More Than 2000 Solved MCQs on Research Methodology & Short Questions Answers 1- Hyothesis re!ers to A. The outcome of an experiment B. A conclusion conclusion drawn from an experiment C. A form form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter ex perimenter "# A tentative state$ent a%out the relationshi 2- Statistics is used %y researchers to A# Analye the e$irical data collected in a study B. Make their findings sound better C. Operationally define their ariables !. "nsure the study comes out the way it was intended '- A literature review re(uires A. #lanning B. $ood % clear writing C. &ot of rewriting "# All o! the a%ove )- A literature review is %ased on the assu$tion that A. Copy from the work of others *# +nowledge accu$ulates and learns !ro$ the wor, o! others C. 'nowledge dis(accumulates !. )one of the aboe option - A theoretical !ra$ewor, A. "laborates the r*s among the ariables B. "xplains the logic underlying these r*s C. !escribes the nature and direction of the r*s "# All o! the a%ove
.- /hich o! the !ollowing state$ent is not true A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project B. A research research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the proposed research project C# A research roosal is an unorganied and unlanned roect !. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project - 3reli$inary data collection is a art o! the +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties A. !escriptie research *# 45loratory research C. Applied research !. "xplanatory research 6- Conducting surveys is the $ost co$$on $ethod o! generating A# 3ri$ary data B. -econdary data C. 2ualitatie data "# )one "# )one of the aboe 7- A!ter identi!ying the i$ortant varia%les and esta%lishing the logical reasoning in theoretical !ra$ewor,8 the ne5t ste in the research rocess is A. To conduct sureys *# To generate the hyothesis C. To focus group discussions !. To use experiments in an inestigation 10- The aroriate analytical techni(ue is deter$ined %y A. The research design B. )ature of the data collected C. )ature of the hypothesis "# *oth A & *
.- /hich o! the !ollowing state$ent is not true A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project B. A research research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the proposed research project C# A research roosal is an unorganied and unlanned roect !. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project - 3reli$inary data collection is a art o! the +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties A. !escriptie research *# 45loratory research C. Applied research !. "xplanatory research 6- Conducting surveys is the $ost co$$on $ethod o! generating A# 3ri$ary data B. -econdary data C. 2ualitatie data "# )one "# )one of the aboe 7- A!ter identi!ying the i$ortant varia%les and esta%lishing the logical reasoning in theoretical !ra$ewor,8 the ne5t ste in the research rocess is A. To conduct sureys *# To generate the hyothesis C. To focus group discussions !. To use experiments in an inestigation 10- The aroriate analytical techni(ue is deter$ined %y A. The research design B. )ature of the data collected C. )ature of the hypothesis "# *oth A & *
11- 3ersonal interviews conducted in shoing $alls are ,nown as9 a. Mall interiews %# Mall intercet interviews c. Brief interiews
d. )one of the gien options 12-/ATS lines rovided %y long distance telehone service at !i5ed rates# :n this regard8 /ATS /ATS is the th e a%%reviation o!9 e. 3est Africa Africa Theological -eminary f. 3ashtenaw 3ashtenaw Area Transportation -tudy -tud y g# /ide Area Teleco$$unications Service h. 3orld Air Transport -tatistics 1'-A list o! (uestions which is handed over to the resondent8 who reads the (uestions and records the answers hi$sel! is ,nown as the9 i. 4nteriew schedule # Questionnaire Questionnaire k. 4nteriew guide l. All of the gien options 1)-;ne o! the $ost critical stages in the survey research rocess is9 m. +esearch design n# Questionnaire design o. 4nteriew design p. -urey design +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties 1-Question that consists o! two or $ore (uestions oined together is called a9 (# "ou%le %arreled (uestion
r. $eneral 5uestion s. Accurate 5uestion t. Confusing 5uestion
1.-The nu$%er o! (uestionnaires returned or co$leted divided %y the total nu$%er o! eligi%le eole who were contacted or as,ed to articiate in the survey is called the9 u# Resonse rate . #articipation rate w. 4nflation rate x. )one of the gien options 1-To o%tain the !reest oinion o! the resondent8 when we as, general (uestion %e!ore a seci!ic (uestion then this rocedure is called as the9 y. +esearch techni5ue 6. 2ualitatie techni5ue aa#
,,# Sel!-ad$inistered (uestionnaires ll. Office assistant mm. Manager nn. )one of the gien options
20- Service evaluation o! hotels and restaurants can %e done %y the9 oo# Sel!-ad$inistered (uestionnaires pp. Office assistant 55. Manager rr. )one of the gien options 21-"iscrete varia%le is also called===# A. Categorical ariable B. !iscontinuous ariable C. *oth A & * !. )one of the aboe 22->;!!icers in $y organiation have higher than average level o! co$$it$ent? Such a hyothesis is an e5a$le o!===# A. "escritive Hyothesis B. !irectional 7ypothesis C. +elational 7ypothesis !. All of the aboe 2'-@Science re!ers to===# A. A system for producing knowledge B. The knowledge produced by a system C. *oth A & * !. )one of the aboe
2)-/hich one o! the !ollowing is not a characteristic o! scienti!ic $ethod A. !eterministic +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties B. +ationalism C. "mpirical !. A%straction 2-The theoretical !ra$ewor, discusses the interrelationshis a$ong the===# A. Baria%les B. 7ypothesis C. Concept !. Theory 2.-===research is %ased on naturalis$# A.
). Telephonic interiew O. Both A and B #. )one of the gien options '0-Rando$iation o! test units is a art o! === 2. #retest +. #osttest -. Matching T. 45eri$ent '1- Rationalis$ is the alication o! which o! the !ollowing A# Dogic and argu$ents B. +esearch solution C. +easoning !. #reious findings '2- ;n which o! the !ollowing8 scienti!ic ,nowledge $ostly relies A# Dogical understanding B. 4dentification of eents C. #rior knowledge !. All of the gien options ''- /hich o! the !ollowing re!ers to research suorted %y $easura%le evidence A. Opinion *# 4$iricis$ C. -peculation !. +ationalism
')-Research $ethod is alica%le in all o! the !ollowing !ields8 4EC43TF A. 7ealth care *# Religion +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties C. Business !. $oernment offices
'- All o! the !ollowing are true state$ents a%out action research8 4EC43TF A. !ata are systematically analy6ed B. !ata are collected systematically C# Results are generalia%le !. +esults are used to improe practice '.-/hich o! the !ollowing is characteristic o! action research A. :ariables are tightly controlled B. +esults are generali6able C# "ata are usually (ualitative !. +esults demonstrate cause(and(effect relationships
'-:! a researcher is studying the e!!ect o! using latos in his classroo$ to ascertain their $erit and worthF he is li,ely conducting which o! the !ollowing tyes o! research A. "xperimental B. Applied C. Basic "# 4valuation '6- 45loratory research addresses which o! the !ollowing tyes o! (uestion A. 4f B. 7ow C. 3hy "# /hat '7- /hich o! the !ollowing is not the source !or getting in!or$ation !or e5loratory research A# Content analysis B. -urey
C. Case study !. #ilot study )0- /hich o! the !ollowing is the $ain (uality o! a good theory A# A theory that has survived atte$ts at !alsi!ication B. A theory that is proen to be right C. A theory that has been disproed !. A theory that has been falsified )1- A varia%le that is resu$ed to cause a change in another varia%le is ,nown as9 A. !iscontinuous ariable B. !ependent ariable C# :ndeendent varia%le !. 4nterening ariable )2- /hich o! the !ollowing is the oosite o! a varia%le A. An extraneous ariable B. A dependent ariable C. A data set "# A constant )'- /hich o! the !ollowing is not a concet A. &eadership B. Total 2uality Management C# :ntelligence Quotient G:Q !. 7uman +esource Management ))- /hich o! the !ollowing can %est %e descri%ed as a categorical varia%le A. Age B. Annual income C. $rade point aerage "# Religion +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties )->:nco$e distri%ution o! e$loyees? in a seci!ic organiation is an e5a$le o! which o!
!ollowing tye o! varia%le A. !iscontinuous ariable *# Continuous varia%le C. !ependent ariable !. 4ndependent ariable ).->There is no relationshi %etween higher $otivation level and higher e!!iciency? is an e5a$le o! which tye o! hyothesis A. Alternatie *# Iull C. Co relational !. +esearch )- /hich o! the !ollowing is not a role o! hyothesis A. $uides the direction of the study *# "eter$ine !easi%ility o! conducting the study C. 4dentifies releant and irreleant facts !. #roides framework for organi6ing the conclusions
)6-Hyothesis test $ay also %e called as9 A. 4nformal test *# Signi!icance test C. Moderating test !. T(test )7-/hich tye o! review co$ares how di!!erent theories address an issue A. Context reiew B. 4ntegrated reiew C# Theoretical review !. Methodological reiew
0-A!ter you locate a source8 you should write down all details o! the re!erence8 4EC43TF A. :olumes B. Titles C# 3rice !. 8ull names of the authors 1- research is %ased on naturalis$# A#
- Rando$iation o! test units is a art o! A. #retest B. #osttest C. Matching "# 45eri$ent .- /hich one o! the !ollowing sets is the $easure o! central tendency a. Mean; standard deiation; mode b. Mean; median; standard deiation c# Arith$etic $ean8 $edian8 $ode d. -tandard deiation; internal alidity; mode - :nternal validity re!ers to# a# Researchers degree o! con!idence# b. $eneralisability c. Operationali6ation d. All of the aboe 6- How $any ti$es the students aear in the research class is the e5a$le o! # a. 4ntensity b. -pace c#
7- Ti$e consu$ed in $all intercet interview is # a. 7igh %# Moderate c. &ow d. )il
.0- "eart$ental stores selected to test a new $erchandising dislay syste$ is the e5a$le o! # a. 2uota sampling b. Conenience sampling c# Judg$ental sa$ling d. #urposie sampling •
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.1- :n 8 the researcher atte$ts to control andK or $aniulate the varia%les in the study# 1# 45eri$ent ?. 7ypothesis /. Theoretical framework J. +esearch design .2- :n an e5eri$ental research study8 the ri$ary goal is to isolate and identi!y the e!!ect roduced %y the # . !ependent ariable ?. "xtraneous ariable '# :ndeendent varia%le J. Confounding ariable .'- A $easure is relia%le i! it rovides consistent # . 7ypothesis 2# Results /. #rocedure
J. -ensitiity
.)- The interview in which (uestions are already reared is called # . Telephonic interiew ?. #ersonal interiew +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties /. nstructured interiew )# Structured interview .-The nu$erical descrition that descri%e sa$le $ay %e e5ected to di!!er !ro$ those that descri%e oulation %ecause o! rando$ !luctuations inherent in sa$ling rocess# . -ampling design ?. )on(probability sampling '# Sa$ling error J. #robability sampling ..- :n 8 each oulation ele$ent has a ,nown and e(ual chance o! selection# . #urposie sampling ?. 2uota sampling /. -tratified sampling )# Si$le rando$ sa$ling .- is the evidence that the instru$ent8 techni(ues8 or rocess used to $easure concet does indeed $easure the intended concets# . +eliability ?. +eplicability /. -caling )# Balidity
.6- A researcher is interested in studying why the >new $ath? o! the 17.0s !ailed# She interviews several teachers who used the new $ath during the 17.0s# These teachers are considered as9 1# 3ri$ary sources ?. -econdary -ources /. "xternal critics J. 4nternal critics
.7- /hich o! the !ollowing is I;T true a%out strati!ied rando$ sa$ling . 4t inoles a random selection process from identified subgroups 2# 3roortions o! grous in the sa$le $ust always $atch their oulation roortions /. !isproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done J. #roportional stratified random sampling yields a representatie sample 0- 45eri$ental design is the only aroriate design where relationshi can %e esta%lished# . -trong ?. &inear /. 3eak )# Cause and 4!!ect 1# "iscrete varia%le is also called===# ". Categorical ariable 8. !iscontinuous ariable $. *oth A & * 7. )one of the aboe 2#>;!!icers in $y organiation have higher than average level o! co$$it$ent? Such a hyothesis is an e5a$le o!===#
". "escritive Hyothesis 8. !irectional 7ypothesis $. +elational 7ypothesis 7. All of the aboe '#@Science re!ers to===# ". A system for producing knowledge +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties 8. The knowledge produced by a system $. *oth A & * 7. )one of the aboe
)#/hich one o! the !ollowing is not a characteristic o! scienti!ic $ethod ". !eterministic 8. +ationalism $. "mpirical 7. A%straction '#The theoretical !ra$ewor, discusses the interrelationshis a$ong the===# ". Baria%les 8. 7ypothesis $. Concept 7. Theory )#===research is %ased on naturalis$# .
BB. )one of the gien options .#=== is used to o%tain the !reest oinion o! the resondent8 %y as,ing general (uestion %e!ore a seci!ic (uestion# CC. +esearch techni5ue !!. 2ualitatie techni5ue "".
J. Confounding ariable 61# A $easure is relia%le i! it rovides consistent # +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties . 7ypothesis 2# Results /. #rocedure J. -ensitiity 62# The interview in which (uestions are already reared is called # . Telephonic interiew ?. #ersonal interiew /. nstructured interiew )# Structured interview
6'# The nu$erical descrition that descri%e sa$le $ay %e e5ected to di!!er !ro$ those that descri%e oulation %ecause o! rando$ !luctuations inherent in sa$ling rocess# . -ampling design ?. )on(probability sampling '# Sa$ling error J. #robability sampling 6)# :n 8 each oulation ele$ent has a ,nown and e(ual chance o! selection# . #urposie sampling ?. 2uota sampling /. -tratified sampling )# Si$le rando$ sa$ling
6# is the evidence that the instru$ent8 techni(ues8 or rocess used to $easure concet does indeed $easure the intended concets# . +eliability ?. +eplicability /. -caling )# Balidity 6.# A researcher is interested in studying why the >new $ath? o! the 17.0s !ailed# She interviews several teachers who used the new $ath during the 17.0s# These teachers are considered as9 1# 3ri$ary sources ?. -econdary -ources /. "xternal critics J. 4nternal critics 6# /hich o! the !ollowing is I;T true a%out strati!ied rando$ sa$ling . 4t inoles a random selection process from identified subgroups 2# 3roortions o! grous in the sa$le $ust always $atch their oulation roortions /. !isproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done J. #roportional stratified random sampling yields a representatie sample 66# 45eri$ental design is the only aroriate design where relationshi can %e esta%lished# . -trong ?. &inear /. 3eak )# Cause and 4!!ect 67# Rationalis$ is the alication o! which o! the !ollowing A# Dogic and argu$ents
B. +esearch solution C. +easoning !. #reious findings 70# ;n which o! the !ollowing8 scienti!ic ,nowledge $ostly relies A# Dogical understanding B. 4dentification of eents +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties C. #rior knowledge !. All of the gien options
71# /hich o! the !ollowing re!ers to research suorted %y $easura%le evidence A. Opinion *# 4$iricis$ C. -peculation !. +ationalism 72# Research $ethod is alica%le in all o! the !ollowing !ields8 4EC43TF A. 7ealth care *# Religion C. Business !. $oernment offices
7'# All o! the !ollowing are true state$ents a%out action research8 4EC43TF A. !ata are systematically analy6ed B. !ata are collected systematically C# Results are generalia%le !. +esults are used to improe practice 7)# /hich o! the !ollowing is characteristic o! action research
A. :ariables are tightly controlled B. +esults are generali6able C# "ata are usually (ualitative !. +esults demonstrate cause(and(effect relationship 7# :! a researcher is studying the e!!ect o! using latos in his classroo$ to ascertain their $erit and worth8 he is li,ely conducting which o! the !ollowing tyes o! research A. "xperimental B. Applied C. Basic "# 4valuation 7.# 45loratory research addresses which o! the !ollowing tyes o! (uestion A. 4f B. 7ow C. 3hy "# /hat 7# /hich o! the !ollowing is not the source !or getting in!or$ation !or e5loratory research A# Content analysis B. -urey C. Case study !. #ilot study
76# /hich o! the !ollowing is the $ain (uality o! a good theory A# A theory that has survived atte$ts at !alsi!ication B. A theory that is proen to be right C. A theory that has been disproed !. A theory that has been falsified
100# /hich o! the !ollowing is not a concet A. &eadership B. Total 2uality Management C# :ntelligence Quotient G:Q !. 7uman +esource Management 101# A varia%le that is resu$ed to cause a change in another varia%le is ,nown as9 +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties A. !iscontinuous ariable B. !ependent ariable C# :ndeendent varia%le !. 4nterening ariable 102# /hich o! the !ollowing is the oosite o! a varia%le A. An extraneous ariable B. A dependent ariable C. A data set "# A constant 10'# /hich o! the !ollowing can %est %e descri%ed as a categorical varia%le A. Age B. Annual income C. $rade point aerage "# Religion
10)# >:nco$e distri%ution o! e$loyees? in a seci!ic organiation is an e5a$le o! which o! !ollowing tye o! varia%le A. !iscontinuous ariable *# Continuous varia%le C. !ependent ariable
!. 4ndependent ariable
http<**.com 10# >There is no relationshi %etween higher $otivation level and higher e!!iciency? is an e5a$le o! which tye o! hyothesis A. Alternatie *# Iull C. Correlational !. +esearch 10.# /hich o! the !ollowing is not a role o! hyothesis A. $uides the direction of the study *# "eter$ine !easi%ility o! conducting the study C. 4dentifies releant and irreleant facts !. #roides framework for organi6ing the conclusions 10# /hich tye o! review co$ares how di!!erent theories address an issue A. Context reiew B. 4ntegrated reiew C# Theoretical review !. Methodological reiew 106# A!ter you locate a source8 you should write down all details o! the re!erence8 4EC43TF A. :olumes B. Titles C# 3rice !. 8ull names of the authors
107# /hat is the ri$ary !ocus o! esta%lish$ent surveys in this case study A. Collect the data through past studies B. Analy6e the literature reiew
C. sing of 5uantitatie techni5ues "# "ata collection through $ail and :nterview 110# /hich one o! !ollowing is generally co$$on in esta%lish$ent survey and household survey A# Cognitive recall B. 7omogenous respondents C. "rror free !. +esponse burden +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties 111# /hich one o! the !ollowing is not o! i$ortant consideration in esta%lish$ent survey while designing (uestionnaires A. +esponse burden B. #rofessional terminology C# Cognitive recall !. se of +ecords 112# /hich o! the !ollowing $ethod o! data collection is not discussed in the case study A. 2uestionnaires B. 4nteriews C. Mail surey "# ;%servations 11'# /hich o! the !ollowing sa$ling techni(ue is used !or 4$loyee Turnover and Jo% ;enings survey A. -imple random sampling B. Cluster sampling C# Strati!ied sa$ling !. Conenience sampling
11)# /hich one o! the !ollowing is the li$itation o! esta%lish$ent survey in this case study A# Cost B. &imited data C. nskilled interiewer !. -mall sample si6e htt9KK#co$ 11# /hich o! the !ollowing is not the art o! seci!ic rotocol o! !ocus grous in 4TJ; A. Concept and indicators B. !efinition C. Aailability of records "# Cognitive recall 11.# /hich o! the !ollowing is the draw %ac, o! retest interview in 4TJ; survey A# S$all si$le sie B. )on cooperatie response C. #robing !. 2uestionnaire format 11# /hich o! the !ollowing $ethod o! data collection is not used in the case study A. 2uestionnaires B. 8ocus groups C# Correlational $ethod !. -econdary data 116# /hat is the %asic urose o! 4TJ; survey A# To assess the !easi%ility o! collecting o%-vacancy and turnover data %y occuation B. To analy6e the problem of labor shortage C. To assess the motiation leel of employees !. To analy6e the factor contributing towards employee turnoer
117# /hich o! the !ollowing is the %asic urose o! retest interview in this case study A# To identi!ied the otential ro%le$ B. To know the sample si6e C. To deelop the 5uestionnaire !. To use agency representatie 120# /hich one o! the !ollowing sa$ling tye is used in oerations test to select the units A# Si$le rando$ sa$ling +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties B. Cluster sampling C. 2uota sampling !. 9udgment sampling •
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121# /hich o! the !ollowing is the %asic urose o! Resonse analysis survey in the case study A# To assess the (uality o! 4TJ; survey data B. To know the sample si6e of "T9O surey data C. To deelop the 5uestionnaire for "T9O !. To use agency representatie for "T9O 122# A!ter ;eration test8 which o! the !ollowing test !indings were suggested %y the researcher A# Ieed o! highly s,illed and well trained interviewer
B. -ample si6e should be increased C. A decent increase in surey budget !. 8ocus group should be included 12'# :n which one o! the !ollowing stage researcher consult the literature A. Operation test B. +esponse analysis surey C# "ocu$ent design analysis !. #retest interiews
12)# /hich one o! the !ollowing sa$ling tye is used in Resonse analysis survey GRAS A. -imple random sampling B. Cluster sampling C. 2uota sampling "# Strati!ied sa$ling 12# /hich one o! the !ollowing could %e hel!ul !or $ini$iing the %ias in this case study A. Cognitie research B. 8ocus group C# 3retest :nterview !. +esponse analysis surey 12.# /hich one o! the !ollowing is use!ul in assessing and clari!ying concets and de!initions at the %eginning stages o! (uestionnaire A. Operation test B. !ocument design analysis C#
12# /hich one o! the !ollowing can %e $ore hel!ul than others in order to deter$ine the e5act source o! $easure$ent errors in esta%lish$ent survey A. 8ocus group B. Operation test C# Resonse analysis survey !. !ocument design analysis :denti!y the @True and @
4nformation changes oer time. >. Secondary data refer data refer to information gathered by someone other than the researcher conducting the present study. D. "xperiments are best for topics where the researcher controls a situation and manipulates an :ndeendent varia%le . 0. A social indicator social indicator is any measure of wellbeing used in policy. .Two .Two power bases of scientific knowledge are "mpiricism and Rationalis$ ?.Action research is a type of Alied research /.Three types of longitudinal research are time series; anel; anel; and cohort J.The research proposal is just like a research report; but it is written %e!ore the %e!ore the research project begins. F.)atural science concepts are often expressed in sy$%olic forms. sy$%olic forms. .The dou%le %lind experiment %lind experiment is designed to control experimenter expectancy. @.#ilot testing is also called re-testing# >.The totality; out of which sample is drawn is referred to as oulation. oulation . D.The physical setting of the interiew creates Situational bias. ?0#3ro%ing ?0#3ro%ing is is the erbal prompts made by field worker.
http<**.com &ong 2uestions< Q1# /rite any !ive si$ilarities o! Historical-Co$arative research and
+esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties tries to penetrate and understand their point of iew. F. Both field and 7(C research focus on action; process; and se5uence and see time process as essential. . $enerali6ation and theory are limited in field and 7(C research. Q2# How (uantitative and (ualitative techni(ues are alied in HistoricalCo$arative research# Answer9 Quantitative aroach The 5uantitatie techni5ues with some minor adjustment can be applied to study the past p ast or other cultures. N The researcher can focus on the issue in one society; society; few societies or multiple multiple societies. N The researcher can focus on the issue in one time in the past or examine the issue across many years*periods in the past. N The researcher can focus on the issue in the present or a recent past period.
N The researchers analysis analysis could be based primarily on 5uantitatie data or 5ualitatie data. Qualitative aroach N The researcher must be able to take on; mentally; mentally; the circumstances; iews; and feelings of those being studied to interpret their action appropriately. appropriately. N The historical(comparatie research must find find patterns among the oluminous details describing the subject matter of study. Question L 01 How do concrete and a%stract concets di!!er ive e5a$le# GMar,s9 0) -olution< Concrete Concets9 Concrete ones refer to straightforward physical objects or familiar experiences. A%stract concets9 Abstract concepts refer to ideas that hae a scattered meaning or an indirect expression Abstraction is a thought process wherein ideas are distanced from objects.
The di!!erence %etween concrete and a%stract concets can %e e5ressed with so$e characteriations li,e8 . Abstract concepts hae only relational properties while concrete concepts hae some fundamental properties. ?. Abstract concepts are uniersals and concrete concepts are particulars. /. Abstract concepts are sets ,generali6ed1 and concrete concepts are indiiduals ,specified1. J. Concrete concepts are known by obseration whereas abstract concepts are known in some other way; e.g.; by abstraction; by intuition; etc 45a$le #rint Media ,Abstract1 #ublication )ews #aper !aily !awn ,Concrete1 Question L 02 +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties iven the situation %elow8 "iscuss with reason into which category they !all According to the urose o! doing research and The uses o! research GMar,s9 0'8 0' Scenario 1:
Reasons !or A%senteeis$ A uniersity professor professor wanted to analy6e in depth the reasons for absenteeism of employees in organi6ations. 8ortunately; 8ortunately; a company within ?0 miles of the campus employed her as a consultant to study that ery issue. -olution< According to the urose o! doing research 9 4t is 45lanatory research as research as the purpose is to find out o ut the reasons for a phenomenon i.e.
absenteeism of employees in organi6ations. +esearch seeks to determine the answers to why 5uestion about a specific behaior. According to the uses o! research9
4t is alied research since; the problem is being faced by an organi6ation and the research is called upon to sole it. Scenario 2: 4!!ects o! Iasal Sray on
A research scientist sureys ;000 employees in different organi6ational settings to study the efficacy of seeral types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu irus. 7e subse5uently publishes his findings in a highly respected medical journal. -olution< According to the urose o! doing research 9 4t is "escritive research8 as; the research 5uestion only finds out the special effects of
seeral types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu irus in different organi6ational settings. 4t is to find out the relationshi among the substances under study. According to the uses o! research9 4t is a *asic research since the underlying purpose is to expand the frontier of knowledge
. QuestionL019 /hy turn over is high in so$e organiations As er a%ove given (uery8 e5lain the !ollowing co$onents o! Theoretical !ra$e wor,F GMar,s9 10 i !eelop an inentory of ariables ,min. fie ariables re5uired1 ii -pecify direction of relationship iii $ie clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists iv Make an inentory of propositions Ans< i1 !eelop an inentory of ariables -alary #ackage is low; 4nflexibility in working hours; &ow decentrali6ation ,participation in decision making1; &ack of other benefits ,bonus; appraisals; coneyance facilities; etc1; #oor working ambiance ii1 -pecify direction of relationship a1 Between salary % turn(oer negatie relationship exists
b1 Between flexible working hours % turn(oer negatie relationship exists
c1 Between decentrali6ation % turn(oer negatie relationship exists +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties d1 Between extra benefits % turn(oer negatie relationship exists e1 Between ambiance % turn(oer negatie n egatie relationship exists iii1 $ie clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship existsG a1 Between salary % turn(oer negatie relationship exists because in current era a good salary package has more attraction for employees to remain in the same organi6ation. -o organi6ations that keep themseles up(dated with priileged market salary packages usually hae low turn oer ratio. b1 Between flexible working hours % turn(oer negatie relationship exists because flexibility in working hours gie some relaxation to employees especially in case when their targets are not achieed due to a reason able fact. c1 Between decentrali6ation % turn(oer negatie relationship exists because participation in decision making raise confidence of employee and motiation leel. -o; organi6ation hae more decentrali6ed system face low turn(oer ratio. d1 Between extra benefits % turn(oer negatie relationship exists. The organi6ations offer different packages like bonuses; coneyance facilities etc; such organi6ations hae more satisfies employees and low turn oer. e1 Between ambiance % turn(oer negatie relationship exists. 3orking 3orking ambiance does matter a lot. $ood ambiance that help in releasing working stress increase the employee motiation and interest in doing job well.
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#ermalink +eply +eply by L M.Tari5 Malik on on April ; ?0? at >pm
QuestionL029 /hat is $eant %y a Research 3roosal 45lain %rie!ly# Also $ention at what ti$e a research roosal is su%$itted GMar,s9 0 Iote9 ,Copied Iote9 ,Copied data from hand outs will not be appreciated1 Ans< A research proposal is a document that plans how and in which manner a research will be conducted. +esearch proposals contain extensie literature reiews. -uch proposals must offer conincing support for your research topic. 4t means the topic*issue for which research study is being proposed should be sound enough to conduct a worthy research. The proposal must describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research i.e. which tools are going to be used in your research. More oer when writing a proposal it is well to assume that reader of your proposal is interested to find out the answer of these 5uestionsP
3hat do you want to do; how much will it cost; and how much time will it takeG
3hat has already been done in the area of your projectG
7ow do you plan to do itG
7ow will the results be ealuatedG
A good proposal is that which well defines these 5uestions and coninces the reader that research on specified issue is needed to conduct. -o; the research proposal is submitted before starting the research project because in this you plan how the data will be collected and analy6ed. Q# 45lain the di!!erence %etween these ter$s with one e5a$le o! each# i. #opulation and target population ii. -ampling unit and obseration unit iii. #arameter and statistic i# 3oulation and Target 3oulation# 3oulation refers 3oulation refers to the entire group of people; eents or things of interest that the
researcher wishes to inestigate. Target Target oulation is oulation is the complete group of specific population elements releant to the research project. Example
-uppose a researcher wants to inestigate the productiity of employees working in multinationals in #akistan. All the employees working in multinational will be the po pulation. The researcher wants to inestigate the productiity of employees working in multinational in 8MC$ sector in #akistan. +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties All the employees working in multinationals in 8MC$ sector in #akistan will be the target population. ii# Sa$ling Nnit and ;%servation Nnit A sa$ling unit is unit is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage of sampling. An o%servation unit is an element or aggregation of elements from which the information is collected. Example
4n the aboe example the researcher selects employees from three 8MC$ multinationals ,#rocter and $amble; nileer and )estle1 for data collection. Among Among these employees he selected 8irst &ine Managers for collecting the data. Among Among all 8irst &ine Manager he selects J0 &ine managers for data collection. co llection. 4n this example the employees from three 8MC$s ,#rocter and $amble; nileer and )estle1 are the primary sampling unit; all the 8irst &ine managers are the secondary* final sampling unit and the selected 8irst &ine managers are the obseration unit. iii# 3ara$eter and Statistics A ara$eter is ara$eter is the summary description of a gien ariable in a population while Statistic is Statistic is the summary description of a gien ariable in a surey sample. Example 4n the aboe example the mean productiity of all the employees working in the multinational is the #arameter and the mean productiity of the 8irst &ine managers from those the researcher collected the data is the -tatistics. Q9 "e!ine Research "iscuss the secial !eatures o! Scienti!ic $ethod o! Research
Solution9 "e!inition o! Research9 +esearch is an organi6ed and systematic way o f finding answers to 5uestions by gathering the needed information. $eneral image of the research is that it has something to do with the laboratory where scientists are supposedly doing some experiments. +esearch is simply the process of finding solutions to a problem after thorough study and analysis of the situational factors. 4n research; we try to follow a system or a procedure in an organi6ed manner. 4t is all the more necessary in case we want to repeat the study; or somebody else wants to erify our findings. 4n the latter case the other person has to follow the same procedure that we followed. 7ence not only we hae to do the study in a systematic manner but also that system should be known to others. Secial
9udgment; life hereafter; $ods rewards for good deeds1 does not fall within the domain of scientific method. 2# Beri!ia%le Obserations made through scientific method are to be erified again by using the senses to confirm or refute the preious findings. -uch confirmations may hae to be made by the same researcher or others. 3e will place more faith and credence in those findings and conclusions if similar findings emerge on the basis of data collected by o ther researchers using the same methods. To the extent that it does happen ,i.e. the results are replicated or repeated1 we will gain confidence in the scientific nature of our research. +eplicability; in this way; is an important characteristic of scientific method. 7ence reelations and intuitions are out of the domain of scientific method. '# Cu$ulative #rior to the start of any study the researchers try to scan through the literature and see that their study is not a repetition in ignorance. 4nstead of reinenting the wheel the researchers take stock of the existing body of knowledge and try to build on it. Also the researchers do +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties not leae their research findings into scattered bits and pieces. 8acts and figures are to be proided with language and thereby inferences drawn. The results are to be organi6ed and systemati6ed. )eertheless; we dont want to leae our studies as stand alone. A linkage between the present and the preious body of knowledge has to be established; and that is how the knowledge accumulates. )# "eter$inistic -cience is based on the assumption that all eents hae antecedent causes that are subject to identification and logical understanding. 8or the scientist; nothing Qjust happ ensR S it happens for
a reason. The scientific researchers try to explain the emerging phenomenon by identifying its causes. Of the identified causes which ones can be the most importantG 8or example; in the ?00 BA*B- examination of the #unjab niersity @ percent of the students failed. 3hat could be the determinants of such a mass failure of studentsG The researcher may try to explain this phenomenon and come up with ariety of reasons which may pertain to students; teachers; administration; curriculum; books; examination system; and so on. &ooking into such a large number of reasons may be highly cumbersome model for problem solution. 4t might be appropriate to tell; of all these factors which one is the most important. The researcher tries to narrow down the number of reasons in such a way that some action could taken. # 4thical and :deological Ieutrality The conclusions drawn through interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objectieP that is; they should be based on the facts of the findings deried from actual data; and not on our own subjectie or emotional alues. 8or instance; if we had a hypothesis that stated that greater participation in decision making will increase organi6ational commitment; and this was not supported by the results; it makes no sense if the researcher continues to argue that increased opportunities for employee participation would still help. -uch an argument would be based; not on the factual; data based research findings; but on the subjectie opinion of the researcher. 4f this was the coniction of the researcher all along; then there was no need to do the research in the first place. +esearchers are human beings; h aing indiidual ideologies; religious affiliations;
cultural differences which can influence the research findings. Any interference of their personal likings and dis(likings in their research can contaminate the purity of the data; which ultimately can affect the predictions made by the researcher. Therefore; one of the important characteristics of scientific method is to follow the principle of objectiity; uphold neutrality; and present the results in an unbiased manner.
.# Statistical eneraliation $eneralisability refers to the scope of the research findings in one organi6ational setting to other settings. Obiously; the wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by research; the more useful the research is to users. 8or instance; if a researchers findings that participation in decision making enhances organi6ational commitment are found to be true in a ariety of manufacturing; industrial; and serice organi6ations; and not merely in the particular organi6ation studied by the researcher; the generalisability of the findings to other organi6ational settings is enhanced. The more generali6able the research; the greater its usefulness and alue. 8or wider generalisability; the research sampling design has to be logically deeloped. 7ere the use of statistics is ery helpful. -tatistics is deice for comparing what is obsered and what is logically expected. The use of statistics becomes helpful in making generali6ations; which is one of the goals of scientific method. # Rationalis$ -cience is fundamentally a rational actiity; and the scientific explanation must make sense. +eligion may rest on reelations; custom; or traditions; gambling on faith; but science must rest
on logical reason. There are two distinct logical systems important to the scientific 5uest; referred to as deductie logic and inductie logic. Q9 "e!ine Hyothesis /hat are di!!erent tyes o! hyothesis 45lain# Solution9 "e!inition o! Hyothesis9 A proposition that can be erified to determine its reality is a hypothesis. A hypothesis may be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more ariables; expressed in the form of a testable statement. +elationship is proposed by using a strong logical argumentation. This logical relationship may be part of theoretical framework of the study. 8or example;
Officers in my organi6ation hae higher than aerage leel of commitment ,ariable1. &eel of job commitment of the officers is associated with their leel of efficiency. &eel of job commitment of the officers is positiely associated with their leel of
efficiency. +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties
The higher the leel of job commitment of the officers the lower their leel of
absenteeism. Tyes o! Hyothesis9 There are different types of hypothesis which are as follows. 1-"escritive Hyothesis !escriptie hypothesis contains only one ariable thereby it is also called as uniariate hypothesis. !escriptie hypotheses typically state the existence; si6e; form; or distribution of some ariable. The first hypothesis contains only one ariable. 4t only shows the distribution of the leel of commitment among the officers of the organi6ation which is higher than aerage. -uch a hypothesis is an example of a !escriptie 7ypothesis. 2- Relational Hyothesis
These are the propositions that describe a relationship between two ariables. The relationship could be non(directional or directional; positie or negatie; causal or simply correlational. 3hile stating the relationship between the two ariables; if the terms of p ositie; negatie; more than; or less than are used then such hypotheses are directional because the direction of the relationship between the ariables ,positie*negatie1 has been indicated. These hypotheses are relational as well as directional. The directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the relationship has been specified. )on(directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the association has not been specified. The relationship may be ery strong but whether it is positie or negatie has not been postulated. Correlational hyotheses state merely that the ariables occur together in some specified manner without implying that one causes the other. -uch weak claims are often made when we beliee that there are more basic causal forces that affect both ariables. 8or example< &eel of job commitment of the officers is positiely associated with their leel of efficiency. 45lanatory Gcausal hyotheses imply the existence of; or a change in; one ariable causes or leads to a change in the other ariable. This brings in the notions of independent and the dependent ariables. Cause means to Qhelp make happen.R -o the independent ariable may not be the sole reason for the existence of; or change in the dependent ariable. '- Iull Hyothesis 4t is used for testing the hypothesis formulated by the researcher. +esearchers treat eidence that
supports a hypothesis differently from the eidence that opposes it. They gie n egatie eidence more importance than to the positie one. 4t is because the negatie eidence tarnishes the hypothesis. 4t shows that the predictions made by the hypothesis are wrong. The null hypothesis simply states that there is no relationship between the ariables or the relationship between the ariables is Q6ero.R That is how symbolically null hypothesis is denoted as Q70R. 8or example< 70 H There is no relationship between the leel of job commitment and the leel of efficiency. Or 70 H The relationship between leel of job commitment and the leel of efficiency is 6ero. Or the two ariables are independent of each other. 4t does not take into consideration the direction of association ,i.e. 70 is non directional1; which may be a second step in testing the hypothesis. )- Alternative Hyothesis The alternatie ,to the null1 hypothesis simply states that there is a relationship between the ariables under study. 4n our example it could be< there is a relationship between the leel of job commitment and the leel of efficiency. )ot only there is an association between the two ariables under study but also the relationship is perfect which is indicated by the number QR. Thereby the alternatie hypothesis is symbolically denoted as Q7 R. 4t can be written like this< 7< There is a relationship between the leel of job commitment of the officers and their leel of efficiency. - Research Hyothesis +esearch hypothesis is the actual hypothesis formulated by the researcher which may also suggest the nature of relationship i.e. the direction of relationship. 4n our example it could be<
&eel of job commitment of the officers is positiely associated with their leel of efficiency. Q9 Ah$ad is the $anager o! a restaurantF he wants to see his sta!! cooerative and hardwor,ing %ut his sta!! is not wor,ing well according to his will# He decided to give the incentives in order to $otivate and encourage the$ %ut his olicy did not wor, e!!ectively# There can %e $any !actors %ehind this %ehavior o! sta!! that needs to %e researched#
After selecting the topic; 4 will collect data from different sources. This step may be considered as part of the exploratory research. An exploration typically begins with a search for published data and studies. -uch sources can proide secondary data which becomes part of the background information ,about the restaurant % groups of people1. -o me secondary sources of data are statistical bulletins; goernment publications; information published or unpublished; case studies; online data; web sites; and the 4nternet from where 4 can get information. 4n addition; information can also be collected from the people who are well informed about the staff and restaurant; especially those who hae clearly stated positions on controersial aspects of the problem. 4n certain situations; 4 will also focus on group discussions with the staff of the restaurant. -uch discussions can help me in the identification of factors an d haing clarification of their behaior. ST43 '9 3ro%le$ "e!inition After haing discussions with the professionals as well as with the staff to whom the issue relates; and the reiew of literature; now 4 will be in a position to narrow down from its original broad base and define the factors clearly. Translate the broad issue into a research 5uestion. As part of the applied research conert the management dilemma into a management 5uestion; and then on to research 5uestion that fits the need to resole the dilemma. The symptoms of a problem might help tracing the real problem. 8or example in this research; the productiity decline of workers is an issue. The manager has tried to sole it by the proision of incenties but his policy did not
work. 4 will find the possible factors like the morale and motiation of the workers haing some other antecedents. ST43 )9 To develo the Theoretical
are included in the design to ensure that the information collected is appropriate for soling the problem. 4t is ery important to specify the sources of information; and the research method or techni5ue ,surey or experiment; for example1 to be followed in the study. Broadly there are six basic research methods for descriptie and causal research< sureys; experiments; obseration; communication analysis ,content analysis1; case study; focus group discussion. ST43 9 "ata Collection8 "ata 3rocessing8 and Analysis +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties !ata collection is integral part of the research designP !ata collection is determined by the research techni5ue selected for the project. !ata can be collected in a ariety of ways; in different settings S field or lab S and from different sources. 4t could includeinterviews S face to face interiews; telephone interiews; computer(assisted interiews; and interiews through electronic mediaP questionnaires that either personally administered; sent through mail; or electronically administeredP observation of indiiduals and eents which could be participant or non participant. Once the fieldwork has been completed; the data must be conerted into a format that will answer the research 5uestions and help testing the hypotheses. The computer can help in making tables and the application of different statistics. ST43 69 Testing the HyothesesF Answering the Research Questions The analysis and interpretation of the data shall be the means to testing the formulated hypotheses as well as finding answers to the research 5uestions. 4n case of applied research; the research should be helpful in finding solutions to the problems of the organi6ation or society. Making recommendations may also be part of this process. ST43 79 Reort /riting
The research report should communicate the research findings effectiely. All too often the report is a complicated statement of the studys technical aspects and sophisticated research methods. The report has to be presented in the format as it may hae been part of the terms of reference if it is a sponsored study. 4 will write the basic factors behind the staff behaior in my report and 4 will also gie some suggestions to the manager to motiate the staff so that they can work efficiently. stion.l�;o�w,�U A. +esearch techni5ue B. 2ualitatie techni5ue C#
d. -tandard deiation; internal alidity; mode - :nternal validity re!ers to# a# Researchers degree o! con!idence# b. $eneralisability c. Operationali6ation d. All of the aboe 6- How $any ti$es the students aear in the research class is the e5a$le o! # a. 4ntensity b. -pace c#
7- Ti$e consu$ed in $all intercet interview is # a. 7igh %# Moderate c. &ow d. )il .0- "eart$ental stores selected to test a new $erchandising dislay syste$ is the e5a$le o! # a. 2uota sampling b. Conenience sampling c# Judg$ental sa$ling d. #urposie sampling Q9 "e!ine the $easure that is used %y the researcher in order to cature the intensity8 direction8 level8 or otency o! a varia%le construct# Also descri%es the di!!erent tyes o!
that $easure# Solution9 The $easure that is used %y the researcher in order to cature the intensity8 direction8 level8 or otency o! a varia%le construct9 A scale is a measure in which a researcher captures the intensity; direction; leel; or potency of a ariable construct. 4t arranges responses or obserations on a continuum or in series of categories. A scale can use a single indicator or multiple indicators. An index is a measure in which a researcher adds or combines seeral distinct indicators of a construct into a single score. The composite scores is often a simple sum of the multiple indicators. 4ndexes are often measured at the interal or ratio leel. +esearchers sometimes combine the features of scales and indexes in a single measure. This is common when a researcher has a seeral indicators that are scales ,i.e. that measure intensity or direction1. The researcher then adds these indicators together to yield a single score; thereby creating an index. The di!!erent tyes o! that $easure9 A scale refers to any series of items that are arranged progressiely according to alue o r magnitude; into which an item can be placed according to its 5uantification. 4n other words; a scale is a continuous spectrum or series of categories. 4t is traditional to classify scales of measurement on the basis of the mathematical comparisons that are allowable with these scales. 8our types of scales are nominal; ordinal; interal; and ratio. Io$inal Scale A nominal scale is the one in which the numbers or letters assigned to objects sere as labels for identification or classification. This measurement scale is the simplest type. 3ith nominal data; we are collecting information on a ariable that naturally or by design can be grouped into two or
more categories that are mutually exclusie; and collectiely exhaustie. )ominal scales are the least powerful of the four scales. They suggest no order or distance relationship and hae no arithmetic origin. )eertheless; if no other scale can be used; one can almost always one set of properties into a set of e5uialent classes. ;rdinal Scale +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties Ordinal scales include the characteristics of the nominal scale plus an indicator of order. 4f a is greater than b and b is greater than c; then a is greater than c. The use of ordinal scale implies a statement of Qgreater thanR or Qless thanR without stating how much greater or less. Other descriptors can be< Qsuperior to;R Qhappier than;R Qpoorer than;R or Qaboe.R :nterval Scale 4nteral scales hae the power of nominal and ordinal scales plus one additional strength< they incorporate the concept of e5uality of interal ,the distance between and ? e5uals the distance between ? and /1. 8or example; the elapsed time between / and A. M. e5uals the time between J and @ A. M. One cannot say; howeer; A.M. is twice as late as / A.M. because Q6ero timeR is an arbitrary origin. 4n the consumer price index; if the base year is D>/; the price leel during D>/ will be set arbitrarily as 00. Although this is an e5ual interal measurement scale; the 6ero point is arbitrary. Ratio Scale +atio scales incorporate all the powers of the p reious scales plus the proision for absolute 6ero or origin. +atio data represent the actual a mounts of ariable. Measures of physical dimensions such as weight; height; distance; and area are the examples. The absolute 6ero represents a
point on the scale where there is an absence of the gien attribute. 4f we hear that a person has 6ero amount of money; we understand the 6ero alue of the amount. Q9 Ga "e!ine the 3ro%a%ility & non-3ro%a%ility sa$ling# Solution Ga9 3ro%a%ility Sa$ling9 4n probability sampling; eery element in the population has a known non6ero probability of selection. The simple random is the best known probability sample; in which each member of the population has an e5ual probability of being selected. Ion-3ro%a%ility Sa$ling9 4n non(probability sampling the probability of any particular element of the population being chosen is unknown. The selection of units in non(probability sampling is 5uite arbitrary; as researchers rely heaily on personal judgment. G% >Snow%all sa$ling is also ,nown as networ,8 chain re!erral or reutational sa$ling#? Co$$ent on this state$ent# Solution G%9 Snow%all sa$ling9 -nowball sampling is also called network; chain referral; or reputational sampling. 4t is a method for identifying and sampling cases in the network. 4t is based on an analogy to a snowball; which begins small but becomes larger as it is rolled on wet snow and picks up additional snow. 4t begins with one or a few people or cases and spreads out on the basis of links to the initial cases. This design has been found 5uite useful where respondents are difficult to identify and are best located through referral networks. 4n the initial stage of snowball sampling; indiiduals are discoered and may or may not be selected through probability methods. This group is then used to locate others who possess similar characteristics and who; in turn; identify others. The
QsnowballR gather subjects as it rolls along. 45a$le9 8or example; a researcher examines friendship networks among teenagers in a community. 7e or she begins with three teenagers who do not know each other. "ach teen names four close friends. The researcher then goes to the four friends and asks each to name four close friends; then goes to those four and does the same thing again; and so forth. Before long; a large number of people are inoled. "ach person in the sample is directly or indirectly tied to the original teenagers; and seeral people may hae named the same person. The researcher eentually stops; either because no new names are gien; indicating a closed network; or because the network is so large that it is at thee limit of what he or she can study.
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GcThe urose o! cluster sa$ling is to sa$le econo$ically while retaining the characteristics o! a ro%a%ility sa$le# At the sa$e ti$e8 cluster sa$ling addresses two $aor ro%le$s# "iscuss those ro%le$s# +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties Solution Gc9 The purpose of cluster sampling is to sample econo mically while retaining the characteristics of a probability sample. At the same time; Cluster sampling addresses following two problems< 1# +esearchers lack a good sampling frame for a dispersed population and the c ost to reach
a sampled element is ery high. A cluster is unit that contains final sampling elements but can be treated temporarily as a sampling element itself. A researcher first samples cluster; each of which contains elements; then draws a second sample from within the clusters selected in the first stage of sampling. 4n other words; the researcher rando mly samples clusters; and then randomly samples elements from within the selected clusters. 7e or she can create a good sampling frame of clusters; een if it is impossible to create one for sampling elements. Once the researcher gets a sample of clusters; creating a sampling frame for elements within each cluster becomes more manageable. 2# A second adantage for geographically dispersed populations is that elements within each cluster are physically closer to each other. This may produce a saings in locating or reaching each element.
Q9 *rie!ly discuss the stes that are involved in conducting an e5eri$ent# Solution9 Stes in Conducting an 45eri$ent Broadly there are about ? steps in conducting an experiment; which are as below< 1# Make a hypothesis that is appropriate for experimental research. 2# !ecide about an experimental design that will test the hypothesis within practical limitations. '# !ecide how to create a situation that induces the independent ariable. )# !eelop a alid and reliable measure of the dependent ariable. # -et up an experimental setting and conduct a pilot test of the treatment and dependent ariable measures. .# &ocate appropriate subjects or cases. # +andomly assign subjects to groups and gie careful instructions. 6# $ather data for the pretest measure of the dependent ariable for all groups. 7# 4ntroduce the treatment to the experimental group only ,or to the releant groups if there are multiple experimental groups1 and monitor all groups. 10# $ather data for posttest measure of the depen dent ariable. 11# !ebrief the subjects by informing them of the true purpose and reasons for the experiment. Ask subjects what they thought was occurring. 12# "xamine data collected and make comparisons between different groups. 3here
appropriate; use statistics and graphs to determine whether or not the hypothesis is supported. Q. Classi!y this research on the %asis o! < i. #urpose of doing research. ii. The use of research iii. Time dimension in research 9ustify your answer. Answer9 i. 4t is an e5loratory research. Because it was a new issue and no research was made on it before. The researchers had limited amount of information on this issue and this research proided bases for many other studies. ii. 4t is a %asic research because it proides knowledge generated to understand a phenomenon of interest to the researcher. iii. 4t is a longitudinal research because it examines the employees at more than one time. The research is spread upon D?@ to D/?. A group of women was selected for F years so it can be further classified as Panel study. +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties Q. :denti!y these varia%les used in the e5eri$ent < i. !ependent ariables ii. 4ndependent ariables iii. "xtraneous ariables 9ustify your answer. Answer9 i. The ariable that is the result of another ariable,s1 is called a dependent ariable. 3roductivity of the employees is the dependent ariable in this case. Because it depends on many other independent ariables. ii. The ariable that causes the dependent ariable is called independent ariable. 4t is a cause ariable. 4n our example light illu$ination; rest %rea,s; duration o! wor, hours; te$erature; !ood; wages and hu$idity are independent ariables because they affect productiity. iii. "xtraneous ariables are factors other than the independent ariable that could result in changes in the dependent ariable. 4n an experiment; these factors should be controlled so that they are constant in all conditions. 4f they are not well(controlled;
then they result in possible alternatie explanations ,other than changes in the independent ariable1 that could account for the changes obsered in the dependent ariable. #ossible extraneous ariables in this research can be ,nowledge o! the e$loyees that they are %eing o%served ,when employees know that they are being watched; they tend to modify their behaior1; secial attention aid to the$ ; suervisors style; etc. e that E�sa�wp�mit of what he or she can study. •
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Q9 /hat do you understand %y the ter$ >concets are an a%straction o! reality? 45lain with the hel o! an e5a$le# Answer9 Concepts are the terms and terminologies used by researchers as means of communication. They are expressed in words; letters; signs and symbols that refer to arious eents or objects. Abstraction simply means Qgenerali6ation.R 4n research methods; we use this term Qconcepts are an abstraction of realityR. 4t means that we pick up concepts from obsered reality and goes on to the abstraction leel. 4t is a leel at which objects and eents are expressed in more generali6ed form. 8or example Toyota is a concept; its abstraction is a car and its further abstraction would be motor ehicles. 3e hae changed the simple concept ,Toyota1 into an abstraction ,motor ehicles1 which is a more generali6ed term. Q9 Join the otions in colu$n A with aroriate otions given in colu$n *# :denti!y the varia%les and give reasons !or your choice# Colu$n A Colu$n *
,a1 Two men and three women were seriously injured in a road accident ?F km away from &ahore. ,i1 4nterening ariable ,b1 Out break of Malaria in the city increased the consumption of mos5uito repellents. ,ii1 4ndependent and dependent ariable ,c1 !istance learning system increased the literacy leel in the country. ,iii1Continuous and discontinuous ariable Answer9 Colu$n A Colu$n * ,a1 ,iii1 ,b1 ,ii1 ,c1 ,i1 +esearch Method ,-TA /01 -uccess Objecties :denti!ication o! Baria%les9 ,a1 Men and 3omen are the example of discontinuous ariables and the distance of ?F km is an example of continuous ariable. ,b1 VOut break of malaria is the independent ariable and Vincrease in the purchase of mos5uito repellents is dependent ariable. ,c1 There is a clear indication of many interening ariable such as flexible timing; low fees; low transportation cost; easy access to get education especially for far off areas. Reasons9 Ga !iscontinuous ariable has limited number of distinct alues which can not be diided into fractions; so male*female or men*women are discontinuous ariables. Continuous ariable can take infinite number of alues and can be diided into fractions; so the distance is continuous ariable as it can take any alue e.g. /Fkm; FF.F km etc. G% 4ndependent ariables are those ariables which identifies forces or conditions that act on
something. Malaria is the independent ariable as it is causing change in other ariable. !ependent ariables are the effect or result of another ariable. Their occurrence is dependent upon the occurrence of another ariable. 4ncrease in the consumption of mos5uito repellents is an outcome of increasingly spreading Malaria disease. Gc 4nterening ariables are those ariables that come between independent and dependent ariables and shows a link or mechanism between them. !istance learning ,independent ariable1 has increased the literacy leel ,dependent ariable1 and there are other interening ariables which are supporting this relationship e.g. flexible timing; low fees; low transportation cost; easy access to get education especially for far off areas. 3hat is a grand theory G ʹ
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a One that was proposed by one of the major theorists in the sociological tradition % One that is highly abstract and makes broad generali6ations about the social world c An intermediate leel explanation of obsered regularities d A particularly satisfactory theory that makes the researcher feel happy 3hat does an empiricist belieeG a 3e should not apply natural science methods to social science research % 4t is the sociologist s aim to understand the meaning of social action c 'nowledge; in the form of facts ; should be gained through sensory ʹ
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experience d +esearch conducted within the British empire was biased and unreliable An inductie theory is one that< a 4noles testing an explicitly defined hypothesis % !oes not allow for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge c ses 5uantitatie methods wheneer possible d Allows theory to emerge out of the data 3hat is the epistemological position held by a positiistG a There is no substitute for an in ‐depth; hermeneutic understanding of society % -cientific research should be based on alue‐free; empirical obserations c "ents and discourses in the social world p reent us from haing direct
knowledge of the natural order d 4t is important to remain optimistic about our research; een when things go wrong The interpretiist iew of the social sciences is that< a Their subject matter is fundamentally different to that of the natural sciences % 3e should aim to achiee the interpretie understanding of social action c 4t is important to study the way people make sense of their eeryday worlds d All of the aboe 3hich of the following is an ontological 5uestionG a -hould 4 use 5uestionnaires or interiews in my projectG % 3hat can ,and should1 be considered acceptable forms of knowledgeG c 7ow long is it since 4 last isited the dentistG d !o social entities hae an objectie reality; external to social actorsG The constructionist ontological position suggests that< a -ocial phenomena and their meanings are constantly being accomplished by social actors % 4ndiiduals are born into a world of rules and structures that they cannot change c Building and construction work presents an ideal opportunity to exercise the sociological imagination d -ocial facts and objects hae an external reality; independently of the people who perceie them The 5ualitatie research strategy places a alue on< a sing numbers; measurements and statistical techni5ues % $enerating theories through inductie research about social meanings c Conducting research that is of a ery high 5uality d All of the aboe
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3hich of the following is an example of alue‐free researchG a Conscious partiality % -ympathy for the underdog c nstructured interiewing d )one of the aboe An important practical issue to consider when designing a research project is< a 3hich theoretical perspectie you find most interesting % 3hether or not you hae time to retile the bathroom first c 7ow much time and money you hae to conduct the research d 3hich colour of ring binder to present your work in 3hy do you need to reiew the existing literatureG a To make sure you hae a long list of references % Because without it; you could neer reach the re5uired word‐count c To find out what is already known about your area of interest d To help in your general studying To read critically means< a Taking an opposing point of iew to the ideas and opinions expressed % -kimming through the material because most of it is just padding c "aluating what you read in terms of your own research 5uestions d Being negatie about something before you read it 3hich two of the following are legitimate frameworks for setting out a literature reiew< . Constructing inter ‐textual coherence; ?. !econstruction of textual coherence; /. #roblemati6ing the situation; J. +esoling discoered problemsG a and ? % ? and / c and / d ? and J A systematic literature reiew is< a One which starts in your own library; then goes to on‐line databases and; finally; to the internet % A replicable; scientific and transparent process c One which gies e5ual attention to the principal contributors to the area
d A responsible; professional process of time‐management for research 3hat is meta‐analysisG a A techni5ue of correcting for the errors in indiidual studies within a surey of a large number of studies; to demonstrate the effect of a particular ariable % A process of secondary‐data gathering to assemble all the possibilities for a ariable s effects ʹ
c A substitute for original research; which is justified by constraints of time or money d A speciali6ed step in a computer software program ,-#-- e.g.1 3hat is meta‐ethnographyG a A techni5ue for reiewing literature based exclusiely on ethnographic studies % A techni5ue for synthesi6ing interpretations drawn from a number of separate 5ualitatie studies of the same phenomena c A process used to make generali6ations from a range of 5ualitatie studies d A process of sureying only that literature contained within a single library 3hat is a narratie literature reiewG a An historically‐ based reiew; starting with the earliest contributions to the field % A reiew based exclusiely on stories about companies; in book and casestudy form c A paraphrase style of reiewing which does not re5uire referencing d An initial impression of the topic which you will understand more fully as you conduct your research 3hen accessing the internet; which of these steps is the most essentialG a +ecording the full +& % )oting the access dates c !ownloading material to be referenced d They are all e5ually important
According to the 7arard referencing conention; which is the correct referenceG a Bryman; A. ,?00>; /e1 Social Research Methods, OxfordP Oxford niersity #ress % Bryman ,?00>; second edition1; Oxford niersity #ress c Bryman; Alan; Social Research Methods ,?00>< O#1 d Bryman; A. -ocial +esearch Methods ,?00>1 3hich of the following statements about plagiarism is most accurateG a 4t is so easy to copy and paste from the internet that eeryone does it ʺ
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nowadays. 4f a proper reference is gien; where is the harm in thatG % 7ow can we say for sure where our own ideas come from exactlyG 4f we tried to gie a reference for eerything we could neer hope to succeed. c Any suggestion that we hae written what another actually wrote is morally wrong. Anyway; the whole point of a literature reiew is to show what we hae read and what we thought about it. d #lagiarism is such an awful crime that those found guilty should be obliged to wear a scarlet # on their clothing ʺ
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3hat is a research designG a A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory % The choice between using 5ualitatie or 5uantitatie methods c The style in which you present your research findings; e.g. a graph d A framework for eery stage of the collection and analysis of data 4f a study is reliable ; this means that< ʺ
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a 4t was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted % The measures deised for concepts are stable on different occasions c The findings can be generali6ed to other social settings d The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated
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4nternal alidity refers to< ʺ
a 3hether or not there is really a causal relationship between two ariables % 3hether or not the findings are releant to the participants eeryday lies c The degree to which the researcher feels that this was a worthwhile project ʹ
d 7ow accurately the measurements represent underlying concepts &incoln % $uba ,D>F1 propose that an alternatie criterion for ealuating 5ualitatie research would be< a 4mpressieness % Trustworthiness c 9oyfulness d Messiness )aturalism has been defined as< a :iewing natural and social objects as belonging to the same realm % Being true to the nature of the phenomenon under inestigation c Minimising the intrusion of artificial methods of data collection into the field d All of the aboe 4n an experimental design; the dependent ariable is< a The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are obsered % The one that is manipulated in order to obsere any effects on the other c A measure of the extent to which personal alues affect research d An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined •
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3hat is a cross‐sectional designG a A study of one particular section of society; e.g. the middle classes % One that is deised when the researcher is in a bad mood c The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time d A comparison of two or more ariables oer a long period of time -urey research is cross‐sectional and therefore<
a 7igh in replicability but low in internal alidity % 7igh in internal alidity but low in reliability c 7igh in ecological alidity but low in external alidity d )one of the aboe #anel and cohort designs differ; in that< a Cohort studies inole 5uantitatie research; whereas panel studies are 5ualitatie % A panel study does not need rules to handle new entrants to households c Only a cohort study will suffer from sample attrition d A panel study can distinguish between age effects and cohort effects; but a cohort design cannot Cross cultural studies are an example of< a Case study design % Comparatie design c "xperimental design 3hat is rhetoricG a The type of rapport that is usually established in in‐depth interiews % An ancient form of poetry c A techni5ue used to assess the external reliability of a data source d The attempt to persuade or conince an audience; often through writing 3hich of the following is not usually found in a report of a 5uantitatie studyG a Measurement % 4ntroduction c Confession d +esults The introductory section of a research report should aim to< a 4dentify the specific focus of the study % #roide a rationale for the dissertation; or article c $rab the reader s attention d All of the aboe ʹ
3hat is the purpose of the conclusion in a research reportG a 4t explains how concepts were operationally defined and measured % 4t summari6es the key findings in relation to the research 5uestions c 4t contains a useful reiew of the releant literature d 4t outlines the methodological procedures that were employed 4n a report of 5uantitatie research; an empiricist repertoire seres to< a Confuse the reader with long and technical words % !emonstrate the researcher s reflexiity about their role in the research ʹ
process c $ie the impression that the results were objectie and logically ineitable d #roide a confessional tale of what went wrong in the procedure 3hich of the following is not normally included in a written account of 5ualitatie researchG a An introduction; locating the research in its theoretical context % An explanation of the design of the study c A discussion of the main findings in relation to the research 5uestions d A decision to accept or reject the hypothesis #ostmodernist theorists challenge the idea of objectie truth by arguing that< a There are many possible ways of interpreting and representing social reality % 4t is important to uncoer the social laws that o perate in an external reality c Only women hae the uni5ue standpoint needed to be able to make uniersal truth claims d All of the aboe Apart from postmodernism; what other intellectual trend has stimulated an interest in the way social scientists use rhetorical deices in their writingG a #ositiism % -ocial studies of science c Traditional ethnography d "xistentialist philosophy A reflexie social researcher will be inclined to write about< a The effects that their alues; biases and theoretical leanings might hae
had upon the data collection and analysis % The way in which their findings unfolded naturally and ineitably through logical deduction c The way in which their findings are objectiely truthful and alid d The unproblematic and straightforward procedures of designing research; building a rapport with participants and interpreting the findings The three forms of ethnographic writing that :an Maanen ,D>>1 identifies are< a #ositiist stories; interpretiist stories and realist stories % )atie accounts; tourist accounts and oyeuristic accounts c +ealist tales; confessional tales and impressionist tales d 8eminist accounts; ethnomethodological accounts and postmodern accounts 3hich of the following is not a problem associated with using web sites as sources of dataG a The sample of web sites is only as good as the keywords used to search for them % 4t is difficult to find any web sites about most topics in social research c )ew web sites are constantly appearing while others are disappearing d The content of web sites is likely to change as they are updated 3hat is distinctie about asynchronous online communicationG a The interiewer and their respondents write at different times % 4t cannot take place on the 3orld 3ide 3eb c 4t occurs in real time; with participants responding to 5uestions immediately d 4t cannot be conducted by email 3hat is a irtual ethnographyG a The use of isual data rather than written texts for content analysis % A techni5ue used to facilitate online focus groups c A study that uses participant obseration but not interiewing d An ethnographic study of an online community or social setting 3hich of the following is a practical problem associated with asynchronous
focus groupsG a 4t is difficult to send out a welcome message to participants this way % Moderators cannot be aailable online ?J hours a day c )ot all participants will hae access to the re5uired conferencing software d #articipants do not hae enough time to write detailed responses •
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2uestion )o< , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 4n a study of concept learning in first(graders; all of the following should happen; exceptP W To hel $a,e the e5erience enoya%le8 children should %e given su%stantial incentives to articiate . W The children should be asked if they want to participate. W Teachers of the children in their classes should gie informed consent. W #arents must gie consent. 2uestion )o< @ , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with electronic researchG W #riacy could be inaded. W 3eole are not li,ely to %e a%le to sto once they have %egun articiating# W !ebriefing could be aoided. W 4nformed consent cannot be completely monitored. 2uestion )o< > , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 2uantitatie research has been criticised because< W The reliance on instruments and procedures makes it high in ecological alidity. W The $easure$ent rocess suggests a surious and arti!icial sense o! accuracy# W 4t underestimates the similarities between objects in the natural and social worlds.
W 4t has no alidity.
2uestion )o< D , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following is a characteristic of a standardi6ed testG W The administration of the test is controlled carefully to ensure that all examinees experience the same conditions. W The test is deeloped by experts to ensure it is technically sound. W The scores are interpreted in standard ways. W All o! the given otions 2uestion )o< ?0 , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one Mr. &atif is measuring studentsX attitudes on a controersial topic. 3hich of the following would you recommend he use to control for the potential problem of students feeling the need to respond with socially acceptable responsesG W "nsure construct alidity W Allow anony$ous resonses W "nsure reliability W "nsure confidentiality 2uestion )o< ? , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following scales can measure the TemperatureG W )ominal scale W Ordinal scale W 4nteral scale W All o! the given otions 2uestion )o< ?? , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 8ollowing are the properties of nominal scale; ex ceptP W &east powerful W Suggest no order W #roide categorical information W #roide magnitude of object
2uestion )o< ?/ , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following is )OT the implication of Ordinal scaleG W Characteristics of nominal scale W Ran, the o%ect W !oes not proide magnitude of object W #roide rate
2uestion )o< ?J , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following statements is correct about alidity and reliabilityG W 3hen internal alidity is high; external alidity is low W 3hen internal alidity is high; there is no chang e in external alidity W 3hen internal alidity is high; external alidity is also high W All o! the given otions 2uestion )o< ?F , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hen you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you measured in the dependent ariable; your study probably has good NNNNNNNN alidity. W 4nternal W "xternal W Causal W Construct
2uestion )o< ? , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one Mr. Ali has conducted an extensie reiew of the literature and has deductiely reasoned a hypothesis about his problem on the basis of this reiew. 3hich type of a research plan is Mr. Ali likely proposingG O Qualitative W "thical W Both 5uantitatie and 5ualitatie W 2uantitatie
2uestion )o< ?@ , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following is a legitimate purpose of a research planG W 4t forces you to think through eery aspect of a study. W 4t proides detailed procedures to guide the conduct of the study. W 4t proides clear roadmap of the study. W /riting a lan !acilitates the evaluation o! it# 2uestion )o< ?> , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 4n the statement V-moke badly destroys health of people what is the unit of analysisG W Transportation W 4ndiiduals W #ollutants W "rugs 2uestion )o< ?D , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hile studying superisor(subordinate relationship in an organi6ation; what is the unit of analysisG W 4ndiidual W !yad W "mployer(employee W ;rganiation 2uestion )o< /0 , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following types of surey research is often used for program ealuation or accreditation purposesG W !eelopmental sureys W 8ollowup studies W #ublic opinion polls W Io survey research is aroriate 2uestion )o< / , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following is )OT an example of a problem with using surey research to inestigate behaiourG W +espondents tend to answer by giing the most socially desirable answer.
W +espondents may inadertently omit key terms in the 5uestion. W +espondents may not gie an honest reply to what they see as a threatening 5uestion. W Resondents $ay %e unwilling to reveal in!or$ation as they %elieve they are li,ely to %e identi!ied. 2uestion )o< /? , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hat should the researcher do if they hae achieed a low response rateG W Copy responses and paste them again. W Abandon the research project entirely. W Recognie and accet the ossi%le li$itations o! a low resonse rate# W 8ill in some more 5uestionnaires themseles. 2uestion )o< // , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following statements is correct about 5uestionnaireG W A 5uestionnaire should run to at least twenty pages. W The 5uestions should hae no spaces between them so that the whole 5uestionnaire looks small. W Only 5uestionnaires that are A/ si6e achiee high response rates. W Clear resentation is $ore i$ortant than overall sie# 2uestion )o< /J , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one Critical decision area in 5uestionnaire construction is which of the followingG W 2uestion content W 2uestion wording W +esponse strategy O All o! the given otions •
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2uestion )o< /F , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one The most critical area of an article to read isP W 4ntroduction O A%stract W +esults section W &imitations
2uestion )o< / , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following is*are adantage,s1 of the self(completed 5uestionnaireG W 4nability to confirm who completed the 5uestionnaire W 4ts unsuitability for some kinds of respondents W 4nability to ask many 5uestions that are not directly releant to the respondent W 4asy to usti!y the answer 2uestion )o< /@ , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one Time consumed in mall intercept interiew is representing which of the following typeG W 7igh O Moderate W &ow W )ill
2uestion )o< /> , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following similarity is found in 2ualitatie research and -urey researchG W "xamine topics primarily from the participantsX perspecties. W They are guided by predetermined ariables to study. W They are descritive research $ethods# W 7ae large sample si6es. 2uestion )o< /D , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following represent a good 5ualitatie problem statementG W !efines the independent and dependent ariables. W conveys a sense o! e$erging design#
W -pecifies a research hypothesis to be tested. W -pecifies the relationship between ariables that the researcher ex pects to find.
2uestion )o< J0 , Marks< 1 ( #lease choose one 3hich of the following makes research 5uestions ery crucialG W uide your decisions a%out what data to collect and !ro$ where# W 7elp you decide which research area interests you. W "nsure that your findings hae external alidity. W #reent you from thinking about research strategies.
2uestion )o< J , Marks< 0 1 7ow would you explain Y+esearch #roposalY and its different sectionsG . 3hen a extraneous ariable systematically aries with the independent ariable and influences the dependent ariable; it is called< a. Another dependent ariable %# A con!ounding varia%le c. A moderating ariable d. An unreliable ariable
?. 3hich of the following statements is trueG a. A statistical relationship is sufficient eidence to infer causality b. Temporal order of the cause and effect is not important in inferring causality c# A statistical relation o! E and P is insu!!icient evidence !or in!erring causality d. Temporal order of cause and effect ariables and statistical relation are all that are needed to infer causality •
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/. A school district examines a program that uses mentors to help ery poor readers improe their reading performance. The children in the program are at the Jth percentile at pretest. At posttest they are around the ?0th percentile. 3hile it is possible that the program made the difference; another reason for the change in scores could be< a. 7istory %# Regression arti!act c. Multiple(treatment interference d. !ifferential selection J. A group of researchers do a study where children from particular classrooms are assigned to treatment or control conditions. After the study; the researcher finds out that the students in the control group are higher achieers than those in the experimental group. 7e found no treatment effect. The failure to find an effect may be due to< a. A treatment effect b. A testing effect c# A di!!erential selection e!!ect d. A maturation effect
F. A researcher examines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poor readersX reading achieement. 7e looks at two different schools. One seres as the control and the other the experimental group. Both schools had reading achieement that was around the F0th percentile. !uring the time that the mentoring program is in place in the experimental group; a statewide reading initiatie is started in randomly selected schools. The experimental; but not the control school is inoled in the initiatie. At the end of the year; the experimental group does better than the control. 8rom the information presented
aboe; a likely threat to the internal alidity of the study is< a. -election by mortality interaction b. Mortality c# Selection-history e!!ect d. -election(maturation effect . 3hich type of alidity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the relationship between two ariables is causalG a# :nternal validity b. #opulation alidity c. "cological alidity d. -tatistical conclusion alidity
@. 3hich type of alidity refers to the ability to infer that the independent and dependent ariables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationship is accurateG a. 4nternal alidity b. #opulation alidity c. "cological alidity d# Statistical conclusion validity >. An extraneous ariable that systematically aries with the independent ariable and also influences the dependent ariable is known as a NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN. a Confounding ariable b. Third ariable c. -econd ariable d# *oth a and % are correct D. The use of multiple obserers to allow cross(checking of ob serations to make sure that the inestigators agree with what took p lace is known as NNNNNNN. a. 4nterpretie alidity b. +esearcher bias c. Multiple operationalism
d# :nvestigator triangulation 0. NNNNNNNNNNNNN is the lowest inference descriptor of all because it uses the participants own words. a. #articipant feedback %# A ver%ati$ c. !ata triangulation d. 4nestigator triangulation . NNNNNNNNNNN refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within indiiduals oer time; such as aging; learning; boredom; hunger; and fatigue. a. 4nstrumentation b. 7istory c# Maturation d. Testing ?. 3hat type of alidity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generali6ed across timeG a. "cological alidity b. "xternal alidity c. 4nternal alidity d# Te$oral validity /. 3hich of the following best describes interpretie alidityG a. 8actual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher %# Accurately ortraying the $eanings given %y the articiants to what is %eing studied c. !egree to which a theoretical explanation fits the data d. Ability to generali6e the study results across settings
J. 3hich of the following terms is a strategy where the researcher actiely
engages in critical self(reflection about his or her potential biases and predispositions. a. "xperimenter effect b. +eactiity c. 4nestigator triangulation d# Re!le5ivity F. 3hich of the following is not considered one of the criteria for inferring causalityG a. "idence that the independent and dependent ariables are related b. "idence that the relationship between the ariables being inestigated is not due to a confounding extraneous ariable c. "idence that changes in ariable A occur before changes in ariable B d# The te$oral ordering o! the varia%les %eing investigated does not $atter %ecause a relationship is all that is really needed . The use of multiple data sources to help understand a phenomenon is one strategy that is used to promote 5ualitatie research alidity. 3hich of the following terms describes this strategyG a. !ata matching b. #attern matching c# "ata triangulation d. !ata feedback
@. 3hat may happen when different comparison groups experience a different history eentG a. 7istory effect
%# Selection-history e!!ect c. -election effect d. $roup effect >. 3hat is another term that refers to a confounding extraneous ariableG a. &ast ariable b. 8irst ariable c# Third varia%le d. 8ourth ariable D. 3hich of the following refers to any systematic change that occurs oer time in the way in which the dependent ariable is assessedG a# :nstru$entation b. Maturation c. Testing d. -election ?0. 3hich of the following terms describes the ability to generali6e from the sample of indiiduals on which a study was conducted to the larger target population of indiiduals and across different subpopulations within the larger target populationG a. "xternal alidity %# 3oulation validity c. "cological alidity d. Temporal alidity •
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?. 3hich of the following is not a strategy used to promote 5ualitatie research
alidityG a. #eer reiew b. Theory triangulation c. "xtended fieldwork d# Rando$ assign$ent ??. The use of seeral measures of a construct is called< a# Multile oerationalis$ b. Multiple construct measurement c. Operationalism d. Methods triangulation
?/. A physical or mental change that occurs in participants oer time that affects their performance on the dependent ariable is called NNNNNNNN. a. 4nstrumentation %# Maturation c. +egression d. )one of aboe ?J. Attrition generally occurs in research where NNNN. a. =ou do demographic research b. The study fails c# So$e articiants do not co$lete the study d. The study is ery brief
?F. !ifferential attrition occurs when the people dropping out from one group are different from the others in their group or from the people in the comparison group.
a# True b. 8alse
?. 4nternal alidity refers to which of the followingG a# The a%ility to in!er that a casual relationshi e5ists %etween 2 varia%les b. The extent to which study results can be generali6ed to and across populations of persons; settings; and times c. The use of effectie measurement instruments in the study d. The ability to generali6e the study results to indiiduals not included in the study
?@. 3hich strategy used to promote 5ualitatie research alidity uses multiple research methods to study a phenomenonG a. !ata triangulation %# Methods triangulation c. Theory triangulation d. Member checking ?>. 3hich type of alidity refers to the factual acc uracy of an account as reported by the researcherG a. "cological alidity b. Temporal alidity c# "escritive validity d. )one of the aboe
?D. 3hich of the following in not one of the key threats to internal alidityG a. Maturation b. 4nstrumentation c# Te$oral change d. 7istory
/0. This type of alidity refers to the ability to generali6e the results of a study across settings. a. Temporal alidity b. 4nternal alidity c# 4cological validity d. "xternal alidity /. 3hich is not a direct threat to the internal alidity of a research designG a. 7istory %# Testing c. -ampling error d. !ifferential selection /?. Alteration in performance due to being aware that one is participating in a study is known as NNNNNN. a. Operationalism %# Reactivity c. Temporal alidity d. Mortality
//. The idea that the more times a research finding is shown with different sets of people; the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generali6ing beyond the original participants is known as NNNNNNNNNNN. a. )aturalistic generali6ation b. Methods generali6ation c. !ata triangulation d# Relication logic
The scientific method is preferred oer other ways of knowing because it is moreP +eliable -ystematic Accurate All o! the given otions An operational definition is< One that bears no relation to the underlying concept. An abstract; theoretical definition of a concept. A de!inition o! a concet in ter$s o! seci!ic8 e$irical $easures# One that refers to opera singers and their work.
4f a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and worth; he is likely conducting which type of researchG Basic Applied 4valuation "xperimental
3hat is the basis of the -cientific MethodG To test hypotheses in conditions those are condusie to its success. To formulate a research problem and disproe the hypothesis. To formulate a research problem; test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis. To test hyotheses and i! they are disroved8 they should %e a%andoned co$letely# 3hich of the following is a conceptG Deadershi.
Total 2uality Management. 7uman +esource Management. All of the gien options Meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements. nambiguous Bague Clear !ictionary To explain; predict; and*or control phenomena are the goal of(((((((((((((((((((((( Tradition 4nductie logic !eductie logic The scienti!ic 3hy; as scientists; do we not want to rely on authority for explanationsG Those in authority are often wrong. Those in authority cannot be challenged. Those in authority rely too much on objectie information. Those in authority often hae no common sense.
4f a researcher was studying the use of arious instructional approaches to the Ymultiple intelligencesY of his students; he is likely to be con ducting which type of researchG Basic Applied 4valuation $rounded theory A concept is a generali6ed idea about(((((( . A class of objects Attributes
Occurrences All o! the given nder which of the following research method is not applicableG 7ealth care Business $oernment offices :$aginary worlds •
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1- 7ypothesis refers to A. The outcome of an experiment B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter "# A tentative state$ent a%out the relationshi 2- -tatistics is used by researchers to A# Analye the e$irical data collected in a study B. Make their findings sound better C. Operationally define their ariables !. "nsure the study comes out the way it was intended '- A literature reiew re5uires A. #lanning B. $ood % clear writing C. &ot of rewriting
"# All o! the a%ove )- A literature reiew is based on the assumption that A. Copy from the work of others *# +nowledge accu$ulates and learns !ro$ the wor, o! others C. 'nowledge disaccumulates !. )one of the aboe option
- A theoretical framework A. "laborates the r*s among the ariables B. "xplains the logic underlying these r*s C. !escribes the nature and direction of the r*s "# All o! the a%ove .- 3hich of the following statement is not trueG A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project B. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the proposed research project C# A research roosal is an unorganied and unlanned roect !. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project - #reliminary data collection is a part of the A. !escriptie research *# 45loratory research C. Applied research !. "xplanatory research 6- Conducting sureys is the most common method of generating A# 3ri$ary data B. -econdary data C. 2ualitatie data
"# )one of the aboe
7- After identifying the important ariables and establishing the logical reasoning in theoretical framework; the next step in the research process is A. To conduct sureys *# To generate the hyothesis C. To focus group discussions !. To use experiments in an inestigation 10- The appropriate analytical techni5ue is determined by A. The research design B. )ature of the data collected C. )ature of the hypothesis "# *oth A & * ". #ersonal interiews conducted in shopping malls are known as< a. Mall interiews %# Mall intercet interviews c. Brief interiews d. )one of the gien options 8. 3AT- lines proided by long distance telephone serice at fixed rates. 4n this regard; 3AT- is the abbreiation of< a. 3est Africa Theological -eminary b. 3ashtenaw Area Transportation -tudy c# /ide Area Teleco$$unications Service d. 3orld Air Transport -tatistics
$. A list of 5uestions which is handed oer to the respondent; who reads the 5uestions and records the answers himself is known as the< a. 4nteriew schedule %# Questionnaire c. 4nteriew guide d. All of the gien options 7. One of the most critical stages in the surey research process is< a. +esearch design %# Questionnaire design c. 4nteriew design d. -urey design 4. 2uestion that consists of two or more 5uestions joined together is called a< a# "ou%le %arreled (uestion b. $eneral 5uestion c. Accurate 5uestion d. Confusing 5uestion
9. The number of 5uestionnaires returned or completed diided by the total number of eligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the surey is called the< a# Resonse rate b. #articipation rate c. 4nflation rate d. )one of the gien options
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'. To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent; when we ask general 5uestion before a specific 5uestion then this procedure is called as the< a. +esearch techni5ue b. 2ualitatie techni5ue c#
). -erice ealuation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the< a# Sel!-ad$inistered (uestionnaires b. Office assistant c. Manager d. )one of the gien options A. •
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1# /hich one o! the !ollowing sets is the $easure o! central tendency a. Mean; standard deiation; mode b. Mean; median; standard deiation c. Arithmetic mean; median; mode d. -tandard deiation; internal alidity; mode 2# :n la% e5eri$ent the e!!ect o! Baria%les is controlled to evaluate the causal relationshi# a. "xtraneous b. Moderate c. 4nterening d. All of the aboe '# :nternal validity re!ers to # a. +esearchers degree of confidence. b. $enerali6ability c. Operationali6ation d. All of the aboe )# /hich o! the !ollowing is the wea,est e5eri$ental design a. One group pretest(posttest design b. 2uasi( experimental design c. Two group posttest only design d. "x post facto design # How $any ti$es the students aear in the research class is the e5a$le o! # a. 4ntensity b. -pace c. 8re5uency d. !irection .# "isadvantage o! content analysis is #
a. +esearcher can increase the sample si6e b. #roides access on the subjects to which researcher does hae physical access. c. -ometime documents proide incomplete account to the researcher d. -pontaneous feelings can be recorded when they occurred # /hich o! the !ollowing state$ent is incorrect with resect to >An e5eri$ental design is a set o! rocedures seci!ying9? a. 7ow the test units ,subjects1 are to be diided into homogenous sub samples. b. 3hat independent ariables or treatments are to be measuredG c. 3hat dependent ariables are to be measuredG d. 7ow the extraneous ariables are to be controlledG 6# Ti$e consu$ed in $all intercet interview is # a. 7igh b. Moderate c. &ow d. )il 7# >Teacher should create a !riendly environ$ent in the classroo$? this is the tye o! # a. &eading 5uestion b. &oaded 5uestion c. !ouble Barreled d. Burdensome 5uestion
10# "eart$ental stores selected to test a new $erchandising dislay syste$ is the e5a$le o! # a. 2uota sampling b. Conenience sampling c. 9udgmental sampling d. #urposie sampling
1# "iscrete varia%le is also called===# A. Categorical ariable B. !iscontinuous ariable C. *oth A & * !. )one of the aboe 2# >;!!icers in $y organiation have higher than average level o! co$$it$ent? such a hyothesis is an e5a$le o!===# A. "escritive Hyothesis B. !irectional 7ypothesis C. +elational 7ypothesis !. All of the aboe '# @Science re!ers to===# A. A system for producing knowledge B. The knowledge produced by a system C. *oth A & * !. )one of the aboe
)# /hich one o! the !ollowing is not a characteristic o! scienti!ic $ethod A. !eterministic B. +ationalism C. "mpirical !. A%straction # The theoretical !ra$ewor, discusses the interrelationshis a$ong the===# A. Baria%les B. 7ypothesis C. Concept !. Theory 1# ===research is %ased on naturalis$# A.
!. Applied research 2# 3ersonal interviews conducted in shoing $alls are ,nown as=== A. Mall interiews B. Mall intercet interviews C. Brief interiews !. )one of the gien options '# === is used to o%tain the !reest oinion o! the resondent8 %y as,ing general (uestion %e!ore a seci!ic (uestion# A. +esearch techni5ue B. 2ualitatie techni5ue C.
+ationalism is the application of< Select correct otion9 +esearch solution
&ogic and arguments +easoning #reious findings •
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1- 7ypothesis refers to A. The outcome of an experiment B. A conclusion drawn from an experiment C. A form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter "# A tentative state$ent a%out the relationshi 2- -tatistics is used by researchers to A# Analye the e$irical data collected in a study B. Make their findings sound better C. Operationally define their ariables !. "nsure the study comes out the way it was intended '- A literature reiew re5uires A. #lanning B. $ood % clear writing C. &ot of rewriting "# All o! the a%ove )- A literature reiew is based on the assumption that A. Copy from the work of others *# +nowledge accu$ulates and learns !ro$ the wor, o! others C. 'nowledge disaccumulates !. )one of the aboe option
- A theoretical framework A. "laborates the r*s among the ariables B. "xplains the logic underlying these r*s C. !escribes the nature and direction of the r*s "# All o! the a%ove
.- 3hich of the following statement is not trueG A. A research proposal is a document that presents a plan for a project B. A research proposal shows that the researcher is capable of successfully conducting the proposed research project C# A research roosal is an unorganied and unlanned roect !. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research project - #reliminary data collection is a part of the A. !escriptie research *# 45loratory research C. Applied research !. "xplanatory research 6- Conducting sureys is the most common method of generating A# 3ri$ary data B. -econdary data C. 2ualitatie data "# )one of the aboe 7- After identifying the important ariables and establishing the logical reasoning in theoretical framework; the next step in the research process is A. To conduct sureys *# To generate the hyothesis C. To focus group discussions
!. To use experiments in an inestigation 10- The appropriate analytical techni5ue is determined by A. The research design B. )ature of the data collected C. )ature of the hypothesis "# *oth A & *
". #ersonal interiews conducted in shopping malls are known as< . Mall interiews 2# Mall intercet interviews /. Brief interiews J. )one of the gien options 8. 3AT- lines proided by long distance telephone serice at fixed rates. 4n this regard; 3AT- is the abbreiation of< . 3est Africa Theological -eminary ?. 3ashtenaw Area Transportation -tudy '# /ide Area Teleco$$unications Service J. 3orld Air Transport -tatistics $. A list of 5uestions which is handed oer to the respondent; who reads the 5uestions and records the answers himself is known as the< . 4nteriew schedule 2# Questionnaire /. 4nteriew guide J. All of the gien options 7. One of the most critical stages in the surey research process is<
. +esearch design 2# Questionnaire design /. 4nteriew design J. -urey design 4. 2uestion that consists of two or more 5uestions joined together is ca lled a< 1# "ou%le %arreled (uestion ?. $eneral 5uestion /. Accurate 5uestion J. Confusing 5uestion
9. The number of 5uestionnaires returned or completed diided by the total number of eligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the surey is called the< 1# Resonse rate ?. #articipation rate /. 4nflation rate J. )one of the gien options '. To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent; when we ask general 5uestion before a specific 5uestion then this procedure is called as the< . +esearch techni5ue ?. 2ualitatie techni5ue '#
?. #re(testing /. &ab experiments )# *oth A & * M. 8ield testing of the 5uestionnaire shows that< 1# Resondents are willing to co-oerate ?. +espondents are not willing to co(operate /. +espondents do not like any participation J. All of the gien options ). -erice ealuation of hotels and restaurants can be done by the< 1# Sel!-ad$inistered (uestionnaires ?. Office assistant /. Manager J. )one of the gien options
(The researcher protects the confidentiality in following ways; "xceptP -elect correct option< ;%taining signed nondisclosure docu$ents# +estricting access to data instruments where the respondent is identified. !isclosure of data subsets. +estricting access to respondent identification. ?(3hich of the following should not be a consideration in writing a proposalG -elect correct option< nderstanding the problem situation The appearance*form of the proposal Resonding to every ele$ent e5actly as seci!ied %y the client 'nowing as much as possible about the proposal recipients
/(nder which of the following research method is not applicableG -elect correct option< 7ealth care Business $oernment offices :$aginary worlds J(3hich of the following is a conceptG -elect correct option< &eadership. Total 2uality Management. 7uman +esource Management. All o! the given otions F(4n which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interal measurementG -elect correct option< 4t measures larger or smaller scores on some underlying dimension. :t i$lies the e5istence o! an a%solute ero value# 4t re5uires the mutual exclusiity of all cases. 4t re5uires that exhaustieness is applied to all obserations.
(4f a researcher was studying the use of arious instructional approaches to the Ymultiple intelligencesY of his students; he is likely to be conducting which type of researchG -elect correct option< Basic Alied "aluation $rounded theory applieed
@(An operational definition is< -elect correct option< One that bears no relation to the underlying concept. An abstract; theoretical definition of a concept. A de!inition o! a concet in ter$s o! seci!ic8 e$irical $easures# One that refers to opera singers and their work. >(4n the statement Xan examination of the effects of discretionary behaiour on employee performanceX employee performance is the< -elect correct option< 4ndependent ariable "eendent varia%le "xtraneous ariable Causal ariable D(2uantitatie researcherXs preoccupation with generali6ation is an attempt to< -elect correct option< !eelop the law like findings of the natural sciences. Boost their chances of publication. "nhance the internal alidity of their research. !emonstrate the complex techni5ues of statistical analysis. 0(3hich one of the following tasks is )OT accomplished by theoretical frameworkG -elect correct option< "laborate the relationship among the ariables "xplain the logic underlying the relationship between the ariables. !escribe the nature; and direction of the relationships among the ariables. +elates the preious studies. (3hat is re5uired if there is a chance that data could harm the respondentsG -elect correct option< Change of results A signed form detailing the types of limits
8ree consent of respondents All of the gien options
?(3hich of the following is not an example of deceptionG -elect correct option< A part of the truth is not communicated to the respondent To obsere code of ethics To leak out information regarding any confidential matter To create bias between respondents before the surey /(3hich of the the following is not included in ObjectsG -elect correct option< Tables #eople Books /eight J(The extent to which we can generali6e the results of a study to other participants is called< -elect correct option< -ampling alidity 45ternal validity Construct alidity 4nternal alidity
F(4f a nominal scale is used; it is permissible to calculate which of the following statisticsG -elect correct option< Mean +ange #ercentile Mode
(All of the following are true about theories; exceptP -elect correct option< They organi6e and summari6e existing knowledge about a topic. They are tentatie until the facts proe them true. They proide possible explanations for the phenomenon under study. They lead to testable hypotheses through the process of deduction. @(+esearch 5uestions are crucial because they will< -elect correct option< uide your decisions a%out what data to collect and !ro$ where . 7elp you decide which research area interests you. "nsure that your findings hae external alidity. #reent you from thinking about research strategies. >(3hat is the basis of the -cientific MethodG -elect correct option< To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusie to its success. To formulate a research problem and disproe the hypothesis. To !or$ulate a research ro%le$8 test the hyothesis in care!ully controlled conditions that challenge the hyothesis# To test hypotheses and if they are disproed; they should be abandoned completely. D(#rocedures determining what two issues are rarely used in 5uantitatie researchG -elect correct option< Objectiity and subjectiity Relia%ility and validity Accessibility and replicability 2uality and 5uantity
?0(Ms. &aiba has decided to use the test at the end of the textbook to measure the achieement leels of the students in her study. 3hich of the following B"-T describes the chapter testG -elect correct option< !efinition Construct :ariable ;erationalied varia%le •
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Qui 01 STA .'0- Research Methods Choose the %est otion and give answer according to the instructions 1# Rationalis$ is the alication o! which o! the !ollowing A. &ogic and arguments B. +esearch solution C. +easoning !. #reious findings 2# ;n which o! the !ollowing8 scienti!ic ,nowledge $ostly relies A. &ogical understanding B. 4dentification of eents C. #rior knowledge !. All of the gien options '# /hich o! the !ollowing re!ers to research suorted %y $easura%le evidence A. Opinion
B. "mpiricism C. -peculation !. +ationalism )# Research $ethod is alica%le in all o! the !ollowing !ields8 4EC43TF A. 7ealth care B. +eligion C. Business !. $oernment offices # All o! the !ollowing are true state$ents a%out action research8 4EC43TF A. !ata are systematically analy6ed B. !ata are collected systematically C. +esults are generali6able !. +esults are used to improe practice .# /hich o! the !ollowing is characteristic o! action research A. :ariables are tightly controlled B. +esults are generali6able C. !ata are usually 5ualitatie !. +esults demonstrate cause(and(effect relationships # :! a researcher is studying the e!!ect o! using latos in his classroo$ to ascertain their $erit and worth8 he is li,ely conducting which o! the !ollowing tyes o! research A. "xperimental B. Applied C. Basic !. "aluation
6# 45loratory research addresses which o! the !ollowing tyes o!
(uestion A. 4f B. 7ow C. 3hy !. 3hat 7# /hich o! the !ollowing is not the source !or getting in!or$ation !or e5loratory research A. Content analysis B. -urey C. Case study !. #ilot study 10# /hich o! the !ollowing is the $ain (uality o! a good theory A. A theory that has suried attempts at falsification B. A theory that is proen to be right C. A theory that has been disproed !. A theory that has been falsified 11# /hich o! the !ollowing is not a concet A. &eadership B. Total 2uality Management C. 4ntelligence 2uotient ,421 !. 7uman +esource Management
12# A varia%le that is resu$ed to cause a change in another varia%le is ,nown as9 A. !iscontinuous ariable B. !ependent ariable C. 4ndependent ariable
!. 4nterening ariable 1'# /hich o! the !ollowing is the oosite o! a varia%le A. An extraneous ariable B. A dependent ariable C. A data set !. A constant 1)# /hich o! the !ollowing can %est %e descri%ed as a categorical varia%le A. Age B. Annual income C. $rade point aerage !. +eligion 1# >:nco$e distri%ution o! e$loyees? in a seci!ic organiation is an e5a$le o! which o! !ollowing tye o! varia%le A. !iscontinuous ariable B. Continuous ariable C. !ependent ariable !. 4ndependent ariable
1.# >There is no relationshi %etween higher $otivation level and higher e!!iciency? is an e5a$le o! which tye o! hyothesis A. Alternatie B. )ull C. Correlational !. +esearch 1# /hich o! the !ollowing is not a role o! hyothesis A. $uides the direction of the study B. !etermine feasibility of conducting the study
C. 4dentifies releant and irreleant facts !. #roides framework for organi6ing the conclusions 16# Hyothesis test $ay also %e called as9 A. 4nformal test B. -ignificance test C. Moderating test !. T(test 17# /hich tye o! review co$ares how di!!erent theories address an issue A. Context reiew B. 4ntegrated reiew C. Theoretical reiew !. Methodological reiew 20# A!ter you locate a source8 you should write down all details o! the re!erence8 4EC43TF A. :olumes B. Titles C. #rice !. 8ull names of the authors •
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Solution o! Qui 01 Sring Se$ester 2007 STA .'0- Research Methods Question Io9 Answer 1A 2A '*
)* C .C " 6" 7A 10 A 11 C 12 C 1' " 1) " 1 * 1. * 1 * 16 * 17 C 20 C •
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. Operational definitions are useful because they offer specificity; but are not essential when the scientific method is used. True 8alse ?. The ability to make inferences about cause and effect relationships is increased when the experimental method is used. True 8alse /. 4n a positie linear relationship; increases in the leels of one ariable are associated with increases in the leels of a second ariable.
True 8alse
J. 3hich is )OT a problem when the non experimental method is used to study relationships between ariablesG !irection of cause and effect Behaior is only measured A YthirdY ariable may be responsible for the relationship. F. 3hich of the following relationships would most likely be studied with the nonexperimental methodG The effect of parental use of alcohol on aggressie behaior of children. The effect of distraction while studying on test performance. The effect of defendant attractieness on juror decisions.
. The ariable that is manipulated in an experiment is the dependent ariable. True 8alse @. 4n an experiment; some participants took a standard printed examP others took the exam using a computer administration procedure. -cores obtained with the two exam procedures were compared. The independent ariable was NNNNNNNNNN and the dependent ariable was NNNNNNNNNN. exam typeP exam score. exam score; exam type. participant gender; exam procedure >. 3hich of the following is used to make sure that the participants in each condition of an experiment are e5uialentG "xperimental control +andomi6ation
D. 4nternal alidity refers to the ability to draw inferences abo ut cause and effect relationships between ariables. True 8alse 0. Complete understanding of behaior is achieed by studying ariables using multiple operational definitions and both experimental and non experimental methods. True
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . 8alse ?. True /. True J. Measurement F. Alcohol and aggression . 8alse @. exam type*exam score >. +andomi6ation D. True 0. True gn
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. 4f you predict a curilinear relationship; you must hae at least three leels of the independent ariable in your experiment. True 8alse ?. A researcher studied the effect of defendant gender ,male(female1 and type of crime ,robbery(embe66lement1 on juror decisions. 7ow many conditions are in this studyG two. three four /. 4f a study has two or more independent ariables; it is called a factorial design. True 8alse J. #articipants gae longer sentences for embe66lement than robbery; irrespectie of gender. This implies that there was a< main effect of gender. main effect of type of crime. interaction. F. 4n the 4: E -: design; one of the independent ariables is a characteristic of participants such as personality type. True 8alse . 4n a mixed factorial design; one of the independent ariables is a characteristic of participants such as personality type. True
8alse
@. A researcher interested in attitude change designed an experiment that examined the effect of age ,>(?F years of age; /F(F0; and oer 01 and type of media ,newspaper; radio; teleision1 on attitude toward a tax increase for local schools. 4n a completely independent groups design with ?0 participants per condition; the researcher needs to study NNNNNN people. 0 ?0 >0 >. The effect of motiation depended on whether there was a clear standard for excellence. This sentence implies that there was a,n1< main effect of motiation main effect of standard interaction effect D. A main effect is the effect of one independent ariable aeraged oer the other independent ariables. True 8alse
0. !r. 8ox studied the effect of attractieness on juror decisions. !r. +amire6 studied the effect of type of crime on juror decisions. 3hat would be gained by studying both independent ariables in one experimentG main effects interaction curilinear relationship HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . True ?. four
/. True J. main effect of type of crime F. True . 8alse @. >0 >. interaction effect D. True 0. interaction colo�[ ak �*Z�whol and aggression . 8alse @. exam type*exam score >. +andomi6ation D. True 0. True gn
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. =our county has just deeloped a new procedure for helping jueniles who are arrested. !oes the new procedure result in fewer arrests in the futureG This is a 5uestion of< outcome ealuation. process ealuation
economic efficiency assessment.
?. The none5uialent control group pretest(posttest design allows a researcher to assess the effects of an independent ariable by examining change from pretest to posttest. True 8alse /. 3hen a researcher makes multiple obserations before and after a change is implemented; the design is called an interrupted time(series design. True 8alse J. Behaior changes when the treatment is introduced and changes again when the treatment is withdrawn. This describes a< interrupted time(series design. ABA design. control series design F. -ingle(subject designs cannot be conducted with multiple participants. True 8alse . An ABAB design has both ethical and internal alidity adantages oer the ABA design. True 8alse @. A documentary film director made a series of films about the lies o f a set of children when they were @; J; ?; ?>; and /F years of age; i.e; the films @(p and J(p.. 3hat type of Yresearch designY is thisG cross(sectional
longitudinal se5uential >. 3hen !onald Campbell compared fatalities in Connecticut and nearby states before and after a police speeding crackdown; the NNNNNNNNNNN design was used. interrupted time series control series longitudinal D. Cross(sectional designs confound deelopmental changes a nd cohort effects. True 8alse
0. After comparing the effects of jail and a drug treatment program on persons conicted of drug(related offenses; a researcher analy6ed the societal costs of eac h. The researcher has conducted< outcome ealuation needs assessment economic efficiency assessment HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . outcome ealuation ?. True /. True J. ABA design F. 8alse . True @. longitudinal >. control series D. True 0. economic efficiency assessment ce
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. =ou want to know if males and females differ in preferences for dogs and cats as pets. =ou ask males and females to indicate whether they prefer dogs; cats; or neither dog s nor cats. 3hen you describe your results; you will compare< means. percentages. medians.
?. =ou want to know if males and females differ in the length of recommended sentence for someone found guilty of driing under the influence of alcohol. =ou ask males and females to indicate the number of weeks of jail time the conicted person should receie. 3hen you describe your results; you will compare< means percentages medians /. 4f you are using a nominal scale; the standard deiation is the best measure of ariabilility of responses. True 8alse
J. =ou conducted a surey of students in your school. =ou report that half the students work ?F hours per week or less. The statistic you used is the mean. median. mode F. Couples who share more similar attitudes indicate that they are more satisfied with their relationship. This reflects a NNNNNNNNNNN correlation.
positie negatie . A correlation coefficient proides information about the strength of the relationship between ariables. True 8alse @. A researcher assessed the following ariables in a sample of teenage males< aggressie behaior; anger; loneliness; and perceied social support from family and friends. 4n addition to examining the correlations among these ariables; the researcher tested a proposed model of how these ariable are related to one another. The researcher is using a< partial correlation analysis. structural e5uation model. multiple regression analysis. >. =ou beliee that the relationship between the two ariables you are inestigating is curilinear. The #earson product(moment correlation coefficient will proide a good index of the strength of this relationship. True 8alse
D. =ou expected to find that age is related to more conseratie political attitudes. 7oweer; your study found that the two ariables were not related. Before you conclude that the two ariables are not related; you should examine the range of alues on your age ariable. True 8alse 0. A multiple correlation is a correlation between one ariable and another ariable that is measured on a ratio scale. a combined set of ariables. a manipulated ariable.
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . percentages ?. means /. 8alse J. median F. positie . True @. structural e5uation model >. 8alse D. True 0. combined set of ariables •
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. -tatistical significance tests allow you to make inferences about population alues based on data obtained from samples. True 8alse ?. After conducting a statistical test; you conclude that the mean score of males differs significantly from the mean score of females. =ou hae< accepted the null hypothesis rejected the null hypothesis made a Type 4 error /. 3ith larger sample si6es; your sample data are more likely to accurately reflect true population alues. True 8alse
J. =ou did not reject the null hypothesis. 4t is possible that you made a< Type 4 error. Type 44 error. Type 4 and a Type 44 error. F. To increase the likelihood of obtaining a significant result; you should hae a< large difference between groups. small ariabilility within groups. both of these are true. . 4n addition to knowing about the statistical significance of your data; it is important to know about effect si6e; the strength of the relationship between your ariables. True 8alse @. 3hen you conduct a t(test; your obtained data are transformed into a single ob tained t alue. A NNNNNNNNNNNN of t alues exists to allow you to know the probability that your data are consistent with the null hypothesis. sampling distribution random probability distribution Type 4 error table >. The probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis is called< alpha beta power
D. Another term for systematic ariance is between(group ariance. Another term for error ariance is within(group ariance. True 8alse 0. 3hen designing a study; it is possible to calculate the sample si6e that will be needed to obtain a statistically significant effect. This calculation is called< Type 44 error analysis. effect si6e analysis. power analysis. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . True ?. rejected the null hypothesis /. True J. Type 44 error F. both of these . True @. sampling distribution >. power D. True 0. power analysis •
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. Meta(analysis is a statistical procedure to combine the results of many studies that inestigated the same ariable.
True 8alse
?. The ability to infer that that the independent ariable caused the effect on the dependent ariable is called< internal alidity external alidity criterion alidity /. 3hen you discuss the extent to which your results would apply to other people or settings; you are concerned with< internal alidity external alidity criterion alidity J. A jury decision study used a male judge. A way to increase generali6ability would be to replicate the study with a female judge. True 8alse F. A replication in which the original procedures are d uplicated is called a,n1 NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN . exact replication conceptual replication systematic replication. . A synthesis of the data obtained from many studies on a particular topic is called a literature reiew. True 8alse
@. A study on fear of medical procedures was conducted in a room on campus that had been decorated as a doctorXs office has< experimental realism mundane realism replicability >. The participants in the study became ery inoled in a computer simulation. This study has< experimental realism mundane realism replicability
D. A study that uses different procedures for manipualating and measuring ariables from another study is called a conceptual replication. True 8alse 0. A study conducted outside the confines of a standard laboratory*classroom is called a< field experiment mundane experiment meta(analysis HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . True ?. internal alidity /. external alidity J. True F. exact replication . True @. mundane realism >. experimental realism D. True 0. field experiment
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. A reliable reliable measure has more measurement error than an unreliable measure. True 8alse ?. An indicator of reliability based on the correlations of each item in a measure with eery other item is called< Test(retest reliability CronbachXs alpha -plit(half reliability /. A measure measure is reactie if it changes the behaior being measured. True 8alse J. A researcher deeloped a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measure does in fact measure a personXs true state of o f shyness. This is a 5uestion of< reactiity. construct alidity alidity.. reliability.
F. -cores on a final exam exa m are related to student grade point aerage; the amount of time spent studying for the exam; and class attendance. 3hat type of alidity is demonstrated
in this caseG conergent alidity. alidity. discriminant alidity. alidity. criterion alidity. alidity. . )ominal scales of measurement hae no n o 5uantitatie properties. True 8alse @. 3hich of the following ariables does )OT hae ratio scale propertiesG job satisfaction rating reaction time to respond when a stimulus is presented distance ,in inches1 that two people stand from each other when conersing >. My measure allows me to successfully predict future beha ioral outcomes. My measure has< Criterion alidity 8ace alidity D. nobtrusie measures reduce the problem of reactiity. True 8alse
0. 3heneer you diide people into groups; you probably using a nominal scale leel of measurement. True 8alse
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . 8alse ?. CronbachXs alpha /. True
J. Construct alidity F. Conergent alidity . True @. job satisfaction >. Criterion alidity D. True 0. True •
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. A researcher is granted permission to become inoled with a college basketball team ( ( attending practices and team meetings; accompanying coaches on recruiting trips; regularly talking with players; etc. The researcher used naturalistic obseration. True 8alse ?. A researcher deised a coding system to analy6e the messages on an 4nternet bulletin board discussion of the controersy concerning "lian $on6ale6; the Cuban boy who was rescued after a boat accident in the ocean between Cuba and the nited -tates. This study used< content analysis. naturalistic obseration. systematic obseration.
/. +eliability is not an issue in systematic obseration. True 8alse
J. A researcher ideotaped people while iewing political debates. +aters iewed segments of the tapes and recorded whether the people were smiling. This study used< systematic obseration. naturalistic obseration. content analysis. F. A researcher tries to explain why a particular obseration does not fit with a theory that is used to explain other obserations. This is called< inter(rater reliability. negatie case analysis. internal alidity.
. A researcher uses interiews and many types of psychological and medical tests to study a woman who had surgery to remoe a part of her brain. This is called a case study. True 8alse @. A researcher accessed information on the 4nternet from a series of sureys of women that was conducted during the D@0s and D>0s. The data were analy6ed to examine changes in attitudes and behaiors oer time. 3hich of the following methods was usedG systematic obseration case study archial research
>. 3hen two or more judges make ratings of obsered behaiors; it is important to examine< inter(rater reliability. test(retest reliability.
D. A psychologist conducts a study that uses data collected from many cultures in the world. The researcher probably used< 7uman +elations Area 8iles #syc4)8O 0. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of p eople in their F0s; 0s; and @0s about memory problems that they hae experienced and worried about. This study has collected< 5uantitatie data. 5ualitatie data. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . True ?. content analysis /. 8alse J. -ystematic obseration F. negatie case analysis . True @. archial research >. inter(rater reliability D. 7uman +elations Area 8iles 0. 5ualitatie data •
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. 3ith probability sampling techni5ues; each member of the population has a,n1 specifiable probability of being sampled. True 8alse ?. =ou wish to make a precise estimate about the characteristics of a population of
indiiduals. =ou should use< 5uota sampling. probability sampling. accidental sampling. /. A nonprobability sample is usually acceptable when the goal of the research is to examine relationships between ariables. True 8alse J. The number of people who complete a surey in relation to the number of people contacted to participate is called the< response set. response rate. response bias. F. A panel study is used to study changes in surey responses oer time. True 8alse . The 5uestion; Y!o you think that teleision should hae less iolence and fewer shows about sexY is considered< double(barreled. loaded. open(ended. @. 3hich type of 5uestions should be first in a 5uestionnaire or interiewG 5uestions about demographics such as age and gender 5uestions about attitudes and behaiors >. 3hich type of 5uestion is most likely to be used when the researcher is just starting to explore what people think about a particular topicG closed(ended
open(ended
D. 4f you need a sample of about ;000 to get an accurate estimate of a population of 0;000 people; you need a sample si6e of ?;000 if your population consists of ?0;000 people. True 8alse 0. 3hich is most likely to yield 5ualitatie dataG Mail surey 8ocus group Telephone interiew HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . True ?. probability sampling /. True J. response rate F. True . double(barreled @. attitudes and behaiors >. open(ended D. 8alse 0. 8ocus group interiew (h� Nt�*Z�wayout(grid(align
0. A researcher studies memory by talking to groups of p eople in their F0s; 0s; and @0s about memory problems that they hae experienced and worried about. This study has collected< 5uantitatie data. 5ualitatie data. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+-HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . True ?. content analysis
/. 8alse J. -ystematic obseration F. negatie case analysis . True @. archial research >. inter(rater reliability D. 7uman +elations Area 8iles 0. 5ualitatie data
. The reasons why the independent ariable might not hae caused an effect on the dependent ariable are called threats to internal alidity. True 8alse ?. A researcher studied the effect of defendant physical attractieness on juror decisions. The attractie person was ?0 years old; and the unattractie person was a JF(year old. The problem here is that< age is confounded with attractieness. it is ery difficult to operationally define physical attractieness. attractieness is not related to perceptions of guilt. /. The use of existing natural groups of pa rticipants usually results in e5uialent groups for the experiment. True 8alse
J. The same people participate in each condition of an experiment. 3hat type of design is thisG repeated measures ,within(subjects1 independent groups ,between(subjects1 matched pairs F. Mortality refers to the fact that participants may drop ou t of experiments.
True 8alse
. Complete counterbalancing means that< there were no practice effects all possible orders of the 4: were used all &atin s5uares were constructed @. An adantage of a repeated measures design is that it re5uires fewer participants. True 8alse >. #ractice and fatigue effects are both problems with independent groups designs. True 8alse D. All things being e5ual; which design is more likely to result in a statistically significant effectG 4ndependent groups +epeated measures 0. =ou identified the F employees in a large organi6ation who were absent from work the most days during the preious month. =ou re5uire these employees to attend a oneday program on time and stress management in an attempt to reduce absenteeism. 4n the following month; all of the employees improed their attendance. The improement could be caused by the program or it might be due to< statistical regression. mortality instrument decay HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHA)-3"+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . True ?. age is confounded /. 8alse J. repeated measures
