. -nl: ;et fan arra:s that were disabled at the selected time are notified on the f?!@ evolution curve. IllustrationG IllustrationG

-n the f?t@ evolution curves, each time when a ;et fan arra: was disabled b: the heat is mar%ed b: an annotation that gives the name of the arra: disabled at this time. IllustrationG IllustrationG

Show traffi! 8his command is used to view the traffic distribution in each traffic direction, according to time, in the tunnel and an: related ramps for the selected scenario. 8he traffic distribution displa: window containsG  a

button used to read traffic distribution according to time

5'

 a

button used to stop reading traffic distribution according to time

 a

button used to view traffic distribution 1 s before the start of the fire

 a

button used to view traffic distribution at the end of the simulation

8raffic distribution is viewed on a diagram representing the modelled tunnel along with an: related ramps, and on which are mar%edG  in green, Eones where vehicles are moving normall:  in red, Eones where vehicles are stopped  in gre:, Eones free of vehicles


N3T$ The total nu"ber of stopped vehi!les is iven between bra!'ets in the 'e# 'e#..

$&port results 8his command is used to e!port, via a dialog, the results of the last calculation e!ecuted in *Fire * Fire ode ode or *Pollution ode ode as a J.csv file. se the mouse to select the following elements in the dialogG  the part of the tunnel for which the user wishes to e!port the resultsG tunnel or ramp  the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ to be e!ported from among all the ph:sical Fuantities available

In *Fire *Fire ode, ode, the Fuantities available areG K air temperature K wall temperature K air opacit: K pollutant concentration K air velocit: K longitudinal flow rate K total pressure K static pressure In *Pollution *Pollution ode, ode, the Fuantities available areG K pollut pollutant ant concen concentrat tration ion for all the pollut pollutants ants listed listed in the pollut pollutants ants librar:, librar:, that that can be accessed and modified using the *Pollutants *Pollutants command in the *+ibraries *+ibraries menu K air velocit: K longitudinal flow rate 5)

 the t:pe of values to be e!ported

In *Fire *Fire ode, ode, :ou can e!portG K either, an table, f?!@, listing the value of the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ selected according to the abscissa of a given time K or, a table, f?t@, listing the value of the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ selected according to the abscissa of a given time K or, a doubleAentr: table, f?!,t@, listing the value of the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ selected according to the abscissa of a given time In *Pollution ode, ode, as the calculation is made in stead: state regime, it is onl: possible to e!port a table, f?!@, listing the value of the ph:sical Fuantit:?ie Fuantit:?ies@ s@ selected according according to the abscissa of a given time.  according to the t:pe of selected value to be e!portedG K either the time?s@ for which the user wishes to e!port an f?!@ table for the ph:sical Fuantit:?ies@ selected the absc abscis issa? sa?es es@@ for for whic which h the the user user wish wishes es to e!po e!port rt an f?t@ f?t@ tabl table e for the the ph:si ph:sical cal K or the Fuantit:?ies@ selected

Illustration in Fire ode G

Illustration in  Pollution Pollution mode mode G

8o select several ph:sical Fuantities or several times or abscissae, ;ust se lect them with the mouse while pressing the Ctrl or MaE %e:. 8he actions described in the first three points above can be performed in an: order. -n the other hand, the action described in the last point can onl: be performed after having selected the t:pe of values to be e!ported.

N3T$ The option of e&portin a double4entr# double4entr# table f8&(t9 is onl# available for 6 

air te"perature



air opa!it#



pollutant !on!entration



air velo!it#

-nce -nce all the elemen elements ts have have been select selected, ed, clic%i clic%ing ng on the generates a J.csv file containing all the reFuested elements.

button button starts starts the e!port e!port and

= message is displa:ed to notif: the user that the e!port has been completed.

"0


8he file generated is given the name *nom/cenarioZt:pe/imuZt:pe4!port.csv whereG  nom/cenario is the name of the selected scenario  t:pe/imu is the t:pe of simulation performed K +ire mode K Pollution mode  t:pe4!port is the t:pe of e!port K 8 A according to time K M A according to abscissa K M8 A according to time and abscissa

8he generated file can be opened using a te!t editor such as 4!cel or -pen -ffice.

$&port traffi! results 8his command command is used to e!port to a J.csv file, via a dialog, the distribution distribution of vehicles vehicles in the tunnel and an: related ramps at a given moment in time. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8his 8his file file is given given the name *nom/c *nom/cenar enarioZ ioZes esulta ultats8 ts8rafi rafic.c c.csv sv and is saved saved in the *4!por *4!port t folder folder specified in application preferences using the *Preferences *Preferences command in the *File *File menu. = message is displa:ed to notif: the user that the e!port has been completed. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he generated file can be opened using a te!t editor such as 4!cel or -pen -ffice.

"1

2.2. 2.2.  @ib @ibra rari ries esJ J "en "enu u 8he *ibraries element in the menu bar is used to access libraries for wall materials and pollutants. IllustrationG IllustrationG

Wall "aterials 8his command uses a dialog to list and parameter the materials that can be used for tunnel walls and an: related ramps. 8his wall materials librar: is common to all the scenarios. Wall materials are chosen from the dropAdown list accessed via the *(aterial t:pe1 and *(aterial t:pe 2 field fields s found found in the the *8un *8unnel nel sect sectio ions ns and and *amp *amps s tabs tabs in the the *8unn *8unnel el > amp amps s windo window w in the the *Parameters menu. 8he wall materials librar: automaticall: contains the concrete and fire protection generall: used in tunnels to improve the structures fire resistance. It also contains the values generall: selected for the ph:sical properties reFuired to evaluate heat transfers with walls, i.e. their densit:, thermal conductivit:# and their specific heat capacit:3. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he dialog also containsG  a button button for adding adding a materia materiall via a dialog dialog used used to define define its name, name, densit densit:, :, therma thermall conductivit: and specific heat capacit:.


 a button used to modif: the material material selected selected and highlighted highlighted in blue with the mouse, using a dialog identical to that described above used to add a wall material. button used to delete the material selected and highlighted in blue with the mouse.  a

= message is displa:ed as%ing the user whether the: wish to delete the material from the wall materials librar:.

#

eflects eflects the conduct conductive ive heat transfe transferr generated generated b: the molecula molecularr vibration vibration of the material material..

3

epresent epresents s the amount amount of energ: reFuired reFuired to raise raise the temperatu temperature re of 1 %ilogram %ilogram of the material material b: one degree degree Yelvin. Yelvin.

"2


N3T$ As with the fires librar# that !an be a!!essed usin the *ireJ !o""and in the ara"etersJ "enu and with the pollutants librar#( this librar# is6  !o""on to all s!enarios

saved ed in the bdd.&"l bdd.&"l file in the .!a"attb .!a"attbdd dd folder folder found found in the user profile profile folder folder in  sav Windows( or in the F=3M$ folder in @inu&( and is therefore spe!ifi! to ea!h user All "odifi!ations or additions to this librar# will therefore appl# to all s!enarios( whether new( e&istin or dupli!ated( but will onl# be valid for the user that "ade the "odifi!ation or addition.

ollutants 8his command uses a dialog to list and parameter the pollutants to be studied for simulations in *Pollution mode. 8his pollutants librar: is common to all scenarios. 8he list of pollutants defined in this librar: forms the list of accessible pollutantsG button found in the various various dialoges dialoges used to modif: pollutant pollutant concentratio concentrations ns in  using the blown air generated b: an eFuipment or b: one of the portals  using using the the *Pol *Pollu luti tion on comma command nd in the the *Para *Parame meter ters s menu, menu, whic which h is used used to modi modif: f: poll pollut utan antt concentrations in blown air generated b: all the eFuipment modelled in the drawing sheet and b: all the portals

8he dialog containsG  a section on gaseous pollution that automaticall: contains three pollutantsG K carbon mono!ide ?-@ K benEene K nitrogen o!ides ?N-!@

8his 8his secti section on also also cont contai ains ns the the molar molar mass masses es of thes these e thre three e poll pollut utan ants ts base based d on whic which h the the A# concentration can be e!pressed either in mg.m , or in ppm depending on the unit selected in the applica applicatio tion n prefer preferenc ences es via the *Prefere *Preferences nces command command in the *+ile *+ile menu. menu. Lou can switch switch from from A# concentrations in ppm to concentrations in mg.m as followsG  mg.m = −#

(molaire 7molaire

 ppm

avec 7 molaire = 23,35 23,35# # l.mo l.moll

−1

5

 a section on particulate pollution that automaticall: contains the particulates class for which an air opacit: of 1 m A1 corres correspond ponds s to an airborne airborne partic particula ulate te concen concentra tratio tion n of 100 mg.m mg.mA#, the the valu value e suggested in 48s *7entilation pilot dossier.

5

(olar (olar volume volume of air, assum assumed ed to be be an ideal ideal gas gas at 20U 20U and and 1 atm. atm.

"#


+or each of these two sections, the dialog also containsG  a K K

button for adding a gaseous pollutant or particulates class via a dialog used to definedG for gaseous pollutants, their name and molar mass for the particulates class, their name and the conversion factor to be applied in order to switch from an air opacit: of 1 mA1 to a particulates concentration e!pressed in mg.mA#

Illustration of the addition of a gaseous "ollutant G

Illustration of the addition of a "articulates classG classG

 a button for modif:ing the gaseous pollutant or particulates class selected and highlighted in blue with the mouse via a dialog identical identical to that described described above used to add a gaseous pollutant pollutant or particulates class.  a button for deleting the gaseous pollutant or particulates class selected and highlighted in blue with the mouse.

= message is displa:ed as%ing the user whether the: wish to delete the material from the wall materials librar:. IllustrationG IllustrationG

"3

N3T$ As with the fires librar# that !an be a!!essed usin the *ireJ !o""and in the ara"etersJ "enu and with the wall "aterials librar#( this librar# is6  !o""on to all s!enarios

saved ed in the bdd.&"l bdd.&"l file in the .!a .!a"at "attb tbdd dd folder folder found found in the user user profi profile le folder folder in  sav Windows( or in the F=3M$ folder in @inu&( and is therefore spe!ifi! to ea!h user All "odifi!ations or additions to this librar# will therefore appl# to all s!enarios( whether new( e&istin or dupli!ated( but will onl# be valid for the user that "ade the "odifi!ation or addition.

"5

2.2. 2.2.? ? XJ XJ "enu 8he *B menu in the menu bar is used to access access informat information ion on the applicati application on and on the current current ser $uide to the =(=88 2.20 release. IllustrationG IllustrationG

=elpY 8his command provides online access to the current ser $uide to the =(=88 2.20 release in J.pdf format. 8his command can also be accessed b: b : pressing the %e:boards +1 %e:..

AboutY 8his command is used to access information on the application version and the op:right. IllustrationG IllustrationG

""

2.7 Toolbar 8he toolbar contains icons that provide rapid access to the main application commands. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he list of these icons can be parametered using the *Preferences * Preferences command in the *File *File menu when selecting which icons to displa: and which to mas%. 8his list can contain at the most the #' icons shown below. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he following table describes the commands that can be accessed via the #' icons automaticall: contained in the toolbarG

I!on Menu

Co""and

+ile

New

+ile

-pen

+ile

/ave

+ile

/ave as

+ile

uplicate

+ile

Print preview

+ile

Print

4dit

ndo

4dit

edo

4dit

elete

4dit

/election (ode

4dit

6oom in

4dit

6oom out

4dit

6oom bo!

"&

I!on Menu

Co""and

4dit

7iew all

4dit

(ove

4dit

$rid

4dit

$roup devices

4dit

ngroup devices

Networ%

8unnel

Networ%

amp

Networ%

9et fan arra:

Networ%

In;ector

Networ%

Networ%

4!traction da damper

Networ%

(assive e!traction

Networ%

ocal head loss

Networ%

=eraulic transparenc:

Networ%

8raffic in interruption

Networ%

+ire

Para Parame mete ters rs

8unn 8unnel el > am amps ps

Para Parame mete ters rs

evi evices ces

Para Parame meter ters s

Pres Pressu sure re at at port portal als s

/imulation

+ire mo mode

/imu /imula lati tio on

Poll ollutio ution n mode mode

esults

Plot results

esults

/how traffic

esults

4!port results

Icons remain shaded so long as the related command is inactive.

"'

2.1
a banner



a %e:



a scale


anner

S!ale

@eend

2.1. 2.1.-
")

-nce the tunnel and an: related ramps, plus its eFuipment and, where applicable, a fire, have been modelled in the drawing sheet, all the model data can be entered using the commands in the *Paraeters *Paraeters menu. 8he tunnel and an: related ramps are modelled in plan viewO this ma%es it eas: to view the angle between the tunnel and the ramps.

2.1.2 anner 8he banner located at the top of the drawing sheet is used to displa: or mas% certain data in the drawing area using chec%bo!esG 

ramp angles



slopes of tunnel sections



tunnel orientation



devices

Ra"p anle epending on whether the bo! is chec%ed or not, this command is used to displa: or mas% the acute angle between all the ramps shown in the drawing area and the tunnel. IllustrationG IllustrationG

Slopes of tunnel se!tions epending on whether the bo! is chec%ed or not, this command is used to displa: or mas% the slopes for all tunnel sections and ramps shown in the drawing area. IllustrationG IllustrationG

Tunnel orientation epending on whether the bo! is chec%ed or not, this command is used to displa: or mas% the orientation of all tunnel sections and ramps shown in the drawing area that provides a reference for the positioning of eFuipment or fires.

&0


2.1.7 @eend When building the model in the drawing area, a legend legend is displa:ed at the bottom right of the drawing sheet and is automaticall: updated according to the elements modelled ?tunnel, ramp, eFuipment and fire@. IllustrationG IllustrationG

8he legend is automaticall: displa:ed in the drawing sheet. Cowever, users can mas% the %e: using the *Preferences command in the *+ile menu if the: wish.

2.1.1 S!ale 8o facilitate the modelling process, a scale is displa:ed at the bottom of the drawing sheetO five grid sFua res automaticall: correspond to 200 m. 8his scale is then updated automaticall: according to the Eoom selected using the related commands in the *4dit menu. 8he scale is automaticall: displa:ed in the drawing sheet. Cowever, users can mas% the scale using the *Preferences command in the *+ile menu if the: wish. &1

7

S3@$< $B%ATI3NS

8he =(=88 2.20 release solves the following ph:sical eFuations governing flowG 

the eFuation e!pressing the conservation of mass



the eFuation e!pressing the conservation of the momentum in the main direction of flow



the eFuation e!pressing the conservation of enthalp:



thermod:namic eFuations

8o these eFuations can be added those that govern the transport of a passive scalar in the flow used to identif: a pollutant concentration in the tunnel at an: moment in time.

7.7. - Con Conse serv rvat atio ion n of of "as "ass s 8he eFuation e!pressing the conservation of mass isG

∂ ρ ∂ ρ u   =/ m ∂t ∂! where ρ G air densit: u G air velocit: / m G mass source ?sin%@ t G time ! G curvilinear abscissa along the length of the tunnel

R%g.mA#Q Rm.sA1Q R%g.sA1.mA#Q RsQ RmQ

8he source term ?or sin%@ of the mass / m represents the mass flow blown into or e!tracted from the tunnel or its ramps, if an:, per unit of volume. =(=88 =(=88 is used to factor in linear and local source terms ?or sin%s@ for f or mass. =(=88 calculates mass sources based onG 

ambient air densit:



distributed blowing flow rate imposed on a section or ramp



flow rate imposed for blowing vents and in;ectors



pressure imposed outside aeraulic transparencies and their section when the difference between this pressure and that in the tunnel is positive

=(=88 calculates mass sin%s based onG 

ambient air densit: for the distributed e!tractions and e!traction dampers



air densit: in the tunnel for massive e!tractions and aeraulic transparencies



distributed e!traction flow rate imposed on a section or ramp



flow rate imposed for e!traction dampers and massive e!tractions



pressure imposed outside aeraulic transparencies and their section when the difference between this pressure and that in the tunnel is negative

7.2 7. 2 Cons Conserv ervat atio ion n of the the "o"e "o"ent ntu" u" =(=88 solves the eFuation e!pressing conservation of the momentum in the direction of flow as followsG

∂ Ps ∂ ρ u  ∂  ρ u[   =− / mvt ∂t ∂! ∂! where ρ G air densit: u G air velocit: Ps G static air pressure / mvt G source ?or sin%@ for the momentum t G time

R%g.mA#Q Rm.sA1Q RPaQ A2 A2 R%g.m .s Q RsQ &2

!

G curvilinear abscissa along the length of the tunnel

RmQ

8he momentum source term ?or sin%@ /mvt represents the variation over time of the momentum of air per unit of volume due to the action ofG 

buo:anc: forces due to the buo:anc: acting on hot smo%e



drag ?air friction@ forces acting on tunnel walls



vehicle forces acting on the air



driving forces communicated to the air b: ;et fan arra:s



driving forces communicated to the air b: in;ectors



forces due to air drag in Eones of turbulence created opposite singularities ?change of section, obstacles, etc.@

8he momentum source term ?or sin%@ / mvt can therefore be described asG / mvt =∆ Pche ∆ Pfrot ∆ Ppist  ∆ Pacc  ∆ Pin;∆ Psing where ∆Pche G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume due to buo:anc: forces ∆Pfrot G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume due to drag ?air friction@ on the tunnel walls ∆Ppist G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume due to forces e!erted b: vehicles on air ∆Pacc G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume due to driving forces communicated to the air b: ;et fan arra:s ∆Pin; G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume due to driving forces communicated to the b: in;ectors ∆Psing G variation over time of the momentum per unit of volume due to drag ?air friction@ on Eones of air turbulence

R%g.mA2.sA2 Q R%g.mA2.sA2 Q R%g.mA2.sA2 Q R%g.mA2.sA2 Q R%g.mA2.sA2 Q R%g.mA2.sA2 Q

=(=88 =(=88 is used to factor in these momentum momentum source terms ?or sin%s@, which can be bro%en down into two categoriesG 

linear source terms ?or sin%s@ ?∆Pche, ∆Pfrot and ∆ppist@



local source terms ?or sin%s@ ?∆Pacc, ∆Pin; and ∆psing@

ocal ocal momentu momentum m source source terms terms ?or sin%s@ sin%s@ ph:sic ph:sicall all: : represe represent nt a greater greater number of local local variati variations ons in A1 A2 A2 A2 pressure ?%g.m .s @ than variations in momentum per unit of volume ?%g.m .s @, i.e. variations in pressure per unit of length. Cowever, a local pressure variation ma: be eFuated to a variation in pressure per unit of length b: introducing the functionG

{

1

χ ε ξ  = ε

si ξ ∈ [−

1

O

1

2ε 2ε

]

0

1 and =ssuming that a variation in pressure ∆Pp in !p is, not local, but distributed along a length ε where ε ≪  the length of a tunnel section or ramp, it can be eFuated to a variation in pressure per unit of length ∆Pr whereG

∆ P r=

∆ Pp 

χ ε

! − ! p 



8ending ε towards 0, the final eFuation can be written asG

∆ P r=

∆ Pp 

δ

!− ! p 



where \δ G iracs function"

"

efined b:  f ∈ ?ℝ@,

∞

∫−∞ δ  !  f  ! =f  0 &#

7.2.7.2 .- @inear @inear sou sour!e r!e ter" ter"s s 8or 8or sin's sin's99 uo#an!# for!es
∆ Pch =−α =−α  ρ−ρ o  g

R%g.mA2.sA2Q

where α G slope of the tunnel section or ramp ρ G air densit: ρo G ambient air densit: g G acceleration due to gravit: ? ).'1@

RAQ R%g.m Q R%g.mA#Q Rm.sA2Q A#

∆ Pfr =−λ =−λ

Π ρ u∣u∣ 3/

R%g.mA2.sA2Q

2

where λ G (ood: friction coefficient ρ G air densit: u G air velocit: / G crossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp Π G perimeter of the crossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp

RAQ R%g.mA#Q Rm.sA1Q Rm2Q RmQ

ehi!le for!es on the air +or each tunnel section and ramp, the forces e!erted b: vehicles on air induce a variation over time of the momentum of air per unit of volume ?∆Ppist@ that can be e!pressed asG

∆ Ppist =n

 1 −p  . ! 7 Σ7 p . ! P ΣP  /

ρ  u− v ∣u −v∣

where n G number of vehicles per linear metre in the tunnel section or ramp p G percentage of C$7s in the traffic ! 7 G drag coefficient for passenger vehicles Σ 7 G average frontal surface for passenger vehicles ! P G drag coefficient for C$7s Σ P G average frontal surface for C$7s ρ G air densit: u G air velocit: v G vehicle speed in the tunnel section or ramp / G crossAsection through the tunnel section or ramp

R%g.mA2.sA2Q

Rveh.mA1Q RAQ A1 Rveh Q Rm2Q RvehA1Q Rm2Q R%g.mA#Q Rm.sA1Q Rm.sA1Q Rm2Q

=(=88 calculates the number of vehicles per linear metre n for each tunnel section or ramp based onG  hourl: throughput of vehicles in the tunnel section or ramp  vehicle speed in the tunnel section or ramp  interAdistance of stopped vehicles

=(=88 distinguishes two situations in order to determine traffic distribution in each tunnel section or rampG ►

resen!e of a fire or a sinle traffi! interruption Where there is a single traffic interruption element or fire in a tunnel section or ramp, =(=88 brea%s down this section or ramp into four Eones per direction of traffic.

&3

Illustration for a fireG fireG spee d of tailba! tailba!' 'C P one -

P o ne 2

!i

P o ne 7

P o ne 1

fire

 where !i G position of the fire  G lengt ength h of the the tunn tunnel el sect sectiion or ramp ramp

RmQ RmQ RmQ

7ehicles are circulating normall: in Eones 1 and 3, and are stopped in Eone 2. 6one # is free of vehicles. 8he boundar: between Eones 1 and 2 varies over time as the traffic ;am cause b: a fire or traffic interruption element e!tends at a speed  that is calculated using the eFuationG .=

 1000  n− Io v

R%m.hA1Q

where  G hourl: throughput of vehicles in the tunnel section or ramp v G vehicle speed in the tunnel section or ramp n G number of lanes in the tunnel section or ramp Io G interAdistance between stopped vehicles

Rveh.hA1Q R%m.hA1Q RAQ RmQ

8he boundar: between Eones # and 3 also varies over time as the presence of a fire or traffic interruption element prevents vehicles from overta%ing and creates a vehicleAfree Eone, Eone #, which e!tends at the speed v of vehicles in the tunnel section or ramp. When one of these boundaries reaches the end of a section, it diffuses into the ad;acent section?s@ with a new speed J or vJ recalculated based on the traffic data specific to each section. ►

resen!e of a fire and a traffi! interruption or of several traffi! interruptions Where there is a fire and one or two traffic interruption?s@ in a tunnel section or ramp, =(=88 brea%s down this section or ramp into seven Eones per direction direction of traffic. traffic. =t each new traffic interruption, interruption, three additional Eones are added. IllustrationG IllustrationG spee d of tailba! tailba!' 'C P o ne A

!b

P o ne 

spee d of tailba! tailba!' 'C P o ne C

traffi! interruption

P o ne <

P one $

P one *

P o ne G

fire

!i 

where !i G location of the fire !b G location of the traffic interruption  G leng length th of the the tunn tunnel el sect sectio ion n or ramp ramp

RmQ RmQ RmQ RmQ

learl:, Eones =, < and  can onl: e!ist if the traffic interruption is activated sufficientl: earl:. +or e!ample, in the illustration above, the condition to be complied with isG !i− ! b 

t b− t i "0

where ti G start of the fire tb G time of activation of the traffic interruption  G speed speed of the tailbac tailbac% % in the tunnel tunnel sectio section n or ramp ramp

RminQ RminQ R%m.h R%m.hA1Q

8he boundaries between Eones = and < on the one hand, and Eones  and 4 on the other hand, var: over time as the traffic ;am caused b: a fire or traffic interruption element e!tends at a speed . 8he boundaries between Eones  and  on the one hand, and Eones + and $ on the other hand, also var: over time as a fire or traffic interruption element prevents the vehicles from overta%ing and creates vehicleAfree Eones, Eones  and +, that e!tend at the speed v of vehicles in the tunnel section or ramp.

&5

When one of the boundaries between Eones = and < or between Eones + and $ reaches the end of a section, it diffuses into the ad;acent section?s@ with a new speed J or vJ recalculated based on the traffic data specific to each section.

7.2.2 7.2 .2 @o!al @o!al sour!e sour!e ter"s ter"s 8or 8or sin' sin's9 s9
∆ P acc =n a % a + r

!− ! a u 1 ρ δ 1−   ua /a   ρr

R%g.mA2.sA2Q

where na G number of ;et fans ma%ing up the arra: %a G efficienc: coefficient of a ;et fan +r G freeAfield thrust of a ;et fan at the reference temperature ρ G air densit: opposite the ;et fan arra: ρ r G reference densit: lin%ed to +o u G air velocit: opposite the ;et fan arra: ua G ;et fan blowing speed /a G tunnel section or ramp opposite the ;et fan arra:  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !a G abscissa of the ;et fan arra:

RAQ RAQ R%g.m.sA2Q R%g.mA#Q R%g.mA#Q Rm.sA1Q Rm.sA1Q Rm2Q RmQ RmQ

∆ P in;= %in; ρo  v in; in;  vin; cos α in; − u 

1 /in; 

δ

!− !in; 



R%g.mA2.sA2Q

where %in; G efficienc: coefficient of the in;ector ρo G ambient air densit: v in; G in;ector flow rate vin; G in;ector blowing speed αin; G angle of the in;ector ;et in relation to the tunnel a!is u G air velocit: directl: opposite the in;ector /in; G tunnel section or ramp directl: opposite the in;ector  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !in; G abscissa of the in;ector

RAQ R%g.m Q Rm.sA#Q Rm.sA1Q RradQ Rm.sA1Q Rm2Q RmQ A#

RmQ

*or!es due to air dra in i n turbulen!e Pones 4ach change of section ?portal, ;et fan niche, modification of transverse profile@ and each obstacle found in the tunnel or ramp ramp ?traffic ?traffic sign@ cause airflow airflow turbul turbulenc ences. es. 4ach of these these singul singulari aritie ties s induces induces a variation over time of the momentum of air per unit of volume ?∆P sing@, which can be e!pressed asG 2

 1 ! −!s  ∆ Psing=− ξs 2vs δ  2  /ref 

ρs

R%g.mA2.sA2Q

where ρs G air densit: directl: opposite the singularit: ξs G head loss coefficient of the singularit: vs G flow rate directl: opposite the singularit: /ref G reference surface area lin%ed with the singularit:  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function &"

R%g.mA#Q RAQ # A1 Rm .s Q Rm2Q RmQ

!s

G abscissa of the singularit:

RmQ

7.7 7. 7 Cons Conser erva vati tion on of enth enthal alp# p# =(=88 solves the eFuation e!pressing the conservation of e nthalp: as followsG

∂ ρ h ∂ ρ uh  = / enth ∂t ∂! where ρ G air densit: h G specific enthalp: of air u G air velocit: / enth G enthalp: volume source t G time ! G curvilinear abscissa along the length of the tunnel

R%g.mA#Q R9.%gA1Q Rm.sA1Q RW.mA#Q RsQ RmQ

8he enthalp: enthalp: source term /enth represents represents the variation over time of the enthalp: of air per unit of volume due to theG 

amount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire



convective heat transfers between air and walls



radiant heat transfers between smo%e and walls



transfers of heat during the blowing or e!traction of air

8he enthalpy source term Senth can therefore be described asG / enth= ∆ Cinc ∆ Ccon ∆ Cra:  ∆ Cins  ∆ Ce!t where ∆Cinc G amount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire per unit of volume ∆Ccon G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to convective transfers between air and walls ∆Cra: G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to radiant transfers between smo%e and walls ∆Cins G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air blowing ∆Ce!t G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air e!traction

RW.mA# Q RW.mA# Q RW.mA# Q RW.mA# Q RW.mA# Q

7.7.7.7. - A"ount A"ount of heat heat e"itte e"itted d b# the the seat seat of the fire fire 8he amount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire corresponds to a local rather than a linear enthalp: source term. Cowever, as described for the momentum source terms ?or sin%s@ ?see section #.2@, a local source term can be eFuated to a linear source term using iracs function. 8herefore, the amount of heat emitted b: the seat of a fire per unit of volume can be written asG

∆ Cinc =

2 ˙ t ! −! ;  δ # / 

RW.mA#Q

where ˙ t G total amount of heat emitted b: the seat of the fire / G tunnel section or ramp  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function ! ; G abscissa of the fire

RWQ Rm2Q RmQ RmQ

=(=88 assumes that onl: two thirds of the total amount of heat emitted b: a fire is transferred to the air via convection, the other third being dissipated via direction radiation to the tunnel walls directl: opposite the fire.

&&

7.7.2 7.7 .2 Conve Conve!ti !tive ve heat heat transfe transfers rs with with walls walls In the presence of a fire, convective transfers between air and walls induce a variation in enthalp: over time per unit of volume that can be e!pressed asG

∆ C con=−

Π /

RW.mA#Q

h c  8 − 8p 

where

λ '

hc =

p ρ u 2 #

1,0& 12,& Pr −1 



&

λ '

where Π G perimeter of the tunnel section or ramp / G tunnel section or ramp hc G convective transfer coefficient 8 G air temperature 8p G wall temperature λ G (ood: friction coefficient p G specific heat of air at constant pressure ?1000@ ρ G air densit: u G air velocit: Pr G Prandtl number for air set at 0.&

RmQ Rm2Q A2 RW.m .YA1Q RYQ RYQ RAQ R9.%gA1.YA1Q R%g.mA#Q Rm.sA1Q RAQ

7.7.7 7.7 .7 Radian Radiantt heat heat trans transfer fers s with with walls walls In the presence presence of a fire, radiant transfers between smo%e, eFuated eFuated with a blac% bod:, and walls8, eFuated with a gre: bod: with constant emissivit:, induce a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume that can be e!pressed asG

∆ C ra:=−

Π /

hr  8 −8 p  avec

2

2

hr= ε o +  8 8 p  8  8 p 

where Π G perimeter of the tunnel section or ramp / G tunnel section or ramp hr G radiant heat transfer coefficient 8 G air temperature 8p G wall temperature ε G wall emissivit: σo G /tefanA
RW.mA#Q

RmQ Rm2Q RW.mA2.YA1Q RYQ RYQ RAQ A2 RW.m .YA3Q RAQ

7.7.1 7.7. 1 Transfers Transfers of heat durin durin air blowin blowin =ir can be blown into a tunnel or ramp b:G 

distributed blowing vents



local blowing vents



in;ectors



aeraulic transparencies when the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is positive

=ir can also enter the tunnel or ramp via one of its portals. 8he variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume induced b: blown air ∆Cins can therefore be described asG

&

+orm +ormul ula a de de Pet Petu% u%ho hov v

8

in a single-dim single-dimension ension,, smoke is assumed assumed to fill the whole tunne tunnell section and and any related related ramps ramps

&'

∆ C ins= ∆ C bsr ∆ C bsp ∆ Cin; ∆ C str ∆ C st where ∆Cbsr G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume du due to air blown b: distributed blowing vents ∆Cbsp G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air blown b: local blowing vents ∆Cin; G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air blown b: in;ectors ∆Cstr G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air blown b: aeraulic transparencies ∆Cst G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air blown b: portals

RW.mA#Q RW.mA#Q RW.mA#Q RW.mA#Q RW.mA#Q

∆ Cbsr =

ρo /

RW.mA#Q

 v bs r hbsr

where ρo G ambient air densit: / G tunnel section or ramp v bsr G blowing vent flow rate per unit of length hbsr G specific enthalp: in the air blown b: the distributed blowing vents

R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q Rm#.sA1.mA1Q R9.%g1Q

@o!al blowin vents =s described above ?see section #.2@, a local source term can be eFuated to a linear source term using iracs function. =ir blown b: local blowing vents induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume ?∆hbs@ which can therefore be e!pressed asG

∆ Cbsp=

ρo /

 v bs p

h bsp 

δ

!− !bsp 

RW.mA#Q



where ρo G ambient air densit: / G tunnel section or ramp v bsp G blowing vent flow rate hbsp G specific enthalp: in the air blown b: the blowing vent  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !bsp G abscissa of the blowing vent

R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q Rm#.sA1Q R9.%g1Q RmQ RmQ

InEe!tors =s with a local blowing vent, air blown b: an in;ector induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume ?∆Ci@ that can be e!pressed asG

∆ Cin;=

ρo /

 v in;

h in; 

δ

!− !in; 

RW.mA#Q



where ρo G ambient air densit: / G tunnel section or ramp v in; G blowing in;ector flow rate hin; G specific enthalp: of in;ector blown air  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !in; G abscissa of the in;ector


Aerauli! transparen!ies In contrast to local or distributed blowing vents and in;ectors, an aeraulic transparenc: onl: blows blows air into a tunnel section or ramp if the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is &)

positive. In this case, air blown b: an aeraulic transparenc: induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume ?]Cstr@ that can be e!pressed asG

∆ Cstr=



ρo 2∣Pt −Pe∣ /

ξ tr ρ o

/tr

hstr 

δ

!− ! tr 

RW.mA#Q



where ρo G ambient air densit: / G tunnel section or ramp Pt G tunnel air pressure directl: opposite aeraulic transparenc: Pe G imposed air pressure outside the aeraulic transparenc: ξtr G head loss coefficient of the aeraulic transparenc: set at 1.5 /tr G crossAsection of the aeraulic transparenc: hstr G specific enthalp: of air blown b: the aeraulic transparenc:  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !tr G abscissa of the aeraulic transparenc:

R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q RPaQ RPaQ RAQ Rm2Q R9.%g1Q RmQ RmQ

Air enterin via the portals =ir entering entering a tunnel section section or ramp via the portals induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume ?∆Cst@ that can be e!pressed asG

∆ Cst =

ρo /

 v st

hst 

δ

! −!st 

RW.mA#Q



where ρo G ambient air densit: / G tunnel section or ramp v st G flow rate entering via a portal hst G specific enthalp: of air entering via a portal  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !st G abscissa of the portal


7.7.) 7.7. ) Transfers Transfers of heat durin durin air e&tra!tio e&tra!tion n =ir can be e!tracted from a tunnel or ramp b:G 

distributed e!traction dampers



local e!traction dampers



massive e!traction



aeraulic transparenc:, transparenc:, when the difference difference between the pressure pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is negative

=ir can also escape from a tunnel or ramp via one of its portals. 8he variati variation on of enthal enthalp: p: over over time time per unit of volume induced induced b: air e!tracti e!traction on ∆he!t can therefore be described asG

∆ C e!t= ∆ C ter ∆ C tep  ∆ Cem ∆ C etr  ∆ C et where ∆Cter G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume du due to air e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers ∆Ctep G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air e!tracted b: local e!traction dampers ∆Cem G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air e!tracted b: massive e!tractions ∆Cetr G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air e!tracted b: aeraulic transparencies ∆Cet G variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume due to air e!tracted via portals

'0

RW.mA#Q RW.mA#Q RW.mA#Q RW.mA#Q RW.mA#Q

∆ Cter =−

ρo

RW.mA#Q

v et r h ter

/

where ρo G ambient air densit: / G tunnel section or ramp v ter G e!traction damper flow rate per unit of length hter G specific enthalp: of air e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers

R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q # A1 Rm .s .mA1Q R9.%g1Q

@o!al e&tra!tion da"pers =s described above ?see section #.2@, a local sin% can be eFuated to a linear sin% using iracs function. =ir e!tracted b: a local e!traction damper induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume ?∆hes@ which can be e!pressed asG

∆ Ctep =−

ρo

 v t ep ep

/

htep 

δ

! − !tep 

RW.mA#Q



where ρo G ambient air densit: / G tunnel section or ramp v tep G e!traction damper flow rate htep G specific enthalp: of air e!tracted b: an e!traction damper  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !tep G abscissa of the e!traction damper


Massive e&tra!tions =s with an e!traction damper, air e!tracted b: massive e!traction induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume ?]Cem@ that can be e!pressed asG

∆ Cem=−

ρ em /

 v em

hem 

δ

!− !em 

RW.mA#Q



where ρem G air densit: directl: opposite the massive e!traction / G tunnel section or ramp v em G massive e!traction flow rate hem G specific enthalp: of air e!tracted b: massive e!traction  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !em G abscissa of massive e!traction


Aerauli! transparen!ies In contrast to local or distributed e!traction dampers and in;ectors, an aeraulic transparenc: onl: blows air into a tunnel section or ramp if the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is negative. In this case, air e!tracted b: an aeraulic transparenc: induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume ?∆Cetr@ that can be e!pressed asG

∆ Cstr=−



ρ tr 2∣Pt −Pe∣ /

ξ tr ρ tr

/tr

h etr 

δ

! −! tr 



RW.mA#Q

where

ρtr / Pt Pe

ξtr /tr hetr

G =ir densit: opposite the aeraulic transparenc: G tunnel section or ramp G tunnel air pressure directl: opposite aeraulic transparenc: G imposed air pressure outside the aeraulic transparenc: G head loss coefficient of the aeraulic transparenc: set at 1,5 G section of the aeraulic transparenc: G specific enthalp: of air e!tracted b: aeraulic transparenc: '1

R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q RPaQ RPaQ RAQ Rm2Q R9.%g1Q



G length of the tunnel section or ramp G iracs function G abscissa of the aeraulic transparenc:

δ !tr

RmQ RmQ

Air e&itin via the portals =ir e!iting from a tunnel section or ramp via a portal induces a variation of enthalp: over time per unit of volume ?∆Cet@ that can be e!pressed asG

∆ Cet=−

ρ et /

 v et

het 

δ

! −! et 

RW.mA#Q



where

ρet / v et het 

δ !et

G air densit: at the portal G tunnel section or ramp G portal e!it flow rate G specific enthalp: of air e!iting via the portal G length of the tunnel section or ramp G iracs function G abscissa of the portal


7.1 =eatin of walls 8he heat flows transferred with tunnel walls via convection and radiation ? ∆Ccon and and ∆Cra:@ factor in the heating of walls due to conductive heat transfers within the structure and their impact on airflow in the tunnel. 8his heating of walls is factored in using +ouriers eFuation which is also solved b: =(=88G 2

∂ 8 s  ∂  8s  λs =0 ρs  ps ∂t ∂ E2 where ρs G densit: of wall materials ps G specific heat of wall materials 8s G temperature of the structure at depth E λs G thermal conductivit: of wall materials t G time E G depth

R%g.mA# Q R9.%gA1.YA1 Q RYQ A1 RW.m .YA1 Q RsQ RmQ

=(=88 =(=88 is used to factor in walls walls made of two different different materials at the most. It therefore solves +ouriers +ouriers eFuation using eFuivalent thermoAph:sical properties that are calculated as followsG

ρs =p mat 1 ρs1 1 −pmat 1  ρs2 . ps= p mat 1 .ps1 1− p mat mat 1  . ps2 λ s= p mat 1 λ s1 1−pmat 1  λ s2 where pmat 1 G proportion of material 1 to material 2 ρs1 G densit: of wall material 1 ρs2 G densit: of wall material 2 ps1 G specific heat of wall material 1 ps2 G specific heat of wall material 2 λs1 G thermal conductivit: of wall material 1 λs2 G thermal conductivit: of wall material 2

RAQ R%g.mA# Q R%g.mA# Q R9.%gA1.YA1 Q R9.%gA1.YA1 Q RW.mA1.YA1 Q RW.mA1.YA1 Q

8o solve +ouriers eFuation, eFuation, =(=88 considers considers that the tunnel section section or ramp is an annular section section with thic%ness1" cm comprising ' concentric ringsG

'2

in in thic thic%n %nes ess s 1

0& mm

2

10 mm

#

12 mm

3

15 mm

5

20 mm

"

25 mm

=t each ring i, =(=88 lin%s a mean temperature for the structure 8sai calculated using +ouriers eFuation. eFuation. 8he limit conditions factored in b: =(=88 are given belowG 

no conductive heat transfer be:ond a depth of 1" cm



conservation of heat flows at the interface between the air and the tunnel wall that can be e!pressed asG

 hch r 8 − 8p = 2 λ s

8 p− 8 sa1 ea1

where hc G convective transfer coefficient hr G radiant heat transfer coefficient 8 G air temperature 8p G wall temperature λs G thermal conductivit: of the material ma%ing up the structure 8sa1 G mean temperature of the walls first ring ea1 G thic%ness of the first ring set at &.10A#

RW.mA2.YA1Q RW.mA2.YA1Q RYQ RYQ A1 RW.m .YA1Q RYQ RmQ

7.) 7. ) Ther Ther"o "od# d#na na" "i! eOu eOuat atio ions ns =(=88 solves the following thermod:namic eFuationsG

7.). 7.).- $Oua $Ouati tion on of stat state e 8he air in the tunnel is eFuated to a perfect incompressible gas. Its densit: is therefore assumed to depend solel: solel: on variations variations in temperature, temperature, and not on variations variations in pressure, which are deemed too small with respect to atmospheric pressure. =(=88 therefore solves the perfect gas eFuation as followsG

ρ 8=

(P o 

where ρ G air densit: 8 G air temperature ( G molar mass of air Po G atmospheric pressure set at 101 #25  G perfect gas constant set at '.#15

R%g.mA#Q RYQ R%g.molA1Q RPaQ A1 R9.mol .YA1Q

ρ and its temperature 8. =(=88 onl: uses this eFuation to calculate air densit:

7.). 7.).2 2 Spe! Spe!if ifi! i! enth enthal alp# p# 8he air in the tunnel is eFuated to a perfect gas. Its specific enthalp: therefore depends solel: on its temperature, and not on variations in pressure, which are deemed too small with respect to atmospheric pressure. In addition, the specific heat of air at constant pressure varies ver: little with respect to the temperatures that ma: be encountered in a tunnel following a fire.

'#

=(=88 therefore solves the eFuation lin%ing specific enthalp: to air temperature as followsG h= .p 8 where h G specific enthalp: of air p G specific heat of air at constant pressure set at 1 000 8 G air temperature

R9.%gA1Q R9.%gA1.YA1Q RYQ

8his eFuation is used to solve the conservation of enthalp: eFuation.

7. 7.  Tran Transp spor ortt of a pas passi sive ve s! s!al alar ar = passive scalar is a ph:sical Fuantit: that is simpl: sub;ect to transport phenomena, without effecting flow behaviour. =(=88 is used to factor in two t:pes of passive scalarG gaseous pollutant concentrations and air opacit:.

3.6. 3.6.1 1 Gase Gaseou ous s poll pollut utan ants ts In *+ire mode, =(=88 solves the eFuation e!pressing inAflow gaseous pollutant transport as followsG

∂  cp  ∂ uc p   =/ p ∂t ∂! where cp G concentration of gaseous pollutant in air u G air velocit: / p G mass source ?or sin%@ of the gaseous pollutant t G time ! G curvilinear abscissa along the length of the tunnel

R%g.mA#Q Rm.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q RsQ RmQ

In *Pollution mode, this eFuation is solved in stead: state regime, and therefore becomesG

∂ u c p  =/ p ∂! 8he mass source term ?or sin%@ for a gaseous pollutant / pol represents the variation over time of the mass of the gaseous pollutant per unit of volume that ta%es account ofG 

gaseous pollutants emitted b: the seat of a fire in *+ire mode



gaseous pollutants emitted b: road traffic in *Pollution mode



gaseous pollutants blown into a tunnel or ramp b:G distributed blowing vents local blowing vents in;ectors aeraulic transparencies when the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is positive

K K K K



gaseous pollutants e!tracted from a tunnel or ramp b:G K distributed e!traction dampers K local e!traction dampers K massive e!tractions K aeraulic transparencies when the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is negative



gaseous pollutants entering the tunnel or ramp via a portal



gaseous pollutants e!iting the tunnel or ramp via a portal

8he variation over time of the mass of a gaseous pollutant per unit of volume can therefore be written asG / p= / p e / p bsr bsr / p ter ter  / p bsp / p tep tep  / p i n; n;/ p em  / p str str / p etr etr  / p st / p et where /p e G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to emissions in the tunnel /p bsr G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air blown b: distributed blowing vents '3

R%g.mA#.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q

/p ter G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers /p bsp G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air blown b: local blowing vents /p tep G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air e!tracted b: local e!traction dampers /p in; G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air blown b: in;ectors /p em G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air e!tracted b: massive e!traction /p str G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air blown b: aeraulic transparencies /p etr G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air e!tracted b: aeraulic transparencies /p st G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air entering via the portals /p et G variation over time of the mass of the pollutant per unit of volume due to air e!iting via the portals

R%g.mA#.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q R%g.mA#.sA1Q

+or calculations in *+ire mode, the gaseous pollutant factored in for fires is carbon mono!ide ?-@O however, it is possible to factor in another pollutant b: changing the pollutant emission flow rate value.

$"issions of aseous pollutants fro" the seat of a fire 4missions of - from the seat of a fire correspond to a local rather than a linear mass source term. Cowever, as specified for the momentum source terms ?or sin%s@ ?see section #.2@, a local source term can be eFuated to a linear source term using iracs function. 8he - mass source term for the seat of a fire per unit of volume ?/p e@ can therefore be written asG /p e =

m /

δ

!− ! ; 

R%g.mA#.sA1Q



where m - G mass flow of - emitted b: the seat of the fire / G tunnel section or ramp  G length of the tunnel δ G iracs function ! ; G abscissa of the fire

R%g.sA1Q Rm2Q RmQ RmQ

$"issions of aseous pollutants b# road traffi! 4missions of gaseous pollutants b: road traffic are onl: factored in for calculations in *Pollution mode as the: are negligible with respect to emissions from the seat of a fire. 8he road traffic found in a tunnel section or ramp induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p e@ that can be e!pressed asG /p e =

ep

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

/

where ep G mass flow of the gaseous pollutant per unit of length emitted b: road traffic / G tunnel section or ramp

R%g.sA1.mA1Q Rm2Q

cop bsr bsr /

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

 v b srsr

where cop bsr G co concen ncentr tra ation of of th the gas gase eous pollutan utantt in in ai air bl blown own b: b: dis distributed bl blowing vents / G tunnel section or ramp v bsr G blowing vent flow rate per unit of length

'5

R%g R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q # A1 Rm .s .mA1Q

cp /

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

 v ter

where cp G concen concentrat tration ion of the gaseous gaseous pollut pollutant ant in air e!trac e!tracted ted b: distri distribut buted ed e!trac e!tractio tion n dampers dampers R%g.m R%g.mA#Q / G tunnel section or ramp Rm2Q # A1 v ter G e!traction damper flow rate per unit of length Rm .s .mA1Q

@o!al blowin vents =s described above ?see section #.2@, a local source term can be eFuated to a linear source term using iracs function. =ir blown b: a local blowing vent induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p bsp@ that can be e!pressed asG /p bsp bsp=

cop bsp bsp /

1 ! − !bsp  v bs p δ    

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

where cop bsp G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air blown b: a blowing vent / G tunnel section or ramp v bsp G blowing vent flow rate δ G iracs function !bsp G abscissa of the blowing vent

R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q # A1 Rm .s Q RmQ

@o!al e&tra!tion da"pers =s described above ?see section #.2@, a local sin% can be eFuated to a linear sin% using iracs function. =ir e!tracted b: an e!traction damper induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p tep@ that can be e!pressed asG /p tep tep=−

1 ! −! tep v t ep  ep δ  /  

cp

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

where cp G co concentration of of th the ga gaseous po pollutant in in ai air e! e!tracted b: b: e!traction da damper / G tunnel section or ramp v tep G e!traction damper flow rate δ G iracs function !tep G abscissa of the e!traction damper

R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q Rm#.sA1Q RmQ

InEe!tors =s with a local blowing blowing vent, air blown b: an in;ector induces induces for each gaseous gaseous pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p in;@ that can be e!pressed asG /p in; in;=

1 ! − ! in;  v i n;n; δ   /  

cop in; in;

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

where cop in; G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air blown b: the in;ector / G tunnel section or ramp v in; G in;ector flow rate δ G iracs function !in; G abscissa of the in;ector


Massive e&tra!tions =s with a local e!traction damper, air e!tracted b: a massive e!traction induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p em@ that can be e!pressed asG

'"

/p em=−

cp /

 v em

1 !− ! em δ   

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

where cp G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air e!tracted b: massive e!traction / G tunnel section or ramp v em G massive e!traction flow rate δ G iracs function !em G abscissa of the massive e!traction


Aerauli! transparen!ies =n aeraul aeraulic ic transpa transparen renc: c: onl: blows blows air into a tunnel tunnel section section or ramp ramp if the differ differenc ence e betwee between n the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is positive. In this case, air blown b: the aeraulic transparenc: induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p str@ that can be e!pressed asG /p str str=

coptr /



2∣Pt −Pe∣

ξ tr ρo

1 ! − ! tr /tr δ    

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

where cop tr G co concen ncentr tra ation of of th the gas gase eous pollutan utantt in in ai air bl blown own b: b: th the aer aera auli ulic tr trans ansparenc: nc: / G tunnel section or ramp Pt G tunnel air pressure opposite the aeraulic transparenc: Pe G imposed air pressure outside the aeraulic transparenc: ξtr G head loss coefficient of the aeraulic transparenc: set at 1.5  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !tr G abscissa of the aeraulic transparenc:

R%g R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q RPaQ RPaQ RAQ RmQ RmQ

In other cases, air e!tracted b: the aeraulic transparenc: induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p etr@ that can be e!pressed asG /p str str=−



cp 2∣Pt −Pe∣ /

ξ tr ρ tr

/tr

1 ! − !tr δ   

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

where cp G con conce cent ntra rati tion on of the the gas gaseo eous us poll pollut utan antt in in air air e!tr e!trac acte ted d b: b: an aera aeraul ulic ic tran transp spar aren enc: c:

R%g. R%g.m mA#Q

Air enterin via the portals =ir entering a tunnel section or ramp via a portal induces for each gaseous pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p st@ that can be e!pressed asG /p st =

c op st /

v st

1 !− ! st δ   

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

where cop st G concentration of the pollutant in air entering via a portal / G tunnel section or ramp v st G flow rate entering via a portal  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !st G abscissa of the portal

R%g.mA#Q Rm2Q Rm#.sA1Q RmQ RmQ

Air e&itin via the portals =ir e!iting e!iting from a tunnel section section or ramp via a portal induces for each gaseous pollutant pollutant a variation over time of its mass per unit of volume ?/p and@ that can be e!pressed asG /p et=−

1 ! − ! et  v et δ   /  

cp

R%g.mA#.sA1Q

avec where cp G concentration of the gaseous pollutant in air e!iting via a portal '&

R%g.mA#Q

Rm2Q Rm#.sA1Q RmQ

/ G tunnel section or ramp v et G flow rate e!iting via a portal  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !et G abscissa of the portal

RmQ

3.6. 3.6.2 2 Air opa opaci city ty +or soot and particulate matter, the passive scalar selected in =(=88 is air opacit: Fuantified through the e!tinction coefficient) that represents the relative loss in luminous flu! per unit of length. In *+ire mode, =(=88 solves the eFuation e!pressing the transport of opacit: in the flow as followsG

∂ %  ∂ u %   =/ % ∂t ∂! where % G e!tinction coefficient for air u G air velocit: / p G opacit: source ?or sin%@ t G time ! G curvilinear abscissa along the length of the tunnel

RmA1Q Rm.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q RsQ RmQ

In *Pollution mode, this eFuation is solved in stead: state regime and therefore becomesG

∂ u %  =/ % ∂! 8he opacit: source term ?or sin%@ / % represents the variation over time of opacit: that factors inG 

soot emitted b: the seat of a fire in *+ire mode



particulates emitted b: road traffic in *Pollution mode



particulates blown into the tunnel or ramp b:G K distributed blowing vents K local blowing vents K in;ectors K aeraulic transparencies when the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is positive



particulates e!tracted from the tunnel or ramp b:G K distributed e!traction dampers K local e!traction dampers K massive e!tractions K aeraulic transparencies when the difference between the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is negative



particulates entering the tunnel or ramp via a portal



particulates e!iting the tunnel or ramp via a portal

8he variation over time of opacit: can therefore be written asG / %=/ % e / % bs r/ % t erer  / % bs p/ % t ep ep / % i n; n; /% em / % str str  / % et r / % st / % st where /% e G variation over time of opacit: due to emissions in the tunnel /% bsr G variation over time of opacit: due to air blown b: distributed blowing vents /% ter G variation over time of opacit: due to air e!tracted b: distributed e!traction dampers /% bsp G variation over time of opacit: due to air blown b: local blowing vents /% tep G variation over time of opacit: due to air e!tracted b: local e!traction dampers

)

=lso referred referred to as the the optical optical absoption absoption coeffici coefficient ent

''

RmA1.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q

/% in; G variation over time of opacit: due to air blown b: in;ectors /% em G variation over time of opacit: due to air e!tracted b: massive e!tractions /% str G variation over time of opacit: due to air blown b: aeraulic transparencies /% etr G variation over time of opacit: due to air e!tracted b: aeraulic transparencies /% st G variation over time of opacit: due to air entering via the portals /% and G variation over time of opacit: due to air e!iting via the portals

RmA1.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q RmA1.sA1Q

$"issions of soot fro" the seat of a fire 4missions of soot from the seat of a fire correspond to a local rather than a linear mass source term. Cowever, as specified for the momentum source terms ?or sin%s@ ?see section #.2@, a local source term can be eFuated to a linear source term using iracs function. 8he opacit: source term for the seat of a fire ?/% e@ can therefore be written asG /% e=

Φ% /

δ

!− ! ; 

RmA1.sA1Q



where Φ% G opacit: flu! emitted b: the seat of the fire / G tunnel section or ramp  G length of the tunnel δ G iracs function ! ; G abscissa of the fire

Rm#.sA1.mA1 Q Rm2Q RmQ RmQ

$"issions of parti!ulates fro" road traffi! 4missions of particulates from road traffic are onl: factored in for calculations in *Normal e!traction mode as the: are negligible with respect to emissions of soot from the seat of a fire. 8he road traffic found in a tunnel section or ramp induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% e@ that can be e!pressed asG /% e=

α e%

RmA1.sA1Q

/

where α G unit conversion factor e% G mass flow in particulates per unit of length of road traffic / G tunnel section or ramp

RmA1.%gA1.m#Q R%g.sA1.mA1Q Rm2Q

%o bsr bsr /

RmA1.sA1Q

 v bsr bsr

where %o bsr G e!tinction coefficient for air blown b: distributed blowing vents / G tunnel section or ramp v bsr G blowing vent flow rate per unit of length

RmA1Q Rm2Q Rm#.sA1.mA1Q

RmA1.sA1Q

')

where % G e!tinction coefficient of air / G tunnel section or ramp v ter G e!traction damper flow rate per unit of length

RmA1Q Rm2Q Rm#.sA1.mA1Q

@o!al blowin vents =s described above ?see section #.2@, a local source term can be eFuated to a linear source term using iracs function. =ir blown b: a local blowing vent induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% bsp@ that can be e!pressed asG /% bs p=

1 ! −!bsp  δ   v bs p δ /  

% o bsp

RmA1.sA1Q

where %o bsp G e!tinction coefficient for air blown b: a blowing vent / G tunnel section or ramp v bsp G blowing vent flow rate δ G iracs function !bsp G abscissa of the blowing vent

RmA1Q Rm2Q Rm#.sA1Q RmQ

@o!al e&tra!tion da"pers =s described above ?see section #.2@, a local sin% can be eFuated to a linear sin% using iracs function. =ir e!tracted b: an e!traction damper induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/ % tep tep@ that can be e!pressed asG /% t ep ep=−

% 1 !− ! tep  v tep δ   /  

RmA1.sA1Q

where % G e!tinction coefficient of air / G tunnel section or ramp v tep G e!traction damper flow rate δ G iracs function !tep G abscissa of the e!traction damper

RmA1Q Rm2Q # A1 Rm .s Q RmQ

InEe!tors =s with a local blowing vent, air blown b: an in;ector induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/ % in;@ that can be e!pressed asG /% i n;n;= where %o in; / v in;

δ !in;

1 ! − !in;  v in ; δ   /  

% oin;

RmA1.sA1Q

G e!tinction coefficient in in;ector blown air G tunnel section or ramp G in;ector flow rate G iracs function G abscissa of the in;ector


Massive e&tra!tions =s with local e!traction dampers, air e!tracted via massive e!traction induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/% em@ that can be e!pressed asG /% em=−

% 1 !− !em v em δ   /  

RmA1.sA1Q

where % G e!tinction coefficient of air / G tunnel section or ramp v em G massive e!traction flow rate δ G iracs function !em G abscissa of the massive e!traction

RmA1Q Rm2Q Rm#.sA1Q RmQ )0

Aerauli! transparen!ies =n aeraul aeraulic ic transpa transparen renc: c: onl: blows blows air into a tunnel tunnel section section or ramp ramp if the differ differenc ence e betwee between n the pressure imposed outside and that in the tunnel is positive. In this case, air blown b: the aeraulic transparenc: induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/ % str@ that can be e!pressed asG /% s trtr=



% o tr 2∣Pt −Pe∣ /

ξ tr ρo

1 ! − !tr δ  /tr δ   

RmA1.sA1Q

where %o tr G e!tinction coefficient in the aeraulic transparenc: blown air / G tunnel section or ramp Pt G tunnel air pressure directl: opposite an aeraulic transparenc: Pe G imposed air pressure outside an aeraulic transparenc: ξtr G head loss coefficient of the aeraulic transparenc: set at 1.5  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !tr G abscissa of the aeraulic transparenc:

RmA1Q Rm2Q RPaQ RPaQ RAQ RmQ RmQ

In other cases, air e!tracted via aeraulic transparenc: induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/p etr@ that can be e!pressed asG /% s trtr=−



% 2∣Pt − Pe∣ 1 ! −!tr /tr δ   /   ξtr ρ tr

RmA1.sA1Q

where % G e!tinction coefficient of air

RmA1Q

Air enterin via the portals =ir entering a tunnel section or ramp via a portal induces a variation over time of opacit: ?/ % st@ that can be e!pressed asG /% st =

1 ! −! st v st δ   /  

% o st

RmA1.sA1Q

where %o tr G e!tinction coefficient of air entering via a portal / G tunnel section or ramp v st G flow rate entering via a portal  G length of the tunnel section or ramp δ G iracs function !st G abscissa of the portal

RmA1Q Rm2Q Rm#.sA1Q RmQ RmQ

Air e&itin via the portals =ir e!iting from a tunnel section section or ramp via a portal induces induces a variation variation over time of opacit: ?/% and@ that can be e!pressed asG /% et=− where % / v et 

δ !et

% 1 !− !et v et δ   /  

RmA1.sA1Q


G e!tinction coefficient of air G tunnel section or ramp G flow rate e!iting via a portal G length of the tunnel section or ramp G iracs function G abscissa of the portal

RmQ

)1

)2

C3NTRI%T3RS *r5d5ri! INC$NT( Vavier 3NTICB( Antoine M3S and ean4*ran+ois %RZ=ART parti!ipated in the draftin of this do!u"ent.

)#

www7cetu7develo""eent-durable7gouv7fr

MU_CAMATT2.20.pdf

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