2
\OIXL]PIKBK OB@IGOBN KL IOJLOIL]IB HB@\N[BK KL IOJLOIL]IB JLGNGJI@B, DIOL]B Y DL[BN\]JI@B YB@IDILO[GP KL DIOL]BNLP DL[BNI@GP LO LN QL]\
Bnudog3 @breubdb`b Dlkiob Clbo`brng @ðkijg3 =120;18:J @ursg3 Jlgngjäb Jlolrbn Pl``iðo3 ]= @i`ng3 =12;-I Qrghlsgrb3 Jbniokg Xljb @brdlo Nidb Qlró Hl`eb kl lotrljb3 28 kl dbyg kl =12;
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@gotloikg IO[]GK\@@IGO ................................................................................................................................... ; @BQI[\NG 2 ......................................................................................................................................... < 2.2. Dgrhgngjäb kln Qlró ................................................................................................................. < 2.=. Jlgtl`tgoisdg kln plru........................................................................................................... 8 2.0. Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjlolti`bs kln Qlru ....................................................................................... 8 2.; Épg`b dltbngjloéti`b ............................................................................................................... : 2.<.[l`tðoi`b kl Qnb`bs rlspl`tg b nbs Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjloéti`bs y Épg`bs Dltbngjloéti`bs lo ln Qlró. ............................................................................................................................................ 5 @BQI[\NG = ....................................................................................................................................... 21 =.2 [ipgs kl yb`idilotgs plrubogs3 .............................................................................................. 21 =.2.2. Yb`idilotgs kl sljrljb`iðo dbjdâti`b3 ........................................................................ 21 =.2.=. Yb`idilotgs rlnb`igobkgs b iotrusivgs iotlrdlkigs b hénsi`gs .......... ................... .................. .................. ............ ... 21 =.2.0. Yb`idilotgs rlnb`igobkgs b vun`boisdg `gotiolotbn .................. ........................... .................. .................. .................. ......... 22 =.2.:. Yb`idilotgs vgn`bogjloi`gs dbriogs kl sunhurgs dbsivgs tipg furgfg .................... ......................... ..... 2= =.2.5.Yb`idilotgs tipg dississipi vbnnly .................................................................................... 2=
0
IO[]GK\@@IGO Lstb dgogjrbhäb prlslotb bspl`tgs sgmrl ln prg`lsg kl hgrdb`iðo kl ngs yb`idilotgs kl diolrbnls kln Qlró, dltbngjloib y kls`rip`iðo kl sus rbsjgs r bsjgs jlgnðji`gs. Nb `nbsihi`b`iðo kl ngs yb`idilotgs sl bkbptb b nb `nbsihi`b`iðo kl Cgeo D. Juinmlrt y @ebrnls C. Qbrfs lo nimrg „[el jlgngjy gh gur klpgsits(2958)— Pilokg ln pbäs duy ri`g lo g`urrlo`ib kl yb`idilotgs diolrbnls sl eb io`nuikg kl hgrdb rlsudikb ngs yb`idilotgs dâs idpgrtbotls kln Qlró.
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@BQI[\NG 2
Dltbngjloib kln Qlró Ln Qlró ls uo pbäs qul pgsll yb`idilotgs kl Bj,Qm,So,@u,Bu,Hl,Dg,Po,@k,Mi,Z. Lstb kivlrsikbk kl diolrbnls dltâni`gs sl hgrdð pgr prg`lsgs jlgnðji`gs duy pl`unibrls `gohgrdbkb pgr lvlotgs tl`tðoi`gs dbjdâti`gs y kl diolrbnizb`iðo
2.2. Dgrhgngjäb kln Qlró Ln tlrritgrig plrubog, dgrhgnðji`bdlotl dgrhgnðji`bdlotl sl kivikl lo oulvl zgobs (@EB@GO, O., 2998 Hij. o± 2) @grkinnlrb kl nb `gstb3 Xilol kl Qbrb`bs b @einl, `go uo bo`eg kl =1 b 01 Fd bnturb kl 2,111 b 2,<11 dsod. Bn OZ `gotioub `go rlstgs lo ln @lrrg Innls`bs, Pinnb kl Qbitb y @lrrg Bdgtbpl, `go rudmg kl OZ b OL. Nnbourb prl bokiob g pnoi`il `gstlrb3 Qbdpbs @gstbolrbs bn Pur kl 2< b ;< Fd kl bo`eg, pbrtl @lotrbn kl < b =1 Fd. kl bo`eg, pbrtl Ogrtl lo Pl`eurb `go 211 Fd bo`eg. @grkinnlrb g``iklotbn3 Dgotbòb kl pnljbdilotgs hgrdbkg lo ln Dlsgzgi`g-@logzgi`g `go pniljuls, hbnnbs, lngojbdilotg kl iotrusivgs, kl rudmg OZ, su prlslotl bnturb sl hgrdð pgr dgvidilotgs lpirgjéoi`gs ebstb ln [lr`ibrig [brkäg y @ubtlrobrig. @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn, sl ebnnb lotrl nbs pbdpbs @gstbolrbs @gstbolrbs pgr ln Glstl y ln lcl lc l kl ngs vbnnls iotlrbokiogs pgr ln Lstl `gdg ln Xbnnl kln Dbrbòðo bn O, Xbnnl kln Dbotbrg lo ln @lotrg, ngs vbnnls kl Bpurädb`, Xin`bogtb y Bybvirä bn Pur. Bn O ln bo`eg kl nb @grkinn lrb ls kl 201 b 2<1 Fd, lnlvb`iðo dâxidb lo ln Qbsg kl Qgr`uyb `go =,205 dsod. Bn P ln bo`eg kl nb @grkinnlrb ls kl 2<1 b =<1 Fd, nb dbygr `gtb lo ln Eubs`brâo `go 8,:85 dsod. kl bnturb.
Hbcb kl `gogs vgn`âoi`gs3 Klskl ln pbrbnlng 2<³P ebstb nb hrgotlrb `go @einl, kl <11 b 811 Fd kl ngojituk, eby vgn`bols, lcldpng3 Yu`bdbol, Yu` bdbol, [utupb`b, \miobs, Disti, Bdpbtg, Pgnidbob, su bo`eg ls kl =1 b 01 Fd6 kl kirl``iðo bn OZ6 tgkg lstg sl hgrdð lotrl hiols kln [lr`ibrig y ln Qnlistg`log. Sgob kl klprlsigols iotlrbokiobs3 Pl umi`b lotrl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn y nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn, hijurb ln Xbnnl kln Dbrbòðo kl <<1 Fd. kl nbrjg, ln Xbnnl kln Dbotbrg `go 011 Fd. kl nbrjg klskl nb dlsltb kl Cuoäo ebstb Eubotb, ngs vbnnls kl Bpurädb`, Xin`bogtb y Bybvirä `go 0<1 Fd. Pl umi`b lotrl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn y nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn, hijurb ln
<
Xbnnl kln Dbrbòðo kl <<1 Fd. kl nbrjg, ln Xbnnl kln Dbotbrg `go 011 Fd. kl nbrjg klskl nb dlsltb kl Cuoäo ebstb Eubotb, ngs vbnnls kl Bpurädb`, Xin`bogtb y Bybvirä `go 0<1 Fd. @ulo`b kln [iti`b`b3 Lotrl nbs @grkinnlrbs G``iklotbn y Grilotbn kl grijlo tl`tðoi`g. @grkinnlrb grilotbn3 Lstâ bn L kl ngs vbnnls iotlrbokiogs, `go dgotbòbs hgrdbkbs lo ln Qbnlgzgi`g. Bn Ogrtl `go pg`b bntituk, bn Pur dâs lnlvbkb ebstb 8,111 d kl bnturb. @grkinnlrb sumbokiob3 Bn L kl nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn, sl hgrdð b hiols kln [lr`ibrig, pgr pnljbdilotg kl ngs slkidlotgs Dlsgzgi`gs, @logzgi`gs. Klskl [iojg Dbräb (Euâou`g) ebstb nb hrgotlrb `go ln L`ubkgr `go `gtbs kl 2,511 b =,111 dsod. y `udmrls ebstb 0,111 dsod. kl bnturb. Qbrtl P lotrl ln räg Eubnnbjb bn Glstl y ln räg \`bybni bn Lstl. Nnbourb bdbzðoi`b3 \ob vbstb ploinnbourb bn L kl nb @grkinnlrb @grkinn lrb Pumbokiob y bn O kl nbs subvls `gniobs kl Hitz`brrbnk qul nb slpbrb kl nb nnbourb kl Dbkrl kl Kigs, bnturb kl 211 b ;11 dsod.
2.=. Jlgtl`tgoisdg kln plru Nb grilotb`iðo jlolrbn kl nb @grkinnlrb kl ngs Bokls ls kl rudmg OZ-PL. Pl prgkucg vbribs grgjéolsis, b sbmlr3 Grgjéolsis Elr`äoi`b lo nb @bklob @gstlrb y lo nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn.-
[l`tgoisdg Lgelr`äoi`g lo ln Klvðoi`g Puplrigr `go hbnnbs kl sgmrlls`urridilotg. [l`tgoisdg Olgelr`äoi`g lo ln Qlrdibog Dlkig. Ln pnljbdilotg pn ljbdilotg ls subvl. Ngs tl`tgoisdgs Lgelr`äoi`g y Olgelr`äoi`g kilrgo nujbr b nb hgrdb`iðo kl nb @bklob @gstlrb y kl nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn `go rg`bs botijubs kln Qrl`âdmri`g y kln Qbnlgzgi`g. Lstgs tl`tgoisdgs tbdmiéo sl prgkuclrgo lo nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn lo nbs rg`bs prghuokbs qul sl ebnnbo klmbcg kl nbs rg`bs slkidlotbribs y vgn`âoi`bs kln Dlsgzgi`g y @logzgi`g. Nb lrgsiðo jlolrð dgnbsbs `gotiolotbnls rgcbs `go dbtlribn dbtlri bn vgn`âoi`g (jrupg Ditu kln Qérdi`g Puplrigr). Nb hbsl dbjdâti`b lstâ rlprlslotbkb pgr jrbokls iotrusivgs jrboäti`gs, jrbogkigräti`gs y stg`fs mâsi`gs. Bnjuogs kl lstgs iotrusivgs tilolo rlnb`iðo jloéti`b `go nb diolrbnizb`iðo kl Épg`b Dltbngjloéti`b kln Qbnlgzgä`g.
2.0. Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjlolti`bs kln Qlru Ebmiéokgsl lxpulstg uo rlsudlo sgmrl nb Dgrhgngjäb kln Qlró y uo rlsudlo sgmrl ln Jlgtl`tgoisdg kln Qlró, sl lxpni`brâ sgmrl ngs rbsjgs rlhlrlotl b nbs Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjloéti`bs kln Qlró, (hij.=, hij.0), `gdg juäbs kl Lxpngrb`iðo y Qrgspl``iðo Diolrb lo ln Qlró (Mlnnikg, L. Kl Dgotrluin, N. 29:5).
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Ngs klpðsitgs sgo pridbrigs, lpijloéti`gs, dbygrdlotl kl tipg eikrgtlrdbn, `gdg vltbs, dbotgs lpijloéti`gs pgr rlldpnbzbdilotg, dltbsgdâti`g kl `gotb`tg, stg`fwgrfs, klpðsitgs tipg sfbro, rbrgs sgo ngs klpðsitgs siojloéti`gs (bnuvibnls kl grg, dbotgs siojloéti`gs). Nb lxpngrb`iðo y Qrgspl``iðo Diolrb lo ln Qlró lo lstl brtä`ung sl kbrâ pbutbs sgmrl nb umi`b`iðo kl ngs yb`idilotgs kl diolrbnls `gog`ikg `gdg Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjloéti`bs. Nbs Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjloéti`bs lstâo `gostituikbs pgr hrbocbs diolrbnizbkbs kl rudmg OZ `go`grkbotl `go nb @grkinnlrb kl ngs n gs Bokls. Lnnbs sgo kl Glstl b Lstl3 2. Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl Hl kl nb @bklob @gstlrb. =. Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl @u kln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb y kl nb Qnboi`il @gstlrb, Pum-Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl Bu-@u `gdg pbrtl kl nb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl @u kln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb. 0. Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl Bj y pgnidltâni`b kl nb hrbocb vgn`âoi`b @logzgi`b kl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn. ;. Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b Qgnidltâni`b kl nb hrbocb slkidlotbrib Dlsgzgi`b kl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn. <. Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl Bu y pgnidltâni`b kl nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn.
2.; Épg`b dltbngjloéti`b Nbs kihlrlotls Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjloéti`bs lxpulstbs og sl diolrbnizbrgo lo uob disdb épg`b jlgnðji`b, éstbs sl diolrbnizbrgo lo kihlrlotls épg`bs jlgnðji`bs. B `bkb épg`b jlgnðji`b kl diolrbnizb`iðo sl nl `gosiklrb `gdg Épg`b Dltbngjloéti`b (Juinmlrt, C. Qbrf, @. 2958). Nbs Épg`bs Dltbngjloéti`bs dbr`bkbs lo nb diolrbnizb`iðo kln Qlró qul kilrgo nujbr b nbs Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjloéti`bs sgo3 • Épg`b Dltbngjloéti`b kln Qbnlgzgi`g, lo nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn y @grkinnlrb kl nb @gstb. • Épg`b Dltbngjloéti`b kln @rltâ`lg Puplrigr - [lr`ibrig Iohlrigr, lo nb Qnboi`il @gstlrb, lo ln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb. • Épg`b Dltbngjloéti`b kln [lr`ibrig Dlkig, lo nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn, lo nb Hrbocb Plkidlotbrib Dlsgzgi`b kl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn. • Épg`b Dltbngjloéti`b kln [lr`ibrig Puplrigr, lo nb Hrbocb Xgn`âoi`b @logzgi`b @ logzgi`b kl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn y lo nb Hrbocb Plkidlotbrib Dlsgzgi`b kl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn. • Épg`b Dltbngjloéti`b kln @ubtlrobrig lo ngs n gs nbvbklrgs kl grg.
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2.<.[l`tðoi`b kl Qnb`bs rlspl`tg b nbs Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjloéti`bs y Épg`bs Dltbngjloéti`bs lo ln Qlró. Nb @grkinnlrb kl ngs Bokls sl hgrdð pgr lhl`tg kl hulrzbs kl `gdprlsiðo kl nb Qnb`b kl Bdéri`b y nb Qnb`b kl Obz`b. Nb Qnb`b kl Obz`b, `grtlzb kl nb nitðshlrb dijrb kl Glstl b Lstl y sl sudlrjl pbunbtiobdlotl klmbcg kl nb Qnb`b kl Bdéri`b. Nb `grtlzb kl nb Qnb`b kl Bdéri`b dijrb kl Lstl b Glstl, pgr nb rlsistlo`ib qul ghrl`l b lstb dijrb`iðo nb Qnb`b kl Obz`b sl hgrdð nb @grkinnlrb kl ngs Bokls (Putungv, B. 29:5). Ln pnbog kl `gotb`tg lotrl bdmbs pnb`bs sl `gog`l `gdg näolb kl Mloighh, Mloi ghh, ls uob zgob kl sumku``iðo, `gog`ikg lo su pbrtl suplrigr `gdg nb jrbo hgsb tl`tðoi`b Qlró - @einl, qul `grrl pbrbnlng b nb @gstb Qlrubob y dbtlribnizbkg lo ln hgokg g`lâoi`g. Lstb jrbo hbnnb tilol uo muzbdilotg bn Lstl `go uo âojung kl =8³. Ln bniolbdilotg kln rudmg kl nb @grkinnlrb kl ngs Bokls og ls `gostbotl, ln rudmg jlolrbn ls OZ tilol iohnl``igols lo ln @gkg kl k l Bri`b, lo nb klhnlxiðo kl Bmbo`by, Bmbo` by, lo nb klhnlxiðo kl Eubo`bmbdmb y nb prlslo`ib kl nb kgrsbn kl Obz`b kl rudmg OL (`bklob sumdbriob lo nb Qnb`b kl Obz`b). Ln tl`tgoisdg pgr lhl`tg kl nb `govlrjlo`ib kl nbs nb s Qnb`bs rlhlrikbs sl ebo prgku`ikg lo nb grgjloib Lgelr`äoi`b lo ln Klvðoi`g Puplrigr, lo nb grgjloib Olgelr`äoi`b lo ln Qérdi`g Dlkig `go uo prg`lsg kl dbjdbtisdg kl rg`bs â`ikbs, iotlrdlkibs y mâsi`bs ngs `ubnls sl ldpnbzbrgo lo nb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl Hl kl nb @bklob @gstlrb y lo nb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl Bu y pgnidltâni`b kl nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn. Nbs sgnu`igols rlsikubnls rlspl`tivbs kl lstl dbjdbtisdg lo uob Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b hul ri`b lo Hl, lo nb gtrb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b hul ri`b lo Bu y pgnidltâni`gs. Klml lxprlsbrsl qul ln dbjdbtisdg kl nb Qrgvio`ib Dltbnjloéti`b kl Bu y pgnidltâni`b kl nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn lstâ dâs bnlcbkb kl nb hgsb tl`tðoi`b Qlró - @einl. Ln tl`tgoisdg pgr lhl`tg kl nb `govlrjlo`ib kl nbs Qnb`bs rlhlrikbs lo nb grgjloib kln @rltâ`lg Puplrigr - [lr`ibrig Iohlrigr kig nujbr b nb ldlrsiðo kl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn kl ngs Bokls `go uo dbjdbtisdg iotlosg lo su mgrkl Glstl kl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn qul kig nujbr bn ldpnbzbdilotg kln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb prio`ipbndlotl, `uybs 5
sgnu`igols rlsikubnls hulrgo ri`gs lo @u, Bu-@u qul kig nujbr b nb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl @u kln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb y Qnboi`il @gstlrb y kl nb Pumprgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl Bu-@u kln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb lo Obz`b-G`gòb. Ln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb ls dbygrdlotl kl `gdpgsi`iðo iotlrdlkib b â`ikb. â`i kb. Nb `govlrjlo`ib kl nbs Qnb`bs kig nujbr lo ln [lr`ibrig uo tl`tgoisdg iotlosg `go uo dbjdbtisdg hulrtl kl lhusiðo kl rg`bs vgn`âoi`bs b ng nbrjg kl nb @grkinnlrb kl ngs Bokls b L kln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb y bn Glstl kl nb Hrbocb Plkidlotbrib Dlsgzgi`b kl `gdpgsi`iðo dbygrdlotl boklsäti`b b kb`äti`b. Nb grgjloib kln [lr`ibrig Dlkig kig nujbr bn dbjdbtisdg kl rg`bs äjolbs iotlrdlkibs `go diolrbnizb`iðo pg`g hrl`ulotl lo nb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl nb hrbocb slkidlotbrib Dlsgzgi`b pgnidltâni`b kl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn, lo `bsgs duy g`bsigobnls lo nb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl Bu y pgnidltâni`b kl nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn. Lstl dbjdbtisdg kig grijlo b nbs sgnu`igols rlsikubnls pgnidltâni`bs. Ln prg`lsg kl nb `govlrjlo`ib kl Qnb`bs lo ln [lr`ibrig Puplrigr kig nujbr b uob grgjloib `go uo dbjdbtisdg iotlosg kl `gdpgsi`iðo iotlrdlkib qul sl ldpnbzbrgo lo nb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b kl Bj. y pgnidltâni`b kl nb hrbocb vgn`âoi`b @logzgi`b, y lo nb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b pgnidltâni`b kl nb hrbocb slkidlotbrib Dlsgzgi`b kl nb @grkinnlrb G``iklotbn. Nb pridlrb lstâ bn Glstl kl nb sljuokb Qrgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b6 ls kl`ir, nb pridlrb lstâ dâs `lr`bob b nb hgsb tl`tðoi`b Qlró - @einl, pgr lsb rbzðo lsb prgvio`ib Dltbngjloéti`b tilol dâs Bj qul nb sljuokb. Lxprlsbdgs, bn Pur kl nb prgngojb`iðo kl nb kgrsbn kl Obz`b, lotrl nb kgrsbn kl Bmbo`by y ln @gkg kl Bri`b tloldgs Hl lo nb @bklob @gstlrb6 @u, Bu-@u, pðrhikgs kl `gmrl lo ln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb, dbygr `botikbk kl Bj lo nb hrbocb vgn`âoi`b @logzgi`b, Bu, Z, Po lo nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn. Lotrl nb kgrsbn kl Obz`b y nb klhnlxiðo kl Eubo`bmbdmb. Qg`g `gmrl lo nb Qnboi`il @gstlrb, buslo`ib kl Bu lo ln Mbtgnitg kl nb @gstb, dlogs Bj lo nb hrbocb vgn`âoi`b @logzgi`b rlspl`tg bn Pur. \ob jrbo `botikbk kl diolrbnizb`iðo pgnidltâni`b lo nb hrbocb slkidlotbrib Dlsgzgi`b. Mulob diolrbnizb`iðo kl Bu lo nb @grkinnlrb Grilotbn. Lo nb klhnlxiðo kl Eubo`bmbdmb, lo nb pbrtl P `lr`bob b nb klhnlxiðo ln jrbo yb`idilotg pgrhiräti`g kl Bu kl Ybob`g`eb lo nb n b hrbocb vgn`âoi`b @logzgi`b. @ logzgi`b. Lo nb pbrtl P `lr`bob b nb klhnlxiðo ln jrbo kistritg diolrg pgnidltâni`g kl Eubnjbyg`. Lstl prg`lsg kl tl`tgoisdg kl nb `govlrjlo`ib kl nbs Qnb`bs kl Bdéri`b y Obz`b, nb kgrsbn kl Obz`b, `bdmigs kl rudmg kl nb @grkinnlrb lo ln @gkg kl Bri`b, lo nb klhnlxiðo kl Bmbo`by, lo nb klhnlxiðo kl Eubo`bmbdmb ebo kbkg bn Qlró uo Qbäs ri`g lo yb`idilotgs kl diolrbnls kl kihlrlotls tipgs. (Hij. o±;)
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@BQI[\NG =
YB@IDILO[GP KL K L DIOL]BNLP DI OL]BNLP DL[BNI@GP LO LN QL]\ =.2 [ipgs kl yb`idilotgs plrubogs3 =.2.2. Yb`idilotgs kl sljrljb`iðo dbjdâti`b3 Pgo Yb`idilotgs rlnb`igobkgs b rg`bs äjolbs untrbmbsi`bs. Ngs diolrbnls `gdóodlotl lo`gotrbkgs lo sg`ib`igo `go rg`bs äjolbs untrbdbhi`s lo lstgs prgspl`tgs kl nb `grkinnlrb grilotbn sgo3`rgditb,indloitb,bpbtitb,oiquln,`gmrl. sgo3`rgditb,indloitb,bpbtitb,oiquln,`gmrl. Ln prgspl`tg kl `rgditb kl [bpg =1fd bn lstl kl cuoio kl
=.2.=. Yb`idilotgs rlnb`igobkgs b iotrusivgs iotlrdlkigs b hénsi`gs \ob jrbo prgpgr`iðo kl dltbnls mbsl y dltbnls prl`igsgs lo ln plru lstâo rlnb`igobkgs b lstl tipg kl yb`idilotgs. -yb`idilotgs kl ioyl``iðo dbjdâti`b kl eilrrg \o yb`idilotg kl lstl tipg ls Eilrrg B`bri lxpngtbkg ebstb 2985 =1fd bn ogrglstl kl b`bri lo Brlquipb, jlgnðji`bdlotl umi`bkg lo ln hnbo`g glstl g lstl kl nb `grkinnlrb g``iklotbn. Lo nb suplrhi`il sl tilol dbrtitb y eldbtitb `go uob nly prgdlkig kl 8<% kl Hl. (Hij o± <) -Yb`idilotgs pðrhikgs kl `gmrl,`gmrl-grg,`gmrl-dgnimklog Pgo yb`idilotgs kl mbcb nly jrbo tgolnbcl y hgrdb irrljunbr Lo nb hrbocb PL kln mbtgnitg kl nb `gstb sl umi`bo ngs pðrhikgs kl `gmrl kl tgqulpbnb,qulnnbvl`g,`ubcgol,`lrrg tgqulpbnb,qulnnbvl`g,`ubcgol,`lrrg vlrkl ,sbotb rgsb y `lrrg oljrg.Lo nb bhrbocb slkidlotbrib dlsgzgi`b kl nb `grkinnlrb `grkinnlrb g``iklotbn sl lo`ulotrb lo`ulotrb tgrgdg`eg,`gojb,di`eiqu tgrgdg`eg,`gojb,di`eiquinnby. innby. Qgr prg`lsgs tl`tðoi`gs lstgs pðrhikgs ebo suhrikg uo iotlosg hbnnbdilotg y hrb`turbdilotg, nnbdbkgs stg`fwgrf. Ngs vbngrls kl `u sgo 2% lo tgqulpbnb. 1,:%lo tgrgdg`eg 1,<% lo jbnlog `go rlslrvbs kl bprgxidbkbdlotl ;11 111 111td tgrgdg`eg , = 111 111 1 11 111td lo `lrrg vlrkl , `lrrg oljrg y sbotb rgsb.(Hij o±8)
21
-Yb`idilotgs tipg sfbro lo ln plru3 Dbr`gob Ngs `ulrpgs sgo dbotgs kl diolrbn d iolrbn kl eilrrg.nb dlob kl eilrrg `gosistl kl djoltitb. sl `nbsihi`b `gdg uo sfbro kl dbjoltitb.(Hij o± :) :) Botbdiob umi`bkg bn ogrtl kl nb `grkinnlrb kl eubyeubse lo nb prgvio`ib kl sbo dbr`gs dbr `gs klpbrtbdlotg kl bo`bse Pl lstidb uob rlslrvb kl :81 dinngols kl tgolnbkbs `go 2,0% @u 2,1% So 20j/[D Bj 1,1=% Dg [iotbyb umi`bkg lo ln kistritg kl yburi y buri prgvio`ib kl lspiobr klpbrtbdlotg kln `us`g Ls uo Yb`idilotg `uprählrg tipg sfbro @gmrizb3umi`bkg lo lo ln klpbrtbdlotg kl eubo`bvlni`b eubo`bvlni`b -Yb`idilotgs `grkinnlrbogs Dgrg`g`eb lstâ umi`bkg lo ln kistritg kl cuoio `go uo ârlb kl <1 fd =,ngs iotrusivgs sgo kln tlr`ibrig suplrigr. Lo dgrg`g`eb sl tilolo vltbs ,`ulrpgs irrljunbrls kl rlnnlog rlnnlog g kl rlldpnbzbdilotg kl `bnizbs, tbdmiéo sl lo`ulotrb uo pðrhikg kl `gmrl. -Yb`idilotgs kl lstbòg lo iotrusivg hénsi`g Ln ldpnbzbdilotg kl lstgs yb`idilotgs sl gmslrvb lo ngs kihlrlotls bdmilotls jlgnðji`gs b dbolrb kl hrbocbs pbrbnlnbs nb `grkinnlrb kl ngs bokls kl glstl b lstl lo nb `grkinnlrb g``iklotbn , grilotbn y sumbokiob. @brbmbyb
=.2.0. Yb`idilotgs rlnb`igobkgs b vun`boisdg `gotiolotbn -Yb`idilotgs kisldiobkgs kl grg y pnbtb kl mbcb nly
Nb diob Qilriob lstâ umi`bkb lo ln kistritg kl Cbojbs, prgvio`ib kl Eubrbz, klpbrtbdlotg kl Bo`bse, b 20 finðdltrgs kln pulmng kl Cbojbs, lotrl ngs 0.511 y ;.=11 dltrgs kl bnturb. Ln yb`idilotg ioi`ið su prgku``iðo lo 2995 y b`tubndlotl ldpnlb b ;;1 trbmbcbkgrls, kl ngs `ubnls ln 95% sgo plrubogs. Bkldâs, B kldâs, kb trbmbcg lo hgrdb rgtbtgrib rgtbtgri b b uo prgdlkig ;<1 pgmnbkgrls prgvloilotls kl nbs `gduoikbkls bnlkbòbs qul sl klsldplòbo lo b`tivikbkls `gdpnldlotbribs, `gdg nb rlhgrlstb`iðo, ln `gotrgn kl nb lrgsiðo y nbs gmrbs kl klsbrrgnng pbrb sus prgpibs `gduoikbkls.(Hij. o±5) 22
=.2.:. Yb`idilotgs vgn`bogjloi`gs dbriogs kl sunhurgs dbsivgs tipg furgfg Klpgsi`igo kl slkidlotgs dbriogs y rg`bs r g`bs vgn`âoi`bs.(Hij. o±9) [bdmg jrbokl umi`bkg lo ln kistritg kl tbdmg jrbokl Qiurb prlslotb mbritiob y gxikgs kl eilrrg
=.2.5.Yb`idilotgs tipg dississipi vbnnly B`gtbdmg ln yb`idilotg tipg lstrbtgnijbkg kl `gmrl sl umi`b lo ln kistritg kl eub`rb`eu`g prgvio`ib kl dbrbògo klpbrtbdlotg kl eubou`g b uob bntituk kl ;=11 dsod @gdg diolrbnls pridbrigs sl lo`ulotrb nb `bn`itb `bn`gpiritb y `ubrzg.
BOLUGP
2=
Dgrhgngjib kln Qlru
20
Dbpb Jlgngji`g
2;
Qrgvio`ibs Dltbngjloi`bs
2<
Lvgnu`iðo tl`tðoi`b kl ngs bokls dbjdbtisdg y diolrbnizb`iðo
Sgob Diolrbnizbkb kl Eilrrg B`bri
28
Kivisigo Nitgstbtijrbhi`b kl [gqulpbnb
2:
Yb`idilotg kl [grgdg`eg
25
Jlgngjib kln kistritg diolrg Dbr`gob
Klpgsitgs tipg Furgfg 29
Jlgngjib kl nb Diob Qilriob
=1
@GO@N\PIGOLP Nb lnbmgrb`iðo kln prlslotl trbmbcg prlslotl trbmbcg tilol `gdg hio kbr b `gog`lr nb jrbo `bpb`ikbk qul tilol oulstrg pbäs, y ng ri`g qul ls. Ls rlbndlotl nbdlotbmnl qul pgr ngs jgmilrogs kl turog, oulstrg pbäs `gdg vilol g`urrilokg klskl du`egs sijngs btrâs og sl klsbrrgnnl y ngjrl sbnir kl lstl tlr`lr duokg kl pgmrlzb, ebdmrl pgmrlzb, ebdmrl y klsldpnlg, lo klsldpnlg, lo nb qul nbs plrsgobs `go uo lhi`ilotl usg kl ngs rl`ursgs lxistlotls pgr pbrtl kln Lstbkg og tlokräbo qul pbsbr pgr nbs plouribs qul pbsbo, bsä disdg sildprl tgdâokgsl nbs prl`bu`igols rlspl`tivbs pbrb nb bpni`b`iðo kl `ubnquilr b`tivikbk, slb bjrä`gnb, plsqulrb, diolrb, lt`. Qgr ng lxpulstg botlrigrdlotl sl `go`nuyl qul ln Qlró hul uo Qbäs Diolrg, ls uo Qbäs Diolrg y slrâ uo Qbäs Diolrg. Ng `ubn sl prlstb b uo lx`lnlotl `bdpg kl b``iðo pbrb ogsgtrgs ngs jlðngjgs j lðngjgs b lspl`ibnizbrogs lo ln @bdpg kl Yb`idilotgs kl Diolrbnls y Jlgngjäb Diolrb. Dio lrb.
=2
MIMNIGJ]BHIB Mgnltio o± 21 @gdplokig kl Yb`idilotgs Diolrbnls kln Qlru IOJLDDL[(=110) Mlnnikg,L. & kl Dgotrluin,N. (29:=) Bspl`tgs jlolrbnls kl nb dltbngjloib kln plru
==