Welcome to Mongolia
My friend
General information
General information • • • • • • •
Country name: Mongolia Country status: Democratic, Independent Population: 2.8 million Area: 1,566,500 sq. km. Land boundaries: 8,158 km, with Russia 3,485 km and with China 4,673 km The second biggest landlocked, 17th biggest country in the world.
History Prehistory Mongolia has been inhabitated for over 800,000 years. Mongolia only became politically important after iron weapons entered the area in the 3rd century BC.
History Chingis khan (1162-1227) • Chingis was born 1165 • Temujin’s father is murdered 1174 • Borte, Temujin’s wife, is kidnapped 1183 • Temujin emerges as local strongman 1200 • Temujin is enthroned as Chingis Khan 1206 • Chingis wages his first foreign campaign 1209 • Chingis destroys Zhongdu (Beijing) 1215 • Insults draws Chingis westward 1218
• Chingis takes Samarkand and Bukhara 1220 • Chingis searches for immortality 1222 • Chingis wages his last campaign 1226 • Chingis Khan dies 1227
History • 1264: Capital city of the Mongol Empire transferd to Beijing by Kublai Khaan • 1368: A rebellion of the Red Turban Rebellion began in China. Yuan Dynasty fell. Ming troops oust the Mongols from Dadu - presentday Beijing. • 1372-1422: Ming Dynasty began aggressions against Mongolia. Ming armies invaded Mongolia but were expelled each time in 1373, 1380, 1381, 1392, 1409, 1410, 1422 and 1414 . • 1480: The Russians stop paying tribute to the remnants of the Mongol rulers of Russia. • 1502: The Russian Tsar, Ivan Vasilevitch (the third), finally declared full and unlimited Russian independence from the Mongols, and the last and most enduring part of the Mongol Empire ceases to exist.
History • 1636 : The Manchu (Qing) empire conquers the southern Mongols, creating Inner Mongolia. • 1691: The Qing empire offers protection to the northern Mongols, creating Outer Mongoli • 1727: The Treaty of Kyakhta fixes the western border between the Russian and Manchu empires, confirming Qing dominion over Mongolia and Tuva. • 1911:- The Qing dynasty falls and Outer Mongolia declares its independence. Russia and the Republic of China recognise its autonomy. • 1919: The Chinese army occupies Outer Mongolia. • 1920: Mongolian revolutionaries found the Mongolian People's Party and open contact with Bolsheviks in Siberia.
Mongolian modern history • 1921.07.11:- With Russian Army support, Mongolian revolutionaries drive out Chinese and Tsarist forces and install the Mongolian "people's government". • 1924: The People's Party chooses Lenin's "road to socialism bypassing capitalism" and renames itself the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP). The Mongolian People's Republic is proclaimed. • 1928-32: "Rightists" who want private enterprise are ousted. "Leftists" who want communes are ousted. A "counter-revolutionary uprising" against the confiscation of monastery property is suppressed. • 1937: Mongolian Prime Minister Genden is arrested in the USSR and shot for spying for Japan. The Minister of War Marshal Demid is poisoned aboard a Trans-Siberian train. Monasteries are destroyed and lamas murdered.
Mongolian modern history • 1939: Mongolian and Soviet troops commanded by General Zhukov defeat an invasion by Japanese and Manchukuo forces in the Battle of Halhyn Gol (Nomonhan). • 1939: "Mongolia's Stalin", interior minister and new Minister of War Choybalsan, is appointed prime minister. • 1945-46: Yalta conference agrees to preserve the status quo - Soviet control - in Mongolia. Mongolians vote for independence in a UN plebiscite. Mongolia is recognised by the Republic of China. • 1949-55 - Relations established with the People's Republic of China. Railway built across Mongolia linking Russia and China. • 1952 - Choybalsan dies, and is replaced as prime minister by Tsedenbal, the MPRP general secretary since 1940. • 1961-63 - UN Security Council approves Mongolia's UN membership. Diplomatic relations established with the UK.
Mongolian modern history • 1966-1986: Mongolia was Soviet buffer against China. • 1990: Demonstrations force resignation of the MPRP Politburo. Political system changed. Political parties are legalized. • 1992: Mongolia's new constitution gives first place to human rights and freedoms. • 1993 - The first direct presidential elections are won by Ochirbat, nominated by the National and Social Democrats. • 2002 November - Dalai Lama visits. China denounces trip and warns Mongolian leaders not to meet the Tibetan spiritual leader. • 2004 January - Russia writes off all but $300 million of Mongolia's debts. • 2005 November - President George W Bush becomes the first serving US leader to visit Mongolia.
Flag, Soyombo Flame The three branches of the flame stand for the past, present and future Fire is seen as a symbol of prosperity and to succeed a person. Sun and Moon: These two ancient symbols of Mongolia represent the sky. The two triangles: a spear and arrow. They are both pointed down to symbolize the defeat of the enemy. The two "laying" rectangles: honest and right feelings and force The round form : two fishes. Fishes are supposed to never close their eyes so they can always be watchful. The two upright rectangles. Their image represents firmness and strength.
Symbol The outer rim features a tumen nusan, symbolizing eternity, surrounding a circular blue field, symbolizing the sky. On the centre of the field is a combination of the soyombo and the wind horse (treasured steed), symbolizing Mongolia's independence, sovereignty, and spirit. Above the field is a chandmani, the Buddhist Three Jewels symbol, which in Mongolian folklore grants wishes, and symbolizes past, present, and future. Below the central emblem is a green mountain range, with the wheel of destiny at the center. On the bottom of the mountain range and wheel is a khadag, a ceremonial scarf. Base flower is lotus.
Political system Political system: Parliamentary . In 1991 Mongolia has moved into democratic system, it means multiple party systems. Parliament: The State hural (parliament) the highest organ of state power Members: 76 Election term: 4 years The Sessions take place every 6 months Mongolia has named “autumn, spring” President: Mongolian President is symbol of head embodiment of the unity of the people. Minimum requirement: at least 45 years old, an indigenous citizen of Mongolia and permanently resided as a minimum for the last 5 years in the native land. Election term: 4 years
Provinces-Aimag
The biggest province is Umnugovi. 161000 sq. km 18 province & town, 3 big city
Population • • • • • • • • •
3 million population (2011) 1 million people live in rural areas one person per 1.6 square km 68% of the total populations are young people under the age of 35 The average life expectancy is just over 65 year The present urban population is above 1 million In Ulaanbaatar having 1000,000 inhabitants-one third of the total population of Mongolia Khalkha Mongols(86%), Kazaks(6%), other Mongolian ethnic groups In addition, there are some 3.5 million Mongols in China (Inner Mongolia , Qinghai , Xingjian), and about 500,000 in Russia , mainly Buryat from Siberia , but also some Kalmuk.
Foreign relation • Mongolia joined UNO in 1961. • 144 countries with diplomatic missions
Afghanistan 1962.02.01
Sri lanka 1962.02.01
Iraq 1962.02.05
Ghana 1965.12.07
Sudan 1970.07.07
Bungladesh 1972.06.28
Uzbekstan 1992.01.25
Tajikistan 1992.04.24
Belarus 1992.01.24
Russia 1921.11.05
Laos 1962.09.12
Costa Rica 1977.06.06
Peru 1997.05.30
India 1955.12.24
Egypt 1963.04.02
Lesotho 1985.07.02
El Salvador 1999.07.14
Mongolian Language • Official language is Mongolian • Kazakh population speaks a dialect of Turkish • The Mongolian language belongs to the Ural – Altaic language family. This included Kazakh, Turkish, Korean and Finnish. Today more than 10 million people speak Mongolian. They live in Mongolia , Buriat republic of Russian federation , Inner Mongolia in China , Shingjan and Gansu regions of China , Tibet and a few people living in the State of New Jersey State in the USA . • Cyrillic Script, 35 letters
National culture
Contortionists
Festivals and events Naadam festival-11 July
Wrestling
Greatest fame wrestlers grant choose opponent 2 days 512 wrestlers, 9 round
5th round winners “falcon” 6th round winners “hawk” 7th round winners “elephant” 8th round winners “gard” 9th round winners “lion” Two time lions “champion”
Festivals and events Naadam festival-11 July Horse racing
6 age class horse 12-30 km Top 5 horses earn title, gold, silver, bronze medals. Hors rising master owns title. Jockeys children 5-13 age
Festivals and events Naadam festival-11 July Archery
36 arrows Men - 75m Women - 65m Winners granted “National marksman”, “National markswoman”
Festivals and events New Year-White month Prepare plenty of gifts and food, in other words to have one's hand's full. Sheep back with the tail is boiled and served on the table for the entire holiday.
The oldest family member is greeted first. They are seated at the north side of the ger –the most respected side of the ger. The next oldest family member is the first to greet. This member carries the hadag- a beautiful piece of blue silk – across their arms. The younger member has her or his palms facing upward and grasps the older one's elbows. The older member has palms faced down, and the arms are above the younger.
Nomad lifestyle Mongolian nomadic people move into place to place 2-4 times a year as well as it is depending on livestock's pasture.
Mongolian five animals. Mongolia is the land of livestock. 30 million livestock, including 13.8 million sheep, 10.2 million goats, 3.1 million cattle, 2.6 million horses and 322.3 thousand Bactrian camels.
Mongolian traditional food Milk Beverages
Ayrag Fermented mare's milk
Tarag Yoghurt
Mongol Arkhi- vodka Light liquor made from Isgelen Tarag (or Ayrag).
Isgelen Tarag Kefir
Mongolian traditional food Butter and Cheese
Urum "White Butter": clotted cream
Aruul dried curds
Khailmag caramelized Urum
Byaslag Cheese of cows, yaks, goats or sheep. Eezgii dried mass of cheese
Mongolian traditional food Soup, tea Bantan Flour soup with lumps
Guriltai Shul Noodle soup with meat
Suutei Tsai Mongolian milk tea with salt
Banshtai Tsai Rice tea with Bansh
Mongolian traditional food Meat Dishes
Chanasan Makh Boiled meat and boiled innards
Khorkhog Mutton cooked with hot stones in a container.
Uuz Mutton Back
Boodog Marmot or goat, cooked with hot stones in the stomach.
Mongolian traditional food Pockets food
Buuz Small filled pockets, steamed
Khuushuur Large filled pockets, fried or deep fried.
Bansh Small filled pockets, boiled
Religion in Mongolia Yellow headed Buddhism began to enter into Mongolia from Tibet the second half of the 16th century. Since that time mostly Mongolians believe Buddhism. But Mongolian Buddhism is different from Tibetan Buddhism. Mongolian Buddhism connected with Mongolian traditional lifestyle. Before in 1930 40% of male population was lamas (monks). Between the communist purges 1930-1940 Russian and Mongolian soldiers destroyed about 700 monasteries and temples. Until in 1990 any religion closed in Mongolia. After democratic movement in 1990 all religion reopened. Now more than 110 Buddhist monasteries and temples and about 70 Christian churches in Mongolia .
Mongolian climate
Winter (Dec-Feb) –20c
Summer (Jun-Aug) +20c
250 sunny days “Blue Sky”
Spring (Mar-May) The wind is 1.5-4.5m/s.
Autumn (Sep-Nov) The average rainfall 200-220 mm
Terrian
Average altitude: 1,580 m above sea-level The highest point: Mount Huiten (4374m above the sea level) The lowest point: Huh nuur (560m above the sea level) Terrain: Vast semi-desert and desert plains, mountains in west and south-west, Gobi Desert in south-east. Almost 90% of land area is pasture; 1% arable; 9% forested. The largest vast steppe: Menengiin Tal (250,000 square km)
Natural zones of Mongolia
1. High Mountain Zone. West
2. Taiga forest zone Northern Mongolia
4. Steppe Zone Further south, the Steppe Zone is a ‘sea grass' covers 20%
3. Mountain forest steppe To the south, about 25% of Mongolia is a mix of forest and grassland
5. Desert Steppe Zone South covers 20%
6. Gobi Desert Zone South
Mongolia's Wetlands 7. Mongolia's Wetlands glaciers, lakes, rivers, streams, marshes, oases About 4000 rivers total length of 67,000km Streams, fountains 7000 Lakes about 3500 The biggest fresh water lake in the world - Baikal The biggest lake – Uvs 759 м above the sea level, 3350 sq. km. The biggest river – Selenge 447 sq. km The longest river – Orkhon 1124 km
The second biggest fresh water lake in the world – Hubsgul 1646,3 м above the sea level, 2770 sq. km. 136km length, 37km max width, 267,2 meter deep The most deep lake in the Asia
Mongolian flora and faun Flowering Plants: 3000 species , 975 species medicinal plants
Mammals: 138 species, 32 species of rare very rare, 8 species of amphibians and mollusks
Mongolian birds and insects: 457 species of birds belonging to 200 genera, 60 families of 19 orders registered 81 species birds permanently others migrate. 12500 species of insects
Fish of Mongolia: 75 species, 33 species of fish for fishing tour and sport fishing
Developing sector Mining
Erdenet copper explore industry. The one of the Ore mining and Ore processing factory in Asia. Width 5 km, length 22 km 51% shares owned Mongolia, 49% shares owned Russia It started its operation in 1978. 6240 employers
Developing sector Mining Oyu Tolgoi One of the biggest copper resource area in the world. “Ivanhoe Mines” Canadian company hold lisence.
Mounuments & Place The biggest horseman Monument of Chingis khaan in the word. 60 km away from capital city, 40 meter tall Fundament 1, 2 floor have restaurant, museum. There is a lift in the tail of the horse and stairs along its neck leading to the head where the surroundings are observed.
Mounuments & Place Oldest big temple of buddism- Erdene Zuu
Ulaanbaatar
Gandan temple
Budda garden
Chinggis khaan hotel Government house
Chinggis khaan monument
Ulaanbaatar
Zaisan tolgoi Monument for Russian soliders
Stone monument for Capital city 360 age
Copper monument
Stone monument for song
Monument for Monument for National hero Sukhbaatar Mongolian Empire stamp
Archaeology remainder
tomb
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