Morris, Charles. "Signs, language and behavior." (1946). Harvard

BOKS Y CHARLE MORRI

SIX HEOR OF MND (/932) OUl'ATO O  OY O SG (918) PA O L 942

SIGNS

Lan g ua g e and BEHAVIOR

CHARES MORIS UniverJt of Ch
GEORGE BRAZLER, NC. NEW YORK

Conrigh1, 96 by Pt-I

Reprinted, wh permson permson by Geoge Brazller Inc. 1 P Pkk A venu York Ne Yor 06 Al rihs evd. No pa of hs book m b poducd  a orm b mm or a oth ma who prmso  wig fom h p

PRINTED I THE UT SATE OF l

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT

HIS book aims to lay he foundation for a comprehensive and uif u iful ul science of of sig sigs. s. t attempts attempts to develop a anguage n whic to talk about signs, whether he signs be hose of animals or men; whether or ot hey themselves constitute a laguage whether they re signs in sciece or sigs in art, techology, reigio, or phios ohy; whether they are healhy or athic, adequate or inadequate for he prposes for which they are used Th book is wrtten from the point of view rst exresse by Charles Peirce hat ha t to determine the meaning of any sig "we have  sim py t determine determ ine what habits i produces. Sigs are therefore de scribe and derentiate in terms of he dispostions to behavior which h �  h h  h pph , n  w n  the tem, behaviora, and owes much to the theories of behavor devel ope y George  Mead, Jon Dewey, Eward C. olman, and Cak L l But the ogicians, too, have i their own way contributed greatl to the unerstaning of signs, ad our account also draws uon their esuts, eseciay upo the analyses of Rudolf Cara A cmprehesive theory of sigs must take into account the work of liguists, esheticians, sychoahoogists, and socia scietists Since o person can be trained aequately i a these es, the science of sigs must b developed co-operativey I have been fortuate in obtainng such co-oeraio to a remarkabe egree during the various itngs ngs of this work. work. And for this co-oeration I am very grateful rewrit rewr Rudf Caap, C J Ducasse, Lewis E hn, lark L ul, Abra ham Kala, Wiis Mre I A Richars, a Edward C oman were arefu crtcs of various arts, or he whoe, of earier versios of he book A in conversation or commets on special chapters I have receive hroughout he yers may vauable suggestios from anu J. Anrae, Max Back, eonard Bme, Frak G Bruner, Eg runsik, arl Bher, Norman Dakey, Estele DeLacy, ohn

T

VI

PRFACE NO CKWLEDGMET

rich Kver, Ernst Krs, Harod D. Lasswe C.  Lews, Georg K Lnk, onad G. Mrqus, Juls H Masserman, Mar A May, Howard Pans Hans Rchenbach, Bnbow F Rtche, Vare Savng, H M Sher, ton B Snger, Harry Stack Suvan and Donad C W am  ams s Non of thes prs prsons ons saw th na txt, and  athough thy have contrbuted much to whatver s g n ths bk, thy can not b bamed for what s bad. Th typng and dtng of th various rwrtngs, and research n conncton w wth th certan topcs topcs,, wa wass don by Ru Ru  Hrsch Hrschrge rger r Bess Sonde put th Bboraphy nto na form and comped th nd Howard arsons and Hen Brumma add n the prparaton of th na typscrpt. Th John Smon Guggenhm Mmora Fundaton and Th Rkfr Foundaton provdd m wth e frdom necessry for wrtng ths k; th Amercan Counc of ead ets con trbutd to th pense of prparng the na vrson of th manuscrpt I am gatefu to th pubshrs for prmsson to quot from the fo owng ks: Harvard Unvrsty rss Colleced Ppers of Che Snder Pre, edted by Chars Hartshorn and au Wss Ssann K Lan ange gerr, Philoophy in  New Key Rudof Carnap, An Inroduction o emanic; th Unvrsty of Chcago rss Gorg H Mead Mind, el, el, nd ociey, edtd by Chars Morrs us H asserman, Behvior nd Neuro Oxford Unvrsty rss  A Rchards, The Philoophy of Rheoc Coumba Unvrsty rss Ray Lepy, Vei biliy of Ve D Appeton-Century Company, nc.: Edward C Toman, Purpoive Behvior in Animl nd Mn E R Hgard and D G. Mar Maru us s,, Condioning nd Lerning; Cark L Hu, Priniple of Behvior Harcourt, Bace and Cmpany, nc., and Kean au, Trench, Trubnr & Company, td C. K. Odn and  A. Rchards, he Mening of Menng ubday and Comany, nc Wat Wht man, "Song of Mysf, Leve of Gr; Ya Unvrsty ress Robert M e errkes, Chimpnzee  borory Colony.  th presnt study s comprhnsv n scop, t s far from ex haustv But t ds sho show, w,  b, ow sgns may may b studd b !avoray and th rvanc of suh an approach or ngustcs, se �cs, ogc, psychopathoogy, ducaon, and phosophy, as w as for

Morris, Charles. "Signs, language and behavior." (1946). Harvard

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