MODLES OF POLICY ANALYSIS
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
• DEFINING “ MODELS” AND “POLICY ANALYSIS”
• APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY • OVERALL VIEW OF DIFFERENT MODELS
DEFINITIONS APPROACH
APPROACHES APPROACHES ARE BROAD BROAD PATHWAYS PATHWAYS TO UNDERSTAND A THEME OR SUBJECT IT IS A SCHOLARLY STARTEGY OR MODE OF ANALYSIS ANALYSIS WHICH PROVIDES PROVIDES A SET OF INTELLECTUAL TOOLS FOR THE STUDY AND UMDERSTANDING OF POLITICAL PHENOMENON
DEFINITIONS APPROACH
IT MAY IN ITSELF CONSTITUTE A MAJOR BODY OF THOERY OR IT MAY TAKE THE FORM OF A SIMULATION MODEL THE OBJECTIVE OF AN APPROACH IS TO GIVE ORDER TO A DIVERSE RANGE OF POLITICAL PHENOMENON BY FITTING WITHIN A LIMITED SET OF CONCEPTS
DEFINITIONS MODELS
MODEL IS A WORKING INTELLECTUAL CONSTRUCT BY WHICH SOCIAL OR PHYSICAL SITUATIONS, REAL OR HYPOTHETICAL, CAN BE REPRESENTED THE MENTAL IMAGE OF WORLD AROUND YOU WHICH YOU CARRY IN YOUR HEAD IS MODEL. A MENTAL IMAGE IS MODEL A MODEL IS SIMPLIFIED REPRESE REPRESENTAION NTAION OF SOME SOME ASPECT OF REAL WORLD WORLD
DEFINITIONS POLICY ANALYSIS
POLICY ANALYSIS IS A SYSTEMATIC AND DATA BASED ALTERNATIVE TO INTUTIVE JUDGEMENTS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF POLICY AND AND POLICY OPTIONS POLICY ANALYSIS AS THE “THINKING MAN’S RESPONSE” TO DEMANDS
DEFINITIONS POLICY ANALYSIS
IT INVOLVES : 1.
A PRIMA IMARY CONCE NCERN WIT WITH H EXPLANATI ATION RATHER THAN PRECRIPTION
2.
A RIG RIGORO OROUS SEARH FO FOR THE THE CAU CAUSES AN AND CONSEQUENCES OF PUBLIC POLICIES
3.
AN EFF EFFO ORT TO TO DE DEVELOP AN AND TE TEST GE GENERAL PROPOSITIONS ABOUT THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF PUBLIC POLICY AND TO ACULUMATE ACULUMATE RELAIBLE RESEARCH RESEARCH FINDINGS OF GENERAL RELEVANCE
DEFINITIONS POLICY ANALYSIS
IT PROVIDES ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS THAT ARE DESINATIVE ( WHAT ARE THE CAUSES AND
CONSEQUENCES OF POLICIES ?) , EVALUATIVE ( OF WHAT VALUE ARE POLICIES ?) AND ADVOCATIVE ( WHAT POLICIES SHOULD BE ADOPTED ?) POLICY ANALYSIS CONSISTS OF NOT ONLY EXAMINING AND BRINGING IMPROVEMENTS IN FORMULATING POLICIES BUT ALSO THE EVALUATION OF THE CHOICES AND OUTCOMES OF THE POLICIES
DEFINITIONS POLICY ANALYSIS
POLICY ANALYSIS AS THE KNOWLEDGE OF PROCESSES BY WHICH POLICY IS FORMULATED, IMPLEMENTED, AND EVALUATED ; STRATEGIES OF OPTIMISATION AND SELECTION OF ALTERNATIVES ; AND DISTINCT ATTRIBUTES OF OF POLICY REALTIVE TO SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL AREAS POLICY ANALYSIS IS CONCERNED WITH FACTS, VALUES, AND ACTIONS . IT IS IMPIRICAL AS WELL AS NORMATIVE
DEFINITIONS POLICY ANALYSIS HAS TO ANSWER THESE THREE QUESTIONS :
• VALUES WHOSE ATTAINMENT IS THE MAIN TESTOF
A WHETHER A PROBLEM PROBLEM HAS BEEN RESOLVED RESOLVED • FACTS WHOSE PRESENCE MAY LIMIT OR
ENHANCE THE ATTAINMENT OF VALUES • ACTIONS WHOSEADOP WHOSEADOPTION TION MAY RESULT IN
ATTAINMENT OF VALUES VALUES AND RESLOLUTION RESLOLUTION OF PROBLEMS
APPROACHES TO POLICY POLICY ANALYSIS THREE GENERAL APPROACHES 1. Analycentric approach : It focuses on individual problems and solutions ; its scope is micro-scale and its outcome is of technical nature. Its aim is to t o identify the most effective and efficient solution in technical and economic terms 2. Policy process approach : Its focus is political process and stakeholders ; scope is meso –scale and outcome is of political nature 3.Meta-policy approach : It is a system and context approach ; scope macro-scale and outcome is of structural nature
METHODOLOGY It includes : • Qualitative methods • Quantitative methods • Case studies • Survey research • Statistical analysis • Model building
One common methodology to define the problem and evaluation criteria ; identify all alternatives ; evaluate them ; and come out with best policy
MODELS FOR POLICY ANALYSIS MODELS TRY TO :
• SIMPLIFY AND CLARIFY OUR THINKING ABOUT
POLITICS AND PUBLIC POLICY • IDENTIFY IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF POLICY
PROBLEMS • HELP US TO COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER BY
FOCUSSING ON ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF POLITICAL LIFE • DIRECT OUR EFFORTS TO UNDERSATND PUBLIC
POLICY BETTER BY SUGGESTING WHAT IS IMPORATNT AND WHAT IS UNIMPORATNT • SUGGEST EXPLANATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY
AND PREDICT PREDICT ITS CONSEQUENCES CONSEQUENCES
MODELS FOR POLICY ANALYSIS DIFFERENT MODELS
• INSTITUTIONAL MODEL • PROCESS MODEL • RATIONAL MODEL • INCREMENTAL MODEL • GROUP MODEL • ELITE MODEL • PUBLIC CHOICE MODEL • GAME THOERY MODEL
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS INSTITUTIONAL MODEL
• POLICY AS INSTITUTIONAL OUTPUT • THIS APPROACH DID NOT DEVOTE MUCH
ATTENTION TO THE LINKAGES LINKAGES BETWEEN BETWEEN STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS AND CONTENT CONTENT OF PUBLIC POLICY POLICY • IT WAS ASSUMED THAT CHANGES IN STRUCTURE
WILL EFFECT POLICY CONTENTS • THE REALITY IS THAT BOTH STRUCTURE AND
POLICY ARE LARGELY DETERMINED BY SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ECONOMIC FORCES
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS PROCESS MODEL
• IDENTIFICATION OF ISSUES • SETTING AGENDA • FORMULATION OF POLICY PROPOSALS • LEGITIMISATION OF POLICY • IMPLEMENTAION • EVALUATION
THIS MODEL CRTICISED FOR BEING LINEAR AND SIMPLISTIC. IN REAL WORLD STAGES OF POLICY PROCESS MAY OVERLAP OR NEVER HAPPEN
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS RATIONAL MODEL
• RATI RATION ONAL AL POLIC POLICY Y AIMS AIMS TO ACHI ACHIEV EVE E “MAX “MAXIM IMUM UM SOCIAL GAIN” • POLICIES RESULTING IN GAINS TO THE SOCIETY
THAT EXCEED COST BY THE GREATEST AMOUNT • POLICY IS RATIONAL WHEN THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE VALUE IT ACHIEVES AND THE VALUE IT SACRIFICES IS POSITIVE AND GREATER THAN ANY POLICY ALTERNATIVE
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS RATIONAL MODEL •
RATIONALISM INVOLVES THE CALCULATION OF ALL SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC VALUES SACRIFICED OR ACHIEVED NOT THAT CAN BE MEASURED IN MONETRY TERMS
THIS REQUIRES THAT POLICY MAKER MUST KNOW : •
ALL THE SOCIET SOCIETY’S Y’S VALUE VALUE PREFER PREFERENC ENCES ES AND THEIR THEIR RELATI RELATIVE VE
WEIGHTS • ALL POLICY ALTERNATIVES AVAILABLE
ALTER NATIVE • ALL THE CONSEQUENCES OF EACH ALTERNATIVE •
CALCULATE THE RATIO OF BENEFITS TO COST FOR EACH
• ALTERNATIVE •
SELECT THE MOST EFFICIENT POLICY ALTERNATIVE
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS BARRIERS TO RATIONAL MODEL 1.
NO SOCI SOCIAL AL BENE BENEFI FITS TS ARE ARE USUA USUALL LLY Y AGRE AGREED ED BUT BUT ONLY ONLY BENEFITS TO SPECIFIC GROUPS
2.
MANY MANY CONF CONFLI LICT CTIN ING G COST COSTS S AND AND BENE BENEFI FITS TS CANN CANNO OT BE COMAPRED OR WIEGHTED
3.
POLI POLICY CYMA MAKE KERS RS ARE ARE NOT NOT MOTI MOTIVA VATE TED D TO TO MAK MAKE E DEC DECIS ISIO IONS NS ON THE BASIS OF SOCIETAL GOALS
4.
POLI POLICY CY MAKE MAKERS RS ARE ARE NOT NOT MOTI MOTIVA VATE TED D TO TO MAX MAXIM IMIS ISE E NET NET SOCI SOCIAL AL GAINS BUT MERELY TO SATISFY DEMANDS OF PROGRESS
5.
LARG LARGE E INVE INVEST STME MENT NTS S IN EXIS EXISIT ITIN ING G POLI POLICI CIES ES PREV PREVEN ENT T THEM THEM TO SEARCH ALTERNATIVES
6.
INNU INNUME MERA RABL BLE E BAR BARRI RIER ERS S IN IN CO COLLEC LLECTI TING NG INFO INFORM RMAT ATIO ION N
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS BARRIERS TO RATIONAL MODEL 7. PREDICTIVE CAPACITIES OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ARE LIMITED MAKING IT DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND FULL BENEFITS OR COST OF POLICY ALTERNATIVES 8. UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVES COMPELS POLICY MAKERS TO STICK CLOSELY TO PREVIOUS POLICIES 9. SEGEMENTALISED NATURE OF POLICYMAKING IN LARGE BUREAUCRACIES MAKE COCORDINATION AND INFORMATION OF
RELEVANT INPUTS VERY DIFFICULT
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS RATIONAL MODEL
SO MANY BARRIERS IN RATIONAL DECISION MAKING, IT RARELY TAKES PLACE IN GOVERNENMENT MODEL REMAINS IMPORTANT FOR ANALYTIC PURPOSE AND IT ASSISTS IN POSING RIGHT QUESTIONS
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS INCREMENTAL MODEL
• UNDER THIS MODEL POLICY IS CONTINUATION OF
PREVOIUS POLICY WITH MINIMUM CHANGES • EXISITING PROGRAMMES, POLICIES AND
EXPENDITURES ARE CONSIDERED ARE AS BASE • POLICY MAKERS ACCEPT THE LEGITIMACY OF
PREVIOUS POLICIES BECAUSE OF THE UNCERTAINTY ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW POLICIES
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS GROUP MODEL
• UNDER THIS MODEL,INTERACTION AMONG
GROUPS IS REGARDED AS CENTRAL FACT OF POLICY MAKING • PUBLIC POLICY AT ANY GIVEN TIME IS THE
EQUILIBRIUM REACHED IN GROUP STRUGGLE • GROUP MODELREGARDS ALL MEANINGFUL,
POLITICAL ACTIVITY IN TERMS OF GROUP STRUGGLE
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS ELITE MODEL
PUBLIC POLICIES VIEWED AS PREFERENCES AND VALUES OF GOVERNING ELITE
POLICIES FLOW DOWN-WARD FROM ELITESTO MASSES; THEY DON’T ARISE FROM MASS DEMANDS
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS PUBLIC CHOICE MODEL
• THIS MODEL ASSUMES THAT ALL POLITICAL
ACTORS , VOTERS, VOTERS, TAXPAYER TAXPAYERS, S, LEGISLATURES, LEGISLATURES, BUREAUCRATS, PARTIES ETC. SEEK TO MAXIMISE THEIR PERSONAL BENEFITS IN POLITICS AS IN MARKET PLACE • INDIVIDUALS COME TOGETHER IN POLITICS FOR
THEIR MUTUAL BENEFIT, JUST AS THEY COME TOGETHER IN MARKET PLACE
MODELS OF POLICY ANALYSIS GAME THEORY MODEL
•
• •
IT IS STUDY OF RATIONAL DECISIONS IN SITUATIONS IN WHICH TWO OR MOREPARTICIPANTS HAVE CHOICES TO MAKE AND OUTCOME DEPENDS ON THE CHOICES MADE BY EACH GAME THEORY IS AN ABSTRACT AND DEDUCTIVE MODEL OF POLICY MAKING IT DOES NOT DESCRIBE HOW PEOPLE ACTUALLY MAKE DECISIONS BUT RATHER HOW THEY SHOULD GO ABOUT MAKING DECISIONS IN COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS IF THEY ARE RATIONAL
USEFULNESS OF MODELS
• ORDER AND SIMPLIFY REALITY • IDENTIFY WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT • BE CONGRUENT WITH REALITY • PROVIDE MEANIGFUL COMMUNICATION • DIRECT ENQUIRY AND RESEARCH • SUGGEST EXPLANATIONS
CONCLUSION • MODELS ARE NOT COMPETITIVE ; ANY ONE OF
THEM COULD NOT BE JUDGED BEST • EACH ONE PROVIDES A SEPARATE FOCUS AND EACH CAN HELP HELP TO UNDERSTAND UNDERSTAND DIFFERENT THINGS ABOUT PUBLIC POLICY • MOST POLICIES ARE COMBINATION OF RATIONAL PLANNING, INCREMENTALISM, INTEREST GROUP ACTIVITY, ELITE PREFERENCE, GAME PLAYING, PUBLIC CHOICES,AND INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTI ONAL PREFERENCES
