Module_I

Grammar

I Bob Safran

Electronic Grammar Usage Mechanics Proficiency Program

Mle I GRAMMAR

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Cpyrigh 2010 Safra Pblishig Cmpay 1605 Clugston Road York, PA 17404

All Righs Reserve The text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storage in an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the publisher publisher..

ISBN: 978-0-9840948-1-3

Printed in the United States of America 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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IntRoduCtIon ABout EGuMPP EGUMPP (Electronic Grammar Usage Mechanics Proficiency Program) is an interactive learning system that includes four modules. Each module is designed for you to complete at your own pace. For Mle I - GRAMMAR the learning objectives are to develop an understanding of 70 grammar terms and to become proficient in identifying the function of all words, phrases, and clauses in sentences reviewed. Module I includes 20 lessons and a mastery test. For Mle II - uSAGE the learning objectives are to become proficient in identifying sentences with usage errors and to become proficient in applying the rules of usage to sentences. The rules pertain to personal pronoun usage, subject-verb agreement, pronoun-antecedent agreement, who-whom usage, apostrophe usage, verb usage, and number usage. Module II includes 7 lessons and a mastery test. For Mle III - PunCtuAtIon And CAPItALIZAtIon the learning objectives are to become proficient in punctuating the various types of elements in sentences that require punctuation, capitalizing words in sentences that require capitalization, and recognizing punctuation and capitalization errors in sentences. Module III includes 7 lessons and a mastery test. For Mle IV - WRItInG MECHAnICS the learning objectives are to become proficient in identifying run-on sentences and sentence fragments and to become proficient in identifying sentences with misplaced modifiers, unparallel structure, word mistakes, ineffective and inappropriate words, unnecessary words, wordy elements, and unclear elements. Module IV includes 8 lessons and a mastery test. EGuMPP Cerificai is awarded to individuals who qualify. Final grades in all four modules determine the level of EGUMPP certification. Basic Certification is awarded for a 75-80 percent final grade in all four modules, Advanced Certification is awarded for an 81-90 percent final grade in all four modules, and Mastery Certification is awarded for a 91-100 percent final grade in all four modules. An individual's level of certification is displayed in the EGUMPP student portal.

Introduction

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COURSEWARE INTRODUCTION

ABOUT MODULE I COURSEWARE

Module I – Grammar is the foundation module of the EGUMPP learning system. The purpose of this module is to provide an understanding of how the various parts of speech function in a sentence. Once you understand the concepts and the terminology presented in this module, you will have the knowledge necessary to interpret and apply the rules pertaining to usage, punctuation, and writing mechanics explained in Modules II, III, and IV. Module I consists of 20 Lessons and a Mastery Test. Each lesson includes two practice exercises and one graded exercise. All three exercises must be completed before you can begin the next lesson. You may return to any previous lesson as often as you wish. You will want to return to a lesson for review purposes and/or to improve a lesson grade. The graded exercise in each lesson is called the Practice to Mastery (PTM). A PTM test may be attempted as many times as necessary until you achieve your desired lesson grade. After you complete all 20 lessons, you may attempt the Mastery Test; however, once you start the Mastery Test, you can no longer improve lesson grades. The time required to complete Module I ranges from 20 to 35 hours. The amount of time depends on your current knowledge of English grammar and your ability to grasp new concepts. The most successful individuals are the ones who take advantage of the audio messages (Explanations, Examples, and Reminders) in each Tutorial Exercise and the FAQs available at the bottom of the screen.

Introduction

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tABLE oF ContEntS ModuLE I

LESSon ContEntS

LESSon 1:

NOUN SUBJECTS ........................................... 9-16

LESSon 2:

PRONOUN SUBJECTS .................................... 17-24

LESSon 3:

MAIN VERBS AND HELPING VERBS ................ 25-34

LESSon 4:

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS ......... 35-44

LESSon 5:

ADJECTIVES ................................................ 45-52

LESSon 6:

ADVERBS .................................................... 53-60

LESSon 7:

PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES .............................61-70

LESSon 8:

LINKING VERBS ............................................71-80

LESSon 9:

INDIRECT OBJECTS .......................................81-88

LESSon 10: APPOSITIVES AND APPOSITIVE PHRASES ........89-96 LESSon 11: PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPIAL PHRASES ......97-106 LESSon 12: GERUNDS AND GERUND PHRASES .............. 107-116 LESSon 13: INFINITIVES AND INFINITIVE PHRASES ....... 117-126 LESSon 14: REVIEW OF VERBALS ................................ 127-130 LESSon 15: COORDINATING AND CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS ........................................ 131-138 LESSon 16: ADVERB CLAUSES..................................... 139-146 LESSon 17: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ................................. 147-156 LESSon 18: NOUN CLAUSES ........................................ 157-168 LESSon 19: REVIEW OF CLAUSES ................................ 169-174 LESSon 20: SENTENCE TYPES ..................................... 175-184 REVIEW: MODULE I TERMS TO LEARN ........................... 185-191

Introduction

LESSon 1 noun SuBjECtS

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LESSon 1: noun SuBjECtS IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig  sbecs. overview: the learig becive fr Mle I is  acqire a i-eph ersaig f seece srcre. this meas beig able  ieify hw all wrs fci i seeces. the firs wr(s)  ieify is he sbec. The subject is the part of the sentence about which something is being said. The subject best answers the question Whm r wha are we alkig ab? or Wh r wha is ig smehig? In most sentences, the subject comes before the verb. The subject of the sentence may be a noun. A noun names a person, place, or thing and provides an answer to a What? Who? or Whom? question. A noun may be concrete, abstract, or collective. A concrete noun such as boy, town, or book names an object that can be perceived by the senses. An abstract noun such as honesty, decision, or concept names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion. A collective noun such as team, choir, or flock names a group. Nouns are common or proper. A common noun such as woman, city, or automobile does not name a specific person, place, or thing and is not capitalized. A proper noun such as Betty, Paris, or Chevrolet names a particular person, place, or thing and is always capitalized. When two or more nouns are combined to form a single noun, this word is called a compound-word noun. Compound-word nouns include such words as homeowner, post office, or Mr. Jones. terms  Lear: subject, noun, concrete noun, abstract noun, collective noun, common noun, proper noun, compound-word noun. Wr-fci Ce: nS

Lesson 1 • Noun Subjects

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LESSon 1: tERMS to LEARn 1.

Sbec: The part of a sentence about which something is being said and best answers the question Whom or what are we talking about? or Who or what is doing something?

2.

n: A word that names a person, place, or thing and provides an answer to a What? Who? or Whom? question.

3.

Ccree : A noun such as boy, town, or book that names an object that can be perceived by the senses.

4.

Absrac : A noun such as honesty, decision, or concept that names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion.

5.

Cllecive : A noun such as team, choir, or flock that names a group.

6.

Cmm : A noun such as woman, city, or automobile that does not name a specific person, place, or thing and is not capitalized.

7.

Prper : A noun such as Betty, Paris, or Chevrolet that names a specific person, place, or thing and is always capitalized.

8.

Cmp-wr : Two or more nouns such as homeowner, post office, or Mr. Jones that are combined to form a single noun.

Lesson 1 • Terms to Learn

4 PoIntS to REMEMBER

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LESSon 1: noun SuBjECtS POINT 1 A sentence must always include a subject. The subject is the part of a sentence about which something is being said and is commonly referred to as the “doer” of the sentence. The subject best answers the question Whm r wha are we alkig ab? or Wh r wha is ig smehig? Always ask these questions to determine the subject of a simple sentence. Examples: sbec

My cmper is not working. (Wha are we alkig ab?) sbec

Mary is singing softly. (Whm are we alkig ab?) or (Wh is ig smehig?)

POINT 2 A subject may be a one-word noun or a compound-word noun. (A noun names a person, place, or thing.) When two or more nouns are combined to form a single noun, this word is called a compound-word noun. The EGUMPP word-function code for a e-wr  sbec and a cmp-wr  sbec is nS. Examples: nS

The cmmiee is voting now. (Wh is ig smehig?) nS

Kesha lives in Florida. (Whm are we alkig ab?) nS

nS

nS

The Empire Sae Bilig was completed in 1931. (Wha are we alkig ab?)


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LESSon 1: noun SuBjECtS POINT 3 A one-word noun subject or a compound-word noun subject may be concrete, abstract, or collective. A concrete (or tangible) noun names an object that can be perceived by the senses. The words desk, book, and floor are examples of concrete nouns. An abstract (or intangible) noun names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion. The words beauty, strength, love, and courage are examples of abstract nouns. A collective noun names a group. The words crowd, flock, and team are examples of collective nouns. Examples: (ccree hig ) nS

Most gs are friendly. (Wha are we alkig ab?) (absrac hig) nS

Your creaiviy is needed. (Wha are we alkig ab?) (cllecive hig) nS

The eam arrived this morning. (Whm are we alkig ab?)


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LESSon 1: noun SuBjECtS POINT 4 A one-word noun subject or a compound-word noun subject may be common or proper. A common noun names a person, place, or thing in general— capitalization is not used unless the noun appears as the first word of the sentence. A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing. A proper noun is always capitalized. Examples: (cmm, absrac, hig) nS

Your iea is excellent. (Wha are we alkig ab?) (prper, ccree, place) nS

Paris is my favorite city. (Wha are we alkig ab?) (prper, ccree, pers) nS

nS

Gerge Washig was our first president. (Whm are we alkig ab?)


LESSon 2 PRonoun SuBjECtS

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LESSon 2: PRonoun SuBjECtS IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig pr sbecs. overview: A pr is a wr ha akes he place f a . types f prs icle persal prs, iefiie prs, emsraive prs, a ierrgaive prs. Personal pronouns such as I, you, he, she, it, we, and they refer to one or more persons; indefinite pronouns such as all, anybody, everybody, and few do not refer to a definite person or thing; demonstrative pronouns such as this, that, these, and those point out a specific person or thing; and interrogative pronouns such as who, which, and what ask a question. A pronoun may function as the subject of a sentence. A pronoun subject answers the same questions as a noun subject. These questions are Whm r wha are we alkig ab? or Wh r wha is ig smehig? When the pronoun you, I, or we is functioning as a subject, the pronoun may be implied rather than written. When this occurs, the subject is called a pronoun understood subject. As an example, the pronoun you is understood as the subject in this sentence: Come here immediately! terms  Lear: pronoun, personal pronoun, pronoun understood, indefinite pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, interrogative pronoun. Wr-fci Ces: PnS, Pnu

Lesson 2 • Pronoun Subjects

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Pr: A word that takes the place of a noun.

2.

Persal pr: A pronoun such as I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, them, or us that refers to one or more persons.

3.

Pr ers: The pronoun you, I, or we implied rather than written as the subject.

4.

Iefiie pr: A pronoun such as all, anything, everyone, neither, several, another, both, few, nobody, some, any, each, many, none, somebody, anybody, either, more, one, someone, anyone, everybody, most, others, or something that does not refer to a definite person or thing.

5.

demsraive pr: The use of the word this, that, these, or those to point out a specific person or thing.

6.

Ierrgaive pr: A pronoun such as who, which, or what that begins a sentence and asks a question.



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LESSon 2: PRonoun SuBjECtS POINT POINT11 Pronouns are words that take the place of one or more nouns and may function as subjects. Pronoun subjects, like noun sub jects, are identified by asking Whm r wha are we alkig ab? or Wh r wha is ig smehig? The EGUMPP word-function code for a pr sbec is PnS. Examples: nS

PnS

Gee won the race. He won the race. (Whm are we alkig ab?) (the pr he akes he place f he  sbec Gee.) nS

PnS

The milk is sour. this is sour. (Wha are we alkig ab?) (the pr his akes he place f he  sbec milk.)

POINT 2 A personal pronoun is a pronoun that refers to one or more persons. Personal pronouns that may function as the subject (PnS) of a sentence include the following: I y

he she i

we hey

notE: The personal pronouns me, him, her, hem, and s do not function as a subject.


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LESSon 2: PRonoun SuBjECtS POINT 3 A pronoun subject may be a personal pronoun understood. The personal pronouns y, I, and we are often not written but understood as the subject of a sentence. The EGUMPP word-function code for a pr sbec ers is Pnu. Examples: Pnu

[Y] Go to the store. (the sbec is he pr y ers.) Pnu

[I] Thank you for giving me such an opportunity. (the sbec is he pr I ers.) Pnu

Pnu

[I or We] Thank you for your subscription. (the sbec is eiher he pr I r he pr we ers.) POINT 4 An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to a definite person, place, or thing. Indefinite pronouns that may function as the subject (PnS) of the sentence include the following: all aher ay ayby aye ayhig

bh each eiher everyby everye everyhig

few may mre ms eiher by

e e hers several sme smeby

smee smehig


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LESSon 2: PRonoun SuBjECtS POINT POINT5 1 A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points out a specific person, place, or thing. Demonstrative pronouns that may function as the subject (PnS) of the sentence include the following: his

ha

hese

hse

POINT 6 An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a question. Interrogative pronouns that may function as the subject (PnS) of the sentence include the following: Wh...?


Which...?

Wha...?

LESSon 3 MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS

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LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig mai verbs a helpig verbs. overview: Afer he sbec f a seece is ieifie, he ex wr  ieify is he verb. the verb is he wr i a seece ha is eee alg wih he sbec  make a saeme, ask a qesi, r give a cmma. To identify the verb, look for the word that helps to make a statement. Words that function as verbs express an action, a state of being, or a condition; have several forms; and can easily be identified because one of its forms always begins with the word to. For example, the word write is a verb because it expresses an action; has the verb form to write; and has these other verb forms: write, writes, writing, wrote, and written. A verb may be one word or more than one word. A main verb is a one-word verb or the last word of a verb phrase. A verb phrase is a main verb and all of its helping verbs. A helping verb (also referred to as an auxiliary verb) usually precedes a main verb and must be used with certain forms of a main verb. For example, the verb forms writing and written must always be preceded by one or more helping verbs when used as the main verb. The 23 words that can function as helping verbs are am, are, be, been, being, can, could, did, do, does, had, has, have, is, may, might, must, shall, should, was, were, will, and would. When a main verb does not express an action, it expresses a state of being or a condition. While there are many verbs that can express an action and function as a main verb, the only verb to express a state of being and function as a main verb is the verb to be. The eight forms of the verb to be are be, being, been, am, is, are, was, and were. Some verbs are unique because they can express either an action or a condition. They include all forms of the verbs to appear, to become, to feel, to grow, to keep, to look, to remain, to seem, to smell, to sound, to taste, and to turn. terms  Lear: verb, main verb, helping verb, verb phrase Wr-fci Ces: MV, HV Lesson 3 • Main Verbs and Helping Verbs

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Verb: A word(s) needed along with the subject to make a statement, ask a question, or give a command.

2.

Mai verb: A one-word verb or the last word of a verb phrase that expresses an action, a state of being, or a condition.

3.

Helpig verb: A verb that usually precedes a main verb and must be used with certain forms of a main verb. be being been

4.

am is are

was were

do does did

have has had

may can might

could would should

must shall will

Verb phrase: A main verb and all of its helping verbs.



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LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS POINT POINT11 A sentence must always include a verb. The verb helps to make a statement by expressing an action, a state of being, or a condition. Examples of words that express an action and can function as a main verb include all forms of the verbs to believe, to fly, to jump, to know, to remember, to run, to sit, to smile, to swim, and to think. Examples of words that express a state of being and function as a main verb or as a helping verb are the eight forms of the verb to be. These words are be, being, been, am, is, are, was, and were. Examples of words that express an action or a condition and function as a main verb include all forms of the verbs to appear, to become, to feel, to grow, to keep, to look, to remain, to seem, to smell, to sound, to taste, and to turn.

POINT 2 The verb of a sentence may be one word or two or more words that comprise a verb phrase. A one-word verb or the last verb of a verb phrase is the main verb. All other verbs that precede a main verb are helping verbs. The EGUMPP word-function code for a mai verb is MV, and the word-function code for a helpig verb is HV. Examples: nS

MV

The fire esrye the forest. (oe-wr verb) nS

HV MV

Phillip is gig to the library. (tw-wr verb phrase)

Lesson 3 • Main Verbs and Helping Verbs

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LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS POINT 3 Helping verbs (also referred to as auxiliary verbs) are verbs that usually precede a main verb and must be used with certain verb forms. For example, verb forms ending in ing cannot function properly without a helping verb. Examples: nS

Icrrec:

MV

My brother byig the business. (Mai verb ees helpig verb) nS

Crrec:

HV MV

My brother is byig the business. nS

Icrrec:

MV

Linda sigig quite well. (Mai verb ees helpig verb)

nS

Crrec:

HV MV

Linda is sigig quite well. nS

Icrrec:

Bill wrie a poem. (Mai verb ees helpig verb) nS

Crrec:

MV

HV

MV

Bill has wrie a poem.

POINT 4 There are 23 words frequently used as helping verbs. An easy way to remember these verbs is to memorize them in this order by column.

be beig bee

am is are

was were

 es i

have has ha

may ca migh

cl ms wl shall shl will


32

LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS POINT 5 Identifying the main verb in a sentence first requires identifying the subject. The subject is the word(s) in the sentence that best answers the question Whm r wha are we alkig ab? or Wh r wha is ig smehig? Once the subject is identified, ask questions about the subject to determine the main verb. Example: nS

MV

The accie case a traffic jam. Accie is a noun subject. It answers the question Wha are we alkig ab? Case is the main verb. It answers a question relating to the subject such as Wha i he accie ?


33

LESSon 3: MAIn VERBS And HELPInG VERBS POINT 6 While the subject of a sentence usually precedes the main verb and any helping verbs, in some sentences the subject follows the verb. Example: MV

HV

nS

Enclosed are the recipes. Recipes is a noun subject. It answers the question Wha are we alkig ab? notE: The subject always follows the verb when a sentence starts with the word here or the word there. Examples: MV

nS

Here is the prblem. Prblem is a noun subject. It answers the question Wha are we alkig ab? MV

PnS

There were several. Several is a pronoun subject. It answers the question Wh r wha are we alkig ab?


LESSon 4 tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS

36

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig rasiive verbs a irasiive verbs. overview: Mai verbs may be eiher rasiive r irasiive. A mai verb ha is rasiive sally expresses a aci a is always fllwe by a verb cmpleme. A verb complement completes the meaning begun by the subject and the verb. A direct object is one type of verb complement. A direct object is a noun or a pronoun that follows a transitive verb and is the receiver of the action expressed by the verb. A direct object answers the question Wha? or Whm? State the subject and the verb and ask the questions Wha? or Whm? to determine if the main verb is transitive and has a direct object. When the direct object is a pronoun, it may be a personal pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, or them), an indefinite pronoun, a demonstrative pronoun, or a reflexive pronoun. A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding the suffix self to the personal pronoun my, your, him, her, or it or by adding the suffix selves to the personal pronoun your, our, or them. A mai verb ha is irasiive ever has a verb cmpleme. When you state the subject and the main verb and ask the question Wha? or Whm?, there will not be a noun or a pronoun functioning as a direct object and providing an answer to one of these questions. terms  Lear: transitive verb, verb complement, direct object, reflexive pronoun, intransitive verb Wr-fci Ces: MVt, MVI, do

Lesson 4 • Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

37


trasiive verb: A main verb that usually expresses an action and always has a direct object.

2.

Verb cmpleme: Another name for a direct object or an indirect object.

3.

direc bec: A verb complement that follows a transitive verb and answers the question What? or Whom?

4.

Reflexive pr: A pronoun formed by adding the suffix self or the suffix selves to the personal pronouns my, your, him, her, it, our, or them.

5.

Irasiive verb: A main verb that never has a complement.



40

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS POINT 1 The main verb of a sentence may be a transitive verb. A transitive verb is usually an action verb that always has a “receiver” of the action. This “receiver” of the action will be a noun or a pronoun called a direct object. Identify the subject and the verb, and then ask the question Wha? or Whm? to determine whether there is a direct object. If there is a direct object, then the main verb is transitive. The EGUMPP word-function code for a mai verb that is rasiive is MVt. Example: “er” nS

“receiver” MVt

irec bec

Krise slve the prblem. Krise is a noun that functions as the subject of the sentence. Krise answers the question Wh i smehig? Slve is an action verb. It expresses the action of Kristen and answers the question Wha ab Krise? or Wha i Krise ? Prblem is a noun that functions as the direct object of the verb. It is the receiver of the expressed action and answers the question Krise slve wha?


41

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS POINT 2 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a one-word noun. The EGUMPP word-function code for a one-word  irec bec is do. Always ask Wha? or Whm? after identifying a subject and a verb to determine whether there is a direct object. Example: nS

MVt

do

The cmpay mafacres ys. Cmpay is a noun that functions as the subject of the sentence. Cmpay answers the question Wh r wha es smehig? Mafacres is an action verb. It expresses the action of the company and answers the question Wha ab he cmpay? or Wha es he cmpay ? tys is a noun that functions as the direct object of the sentence. It is the receiver of the expressed action and answers the question Cmpay mafacres wha?


42

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS POINT 3 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a compound-word noun. Compound-word nouns are two or more words that may be joined as one word, written as two or more separate words, or hyphenated. The EGUMPP word-function code for a cmp-wr  irec bec is also do. Examples: nS

MVt

do

do

John hired a sysems aalys. (jh hire wha? r whm?) PnS

MVt

do

do

do

Everyone applauded Capai jh Smih. (Everye applae whm?) POINT 4 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a personal pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pr irec becs is do. The personal pronouns that may function as a direct object include the following: me y

Examples: nS

MVt

do

Ira startled me. (Ira sarle whm?)


him her i

s hem

43

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS POINT 5 The direct object of a transitive verb may be an indefinite pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pr irec becs is do. The indefinite pronouns that may function as a direct object include the following: all aher ay ayby aye ayhig

bh each eiher everyby everye everyhig

few may mre ms eiher by

e smee e smehig hers several sme smeby

Example: PnS

MVt

do

She invited everye. (She ivie whm?) POINT 6 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a demonstrative pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pr irec becs is do. The demonstrative pronouns that may function as a direct object include the following: his

ha

hese

hse

Example: nS

MVt

do

Warren wants his. (Warre was wha?)


44

LESSon 4: tRAnSItIVE And IntRAnSItIVE VERBS POINT 7 The direct object of a transitive verb may be a reflexive pronoun. A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding self or selves to a personal pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pr irec becs is do. The reflexive pronouns that may function as a direct object include the following: myself yrself himself, herself, iself

rselves yrselves hemselves

Example: nS

MVt

do

Sarah hurt herself . (Sarah hr whm?) POINT 8 The main verb of a sentence may be an intransitive verb. An intransitive verb is a verb that never has a direct object. This means that after you identify the subject and the verb and ask the question Wha? or Whm?, there will not be a noun or a pronoun that follows the verb and functions as the “receiver” of its action. The EGUMPP word-function code for a mai verb that is irasiive is MVI. Examples: nS

MVI

Phyllis fell down. nS

MVI

The cat prre loudly.


LESSon 5 AdjECtIVES

46

LESSon 5: AdjECtIVES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig aecives. overview: A mifier is a wr(s) ha escribes r expas he meaig f aher wr(s) i a seece. A aecive is e ype f mifier. Aecives mify r escribe s a prs. Words that function as adjectives answer the question Which e? Wha ki f? Hw may? or Whse? The most frequently used adjectives are the words a, an, and the. These words are also called articles or noun markers because a noun will always follow. Many words that function as nouns become adjectives when an apostrophe plus s is added to the word. The apostrophe plus s causes the word to change from naming a person, place, or thing to showing possession and providing an answer to the question Whse? Certain personal pronouns function as adjectives. These personal pronouns are called possessive pronouns. They are the words my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. A sentence may contain compound-word adjectives. A compoundword adjective consists of two or more words that function as a single unit and modify the same noun. Some compound-word adjectives require a hyphen. terms  Lear: modifier, adjective, article or noun marker, possessive pronoun, compound-word adjective, Wr-fci Ce: Aj

Lesson 5 • Adjectives

47


Mifier: A word(s) that describes or expands the meaning of another word(s) in a sentence.

2.

Aecive: A word that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun and answers the question Which one? What kind of? How many? or Whose?

3.

Aricle r  marker: Other names for the adjectives a, an, and the.

4.

Pssessive pr: The personal pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, and their) that function as adjectives.

5.

Cmp-wr aecive: Two or more words that function as a single unit and modify a noun.



50

LESSon 5: AdjECtIVES POINT 1 An adjective modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun. (The word modifies means to “limit” or to “make more definite.”) An adjective answers the question Which e? Wha ki f? Hw may? or Whse? The EGUMPP word-function code for a e-wr aecive is Aj. Examples: Aj

Housewares are on his floor. (Which flr?) Aj

Sf wood burns fast. (Wha ki f w?) Aj

Several students went home. (Hw may ses?) Aj

Ssa’s watch stopped working. (Whse wach?) POINT 2 The three most frequently used adjectives are a, an, and the. They are also called articles or noun markers because a noun will closely follow. Example: Aj

Aj

a computer

a elecric computer


Aj

Aj

Aj

he large box

51

LESSon 5: AdjECtIVES POINT 3 Words that indicate possession and provide an answer to the question Whse? are always adjectives. These include words that change from nouns to adjectives by adding an apostrophe plus s to the noun such as the word Fred’s and the possessive pronouns my, your, his, her, its, our, and their. Examples: Aj

Aj

Fre’s friend borrowed my car. (Whse frie? Whse car?) Aj

Aj

Barb’s speech amused r class. (Whse speech? Whse class?) Aj

Aj

or supervisors submitted heir reports. (Whse spervisrs? Whse reprs?)

POINT 4 The words this, that, these, and those are adjectives when they answer the question Which e? Examples: Aj

this book is mine. (Which bk?) Aj

I want ha picture. (Which picre?) Aj

these answers are incorrect. (Which aswers?) Aj

Throw hse papers away. (Which papers?) notE: The words this, that, these, and those can also function as demonstrative pronouns as presented in Lesson 2.


52

LESSon 5: AdjECtIVES POINT 5 A compound-word adjective consists of two or more words that function as a single unit and modify the same noun. (Some compound-word adjectives may require a hyphen.) The EGUMPP word-function code for a cmp-wr aecive is also Aj. Examples:

The following sentences include compound-word adjectives modifying a noun: Aj

Aj

I enjoy aa prcessig subjects. Aj

Aj

Tara is a high schl student. Aj

Aj

The company is buying a 12-sry building. Aj

Aj

The lef-hae pitcher won. The following sentences include a series of one-word adjectives modifying a noun: Aj

Aj

Aj

the large brw jug was broken. Aj

Aj

Aj

Tim bought w small aiqe lamps.


LESSon 6 AdVERBS

54

LESSon 6: AdVERBS IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig averbs. overview: A averb is a mifier. Averbs escribe r expa he meaig f verbs, aecives, a her averbs. Words that function as adverbs answer the question Whe? Where? Hw? or t wha exe? terms  Lear: adverb Wr-fci Ce: AV

Lesson 6 • Adverbs

55


Averb: A word(s) that modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and answers the question When? Where? How? or To what extent?



58

LESSon 6: AdVERBS POINT 1 An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. (The word modifies means to “limit” or to “make more definite.”) An adverb answers the question Whe? Where? Hw? or t wha exe? The EGUMPP word-function code for an averb is AV.

POINT 2 An adverb that modifies a verb may precede the verb, follow the verb, or interrupt the parts of a verb phrase. Adverbs that modify a verb will usually answer the question Whe? Where? Hw? or t wha exe? Examples:

The following sentences include adverbs that modify or describe verbs: nS

MVI

AV

Frank left immeiaely. (Whe?) nS

MVI AV

Bob fell w. (Where?) nS

MVI

AV

Lori sang sfly. (Hw?) PnS

AV

MVI

She rarely visits. (t wha exe?) PnS HV

AV

MVt

Aj

do

We could harly hear the speaker. (t wha exe?)


59

LESSon 6: AdVERBS POINT 3 An adverb that modifies an adjective precedes the adjective and usually answers the question Hw? or t wha exe? The words very and too as well as words ending in ly frequently function as adverbs that modify adjectives. Examples:

The following sentences include adverbs that modify or describe adjectives: Aj

AV

Aj

nS

MVI

A very large branch fell. (Very ells hw large.) PnS MVt

AV

Aj

do

It costs  much money. (t ells hw mch.) nS

MVt

Aj

AV

Aj

do

Ruth gave an exremely concise presentation. (Exremely ells hw ccise.)

POINT 4 An adverb that modifies another adverb precedes that adverb and usually answers the question Hw? or t wha exe? Examples:

The following sentences include adverbs that modify or describe other adverbs: nS

MVt

Aj

do

AV

AV

Roy gave his answer alms immeiaely. (Immeiaely ells whe; alms ells hw s.) nS

MVI AV

AV

Sally left very early. (Early ells whe; very ells hw early.)


60

LESSon 6: AdVERBS POINT 5 When a word or words that can name something such as home, yesterday or last night answer the question Whe? or Where? in a sentence, consider all of these words as adverbs. Examples: nS

MVI

AV

AV

AV

Cory arrived hme las igh. (Hme ells where; las igh ells whe. ) nS

MVI

AV

George arrived yeseray. (Yeseray ells whe.)


LESSon 7 PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES

62

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig prepsiis a prepsiial phrases. overview: A prepsii is a wr sch as a, rig, f, , hrgh, r  ha is a shws he relaiship f a  r a pr  aher wr i a seece. A compound-word preposition consists of two or more words that function as a single preposition. A noun or a pronoun that follows a preposition is called the object of the preposition. The object of a preposition may be a one-word noun, a compound-word noun, or a pronoun. The object of a preposition usually answers the question Whm? or Wha? A phrase is a group of related words that never includes a subject and a verb and functions as a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. A prepositional phrase is the combination of a preposition and its object plus any modifiers. A prepositional phrase can modify a noun, a pronoun, a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun is called an adjective prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb is called an adverb prepositional phrase. terms  Lear: preposition, compound-word preposition, object of preposition, phrase, prepositional phrase, adjective prepositional phrase, adverb prepositional phrase Wr-fci Ces: PR, oP

Lesson 7 • Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

63


Prepsii: A word such as at, during, of, on, through, or to that joins and shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in a sentence.

2.

Cmp-wr prepsii: Two or more words such as according to, by means of, in place of, or instead of that function as a single preposition.

3.

obec f prepsii: A noun or a pronoun that follows a preposition and usually answers the question Whom? or What?

4.

Phrase: A group of related words that never includes a subject and a verb and functions as a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.

5.

Prepsiial phrase: A preposition plus its object and any modifiers.

6.

Aecive prepsiial phrase: A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun and usually answers the question Which one? or What kind of?

7.

Averb prepsiial phrase: A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? or How?



66

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES POINT 1 A preposition is a word that joins and shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence. A preposition must be followed by a noun or a pronoun to form a prepositional phrase. This noun or pronoun that follows the preposition is called the object of the preposition. The EGUMPP word-function code for a e-wr prepsii is PR , and the word-function code for a e-wr  bec f prepsii is oP. Example: Aj

nS

MVI

PR

Aj

oP

The boy fell w the seps. (dw he seps is a prepositional phrase. The word w is a preposition, and the word seps is the noun object of this preposition. The object of the preposition may have adjective modifiers. In this sentence the adjective he modifies the word seps.) POINT 2 Single words commonly used as prepositions (PR ) include the following: abar ab abve acrss afer agais alg amg ar as a befre

behi belw beeah besie besies bewee bey b (excep) by ccerig csierig w

rig excep fr frm i isie i like ear f ff 


 ppsie  sie ver pas peig per regarig sice hrgh hrgh

 war wars er ereah il p p wih wihi wih

67

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES POINT 3 A compound-word preposition consists of two or more words that function as a single preposition. The EGUMPP word-function code for a cmp-wr prepsii is PR . Words used as compound-word prepositions include the following: accrig  as par f asie frm becase f

by meas f e  i aii  i fr f

i place f i spie f isea f ex 

 acc f  f wig  peraiig 

Example: PnS MVI

PR

PR

PR

Aj

oP

He parked i fr f the bank. POINT 4 The object of a preposition may be a one-word noun, a compound-word noun, or a pronoun (oP). Examples: PnS

MVI

PR Aj

oP

They walked to the mall. (oe-wr  bec f prepsii) Aj

nS

HV

MVI

PR

oP

oP

The meal was prepared by Chef jh. (Cmp-wr  bec f prepsii) MVt

Aj

do

PR oP

Give the keys to me. (Pr bec f prepsii)


68

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES POINT 5 A prepositional phrase may function as an adjective and modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. This type of prepositional phrase is an adjective prepositional phrase. An adjective prepositional phrase usually answers the question Which e? or Wha ki f? Examples: Aj

nS

PR

Aj

oP

MVI AV

The man wih he cae fell down. (Which ma?) nS

MVt

do

PR

oP

Jerry enjoys books ab isars. (Wha ki f bks?)


69

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES POINT 6 A prepsiial phrase may function as an adverb and modify or describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. This type of prepositional phrase is an adverb prepositional phrase. An adverb prepositional phrase usually answers the question Whe? Where? Why? or Hw? Examples: nS

MVI

PR Aj

oP

John jogs i he mrig. (Whe?) nS

MVI

PR Aj

oP

Frank walked  he sre. (Where?) nS

MVI

PR

Aj

oP

James fought fr his righs. (Why?) Aj

nS

MVI

PR

Aj oP

The man spoke wih a vegeace. (Hw?)


70

LESSon 7: PREPoSItIonS And PREPoSItIonAL PHRASES POINT 7 An easy way to identify most prepositional phrases is by remembering this expression: “Prepositional phrases often tell where a mouse can run or where a cloud can float.” Examples:

A mouse can run p he wall, er he able, or i he hle. A cloud can float ver he mai or hrgh he air. Attempt to tell “where a mouse can run” or “where a cloud can float” using this partial list of prepositions: abar ab abve acrss afer agais alg amg ar a

befre behi belw beeah besie besies bewee bey by w

rig ppsie fr frm i isie i like ear ff


   sie ver pas hrgh hrgh  war

wars er ereah il p p wih wihi wih

LESSon 8 LInKInG VERBS

72

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig likig verbs a sbec cmplemes (preicae miaives a preicae aecives). overview: A likig verb is a mai verb ha expresses a sae f beig r a cii a is fllwe by a , a pr, r a aecive ha refers  he sbec. This noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames or describes the subject and the verb is called a subject complement. If the subject complement is a noun or a pronoun, it is called a predicate nominative. If the subject complement is an adjective, it is called a predicate adjective. A predicate nominative answers the question Wh? or Wha? A predicate adjective usually answers the question Wha? Wha Ki? or Hw? State the subject and the verb and ask these questions to help determine if the main verb is a linking verb followed by a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. The verb to be expresses a state of being. The eight forms of the verb to be are be, being, been, am, is, are, was, and were. All eight forms of the verb to be may function as linking verbs. When these verbs are not expressing a state of being and functioning as linking verbs, they will be functioning as helping verbs or intransitive main verbs. Some verbs may express a condition or an action. All forms of the verbs to appear, to become, to feel, to grow, to keep, to look, to remain, to seem, to smell, to sound, to taste, and to turn are examples of such verbs. When these verbs do not express a condition and function as linking verbs, they express an action and function as transitive or intransitive verbs. terms  Lear: linking verb, subject complement, predicate nominative, predicate adjective Wr-fci Ces: MVL, SC

Lesson 8 • Linking Verbs

73


Likig verb: A main verb that expresses a state of being or a condition and is always followed by a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective.

2.

Sbec cmpleme: A noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject.

3.

Preicae miaive: A noun or pronoun subject complement that follows a linking verb and renames the subject.

4.

Preicae aecive: An adjective subject complement that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.



76

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS POINT 1 A likig verb is a main verb that expresses a state of being or a condition and links a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective to the subject. This noun, pronoun, or adjective completes the thought begun by the subject and verb. The EGUMPP word-function code for a mai verb that is likig is MVL. Examples: nS

MVL

cmpleme

Katie is my friend. (frie Kaie) The main verb is expresses a state of being and links or refers the noun complement frie to the subject Kaie. nS

MVL cmpleme

The flower is beautiful. (beaifl flwer) POINT 2 The main verb is expresses a state of being and links or refers the adjective complement beaifl to the subject flwer. nS

MVL

cmpleme

This pillow feels soft. (sf pillw) The main verb feels expresses a condition and links or refers the adjective complement sf to the subject pillw.


77

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS POINT 2 The verb to be expresses a state of being. The eight forms of the verb to be are be, being, been, am, is, are, was, and were. All eight forms of the verb to be may function as linking verbs. The verbs be, am, is, are, was, and were can also function as helping verbs. Example of the verb am expressing a state of being and functioning as a linking verb: PnS

I

MVL cmpleme

am happy.

Example of the verb am functioning as a helping verb: PnS HV MVI

AV

I am going home.

Some verbs may express a condition or an action. All forms of the verbs to appear, to become, to feel, to grow, to keep, to look, to remain, to seem, to smell, to sound, to taste, and to turn are examples of such verbs. When these verbs do not express a condition and function as linking verbs, they express an action and function as transitive verbs. Example of the verb tasted expressing a condition and functioning as a linking verb: Aj

nS

MVL

cmpleme

The soup ase delicious. Example of the verb tasted expressing an action and functioning as a transitive verb: PnS

MVt

Aj

do

She ase the soup.


78

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS POINT 3 A noun or a pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames the subject is a type of subject complement called a predicate nominative. A predicate nominative is identical in meaning to the subject. Always ask Wh? or Wha? after identifying a subject and a state-of-being verb to help determine if there is a predicate nominative subject complement. The EGUMPP word-function code for a e-wr , a cmp-wr , or a pr preicae miaive sbec cmpleme is SC. Example: nS

MVL

SC

Gerge is the presie of the organization. (presie Gerge) The main verb is expresses a state POINT 2 of being and links or refers the noun presie to the subject Gerge. The noun presie renames the subject Gerge. This makes the word presie a predicate nominative subject complement. The predicate nominative presie answers the question Gerge is wh r wha?


79

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS POINT 4 An adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject is a second type of subject complement called a predicate adjective. A predicate adjective describes or explains the subject. Always ask Wha? Wha Ki? or Hw? after identifying a subject and a state-of-being verb to help determine if there is a predicate adjective subject complement. The EGUMPP word-function code for a preicae aecive sbec cmpleme is SC. Examples: nS

MVL

SC

The grapes were sr. (sr grapes) The main verb were expresses a state of being and links or refers the adjective sr to the subject grapes. The adjective sr describes the subject grapes. This makes the word sr a predicate adjective subject complement. The predicate adjective sr answers the question: Grapes are wha? wha ki? or hw? nS

MVL

SC

Carl looked ire. (ire Carl) The main verb lke expresses a condition and links or refers the adjective ire to the subject Carl. The adjective ire describes the subject Carl. This makes the word ire a predicate adjective subject complement. The predicate adjective ire describes the subject Carl. Carl lke hw? notE: The question Hw? in the example above provides the answer for a subject complement. Do not confuse the question Hw? used here with the question Hw? associated with identifying an adverb as presented in the sentence below. Example: Aj

Aj

nS

MVI

AV

PR

Aj

oP

The young couple walked slwly through the park. (Walke hw?) Lesson 8 • Linking Verbs

80

LESSon 8: LInKInG VERBS POINT 5 Some linking verbs require helping verbs. Example: nS

nS

HV

MVL

SC

Mr. Smith has bee my boss for ten years. The verb phrase has bee expresses a state of being and links or refers the predicate nominative bss to the compound-word subject Mr. Smih. nS

HV

MVL

SC

The weather has remaie ideal for weeks. The verb phrase has remaie expresses a condition and links or refers the adjective ieal to the subject weaher.


LESSon 9 IndIRECt oBjECtS

82

LESSon 9: IndIRECt oBjECtS IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig iirec becs. overview: A iirec bec, like a irec bec, is a ype f verb cmpleme. An indirect object is a noun or a pronoun that always precedes a direct object and usually answers the question t whm? Fr whm? t wha? or Fr wha? term  Lear: indirect object Wr-fci Ces: Io

Lesson 9 • Indirect Objects

83


Iirec bec: A verb complement that follows a transitive verb, precedes a direct object, and usually answers the question To whom? For whom? To what? or For what?



86

LESSon 9: IndIRECt oBjECtS POINT 1 A transitive verb must have a direct object; it may also have an indirect object. An indirect object always precedes a direct object. Indirect objects can usually be identified by asking the question t whm? Fr whm? t wha? or Fr wha? after identifying the subject, the main verb, and the direct object. The EGUMPP word-function code for a e-wr  iirec bec is Io. Example: Aj

nS

MVt

Io

Aj

do

The instructor gave jh the answer. Isrcr is a noun that functions as the subject of the sentence. Isrcr answers the question Wh is ig smehig? Gave is the main verb transitive that expresses an action. Aswer is a noun that functions as the direct object of the verb gave and answers the question Isrcr gave wha? jh is a noun that functions as the indirect object of the sentence. It precedes the direct object and answers the question Isrcr gave he aswer  whm?


87

LESSon 9: IndIRECt oBjECtS POINT 2 The indirect object of a transitive verb may be a compoundword noun. Compound-word nouns are two or more words that may be joined as one word, written as two or more separate words, or hyphenated. The EGUMPP word-function code for a cmp-wr  iirec bec is also Io. Example: PnS

MVt

Aj

Io

Io

Aj do

He offered his ucle jh a job. ucle jh is a compound-word noun that functions as the indirect object of the verb. It precedes the direct object b and answers the question He ffere a b  whm?

POINT 3 An indirect object may be a personal pronoun, a reflexive pronoun, or an indefinite pronoun. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of pr iirec becs is also Io. Examples: nS

MVt

Io

Aj

do

Gary sent him the instructions. (Gary se isrcis  whm?) PnS

MVt

Io

Aj do

She gave herself a complement. (She gave a cmpleme  whm?) Aj

nS

MVt

Io

Aj do

The boss gave everye a raise. (Bss gave a raise  whm?)


LESSon 10 APPoSItIVES And APPoSItIVE PHRASES

90

LESSon 10: APPoSItIVES And APPoSItIVE PHRASES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig appsiives a appsiive phrases. overview: A appsiive is a  r a pr ha immeiaely fllws aher  r pr fr he prpse f frher ieifyig, clarifyig, r explaiig he firs  r pr. An appositive may follow a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a predicate nominative, or an object of a preposition. Once you learn to identify appositives, you will have learned to identify six functions of nouns and pronouns. An easy way to remember all six functions is to memorize the acronym PAIdSo.

P A I d S o

= = = = = =

predicate nominative appositive indirect object direct object subject object of preposition

terms  Lear: appositive, appositive phrase, PAIDSO Wr-fci Ce: AP

Lesson 10 • Appositives and Appositive Phrases

91


Appsiive: A noun or a pronoun that immediately follows another noun or pronoun for the purpose of further identifying, clarifying, or explaining the first noun or pronoun.

2.

Appsiive phrase: An appositive and all of its modifiers.

3.

PAIdSo: Acronym for the six common uses of a noun. Predicate Nominative Appositive

Indirect Object direct Object

Subject object of Preposition



94

LESSon 10: APPoSItIVES And APPoSItIVE PHRASES POINT 1 An appositive is a one-word noun, a compound-word noun, or a pronoun that immediately follows another noun or pronoun. The purpose of the appositive is to further identify, clarify, or explain the preceding noun or pronoun. An appositive may follow the subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, or an object of a preposition. The EGUMPP word-function code for an appsiive is AP. Examples: Aj

nS

AP

MVI

AV

AV

Your brother Ewar called this morning. Aj

nS

MVt

Aj

do

Aj

AP

AP

AP

Our school sponsors one club, the Cmmiy Service Clb. PnS MVt Io

Aj

AP

Aj

do

I gave George, the paier, your keys. Aj

nS

MVL SC

SC

Aj

Aj

AP

The winner is Mary Jones, our star ahlee. MVI

PR

oP

Aj

Aj

AP

Vote for me, the best caiae.


95

LESSon 10: APPoSItIVES And APPoSItIVE PHRASES POINT 2 An appositive phrase is a group of words that includes the appositive and all of its modifiers. An appositive phrase is always considered as a single unit when applying rules of punctuation. Example: (appsiive phrase) Aj

Aj

nS

HV

MVI

PR oP oP

Aj

Aj

Aj

AP

The special award was presented to Mr. Koser, r high schl pricipal.

POINT 3 The six frequent functions of a noun and a pronoun form the acronym PAIDSO. P A I d S o

= = = = = =

predicate nominative appositive indirect object direct object subject object of preposition


LESSon 11 PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES

98

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig pariciples a paricipial phrases. overview: A wr ha ca fci as a mai verb i a seece ca als fci as her pars f speech. Whe ay frm f a verb is fciig as aher par f speech, i is calle a verbal. A verbal is a verb form that is functioning as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence. A verbal retains the qualities of a verb. This means that a verbal may have a complement and/or modifiers. A verbal complement is a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a verbal and completes its meaning. A verbal phrase is a verbal and its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). One type of verbal is a participle. A participle is a verbal that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en. Verb forms that function as participles usually answer the question Which e? or Wha ki f? A participle retains the qualities of a verb. A participle verbal complement is a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a participle and completes its meaning. A participial phrase is a group of words containing a participle with a complement(s) and/or modifier(s). terms  Lear: verbal, verbal complement, verbal phrase, participle, participial phrase Wr-fci Ces: PAR , VC

Lesson 11 • Participles and Participial Phrases

99


Verbal: A verb form that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence.

2.

Verbal cmpleme: A noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a verbal and completes its meaning.

3.

Verbal phrase: A group of words considered as a single unit that includes a verbal and its complement(s) and/or modifier(s).

4.

Pariciple: A verbal that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en.

5.

Paricipial phrase: A participle plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s).



102

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES POINT 1 A participle is a verbal (verb form) that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en. A participle may preceed or follow the noun it modifies. The EGUMPP word-function code for a pariciple is PAR . Examples of the same word functioning as a verb and as a participle:

(As a verb)

(As a pariciple) (aci)

Aj

nS

HV

MVI

The baby was screamig.

(escribig) Aj

Aj

do

Aj

Aj

do

MVt

PAR

nS

MVI PR Aj

oP

The ype document is on the table.

(aci) HV

MVt

(escribig)

He ype the document.

PnS

nS

The screamig baby wanted his bottle.

(aci) PnS MVt

PAR

(escribig) Aj do

Aj

PAR

nS

HV

MVI

She has wrie a contract. Her wrie contract was accepted.


103

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES POINT 2 Since a participle is a verb form, it maintains the qualities of a verb. This means that participles that are action words may be followed by a noun or a pronoun verbal complement, and participles that are state-of-being or condition words may be followed by a noun or an adjective verbal complement. Always ask Wha? Whm? or Hw? after identifying a participle to determine whether a participle verbal complement follows. The EGUMPP word-function code for a pariciple verbal cmpleme is VC. Examples: Aj

nS

PAR

VC

MVL Aj

SC

The hostess seaig peple is my friend. (Seaig whm?) PAR

VC

nS

MVt

Aj do

Feelig ire, Lewis took a nap. (Feelig hw?) notE: The question Hw? in the example above provides the answer for a participle verbal complement. Do not confuse the question Hw? used here with the question Hw? associated with identifying an adverb as presented in the sentence below. Example: Aj

Aj

nS

MVI

AV

PR

Aj

oP

The young couple walked slwly through the park. (Walke hw?)


104

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES POINT 3 A participial phrase is a group of words that contains a participle plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). The participle introduces the participial phrase, and the entire phrase functions as an adjective modifying a noun or a pronoun in a sentence. A participial phrase is always considered as a single unit when applying rules of punctuation. A participial phrase may precede or follow the word it modifies. Examples: (paricipial phrase) Aj

nS

PAR

Aj

VC

MVI

PR

Aj

oP

The man hlig he sig asked for your name. This participial phrase includes the participle hlig, the participle verbal complement sig, and the adjective he. The participial phrase modifies the noun subject ma. (paricipial phrase) PAR

PR

oP

Aj

nS

HV

AV

MVI

desrye by fire, the school was never rebuilt. The participial phrase includes the participle esrye and the prepositional phrase by fire. The participial phrase modifies the noun subject schl.


105

LESSon 11: PARtICIPLES And PARtICIPIAL PHRASES POINT 4 A participle, like a main verb, may include a helping verb(s). When this occurs, consider all words as the participle. Example: (paricipial phrase) PAR

PAR

Aj VC

PR Aj

AV

Aj

oP

Havig cmplee a meley f his ms pplar sgs, Aj

nS

MVI

AV

the singer went backstage. The participial phrase includes the participle havig cmplee, the participle verbal complement meley, the adjective a, and the prepositional phrase f his ms pplar sgs. The participial phrase modifies the noun subject siger.


LESSon 12 GERundS And GERund PHRASES

108

LESSon 12: GERundS And GERund PHRASES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig gers a ger phrases. overview: A ger is a verbal ha fcis as a  a always es wih ig. Like nouns, a gerund may function as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, or an object of a preposition. A gerund may also follow another noun as an appositive to a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, or an object of a preposition. A gerund retains the qualities of a verb. This means that, like a main verb in a sentence, a gerund may have a complement with adjective modifiers and/or adverb modifiers. This noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows a gerund and completes its meaning is called a gerund verbal complement. A gerund phrase is a gerund plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). terms  Lear: gerund, gerund phrase Wr-fci Ces: GS, Gdo, GIo, GSC, GoP, GAP

Lesson 12 • Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

109


Ger: A verbal that functions as a noun and always ends with ing.

2.

Ger phrase: A gerund plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s).



112

LESSon 12: GERundS And GERund PHRASES POINT 1 A gerund is a verbal (verb form) that functions as a noun and always ends with ig. Gerunds may function as a subject (GS), a direct object (Gdo), an indirect object (GIo), a subject complement (GSC), an object of a preposition (GoP), or an appositive (GAP). Example of the word hiking functioning as a main verb: PnS HV MVI

PR

Aj

oP

He is hikig up the mountain. (Mai verb) Examples of the word hiking functioning as a gerund: GS

MVL Aj Aj

SC

Hikig is his favorite sport. (Ger sbec) PnS

MVt

Gdo

He enjoys hikig. (Ger irec bec) PnS MVt

GIo

Aj

do

PR

Aj

oP

He gave hikig the credit for his stamina. (Ger iirec bec) Aj

Aj

nS

MVL GSC

His favorite sport is hikig. (Ger sbec cmpleme) PnS MVL SC

PR GoP

He is addicted to hikig. (Ger bec f prepsii) Aj

Aj

nS

GAP

MVt

do

His favorite sport, hikig, requires endurance. (Ger appsiive)


113

LESSon 12: GERundS And GERund PHRASES POINT 2 Since a gerund is a verb form, it maintains the qualities of a verb. This means that gerunds that are action words may be followed by a noun or a pronoun gerund verbal complement, and gerunds that are state-of-being or condition words may be followed by a noun or an adjective gerund verbal complement. Always ask Wha? Whm? or Hw? after identifying a gerund to determine whether a gerund verbal complement follows. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of verbal cmplemes including ger verbal cmplemes is VC. Examples: GS

Aj VC

HV

AV

MVL Aj SC

Reqirig a membership will not be a problem. (Reqirig wha?) Aj

Aj

nS

nS

MVL GSC

VC

The worst side effect is feelig exhase. (Feelig hw?) notE: The question Hw? in the second example above provides the answer for the gerund verbal complement. Do not confuse the question Hw? used here with the question Hw? associated with identifying an adverb as presented in the sentence below. Example: Aj

Aj

nS

MVI

AV

PR

Aj

oP



114

LESSON 12 : GERUNDS AN D GERUND P HRA SES P OI N T 3

A gerund phrase is a group of words that contains a gerund plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). The gerund introduces the gerund phrase; and the entire phrase functions as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object of a preposition, or an appositive. Ex a m p l e s o f a g e r u n d p h r a s e f u n c t i o n i n g a s si x d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of nouns: (subject) GS

AJ VC

MVL AJ

AJ

SC

PR OP

Riding a bike is an excellent form of exercise. (direct object) PR OP

NS

MVT

GDO

AJ

VC

At noon Jalisa started riding her bike. (indirect object) NS

MVT

GIO

AJ

VC

AV

AV

AJ

DO

PR

AJ

OP

Max gave riding his bike each day the credit for his stamina. (subject complement) AJ

AJ

NS

PR OP

MVL GSC

AJ VC

An excellent form of exercise is riding a bike. (object of preposition) NS

MVT

AJ

AJ

DO

PR

GOP

AJ

VC

Chris starts his morning routine by riding his bike. (appositive) NS

M VT

AJ

AJ

DO

GAP

AJ

VC

Bella enjoys her daily exercise, riding her bike.

Lesson 12 •

Gerunds and Gerund Phrases

115

LESSon 12: GERundS And GERund PHRASES POINT 4 A gerund or gerund phrase may function as an appositive to a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, or an object of a preposition. Use the code GAP for all gerunds functioning as appositives. Examples of gerund phrases functioning as appositives: (ger as a appsiive  sbec) Aj

Aj

nS

GAP

Aj

VC

HV

MVL

AV

His new hobby, cllecig aiqe sps, has been quite SC

profitable. (ger as a appsiive  irec bec) AV

MVt

Aj

Aj

do

GAP

Aj

VC

Please begin your new project, revisig his habk. (ger as a appsiive  bec f prepsii) PnS MVL

SC

PR

Aj

Aj

oP

GAP

VC

He was pleased with his new task, rig ses.


LESSon 13 InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES

118

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig ifiiives a ifiiive phrases. overview: A ifiiive is a verbal ha fcis as a , a aecive, r a averb a is sally irce by he wr . Infinitives retain the qualities of a verb. This means that, like a main verb in a sentence, an infinitive may have a complement with adjective modifiers and/or adverb modifiers. An infinitive verbal complement is a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows an infinitive and completes its meaning. An infinitive phrase is an infinitive plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). terms  Lear: infinitive, infinitive phrase Wr-fci Ces: IS, Ido, ISC, IAj, IAV

Lesson 13 • Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases

119


Ifiiive: A verbal that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb and is usually introduced by the word to.

2.

Ifiiive phrase: An infinitive plus its complement(s) and/ or modifier(s).



122

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES POINT 1 An infinitive is a verbal (verb form) that is usually introduced by the word  and can function as a noun—a subject (IS), a direct object (Ido), or a subject complement (ISC). An infinitive can also function as an adjective (IAj) or as an adverb (IAV). Examples of infinitives that function as nouns: IS

IS

MVL Aj

SC

t wi is my goal. (Sbec) (Wha is my gal?) PnS MVt

Ido Ido

I like  swim. (direc bec) (I like wha?) Aj

nS

MVL ISC ISC

My goal is  wi. (Sbec Cmpleme) (My gal is wha?) Examples of infinitives that function as adjectives: PnS MVt

do

IAj IAj

He has cars  sell. (Aecive) (Wha ki f cars?) nS

MVL Aj

SC

IAj IAj

Mike is the person  cac. (Aecive) (Which pers?) Examples of infinitives that function as adverbs: Aj

nS

MVL

AV

SC

IAV IAV

The door was not easy  pe. (Averb) (Hw easy was i?) PnS

MVL

IAV IAV

She came  frgive. (Averb) (Why i she cme?)


123

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES POINT 2 Since an infinitive is a verb form, it maintains the qualities of a verb. This means that infinitives that are action words may be followed by a noun or a pronoun infinitive verbal complement, and infinitives that are state-of-being or condition words may be followed by a noun or adjective infinitive verbal complement. Always ask Wha? Whm? or Hw? after identifying an infinitive to determine whether an infinitive verbal complement follows. The EGUMPP word-function code for all types of verbal cmplemes including ifiiive verbal cmplemes is VC. Examples: PnS HV

I

MVt

Ido Ido

VC

will need  brrw mey. (t brrw wha?)

IAV IAV VC

PnS

HV

MVt

Io

Aj

do

t be fair, you should pay me five dollars. (t be hw?) notE: The question Hw? in the example above provides the answer for an infinitive verbal complement. Do not confuse the question Hw? used here with the question Hw? associated with identifying an adverb as presented in the sentence below. Example: Aj

Aj

nS

MVI

AV

PR

Aj

oP



124

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES POINT 3 An ifiiive phrase is a group of words that contains an infinitive plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). The infinitive introduces the infinitive phrase, and the entire phrase functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence. Examples of infinitive phrases that function as nouns: (sbec) IS

IS

PR

Aj

oP

MVL SC

t wai fr he rai is boring. (irec bec) PnS

MVt

Ido Ido PR

Aj

oP

Nobody wanted  g  he fair. (sbec cmpleme) Aj

nS

MVL

ISC ISC

Aj

VC

Her goal was  wi he rphy. Example of an infinitive phrase that functions as an adjective: (aecive) PnS AV

MVt do

IAj IAj

Aj

VC

He still has time  recsier his psii. (Hw mch ime?) Example of an infinitive phrase that functions as an adverb: (averb) PnS MVI

IAV IAV

Aj

VC

I came  cllec he rewar. (Why i I cme?) notE: The sign of the infinitive  is sometimes omitted. Example: (irec bec) Aj

Aj

nS

MVt

Ido

Aj

VC

Your generous contribution helped sar he fai.


125

LESSon 13: InFInItIVES And InFInItIVE PHRASES POINT 4 Do not confuse infinitives and infinitive phrases with prepositional phrases that begin with the word to. A verb follows the word to in an infinitive. There is no verb immediately following the word to in a prepositional phrase. Ifiiives/ifiiive phrases (Verb afer ) to achieve to climb the mountain to invest to move soon to play to receive a bonus to talk to vote for him to walk

Prepsiial phrases (n verb a all) to Lancaster to the store to the movies to her automobile to the mall to his sister to our house to their friends to the company


LESSon 14 REVIEW oF VERBALS

128

LESSon 14: REVIEW oF VERBALS IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig all hree ypes f verbal phrases. overview: this less has bee icle  prvie aiial pracice i ieifyig pariciples, gers, a ifiiives i seeces. Remember, a pariciple is a verbal that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en; a ger is a verbal that functions as a noun and always ends with ing; and an ifiiive is a verbal that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb and is usually introduced by the word to. The three Points to Remember of this lesson provide helpful information for remembering what a verbal is and how a verbal functions in a sentence. terms  Lear: no new terms Wr-fci Ces: no new codes

Lesson 14 • Review of Verbals


130

LESSon 14: REVIEW oF VERBALS POINT 1 When you look at the word verbal, you see that it includes the word verb. This should remind you that a verbal is a verb form that functions as other parts of speech—a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. POINT 2 An easy way to remember the three types of verbals is to memorize the acronym PIG with these thoughts in mind: Participle — The letter a in the word pariciple is to remind you that a participle functions as an adjective. Infinitive — The preposition i of the word ifiiive is to remind you that an infinitive always begins with the word . Gerund —

The letter  in the word ger is to remind you that a gerund is a noun.

POINT 3 If an action verb ends in ing and is preceded by a helping verb, the verb is always a main verb and never a gerund or a participle. Examples: (mai verb) Aj

nS

Aj

AP

HV

MVI

PR oP

Our neighbors, the Carsons, are mvig to Denver. (pariciple) Aj

nS

PAR

PR oP

MVL Aj

SC

The neighbors mvig to Denver are the Carsons. (ger) GS

PR oP

HV

MVL Aj

SC

PR

Aj

oP

Mvig to Denver will be an adventure for the Carsons.

Lesson 14 • Review of Verbals

LESSon 15 CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS

132

LESSon 15: CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig criaig ccis a crrelaive ccis. overview: A cci is a wr(s) i a seece ha is her wrs r grps f wrs. A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses of equal status. The seven most frequently used coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. An easy way to remember these seven coordinating conjunctions is to memorize the acronym FANBOYS—the first letter of each of the seven coordinating conjunctions listed above. A correlative conjunction is one of four word pairs used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status. The four word pairs are either/or, neither/nor, both/and, and not only/but also. A third type of conjunction is a subordinating conjunction. This type of conjunction will be presented in Lesson 16. terms  Lear: coordinating conjunction, FANBOYS, correlative conjunction Wr-fci Ces: CC, CoRC

Lesson 15 • Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions

133


Criaig cci: A word such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status.

2.

FAnBoYS: An acronym for seven frequently used coordinating conjunctions. For And nor

3.

But or Yet So

Crrelaive cci: One of four word pairs (either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also) used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status.



136

LESSon 15: CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS POINT 1 Coordinating conjunctions are words that connect words or groups of words of equal status such as two or more subjects, verbs, direct objects, predicate nominatives, adjectives, adverbs, or prepositional phrases. The EGUMPP word-function code for a criaig cci is CC. Examples: nS

CC

nS

John r Mary will win the race. (the wr r cecs w sbecs.) MVI

CC

MVI

The children clapped a danced to the music. (the wr a cecs w verbs.) do

CC

do

I like salt a pepper on my baked potato. (the wr a cecs w irec becs.) SC

CC

SC

He is honest a dependable. (the wr a cecs w preicae aecives.) PR Aj

oP

CC

PR Aj

oP

Mary practiced the piano in the morning a in the evening. (the wr a cecs w prepsiial phrases.)


137

LESSon 15: CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS POINT 2 There are seven words frequently used as coordinating conjunctions (CC). They are a, b, fr, r, r, s, and ye. An easy way to remember these seven coordinating conjunctions is to memorize the acronym FAnBoYS. F A n B o Y S

= = = = = = =

for and nor but or yet so


138

LESSon 15: CooRdInAtInG And CoRRELAtIVE ConjunCtIonS POINT 3 Correlative conjunctions are word pairs that show a relationship of one thought to another. The four correlative conjunctions are eiher/r, eiher/r, bh/a, and  ly/b als. The EGUMPP word-function code for a crrelaive cci is CoRC. Examples: CoRC

do

CoRC

do

You may use eiher a pecil r a pe for the test. (the wrs eiher a r cec w irec becs.) CoRC

nS

CoRC nS

neiher Bill r nacy knew the answer. (the wrs eiher a r cec w sbecs. ) CoRC

do

CoRC

do

He wanted bh his lawyer a his acca. (the wrs bh a a cec w irec becs.) CoRC CoRC

MVt

CoRC CoRC

MVt

She  ly lifs weights b als es aerobics. (the wrs  ly a b als cec w verbs. )


LESSon 16 AdVERB CLAuSES

140

LESSon 16: AdVERB CLAuSES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig iepee clases a averb clases i cmplex seeces. overview: I Lesss 1-15 all seeces were simple seeces. A simple seece has e iepee clase. A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought. An independent clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. A second type of clause is called a dependent clause—also referred to as a subordinate clause. A dependent clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought because the dependent clause is introduced by a subordinator—an introductory word, either expressed or implied, that makes the clause dependent on other words in the sentence. A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. Since a dependent clause is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence, it functions as either an adverb, an adjective, or a noun. In this lesson, you will learn to identify dependent clauses that function as adverbs—which are called adverb clauses. An adverb clause begins with a subordinator called a subordinating conjunction and usually answers the question Whe? Where? Why? Hw? t wha exe? or uer wha ciis? A subordinating conjunction is a word such as after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whether, or while that begins a dependent clause and makes the dependent clause express an incomplete thought. All sentences in this lesson will be complex sentences that have one independent clause and one dependent clause that is functioning as an adverb. terms  Lear: simple sentence, clause, independent clause, dependent (subordinate) clause, subordinator, subordinating conjunction, compound-word subordinating conjunction, adverb clause, complex sentence Wr-fci Ces: SuBC Clase-ieificai Ces: IdC, AVC Lesson 16 • Adverb Clauses

141


Simple seece: A sentence that has one independent clause.

2.

Clase: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought.

3.

Iepee clase: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

4.

depee (sbriae) clase: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought.

5.

Sbriar: An introductory word(s) such as a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun that makes a group of words with a subject and a verb a dependent clause.

6.

Sbriaig cci: A word such as after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whether, or while that begins a dependent clause and makes the dependent clause express an incomplete thought.

7.

Cmp-wr sbriaig cci: Two or more words such as as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, in order that, in which, provided that, or so that that function as a subordinating conjunction.

8.

Averb clase: A dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction, modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? How? To what extent? or Under what condition?

9.

Cmplex seece: A sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.



144

LESSon 16: AdVERB CLAuSES POINT 1 A clause is a group of related words that always includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought. The two types of clauses are independent clauses and dependent clauses. An independent clause is a group of related words with a subject and a verb that expresses a complete thought. A dependent clause (also referred to as a subordinate clause) is a group of related words with a subject and a verb that expresses an incomplete thought. Examples:

Iepee clases (Complete thought)

depee clases (Incomplete thought)

I am tired.

becase I am tired

Bill went home.

whe Bill went home

He left the room.

afer he left the room

notE: An independent clause is a complete thought and can stand alone as a simple sentence as expressed in the examples above. A dependent clause is an incomplete thought because the introductory word—the subordinator—has made the group of words dependent on more information. A dependent clause is never a sentence; it always functions as an adverb clause, an adjective clause, or a noun clause.

Lesson 16 • Adverb Clauses

145

LESSon 16: AdVERB CLAuSES POINT 2 An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb clause usually answers the question Whe? Where? Why? Hw? t wha exe? or uer wha cii? The EGUMPP clause-identification code for each word of an averb clase is AVC, and the clause-identification code for each word of an iepee clase is IdC. Examples of adverb clauses modifying a verb: PnS MVt

do

SuBC

PnS MVL

SC

He entered college whe he was sixee. IdC IdC

IdC

AVC

AVC AVC

AVC

(Whe i he eer cllege?) PnS

MVI

AV

SuBC

AV

MVI Aj nS

She jogs only where here is a rack. IdC

IdC

IdC

AVC

AVC

AVC AVC AVC

(Where es she g?) PnS

MVI

SuBC

PnS MVL

SC

We stopped becase we were ire. IdC

IdC

AVC

AVC AVC

AVC

(Why i we sp?) nS

MVI

SuBC SuBC

PnS HV

MVI

Paul looked as hgh he migh fai. IdC

IdC

AVC AVC

AVC AVC

AVC

(Hw i Pal lk?) Example of an adverb clause modifying an adjective: nS

MVL SC

SuBC

PnS

HV

MVI

Fran is positive ha she will wi. IdC

IdC IdC

AVC

AVC

AVC

AVC

(the averb clase mifies he preicae aecive psiive a aswers he qesi Psiive  wha exe? ) Example of an adverb clause modifying an adverb: PnS

MVI

AV

SuBC

PnS MVI

They played better ha we playe. IdC

IdC

IdC

AVC

AVC AVC

(the averb clase mifies he averb beer a aswers he qesi Hw mch beer?) Lesson 16 • Adverb Clauses

146

LESSon 16: AdVERB CLAuSES POINT 3 An adverb clause always begins with a subordinator called a subordinating conjunction. A subordinator is an introductory word that makes a group of words with a subject and a verb a dependent clause. The EGUMPP word-function code for a sbriaig cci is SuBC. Words that may function as a subordinating conjunction include the following: afer alhgh as becase befre

if ce sice ha ha

hgh less il whe wheever

where wherever wheher while

Example: SuBC

nS

MVI

PR

oP

oP

PnS MVI

Ido Ido

PR Aj

oP

Afer Bill graaes frm high schl, he plans to enlist in the navy. AVC

AVC

AVC

AVC

AVC

AVC

IdC IdC

IdC IdC

IdC IdC IdC

(the averb clase aswers whe Bill plas  elis.) POINT 4 A compound-word subordinating conjunction consists of two or more words that function as a single unit. The EGUMPP word-function code for a cmp-wr sbriaig cci is also SuBC. Words that may function as a compound-word subordinating conjunction include the following: as if as long as as soon as

as though even after even if

even though in order that even when in that for as much as in which

provided that so that

Example: PnS HV

MVt

Aj

Aj

do

SuBC SuBC SuBC PnS MVt

do

We will send your new order as s as we receive payme. IdC IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

AVC AVC

AVC AVC AVC

AVC

(the averb clase aswers he qesi Whe will he rer be se?)

Lesson 16 • Adverb Clauses

LESSon 17 AdjECtIVE CLAuSES

148

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig iepee clases a aecive clases i cmplex seeces. overview: You have learned to identify one-word adjectives, compound-word adjectives, adjective prepositional phrases, and participles/participial phrases. I his less y will lear  ieify epee clases ha fci as aecives. these epee clases are calle aecive clases. Adjective clauses begin with a subordinator called a relative pronoun, but they may begin with a subordinating conjunction. A relative pronoun is a word such as that, what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, or whose that serves as a subordinator of a dependent clause and also functions as a pronoun or an adjective within that clause. An adjective clause usually answers the question Which e? Wha ki f? or Whse? Examples: (Aecive)

Yr catalog has arrived. (Whse caalg?) (Aecive prepsiial phrase)

Your catalog frm Hme dep has arrived. (Which caalg?) (Paricipial phrase)

Your catalog se las mh has arrived. (Which caalg?) (Aecive clase)

Your catalog ha was ls has arrived. (Which caalg?) terms  Lear: adjective clause, relative pronoun Wr-fci Ces: RPS, RPdo, RPAj Clase-ieificai Ce: AjC

Lesson 17 • Adjective Clauses

149


Aecive clase: A dependent clause that usually begins with a relative pronoun, modifies a noun or a pronoun, and usually answers the question Which one? What kind of? or Whose?

2.

Relaive pr: A word such as that, what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, or whose that serves as a subordinator of a dependent clause and also functions as a pronoun or an adjective within that clause.



152

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES POINT 1 An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjective clauses usually answer the question Which e? Wha ki f? or Whse? The EGUMPP clause-identification code for each word of an aecive clase is AjC. Examples: Aj

nS

RPS

HV

MVI

PR

Aj

oP

MVL SC

The report ha was prepare by yr saff is incorrect. IdC

IdC

AjC

AjC

AjC

AjC AjC

AjC

IdC IdC

(the aecive clase ha was prepare by yr saff aswers he qesi Which repr?) nS

MVL

SC

RPS

MVt

Aj

do

Podiatrists are doctors wh examie yr fee. IdC

IdC

IdC

AjC

AjC

AjC

AjC

(the aecive clase wh examie yr fee aswers he qesi Wha ki f crs?)

Lesson 17 • Adjective Clauses

153

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES POINT 2 An adjective clause always begins with a subordinator called a relative pronoun. A relative pronoun performs three functions in the sentence: (1) it introduces the adjective clause, (2) it shows a relationship between the adjective clause and another noun or clause in the sentence, and (3) it usually functions as a subject, a direct object, or an adjective within the adjective clause. Words that may function as a relative pronoun include the following: ha wh

which whse

whm

notE: These words may also function as other parts of speech in a sentence. POINT 3 A relative pronoun may function as the subject of an adjective clause. Words that may function as a relative pronoun subject are ha ha,, which which,, and wh wh.. The EGUMPP word-function code for a relaive pr sbec is RPS RPS.. Example: Aj

nS

RPS

HV

AV

MVI

HV

HV

MVI

PR

oP

The computer ha was  wrkig has been sent for repair. IdC

IdC

AjC

AjC

AjC AjC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC IdC

(the aecive clase ha was  wrkig mifies he  cmper a aswers he qesi Which cmper? the relaive pr ha irces he aecive clase a fcis as a relaive pr sbec wihi he aecive clase.) clase.)

Lesson 17 • Adjective • Adjective Clauses

154

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES POINT 4 A relative pronoun may function as the direct object of the verb in the adjective clause. When this occurs, the noun or pronoun that follows the relative pronoun is the subject of the adjective clause. Words that may function as a relative pronoun direct object are ha ha,, which which,, and whm whm.. The EGUMPP word-function code for a relaive pr irec bec is RPdo RPdo.. Examples: Aj

nS

RPdo

PnS

MVt

MVt

Aj

do

The document ha y prepare has several mistakes. IdC

IdC

AjC

AjC

AjC

IdC

IdC

IdC

(the aecive clase ha y prepare mifies he  cme a aswers he qesi Which cme? the relaive pr ha irces he aecive clase a fcis as he irec bec f he verb wihi he aecive clase. the wr ha aswers Y prepare wha?) wha?) nS

nS

MVL Aj

SC

RPdo

PnS

HV

MVt

Mr. Harding is an employee whm we ca rs. rs . IdC IdC

IdC IdC IdC

AjC

AjC

AjC

AjC

(the aecive clase whm we ca rs mifies he  emplyee a aswers he qesi Wha ki f emplyee? the relaive pr whm irces he aecive clase a fcis as he irec bec f he verb wihi he aecive clase. the wr whm aswers We ca rs whm?) whm?)


155

LESSon 17: AdjECtIVE CLAuSES POINT 5 The word whse may function as a relative pronoun. When this word functions as a relative pronoun, it introduces the adjective clause and functions as an adjective within the adjective clause. The EGUMPP word-function code for a relaive pr aecive is RPAj RPAj.. Example: Aj

nS nS

RPAj

nS

HV

MVI

MVI

PR

Aj

oP

The girl whse car was sle lives on my street. IdC

IdC AjC

AjC

AjC

AjC

IdC

IdC IdC IdC

(the aecive clase whse car was sle mifies he  girl a aswers he qesi Which girl? the relaive pr whse irces he aecive clase a fcis as a aecive ha mifies he wr car wihi he aecive clase.) clase. ) POINT 6 The word ha may function as an introductory subordinator that does not appear in the sentence but is implied. Example: PnS MVL Aj

SC

PnS MVt

Ido Ido

This is the land I wa  by. by. (that I want to buy) IdC

IdC IdC IdC

AjC AjC

AjC AjC

(the aecive clase I wa  by mifies he  la a aswers he qesi Which la? the ircry sbriar is he wr ha implie.) implie.)


LESSon 18 noun CLAuSES

158

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig iepee clases a  clases i cmplex seeces. overview: You have learned to identify subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions that were one-word nouns, compound-word nouns, pronouns, gerunds/ gerund phrases, and infinitives/infinitive phrases. nw y will lear  ieify sbecs, preicaive miaives, irec becs, iirec becs, a becs f prepsiis ha are epee clases. these epee clases are calle  clases. A noun clause is a dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction and functions as a noun. A noun clause may function as a subject, a predicate nominative, a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition. In this lesson all sentences will be complex sentences that have one independent clause and one noun clause. term  Lear: noun clause Wr-fci Ce: RPSC Clase-ieificai Ces: nCS, nCSC, nCdo, nCIo, nCoP

Lesson 18 • Noun Clauses

159


n clase: A dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction and functions as a noun.



162

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES POINT 1 A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun in a sentence. A noun clause may function as a subject, a predicate nominative, a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition in an independent clause. Since a noun clause functions as part of an independent clause, it is not only a dependent clause but also part of the independent clause. Examples: ( clase sbec)

HV

MVt

do

Whever brke he wiw must repair it. IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCS

nCS

nCS

nCS

IdC

IdC

IdC

(the  clase Whever brke he wiw fcis as he sbec f he verb phrase ms repair a is eee  cmplee he hgh; herefre, i is als a par f he iepee clase.) clase. ) Aj

Aj

nS

MVt

( clase irec bec)

The fire inspector explained why he smke eecr i  acivae. acivae. IdC IdC IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCdo nCdo nCdo

IdC

IdC IdC IdC

nCdo

nCdo nCdo nCdo

(the  clase why he smke eecr i  acivae fcis as he irec bec f he mai verb explaie a aswers he qesi the ispecr explaie wha? the  clase is eee  cmplee he hgh; herefre, i is als a par f he iepee clase.)) clase.


163

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES POINT 2 A noun clause is always introduced by a subordinator. The subordinator may be a relative pronoun. A relative pronoun that introduces a noun clause will function as a subject (RPS ( RPS), ), a direct object (RPdo (RPdo), ), or a subject complement (RPSC ( RPSC)) within the noun clause. Words that may function as a relative pronoun for a noun clause include the following: wha whaever

wh whever

whm whmever

ha

Example of a relative pronoun functioning as a subject within the noun clause: RPS

MVt

Aj

Aj

do

HV

MVt

Aj

do

Whever donates the most money will receive special recognition. IdC

IdC

IdC IdC

IdC

nCS

nCS

nCS nCS

nCS

IdC IdC

IdC

IdC

Example of a relative pronoun functioning as a direct object within the noun clause: RPdo

PnS

MVt

HV

MVL

SC

Whmever you appoint should feel honored. IdC

IdC

IdC

nCS

nCS

nCS

IdC

IdC

IdC

Example of a relative pronoun functioning as a predicate nominative within the noun clause: PnS HV AV

MVt

RPSC

Aj

nS

MVL

We do not know wh the guest is. IdC

IdC IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCdo nCdo nCdo

IdC nCdo


164

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES POINT 3 The subordinator for a noun clause may be a subordinating conjunction. Words such as hw hw,, ha ha,, where where,, wheher wheher,, whe,, or why may function as a subordinating conjunction whe to introduce a noun clause. The EGUMPP word-function code for a sbriaig cci is SuBC SuBC.. Examples: SuBC

PnS HV

MVt

Aj

do

HV

HV

MVI

AV

Where we will hl he ceremy will be determined later. IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCS

nCS

nCS

nCS

n CS nCS

nCS

IdC IdC

IdC

(the  clase Where we will hl he ceremy fcis as he sbec f he verb phrase will be eermie. the sigle prpse f he sbriaig cci where is  irce he epee clase.) Aj

nS

MVt

SuBC

PnS

HV

AV

MVI

PR

Aj

oP

Our athletes know ha hey will  qalify fr his eve. eve . IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCdo nCdo nCdo

(the  clase ha hey will  qalify fr his eve fcis as he irec bec f he mai verb kw. the sigle prpse f he sbriaig cci ha is  irce he epee clase.) clase. )


165

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES POINT 4 A subordinator that begins a noun clause may not always be expressed. The word ha is an example of a subordinator that may not be expressed but implie. Example: PnS MVt

Aj

nS

MVL

SC

I believe yr aswer is wrg. (that your answer is wrong) IdC IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCdo

nCdo

nCdo nCdo

POINT 5 A noun clause may function as a subject. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a  clase that functions as a sbec is nCS. Example of a noun clause subject: RPS

MVI

AV

MVL

Aj

SC

Wha happee ay was a surprise. IdC

IdC

IdC

nCS

nCS

nCS

IdC

IdC IdC

(the  clase wha happee ay fcis as he sbec f he mai verb was.)


166

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES POINT 6 A noun clause may function as a subject complement. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a  clase that functions as a sbec cmpleme is nCSC. Example of a noun clause subject complement: Aj

nS

HV

MVL RPS

MVt

Aj

Aj

do

The winner will be whever places he ms calls. IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC IdC nCSC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCSC

nCSC nCSC

IdC nCSC

(the  clase whever places he ms calls fcis as he sbec cmpleme fllwig he verb phrase will be.)

POINT 7 A noun clause may function as a direct object. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a  clase that functions as a irec bec is nCdo. Example of a noun clause direct object: PnS MVt

SuBC

Aj

nS

HV

MVt

Aj

do

I believe ha my brher will wi he eleci. IdC IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCdo nCdo nCdo

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo

(the  clase ha my brher will wi he eleci fcis as he irec bec f he mai verb believe.)


167

LESSon 18: noun CLAuSES POINT 8 A noun clause may function as an indirect object. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a  clase that functions as an iirec bec is nCIo. Example of a noun clause indirect object: PnS

MVt

RPS

MVI

do

We give whever calls directions. IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

nCIo

nCIo

IdC

(the  clase whever calls fcis as he iirec bec.)

POINT 9 A noun clause may function as an object of a preposition. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for all words that comprise a  clase that functions as an bec f prepsii is nCoP. Example of a noun clause object of a preposition: Aj

nS

nS

HV

MVt

Aj

do

PR RPS

MVL Aj

Aj

SC

The disc jockey will give the prize to whever is he ex caller. IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC IdC

IdC IdC nCoP

IdC IdC

IdC

IdC

nCoP nCoP nCoP nCoP

(the  clase whever is he ex caller fcis as he bec f he prepsii . the relaive pr whever irces he epee clase a fcis as he sbec f ha clase.)


LESSon 19 REVIEW oF CLAuSES

170

LESSon 19: REVIEW oF CLAuSES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig iepee clases a epee clases (averb, aecive, a  clases) i cmplex seeces. overview: this less has bee icle  ehace yr ersaig f iepee clases a epee clases. The seven Points to Remember of this lesson provide a summary of the general information you need to understand. terms  Lear: no new terms Wr-fci Ces: no new codes

Lesson 19 • Review of Clauses


172

LESSon 19: REVIEW oF CLAuSES POINT 1 A clause is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought. POINT 2 The two types of clauses are independent clauses and dependent clauses. POINT 3 An independent clause (IdC) is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause may stand alone as a simple sentence. POINT 4 A dependent clause (also referred to as a subordinate clause) is a group of related words that includes a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause begins with a subordinator—a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction that makes the clause dependent on other words in the sentence. The subordinator is usually expressed but may be implied. POINT 5 An adverb clause (AVC) is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction and usually answers the question Whe? Where? Why? Hw? t wha exe? or uer wha ciis?


173

LESSon 19: REVIEW oF CLAuSES POINT 6 An adjective clause (AjC) is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. An adjective clause begins with a relative pronoun that is usually expressed but may be implied and usually answers the question Which e? Wha ki f? or Whse? POINT 7 A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions as a noun within an independent clause and is needed to complete the meaning of the independent clause. A noun clause always begins with a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction that is usually expressed but may be implied. A noun clause may be a subject (nCS), a subject complement (nCSC), a direct object (nCdo), an indirect object (nCIo), or an object of a preposition (nCoP).


LESSon 20 SEntEnCE tYPES

176

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES IntRoduCtIon Less obecive: t becme prficie i ieifyig he fr iffere ypes f seeces. overview: A seece is a grp f wrs ha expresses a cmplee hgh a always begis wih he firs wr capialize a es wih a pcai mark. To express a complete thought, a group of words must always include a subject and a verb. The structure of a sentence varies and may be any of the following: (1) a one-word verb command with the subject you understood, (2) one independent clause containing several words with or without phrases, (3) one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses with or without phrases, (4) two or more independent clauses with or without phrases, or (5) two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses with or without phrases. the fr ypes f seeces are simple seeces, cmp seeces, cmplex seeces, a cmpcmplex seeces. A simple sentence has one independent clause; a compound sentence has two or more independent clauses; a complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses; and a compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. terms  Lear: sentence

compound sentence, compound-complex

Clase-ieificai Ce: IdC2 Seece-ieificai Ces: S, Cd, CX, CdCX

Lesson 20 • Types of Sentences

177


Cmp seece: A sentence that has two or more independent clauses.

2.

Cmp-cmplex seece: A sentence that has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.



180

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES POINT 1 A sentence must have one or more independent clauses. The first word is always capitalized, and the sentence must end with a punctuation mark. A sentence may be a one-word verb command with the subject y understood or a large number of words that include several phrases and clauses. POINT 2 A sentence is classified according to the number and types of clauses it contains. There are four types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. POINT 3 A simple sentence has one independent clause. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for an iepee clase is IdC, and the sentence-identification code for a simple seece is S. Examples: AV

MVt do

Please call us. IdC

Aj

IdC

nS

IdC

PR oP

HV MVI

AV

The price of computers is decreasing steadily. IdC

IdC

IdC IdC


IdC IdC

IdC

181

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES POINT 4 A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. A comma and a coordinating conjunction often join two independent clauses, but a semicolon in place of the comma and the coordinating conjunction may also join the two clauses. The EGUMPP clause-identification code for a sec iepee clase within a sentence is IdC2, and the sentence-identification code for a cmp seece is Cd. Example of two independent clauses in a compound sentence joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction: Aj

nS

PR oP

HV

MVI

AV

CC

Aj

nS

The price of computers is decreasing steadily, and more people IdC

IdC

IdC IdC

HV

MVt

do

IdC IdC

IdC

IdC2

IdC2

are buying them. IdC2 IdC2

IdC2

Example of two independent clauses in a compound sentence joined by a semicolon: Aj

nS

PR oP

HV

MVI

AV

Aj

nS

The price of computers is decreasing steadily; more people IdC

IdC

HV

MVt

IdC IdC

IdC IdC

IdC

IdC2

IdC2

do

are buying them. IdC2 IdC2

IdC2

notE: A coordinating conjunction that joins two independent clauses is not technically considered as a part of either independent clause within a compound sentence. Do NOT code a coordinating conjunction that joins two independent clauses.


182

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES POINT 5 A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. The EGUMPP sentence-identification code for a cmplex seece is CX. Example of a complex sentence with an adverb clause: AV

MVt do SuBC

PnS

MVI

PR oP

Please call us when you arrive in town. IdC

IdC

IdC

AVC

AVC

AVC

AVC AVC

Example of a complex sentence with an adjective clause: nS

RPS

HV

MVI

PR oP

HV

HV

MVI

Computers, which are decreasing in price, are being purchased IdC

PR

AjC

AjC

AjC

AjC AjC

IdC

IdC

IdC

oP

by everyone. IdC IdC

Example of a complex sentence with an adverb clause and a noun clause functioning as a direct object: SuBC

PnS MVI

PnS MVt SuBC

PnS HV

MVI

When he returns, I think that you should apologize. AVC

AVC AVC


IdC IdC

IdC

IdC IdC

IdC

do

do

do

do

183

LESSon 20: SEntEnCE tYPES POINT 6 A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. The EGUMPP sentence-identification code for a cmpcmplex seece is CdCX. Example of a compound-complex sentence with two independent clauses and one adverb clause: AV

MVt do SuBC

PnS MVI

CC

HV

AV

MVt

Ido Ido VC

VC

Please call us when you arrive, and do not forget to call Uncle Rod. IdC

IdC IdC

AVC

AVC AVC

IdC2 IdC2 IdC2

IdC2 IdC2 IdC2

IdC2

Example of a compound-complex sentence with two independent clauses and one noun clause functioning as a direct object: PnS MVt

SuBC PnS

MVI

AV

CC

PnS

MVt

Aj

do

I thought that you were away, so I cancelled our reservations. IdC IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC

IdC2 IdC2

IdC2 IdC2

nCdo nCdo nCdo nCdo


ModuLE I tERMS to LEARn

186

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn 1.

Absrac : A noun such as honesty, decision, or concept that names a quality, an idea, a characteristic, or an emotion. (Lesson 1)

2.

Aecive: A word that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun and answers the question Which one? What kind of? How many? or Whose? (Lesson 5)

3.

Aecive clase: A dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun, modifies a noun or a pronoun, and usually answers the question Which one? What kind of? or Whose? (Lesson 17)

4.

Aecive prepsiial phrase: A prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or a pronoun and usually answers the question Which one? or What kind of? (Lesson 7)

5.

Averb: A word(s) that modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and answers the question When? Where? How? or To what extent? (Lesson 6)

6.

Averb clase: A dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction, modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? How? To what extent? or Under what condition? (Lesson 16)

7.

Averb prepsiial phrase: A prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb and usually answers the question When? Where? Why? or How? (Lesson 7)

8.

Appsiive: A noun or a pronoun that immediately follows another noun or pronoun for the purpose of further identifying, clarifying, or explaining the first noun or pronoun. (Lesson 10)

9.

Appsiive phrase: An appositive and all of its modifiers. (Lesson 10)

10. Aricle r  marker: Other names for the adjectives a, an, and the. (Lesson 5) 11. Clase: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses either a complete thought or an incomplete thought. (Lesson 16) 12. Cllecive : A noun such as team, choir, or flock that names a group. (Lesson 1)

Module I • Terms to Learn

187

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn 13. Cmm : A noun such as woman, city, or automobile that does not name a specific person, place, or thing and is not capitalized. (Lesson 1) 14. Cmplex seece: A sentence that has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. (Lesson 16) 15. Cmp seece: A sentence that has two or more independent clauses. (Lesson 20) 16. Cmp-cmplex seece: A sentence that has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. (Lesson 20) 17. Cmp-wr aecive: Two or more words that function as a single unit and modify a noun. (Lesson 5) 18. Cmp-wr : Two or more nouns such as homeowner, post office, or Mr. Jones that are combined to form a single noun. (Lesson 1)

19. Cmp-wr prepsii: Two or more words such as according to, by means of, in place of, or instead of that function as a single preposition. (Lesson 7) 20. Cmp-wr sbriaig cci: Two or more words such as as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, in order that, in which, provided that, or so that that function as a subordinating conjunction. (Lesson 16) 21. Ccree : A noun such as boy, town, or book that names an object that can be perceived by the senses. (Lesson 1) 22. Criaig cci: A word such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, or so used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status. (Lesson 15) 23. Crrelaive cci: One of four word pairs (either/or, neither/nor, both/and, not only/but also) used to connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal status. (Lesson 15) 24. demsraive pr: The use of the word this, that, these, or those to point out a specific person or thing. (Lesson 2) 25. depee (sbriae) clase: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought. (Lesson 16)


188

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn 26. direc bec: A verb complement that follows a transitive verb and answers the question What? or Whom? (Lesson 4) 27. FAnBoYS: An acronym for seven frequently used coordinating conjunctions. (Lesson 15) For And nor

But or Yet So

28. Ger: A verbal that functions as a noun and always ends with ing. (Lesson 12) 29. Ger phrase: A gerund plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). (Lesson 12) 30. Helpig verb: A verb that usually precedes the main verb and must be included with certain forms of a main verb. (Lesson 3) be being been

am is are

was were

do does did

have has had

may can might

could would should

must shall will

31. Iefiie pr: A pronoun such as all, anything, everyone, neither, several, another, both, few, nobody, some, any, each, many, none, somebody, anybody, either, more, one, someone, anyone, everybody, most, others, or something that does not refer to a definite person or thing. (Lesson 2) 32. Iepee clase: A group of related words that includes a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. (Lesson 16) 33. Iirec bec: A verb complement that follows a transitive verb, precedes a direct object, and usually answers the question To whom? For whom? To what? or For what? (Lesson 9) 34. Ifiiive: A verbal that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb and is usually introduced by the word to. (Lesson 13) 35. Ifiiive phrase: An infinitive plus its complement(s) and/ or modifier(s). (Lesson 13) 36. Ierrgaive pr: A pronoun such as who, which, or what that begins a sentence and asks a question. (Lesson 2) 37. Irasiive verb: A main verb that never has a complement. (Lesson 4)


189

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn 38. Likig verb: A main verb that expresses a state of being or a condition and is always followed by a predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. (Lesson 8) 39. Mai verb: A one-word verb or the last word of a verb phrase that expresses an action, a state of being, or a condition. (Lesson 3) 40. Mifier: A word(s) that describes or expands the meaning of another word(s) in a sentence. (Lesson 5) 41. n: A word that names a person, place, or thing and provides an answer to a What? Who? or Whom? question. (Lesson 1) 42. n clase: A dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun or a subordinating conjunction and functions as a noun. (Lesson 18)

43. obec f prepsii: A noun or a pronoun that follows a preposition and usually answers the question Whom? or What? (Lesson 7)

44. PAIdSo: Acronym for the six common uses of a noun. Predicate Nominative Appositive

Indirect Object direct Object

(Lesson 10)

Subject object of Preposition

45. Pariciple: A verbal that functions as an adjective and usually ends with ing, ed, or en. (Lesson 11) 46. Paricipial phrase: A participle plus its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). (Lesson 11) 47. Persal pr: A pronoun such as I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, them, and us that refers to one or more persons. (Lesson 2) 48. Phrase: A group of related words that never includes a subject and a verb and functions as a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. (Lesson 7) 49. Pssessive pr: The personal pronouns (my, your, his, her, its, our, and their) that function as adjectives. (Lesson 5) 50. Preicae aecive: An adjective subject complement that follows a linking verb and describes the subject. (Lesson 8) 51. Preicae miaive: A noun or pronoun subject complement that follows a linking verb and renames the subject. (Lesson 8)


190

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn 52. Prepsii: A word such as at, during, of, on, through, or to that joins and shows the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in a sentence. (Lesson 7) 53. Prepsiial phrase: A preposition plus its object and any modifiers. (Lesson 7) 54. Pr: A word that takes the place of a noun.

(Lesson 2)

55. Pr ers: The pronoun you, I, or we implied rather than written as the subject. (Lesson 2) 56. Prper : A noun such as Betty, Paris, or Chevrolet that names a specific person, place, or thing and is always capitalized. (Lesson 1) 57. Reflexive pr: A pronoun formed by adding the suffix self or the suffix selves to the personal pronouns my, your, him, her, it, our, or them. (Lesson 4) 58. Relaive pr: A word such as that, what, whatever, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, or whose that serves as a subordinator of a dependent clause and also functions as a pronoun or an adjective within that clause. (Lesson 17) 59. Simple seece: A sentence that has one independent clause. (Lesson 16) 60. Sbec: The part of a sentence about which something is being said and best answers the question Whom or what are we talking about? or Who or what is doing something? (Lesson 1) 61. Sbec cmpleme: A noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject. (Lesson 8)

62. Sbriaig cci: A word such as after, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, than, that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whether, or while that begins a dependent clause and makes the dependent clause express an incomplete thought. (Lesson 16) 63. Sbriar: An introductory word(s) such as a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun that makes a group of words with a subject and a verb a dependent clause. (Lesson 16)


191

ModuLE I: tERMS to LEARn 64. trasiive verb: A main verb that usually expresses an action and always has a direct object. (Lesson 4) 65. Verb: A word(s) needed along with the subject to make a statement, ask a question, or give a command. (Lesson 3) 66. Verb cmpleme: Another name for a direct object or an indirect object. (Lesson 4) 67. Verb phrase: A main verb and all of its helping verbs.

(Lesson 3)

68. Verbal: A verb form that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb in a sentence. (Lesson 11) 69. Verbal cmpleme: A noun, a pronoun, or an adjective that follows a verbal and completes its meaning. (Lesson 11) 70. Verbal phrase: A group of words considered as a single unit that includes a verbal and its complement(s) and/or modifier(s). (Lesson 11)


EGUM P P CODES W ORD-FUN CTI ON CODES

CLA USE-I DENTI FI CATI ON CODES

CODE

TRANSLATION

CODE

TRANSLATION

NS

Noun Subject Pronoun Subject Pronoun Subject Understood Gerund Subject Infinitive Subject Relative Pronoun Subject Main Verb Helping Verb Main Verb Transitive Main Verb Intransitive Main Verb Linking Direct Object Gerund Direct Object Infinitive Direct Object Relative Pronoun Direct Object Adjective Participle Infinitive Adjective Relative Pronoun Adjective Adverb Infinitive Adverb Preposition Object of Preposition Gerund Object of Preposition Subject Complement Gerund Subject Complement Infinitive Subject Complement Relative Pronoun Subject Complement Indirect Object Gerund Indirect Object Appositive Gerund Appositive Verbal Complement Subordinating Conjunction Coordinating Conjunction Correlative Conjunction

I DC

Independent Clause Adverb Clause Adjective Clause Noun Clause Subject Noun Clause Subject Complement Noun Clause Direct Object Noun Clause Indirect Object Noun Clause Object of Preposition Independent Clause (second)

PNS PNU GS IS RP S MV HV M VT M VI M VL DO GDO I DO RPDO AJ P AR I AJ RPAJ AV I AV PR OP GOP SC GSC I SC RPSC IO GI O AP GA P VC SUBC CC CORC

AVC AJ C N CS NCSC NCDO NCIO NCOP IDC2

SENTENCE-IDENTI FI CATION CODES S CD CX CDCX

Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence Compound-complex Sentence

Module_I

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