Mobile Banking System in Bangladesh:A Closer Study

Assnbehgep Ke

Hkdnmg Daelneb S~spgh ne Daebma`gsf? A Cmksgt Spw`~ Ckwtsg ck`g? HBP(314 Ckwtsg Pnpmg? Jwe`ahgepams kj HNS

Swdhnppg` pk Ht% H`% Tafnhwmmaf Hnaf Mgcpwtgt kj HNS @gyatphgep kj Dwsnegss A`hnensptapnke Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~- S~mfgp- Daebma`gsf

Swdhnppg` d~  Jabmwm Latnh Tanfae N@? 1991919104 pf

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@gyatphgep kj Dwsnegss A`hnensptapnke Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~- S~mfgp  @apg kj Swdhnssnke? Aytnm 16- 4914

Padmg kj ckepgep CFAYPGT

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Mgppgt Kj Ptaeshnppam

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@g`ncapnke

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Bgegtam Ckepgvp Kj  Pfg Spw`~

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Ytkjnmg Kj Awpfkt

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Mnsp kj Padmgs PADMG EK?

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Dlasf Abgep Mkcapnke ne S~mfgp Sa`at Hkdnmg sgtzncg kygtapkts kj H( daelneb Wsabg tapg kj H(daelneb cwspkhgts Sapnsjacpnke mgzgm kj H( daelneb cwspkhgts

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 MGPPGT KJ SWDHNSSNKE  SWDHNSSNKE  Aytnm 16- 4914 Ht% H`% Tafnhwmmaf Hnaf Mgcpwtgt kj HNS @gyatphgep kj Dwsnegss A`hnensptapnke Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~- S~mfgp- Daebma`gsf Swdogcp? Mgppgt kj Swdhnssnke%

@gat Snt-

Np ns ae gekthkws ymgaswtg pk swdhnp h~ assnbehgep pnpmg` ”Hkdnmg Daelneb S ~spgh ne Daebma`gsf? A Cmksgt Spw`~‘ assnbeg` as a tgqwntghgep kj kwt ckwtsg tgmapg`%

Ne ytgyatneb pfns assnbehgep N fazg acqwntg` acqw ntg` hae~ lekrmg`bg adkwp hkdnmg daelneb% N fazg ptng ptng` ` h~ dgsp pk jwtensf pfg assnbehgep rnpf tgmgzaep `apa- rfncf N fa` pk ckmmgcp jtkh kemneg ae` tgmapg` okwteam% N fkyg pfns assnbehgep rnmm fgmy pfg daelneb sgcpkt pk bapfgt skhg nesnbfps ke pfg rne`krs pk `k jwtpfgt spw`ngs ne pfns asygcp%

N rkwm` mnlg pk ckezg~ h~ ptndwpgs pk ~kw ae` pfael ~kw jkt bnzneb hg pfg kyyktpwenp~ pk rktl  ke pfns pkync% ^kwt qwgtngs ne pfns asygcp rnmm fnbfm ~ dg gvygcpg`%

Pfael ~kw Snecgtgm~ ~kwts

Jabmwm Latnh Tanfae N@? 1991919104 Sgcpnke C 2pf Sghgspgt &40pf Dapcf. DDA Ytkbtah @gyatphgep kj Dwsnegss A`hnensptapnke Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~- S~mfgp- Daebma`gsf

@g`ncapnke Ne `g`ncapnke pk amm h~ jtnge`s  ae` jahnm~ rfk fgmy hg jne`   fayy~ hkhgeps gzgt~ `a~ pk  cgmgdtapg 

@GCMATAPNKE

Pfns assnbehgep yaygt ns ytgyatg` d~ hg% Pfg pnpmg kj pfns assnbehgep ns ”Hkdnmg Daelneb S~spgh ne Daebma`gsf? A Cmksgt Spw`~‘ we`gt pfg swygtznsnke kj  Ht% H`% Tafnhwmmaf Hnaf Mgcpwtgt kj HNS- Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~- S~mfgp- Daebma`gsf% Ae~ `wymncapnke ns ytkfndnpg` rnpfkwp pfg ygthnssnke kj Awpfkt%

 Jabmwm Latnh Tanfae N@? 1991919104 Sgcpnke C 2pf Sghgspgt &40pf Dapcf. DDA Ytkbtah @gyatphgep kj Dwsnegss A`hnensptapnke Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~- S~mfgp- Daebma`gsf G(hanm? tanfae[mwI~afkk%ckh Hkdnmg?91217226:7 Aytnm 16- 4914

ACLEKRMG@BGHGEP Jntsp kj amm N ya~ a sygcnam pfaels pk h~ amhnbfp~ Bk`- rfk ha`g hg admg pk ckhymgpg pfns tgyktp% Pfge N rkwm` mnlg pk bnzg pfaels pk Tgekreg` Yfnmaepftkynsp Ht%Tabnd Amn  as fg gspadmnsfg` Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~ ae` rg bkp pfns kyyktpwenp~ pk tga` fgtg% Ajpgt rat`s- N rkwm` mnlg pk gvytgss h~ fgatpjgmp btapnpw`g pk Ytkj% @t% Ht% Dasfnt Afhg` Dfwn~ae   - Fga` kj pfg @gyatphgep kj Dwsnegss A`hnensptapnke- Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~(S~mfgp%

N rkwm` mnlg pk pfaels kwt ckwtsg nesptwcpkt Ht% H`% Tafnhwmmaf Hnaf- tgsygcpg` mgcpwtgt kj  Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~ jkt bnzneb hg pfns cfaecg pk halg a assnbehgep% H~ pfaels amsk bkgs pk h~ jahnm~ hghdgts ae` jtnge`s rfk atg ck(kygtapg` rnpf hg ap ae~ kj pfg spgys kj pfg assnbehgep ae` ckepnewkwsm~ swyyktp hg rnpfkwp ae~ fgsnpapnke ae` halg pfghsgmzgs ae nhyktpaep yatp kj  pfns okd%

AWPFKT

MGPPGT KJ ACCGYPAECG

Pfns ns pk cgtpnj~ pfap Jabmwm Latnh Tanfae- N@ Ek% 1991919103- Sgcpnke C- 2pf Sghgspgt-40pf Dapcf- @gyatphgep kj Dwsnegss A`hnensptapnke- Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~- S~mfgp- Daebma`gsf fas ckhymgpg` fns assnbehgep rktl gepnpmg` ke ”Hkdnmg Daelneb S~spgh ne Daebma`gsf? A Cmksgt Spw`~‘ we`gt h~ swygtznsnke% Fg fas ckhymgpg` fns rktl rnpf snecgtnp~- ckhhnphgep ae`

`g`ncapnke% Fg `nscwssg` `njjgtgep nsswgs ae` ytkdmghs rnpf hg pk hggp pfg tgqwntghgeps kj pfns spw`~ ae` ytgyatneb pfg assnbehgep%

N rnsf amm pfg dgsp ne fns gjjktp%

 H`% Tafnhwmmaf Hnaf

Mgcpwtgt kj HNS @gyatphgep kj Dwsnegss A`hnensptapnke Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~- S~mfgp- Daebma`gsf

ADSPTACP Hkdnmg daelneb ns keg kj pfg mapgsp pkkms jkt gas~ ae` ckezgengep daelneb ne pfg cwttgep rktm`% @a~ pk `a~ hkdnmg ya~hgep ae` daelneb fas dgckhg ykywmat ne Daebma`gsf% ”Hkdnmg Daelneb S~spgh ne Daebma`gsf? A Cmksgt Spw`~‘ ns pfg pnpmg kj pfns assnbehgep%

Pfg hane kdogcpnzg kj pfg spw`~ ns pk palg a jtgsf mkkl ap pfg cwttgep H(Daelneb snpwapnke ne Daebma`gsf ae` ytksygcp kj hkdnmg daelneb ne Daebma`gsf amsk fnbfmnbfp skhg tgckhhge`apnkes jkt tge`gtneb H(daelneb sgtzncgs gjjgcpnzgm~% Hkdnmg Daelneb ns a Daelneb ytkcgss rnpfkwp dael dtaecf rfncf ytkzn`gs jneaecnam sgtzncgs pk wedaelg` ckhhwenpngs gjjncngepm~ ae` ap ajjkt`admg cksp% Pk ytkzn`g daelneb ae` jneaecnam sgtzncgsswcf as casf(ne- casf kwp- hgtcfaep ya~hgep- wpnmnp~ ya~hgep- samat~ `nsdwtsghgepjktgnbe tghnppaecg- bkzgtehgep ammkraecg `nsdwtsghgep- APH hkeg~ rnpf`taram pftkwbf hkdnmg pgcfekmkb~ `gzncgs- n%g% Hkdnmg Yfkeg- ns cammg` Hkdnmg Daelneb% ”@wpcf ( Daebma Dael Mnhnpg`‘ &@DDM. fas jkt pfg jntsp pnhg neptk`wcg` nps hkdnmg daelneb

sgtzncg gvyae`neb pfg daelneb sgtzncg jtkh cnpngs pk tghkpg atgas% Cwttgepm~ hae~ dael  atg ytkzn`neb pfns sgtzncg ae` skhg dael atg bkneb pk mwecf pfns H(daelneb sgtzncg% Ahkeb pfgh ”DTAC Dael Mnhnpg`‘ Mnhnpg`‘ hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncg eahg` Dlasf- Daebmamnel@fala Dael ae` Rgspgte Wenke‘- ”@wpcf (Daebma Dael Mnhnpg`‘ sgtzncgs atg hksp  ykywmat%”Daebma`gsf Yksp Kjjncg‘- amsk ytkzn`g hkdnmg hkeg~ sgtzncgs sgghs mnlg h (

daelneb% Hkdnmg daelneb ns ekp azanmadmg ke gzgt~ `gzncg ae` spnmm skhg ykywmat dael  `kgs ekp ytkzn`g hkdnmg daelneb ap amm% Pfg hksp ykpgepnam cwspkhgt kj hkdnmg daelneb ns twtam ygkymg% Adkwp 37' kj hkdnmg daelneb ckeswhgt atg fnbfm~ sapnsjng` rnpf ytgsgep hkdnmg

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tgckhhge`apnke pfap ha~ dg ytkyksg` jkt jwtpfgt nhytkzghgep kj Hkdnmg Daelneb ne Daebma`gsf% Ne tgckhhge`apnke tgckhhge`apnke pk

tg`wcg` H(Daelneb H(Daelneb mnhnpapnke mnhnpapnke amm amm daels sfkwm`

ytkzn`g pfns kyyktpwenp~kyyktpwenp~- Bkzgtehgep sfkwm` ytkzn`g fgmy adkwp hkdnmg daelneb% Daels cae wsg amm hkdnmg kygtapkts pk halg hktg azanmadmg ne amm kzgt pfg ckwept~% Amsk pfg~ sfkwm` ytkzn`g Wsgt bwn`g pk halg halg gasngt pfg wsg kj d(daelneb pk amm nepge`g` cwspkhgts% cwspkhgts%

CFAYPGT KEG

1% Neptk`wcpnke 1%1 Hkdnmg Daelneb?

Hkdnmg daelneb tgjgts pk a cmngep(sgtzgt s~spgh pfap ns sygcnjncamm~ `gsnbeg` jkt hkdnmg `gzncgsammkrneb daelneb cwspkhgts pk wsg fae`fgm` `gzncgs pk accgss pfgnt acckweps- ya~ dnmms- awpfktng jwe` ptaesjgts- kt ygtjkth kpfgt acpnznpngs% Mnlg hae~ kpfgt h(ckhhgtcg sgtzncgs- hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncgs cae dg cfammgebneb ae` ek snebmg ckhyae~ fas amm pfg gvygtpnsg tgqwntg` pk `gzgmky ae` `gmnzgt ckhygmmneb sgtzncgs ke nps kre% Hkdnmg daelneb &amsk lekre as H(DaelnebSHS Daelneb. ns a pgth wsg` jkt ygtjkthneb damaecg cfgcls- acckwep ptaesacpnkes- ya~hgepsctg`np ayymncapnkes ae` kpfgt daelneb ptaesacpnkes pftkwbf a hkdnmg `gzncg swcf as a hkdnmg yfkeg kt Ygtskeam @nbnpam Assnspaep &Y@A.% Pfg gatmngsp hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncgs rgtg kjjgtg` kzgt SHS% Rnpf pfg neptk`wcpnke kj pfg jntsp ytnhnpnzg shatp yfkegs rnpf RAY swyyktp geadmneb pfg wsg kj pfg hkdnmg rgd ne 1>>>- pfg jntsp Gwtkygae daels spatpg` pk kjjgt hkdnmg daelneb ke pfns ymapjkth pk pfgnt cwspkhgts% Hkdnmg daelneb fas wepnm tgcgepm~ &4919. hksp kjpge dgge ygtjkthg` zna SHS kt pfg Hkdnmg Rgd% Ayymg"s nenpnam swccgss rnpf nYfkeg ae` pfg tayn` btkrpf kj yfkegs dasg` ke Bkkbmg"s Ae`tkn` &kygtapneb s~spgh. fazg mg` pk nectgasneb wsg kj sygcnam cmngep ytkbtahs- cammg` ayys`kremka`g` pk pfg hkdnmg `gzncg% \Rgdsnpg 3X

1%1%1 Daclbtkwe` kj Hkdnmg Daelneb?

A rkhae ckweps fgt casf ajpgt a rnpf`taram jtkh pfg jntsp casf yknep hacfneg ne Mke`ke- ne 1>:2% Jkt 39 ~gats- jneaecnam nespnpwpnkes fazg dgge ke a qwgsp pk sapnsj~ pfgnt cwspkhgts‛ egg` jkt hktg ckezgengecg% Jntsp cahg pfg awpkhapg` pgmmgt hacfneg &APH.- rfncf Egr ^ktl‛s Cfghncam Dael neptk`wcg` pk pfg Ahgtncae ywdmnc ne 1>:>% Np `n` mnppmg hktg pfae `nsygesg casf ap jntsp- dwp pfg APH gzkmzg` kzgt pnhg pk dgckhg a ptwg dael(ara~(jtkh(dael- ytkzn`neb a jwmm swnpg kj jneaecnam ptaesacpnkes% Pfge ckhg Nepgtegp daelneb ne pfg hn`(1>>9s- rfncf geadmg` ckeswhgts pk accgss pfgnt jneaecnam acckweps wsneb a fkhg ckhywpgt rnpf ae Nepgtegp ckeegcpnke% @gsynpg nps ytkhnsg kj wmpnhapg ckezgengecg- kemneg daelneb sar smkr ae` pgepapnzg btkrpf as daels rktlg` kwp pgcfekmkb~ nsswgs ae` dwnmp ckeswhgt ptwsp% Pk`a~- Nepgtegp daelneb fas tgacfg` a ctnpncam hass- rnpf adkwp 37 ygtcgep kj W%S% fkwsgfkm`s cke`wcpneb dael ptaesacpnkes kemneg% Ekp sk rnpf rnpf hkdnmg yfkegs% Pfg~ cae dg cattng` ae~rfgtg ae` atg (( d~ ae gekthkws ewh dgt kj ygkymg% Hktg pfae 436 hnmmnke ygkymg ne pfg W%S% fazg hkdnmg yfkegs% Pfap‛s a

rfkyyneb 26 ygtcgep kj pfg ykywmapnke% Ae` rktm`rn`g pfgtg atg hktg pfae 3%47 dnmmnke hkdnmg yfkeg swdsctndgts- rnpf ygegptapnke pkyyneb 199 ygtcgep ne Gwtkyg% Nj hkdnmg hkdnmg yfkegs kem~ `gmnzgtg` zkncg `apa- pfge pfgnt wsg as a zgfncmg pk `gmnzgt daelneb sgtzncgs rkwm` dg mnhnpg`% Hksp yfkegs- fkrgzgt- amsk ytkzn`g pgvp(hgssabneb cayadnmnpngs- ae` a btkrneb ewhdgt atg Rgd(geadmg`% Pfap halgs pfg hkdnmg yfkeg ae n`gam hg`nwh pftkwbf rfncf daels cae `gmnzgt a rn`g zatngp~ kj sgtzncgs% Daels cmassnj~ pfgsg sgtzncgs dasg` ke fkr nejkthapnke jmkrs% A ywmm ptaesacpnke ns keg ne rfncf a hkdnmg yfkeg wsgt acpnzgm~ tgqwgsps a sgtzncg kt nejkthapnke jtkh pfg dael% Jkt gvahymg- neqwntneb adkwp ae acckwep damaecg ns a ywmm ptaesacpnke% Sk ns ptaesjgttneb jwe`s- ya~neb a dnmm kt tgqwgspneb a ptaesacpnke fnspkt~% Dgcawsg daels hwsp tgsyke` kt palg skhg acpnke dasg` ke pfg wsgt tgqwgsp- ywmm ptaesacpnkes ptaesacpnkes atg ckesn`gtg` prk(ra~ prk(ra~ gvcfaebgs% A ywsf ptaesacpnke- ke pfg kpfgt fae`- ns keg ne rfncf pfg dael sge`s nejkthapnke dasg` ke a sgp kj twmgs% A hnenhwh damaecg amgtp ns a bkk` gvahymg kj a ywsf ptaesacpnke% Pfg cwspkhgt `gjnegs pfg twmg (( $Pgmm hg rfge h~ damaecg bgps dgmkr 199$ (( ae` pfg dael bgegtapgs ae awpkhapnc hgssabg ae~ pnhg pfap twmg ayymngs% Snhnmat amgtps cae dg sgep rfgegzgt pfgtg ns a `gdnp ptaesacpnke kt a dnmm ya~hgep% As pfgsg gvahymgs nmmwsptapg- ywsf ptaesacpnkes atg bgegtamm~ keg ra~- jtkh pfg dael pk pfg cwspkhgt% \Rgdsnpg 1X

1%4 Kdogcpnzgs kj pfg Spw`~ 

Pk n`gepnj~ ytksygcp kj hkdnmg daelneb ne Daebma`gsf%

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Pk halg swbbgspnkes ke pfg dasns kj jne`nebs%

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Pk ytkzn`g ytgcnsg lekrmg`bg kj H(daelneb ae` nps nejtasptwcpwtg%

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Pk eattapg pfg ytgsgep scgeatnk kj H(daelneb ne Daebma`gsf%

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Pk n`gepnj~ pfg wsabg tapg ae` sapnsjacpnke mgzgm kj H(daelneb cwspkhgts%

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Pk fnbfmnbfp skhg tgckhhge`apnkes jkt tge`gtneb H(daelneb sgtzncgs gjjgcpnzgm~%

1%3 Sckyg kj pfg Spw`~

Pfg sckyg kj pfg spw`~ ns mnhnpg` pk pfg nsswgs tgmapg` pk pfg Hkdnmg Daelneb ne Daebma`gsf% Pfg assnbehgep rnmm jkcws kem~ ke pfg daelneb jacnmnp~ ytkzn`gt kj pfg ckwept~ pftkwbf Hkdnmg egprktl%

1%0 Mnhnpapnkes kj pfg Spw`~

@wg pk pnhg ckesptaneps- pfg spw`~ fas dgge cke`wcpg` kem~ ke hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncg ke sgcke`at~ nejkthapnke% A hactksckync aeam~sns &abbtgbapg aeam~sns. fas dgge ha`g fgtg jkt pfg weazanmadnmnp~ kj ayytkytnapg `apa ne skhg casgs% Pk ytgyatg pfns assnbehgep N fazg jacg` a mkp kj  ytkdmghs swcf as weazanmadnmnp~ kj mad- gmgcptncnp~ ytkdmgh- weazanmadnmnp~ kj tgmapg` dkkls ae`  okwteams- macl kj pnhg- weazanmadnmnp~ kj nejkthapnke ne egp gpc% Jkt hktg accwtapg aeam~sns- jwtpfgt `gpanm spw`ngs atg tgqwntg`%

1%7 Hgpfk`kmkb~ kj pfg Spw`~

Pfg assnbehgep fas dgge `keg hanem~ dasg` ke sgcke`at~ skwtcgs kj `apa kt nejkthapnke% Sgcke`at~ `apa fas dgge ckmmgcpg` jtkh `njjgtgep ywdmncapnke hapgtnam ae` rgd snpg as rgmm as pfg dkkls ae` hapgtnam jtkh `njjgtgep mndtatngs- pfg fae` ekpg kj pfg zatnkws sghneats%

1%: Mnpgtapwtg Tgzngr Tkpcfaealnpwhaewan ae` Syggcg &4993.

Nezgspnbapg` rf~ cktyktapg cwspkhgts `k ekp accgyp hkdnmg daelneb- rfncf cae assnsp daels pk nhymghgep pfns sgmj(sgtzncg pgcfekmkb~ hktg gjjncngepm~% Hae~ Pfan daels atg cwttgepm~ nhymghgepneb hkdnmg daelneb% Daels pfap kjjgt sgtzncg zna pfns cfaeegm cmanh pfap np tg`wcgs cksps ae` halgs pfgh hktg ckhygpnpnzg% Fkrgzgt- hae~ cktyktapg cwspkhgts atg ekp fnbfm~ gepfwsnaspnc adkwp hkdnmg daelneb% Pfg~ wsg` ne(`gypf qwamnpapnzg nepgtzngrs hgpfk`kmkb~ jkt ckmmgcpneb pfgnt `apa% Pfg nepgtzngrs rnpf Pfan jnths swbbgspg` pfap sgcwtnp~ kj pfg Nepgtegp ns a haokt jacpkt nefndnpneb rn`gt a`kypnke% Pfksg amtga`~ wsneb Nepgtegp daelneb sggh pk fazg hktg ckejn`gecg pfap pfg s~spgh ns tgmnadmg- rfgtgas eke(wsgts atg hwcf hktg sgtzncg ckescnkws- ae` `k ekp ptwsp jneaecnam ptaesacpnkes ha`g zna Nepgtegp cfaeegms% Eke(hkdnmg daelneb wsgts pge` pk fazg hktg egbapnzg haeabghgep appnpw`gs pkrat` a`kypnke ae` atg hktg mnlgm~ pk cmanh macl kj  tgskwtcgs% Mgbam swyyktp ns amsk a haokt dattngt pk Nepgtegp daelneb a`kypnke jkt cktyktapg cwspkhgts%

Gm(Sfgtdnen gp am% &4992.

Nezgspnbapg` pfg cwspkhgts" ygtsygcpnzgs kj hkdnmg daelneb- pfgnt ygtcgnzg` nhyktpaecg jkt npwsabg yappgtes ae` ytkdmghs tnsneb ke nps wpnmnapnke% Pfg yaygt `nscwssg` pfg sptapgbnc nhymncapnkes kj pfg tgsgatcf jne`nebs% Ghyntncam `apa rgtg bapfgtg` jtkh dael cwspkhgts ne Lwranp pk acfngzg pfg tgsgatcf kdogcpnzgs% Amm dael cwspkhgts ne Lwranp rgtg ckesn`gtg` as

ykywmapnke kj tgsgatcf nepgtgsp% Pfg tgswmps sfkrg` pfg ygtcgnzg` nhyktpaecg kj nepgtegp daelneb sgtzncgs d~ cwspkhgts- cwttgep ae` ykpgepnam wsg kj HD sgtzncgs ne Lwranp ae` ytkdmghs ygtcgnzg` d~ dael cwspkhgts ne wsneb HD% Pfg tgsgatcfgts" hane f~ykpfgsns pgspg` pfap pky jnzg sgtzncgs ckesn`gtg` tgmapnzg nhyktpaep ne Lwranp daels rgtg $Tgzngr acckwep damaecg$- $Kdpane `gpanmg` ptaesacpnkes fnspktngs- $Kyge acckweps$- Ya~ dnmms$ ae` Ptaesjgt jwe`s dgprgge kre acckweps

%$Afhg` Amn san`%&4919.

N pfnel N sfkwm` cmatnj~ skhg kj pfg swbbgspnkes swb bgspnkes ~kw bazg% 1% N abtgg pfap BY sfkwm` fazg ae kypnke pk mnel pk dael acckweps% Dwp wepnm ekr pfg~ fazg tgjwsg` pk ammkr swcf a mnel% 6 Daels amtga`~ fazg pfns pgcfekmkb~ dwp BY fas ytgzgepg` pfgh jtkh sgtzneb BY cwspkhgts% Daels fazg palge pfg nenpnapnzg dwp BY fas spkyyg` np owsp dgcawsg pfg~ cae ae` pfnelneb pfap pfa p pfgnt ytkyksam rnmm yass%

4% ^gs BY rnmm ekp ya~ nepgtgsp% Dwp pfap `kgse"p spky BY jtkh gateneb nepgtgsp ke pfns hkeg~ &pfg snhym~ ywp np pkbgpfgt ae` ywp np ne a J@T. 3% As hwcf as BY raeps ~kw pk dgmnzg- Daebma`gsf nse"p pfg kem~ ckwept~ rfgtg pfgtg atg hktg hkdnmg wsgts pfae dael wsgts% &N rnmm bgp nepk pfap ne aekpfgt atpncmg.% Ekeg kj pfksg ckweptngs atg ckesn`gtneb BY"s zgtsnke kj hkdnmg daelneb% 0% Sfktp pgth `gyksnps atg hktg ctwcnam pk pfg daelneb ne`wspt~ pfae rfap ~kw gspnhapg% Ekrfgtg ne pfg rktm` fas a hkdnmg ckhyae~ dgge ywp ne cfatbg kj sfktp pgth `gyksnps% BY cmgatm~ `n`e"p fazg bkk` nepgepnkes% Kpfgtrnsg amm pfg jktgnbe daels rkwm`e"p btkwy rnpf mkcam daels pk kyyksg pfns kwpmae`nsf ytkyksam% Abane pfns ns ekp kem~ hg pfap jggm pfns ra~% Pfg gepntg rktm` acpg` ne kyyksnpnke pk BY"s Hkdnmg Daelneb Pfgsns% BY"s Hkdnmg Daelneb ns ekp pfg sahg as "Hkdnmg Daelneb"

Sapf~g% &1>>>.

Aeam~g` pfg jacpkts ajjgcpneb pfg a`kypnke kj Hkdnmg daelneb d~ Awsptamnae ckeswhgts% Fns sahymg ras jtkh ne`nzn`wam tgsn`geps ae` dwsnegss jnths ne Awsptamna% Pfg spw`~ jkcwsg` ke pfg caynpam cnpngs rfgtg wsg kj hkdnmg nepgtegp ae` ykywmapnke ras mnlgm~ pk dg fnbf% Rfnpg ae` ~gmmkr yabgs rgtg wsg` as pfg jtahg kj tgjgtgecg jkt ygtskeam ae` dwsnegss cwspkhgtstgsygcpnzgm~% Pfg jne`nebs swbbgsp pfap sgcwtnp~ ckecgtes ae` macl kj aratgegss adkwp hkdnmg daelneb ae` nps dgegjnps spae` kwp as dgneb pfg kdspacmgs pk pfg a`kypnke kj hkdnmg daelneb ne Awsptamna% Fg amsk swbbgsps skhg kj pfg ra~s pk a``tgss pfgsg nhyg`nhgeps% Jwtpfgt- fg swbbgsps pfap `gmnzgt~ kj jneaecnam sgtzncgs kzgt pfg Nepgtegp sfkwm` dg a yatp kj kzgtamm cwspkhgt sgtzncg ae` `nsptndwpnke sptapgb~% Pfgsg hgaswtgs ckwm` fgmy ne tayn` hnbtapnke kj cwspkhgts pk hkdnmg Nepgtegp daelneb- tgswmpneb ne ckesn`gtadmg saznebs ne kygtapneb cksps jkt dae ls%

CFAYPGT PRK 4% Bgegtam Ckepgvp kj pfg spw`~ 4%1Hkdnmg Daelneb ne Daebma`gsf ”@wpcf( ”@wpcf(Daebma Dael Mnhnpg`‘ &@DDM. ns Daebma`gsf"s hksp neekzapnzg ae` pgcfekmkbncamm~

a`zaecg` dael% @DDM spae`s pk bnzg pfg hksp neekzapnzg ae` ajjkt`admg daelneb ytk`wcps pk Daebma`gsf ”@wpcf(Daebma Dael Mnhnpg`‘ &@DDM. fas jkt pfg jntsp pnhg neptk`wcg` nps hkdnmg daelneb

sgtzncg gvyae`neb pfg daelneb sgtzncg jtkh cnpngs pk tghkpg atgas% Daebma`gsf Dael Bkzgtekt Apnwt Tafhae ~gspgt`a~ neawbwtapg` pfg sgtzncg d~ `gyksnpneb Pl 4-999 ae` rnpf`tarneb Pl  1-799 pftkwbf Daebmamnel ae` Cnp~cgmm hkdnmg egprktls ne Hkpnofggm atga% Daebma`gsf Dael fas amtga`~ ammkrg` 19 daels pk nenpnapg hkdnmg daelneb% Kj pfgh @DDM lnclg` kjj jntsp%$ Hkdnmg daelneb ns ae ampgteapnzg pk pfg pta`npnkeam daelneb pftkwbf rfncf daelneb sgtzncg cae dg tgacfg` ap pfg `kktspgys kj pfg `gytnzg` sgcpnke kj pfg skcngp~-‘ pfg cgeptam dael bkzgtekt san` ap ae neawbwtam ytgss dtngjneb ap Fkpgm Ywtdaen% Apnwt Tafhae san` pftkwbf hkdnmg daelneb zatnkws daelneb sgtzncgs necmw`neb `gyksnpneb ae` rnpf`tarneb hkeg~- ya~hgep kj wpnmnp~ dnmms ae` tgacfneb tghnppaecg pk pfg tgcnyngep rkwm` dg ykssndmg% D~ bkneb pk pfg @DDM(ayytkzg` Cnp~cgmm ae` Daebmamnel abgeps pftkwbfkwp pfg ckwept~ pfg swdsctndgts ke sfkrneb egcgssat~ yaygts ae` ya~hgep kj a jgg kj Pl 19 cae kyge ae acckwep% Pk azanm kj pfg daelneb sgtzncg a swdsctndgt rnmm tgqwntg kreneb a cgmm yfkeg kj ae~ ytkzn`gt ae` fg rnmm dg bnzge a jkwt(`nbnp YNE% D~ wsneb pfg YNE fg cae kygtapg amm p~ygs kj daelneb sgtzncgs necmw`neb `gyksnpneb ae` rnpf`tarneb hkeg~ hanepaneneb sgcwtnp~ ae` sgctgc~ kj fns acckwep% Pfg cwspkhgt rnmm fae` kzgt casf pk pfg abgep ae` pfg abgep rnmm nenpnapg pfg ptaesacpnke jtkh fns hkdnmg yfkeg- pfg abgep rnmm fgmy pfg acckwep fkm`gt pk `k pfg daelneb wsneb fns YNE% A cwspkhgt cae `gyksnp kt rnpf`tar hkeg~ jnzg pnhgs a `a~ ae` fg cae `gyksnp kt `tar Pl 7-999 ygt `a~% Keg ygtcgep kj pfg ptaesacpnke acckwep kt Pl 7- rfncfgzgt ns fnbfgt- rnmm dg palge as casf(ne(cfatbgs% Ne casg kj casf kwp pfg cfatbg rnmm dg 4 ygtcgep kj pfg ptaesacpnke ahkwep kt Pl  19% Fkrgzgt- pfg tgbnsptapnke jgg- samat~ ae` tghnppaecg `nsdwtsghgep sgtzncgs rnmm dg ytkzn`g` jtgg kj cksp% @DDM fas 0767 abgep amm kzgt Daebma`gsf% @fala @nznsnke & 4000 .Cfnppabkeb @nznsnke & 1492 .-S~mfgp @nznsnke & 39: .-Datnsam @nznsnke & 131 .- Taebywt @nznsnke & 440 .- Lfwmea @nznsnke & 14> .- Taosfafn @nznsnke & 100 . % \Rgdsnpg 0X

Jgapwtgs+Sgtzncgs kj @DDM Hkdnmg Daelneb?

(ne &casf `gyksnp. (kwp &casf rnpf`taram.

(pnhg Pky(wy

”DTAC Dael Mnhnpg`‘ ns sgp pk neptk`wcg hkdnmg daelneb sgcke`m~- a pky kjjncnam san` pfg

sgtzncg rnmm geadmg hnmmnkes kj daelg` ae` wedaelg` ygkymg pk `gyksnp- rnpf`tar ae` ptaesjgt hkeg~ pftkwbf hkdnmg yfkegs% DLasf- a oknep zgepwtg dgprgge DTAC Dael ae` WS(dasg` Hkeg~ ne Hkpnke- rnmm ytkzn`g hkdnmg daelneb rnpf a jwmm~ gect~ypg` ZNSA pgcfekmkb~ ymapjkth jkt ptaesacpnkes pftkwbf hkdnmg yfkegs% Ae~ hkdnmg wsgt cae tgbnspgt ae` kyge wy a dLasf acckwep ae` pfge `k ptaesacpnkes pftkwbf pfgnt hkdnmg yfkegs ne gas~- ckezgengep ae` tgmnadmg ra~% ”dLasf rnmm jwe`ahgepamm~ cfaebg pfg ra~ ygkymg ekr `k ptaesacpnkes- as amm ptaesacpnkes rnmm dg ykssndmg pftkwbf hkdnmg yfkegs ne jwpwtg-‘ san` S~g` Hafdwdwt Tafhae- haeabneb

`ntgcpkt kj pfg dael% ”Cwspkhgts rnmm ekp egg` pk ckhg pk pfg dael< tapfgt pfg dael rnmm bk pk pfgh-‘ fg san` ap a ytgss ckejgtgecg ne @fala ke pfg kccasnke kj nps 19pf jkwe`neb aeenzgtsat~%

Pfg dael san` a dLasf acckwep rnmm acp as a `nbnpam hkdnmg rammgp ae` ae~dk`~ cae palg pfg sgtzncg% ”^kwt hkdnmg yfkeg rnmm dgckhg ~kwt rammgp% Cwspkhgts cae bgp jneaecnam sgtzncgs pftkwbf yfkegs- gzge d~ pfg fae`sgp pfap cksps pfg mkrgsp-‘ Tafhae san`% We`gt a yatpegtsfny

rnpf WE@Y ae` Mkcam Bkzgtehgep @nznsnke- dLasf ns tkmmneb kwp hkdnmg daelneb ne 0-791 wenke yatnsfa`s ne pfg ckwept~% dLasf fas amtga`~ snbeg` a `gam rnpf a mga`neb hkdnmg kygtapkt ae` ns ne pamls rnpf kpfgts pk geadmg amm hkdnmg wsgts (( cwttgepm~ atkwe` 2%7 ctktg (( pk fazg ne`nzn`wam `nbnpam rammgps- san` Hah`w`wt Tasfn`- `gywp~ haeabneb `ntgcpkt kj pfg dael% DTAC Dael  mawecfg` nps kygtapnke 19 ~gats dacl rnpf pfg kdogcpnzg kj dtnebneb wedaelg` ygkymg we`gt jktham daelneb ckzgtabg% Pfg dwsnegss hk`gm kj pfg dael ns pk hkdnmnsg `gyksnps jtkh wtdae atgas ae` `nsdwtsg np pk twtam atgas% Pfg ckwept~"s ~kwebgsp dael fas amtga`~ sgp skhg tgckt`s? np fas acqwntg` kzgt 14 malf cwspkhgts- dtnebneb jwmm daelneb sgtzncgs ekp kem~ pk shamm ae` hg`nwh gepgtytnsgs- dwp amm sptapa kj pfg daelneb ne`wspt~- san` pf g dael ”Dgneb pfg ~kwebgsp Daebma`gsfn dael- rg fazg ghgtbg` as pfg matbgsp SHG dael sgtzneb adkwp 3%:7 malf geptgytgegwts ap btasstkkps mgzgm- ae acfngzghgep pfap fgmyg` bmkdam tgckbenpnke jkt pfns

Daebma`gsfn dael-‘ san` Tasfn` Pfg dael dgmngzgs ne 3Y yfnmkskyf~ (( ygkymg- ymaegp ae` ytkjnp

ae` fas dgge acpnzg ne Btgge daelneb% Np fas amtga`~ pwteg` 44 kj nps SHG Wenp Kjjncgs skmat( ykrgtg` ae` ymaes pk ckezgtp pfg tgsp ne pfg sahg haeegt d~ 4914% \Rgdsnpg 7X

Jgapwtgs+Sgtzncgs kj dLasf Hkdnmg Hkdnmg Daelneb? 

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9164 392 0>96

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9164 392 0>11

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9164 392 0>92

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9164 392 0>19

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9164 392 0>9>

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9163 33: 41:>

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9163 33: 412:

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9163 33: 4126

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9163 062 29:9

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9163 062 29:1

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9163 062 29:4

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9163 062 29:3

Eae`k"s

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Dlasf Abgep Mkcapnke ne S~mfgp Sa`at S~mfgp Sa`at Pfaea+Wyanmma Sfky Eahg

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”Daebmamnel- @fala Dael ae` Rgspgte Wenke‘ oknepm~ mawecfg` pfg Hkdnmg Hkeg~ Ptaesjgt

sgtzncg% Rnpf pfns egr Hkdnmg Hkeg~ Ptaesjgt sgtzncg geadmg` d~ Daebmamnel- @fala Dael ae` Rgspgte Wenke- ckeswhgts ne Daebma`gsf rfk tgbnspgt jkt a @fala Dael ayytkzg` acckwep ne Daebmamnel Hkdnmg cae cfkksg pk ctg`np pfg hkeg~ sgep pftkwbf pfg Rgspgte Wenke¥ Hkeg~ PtaesjgtSH sgtzncg jtkh kzgt 499 ckweptngs ae` pgttnpktngs pk pfgnt hkdnmg acckwe p% Daebma`gsfn gvyaptnapgs cae amsk znsnp a Rgspgte Wenke¥ Hkdnmg Hkeg~ PtaesjgtSH geadmg` Abgep mkcapnkes pk cke`wcp a Hkdnmg Hkeg~ Ptaesjgt ae` sge` casf pk ae~ zamn` Daebmamnel  hkdnmg yfkeg ewhdgt% Daebmamnel hkdnmg wsgts &@fala Dael ayytkzg` acckwep fkm`gts. ha~ fazg accgss pk pfgnt hkeg~ jtkh ae~ kj kzgt 1-299 @fala Dael(acctg`npg` Daebmamnel Hkdnmg Casf Ykneps rfncf atg kyge pnmm 6yh gzgt~ `a~- sgzge `a~s a rggl% Ne pfg jwpwtg- pfns hkdnmg acckwep damaecg ha~ amsk dg wsg` jkt mkcam jwe` ptaesjgts- wpnmnp~ ya~hgeps- ptane pnclgp ywtcfasg ae` antpnhg pkywys% Sygalneb ke pfg kccasnke- Daebmamnel‛s cfngj ckhhgtcnam kjjncgt Asfgt ^aqwd Lfae san`? ”Kwt 

yfnmkskyf~ ap Daebmamnel ns dasg` ekp kem~ ke ynkeggtneb egr hkdnmg sgtzncgs- dwp amsk halneb hkdnmg pgcfekmkb~ as ajjkt`admg ae` accgssndmg acc gssndmg as ykssndmg jkt ckeswhgts%‘

Rgspgte Wenke hkzg` hkeg~ jtkh 129 ckweptngs pk Daebma`gsf ne 4911 ae` ns ytgsgep ap 032-999 abgep mkcapnkes ne kzgt 499 ckweptngs ae` pgttnpktngs % Daebmamnel‛s hkdnmg egprktl  ckzgts kzgt 62 ygtcgep kj Daebma`gsf bgkbtayfncamm~ rfgtg kzgt >2 ygtcgep kj ygkymg mnzg ne% @fala Dael ns ytkzn`neb pfg daelneb nejtasptwcpwtg we`gtmneb pfg sgtzncg%@fala Dael Haeabneb @ntgcpkt Lfke`lgt Jamg Tasfn` pfaelg` pfg cgeptam dael jkt nenpnapneb a znsnkeat~ spgy mnlg Hkdnmg Jneaecnam Sgtzncgs%Fg san` @fala Dael fas amra~s ptng` pk swyyktp Daebma`gsf Dael‛s

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s% Ajpgt rktlneb ne Daebma`gsf jkt kzgt 12 ~gats- pfns sgtzncg ns aekpfgt  dgppgt‛ jkt kzgt 137 ~gat s% snbenjncaep hnmgspkeg% Daebma`gsf fas btkre pk dg pfg rktm`‛s sgzgepf tghnppaecg(tgcgnzneb hatlgp- rnpf a btkrneb

egg` jkt Daebma`gsfns kzgtsgas pk sge` hkeg~ pk swyyktp pfgnt jahnmngs dacl fkhg% Tghnppaecgs halg wy >%: ygtcgep kj pfg ckwept~‛s B@Y% Kzgt 29 ygtcgep kj Daebma`gsf‛s ykywmapnke mnzgs ne

twtam atgas rfgtg jneaecnam sgtzncgs ha~ ekp dg azanmadmg% az anmadmg% \Rgdsnpg 4X

”Daebma`gsf Yksp Kjjncg‘ Kjjncg‘ Pfg tgbwmat yaygt dasg` hkeg~ kt`gt sgtzncg kj pfg yksp kjjncg

sgghg` a pnhg ckeswhneb- gvygesnzg ae` negjjncngep ayytkacf kj tghnp hkeg~ pk ae~ yatp kj pfg ckwept~% Pfgtg ras a `ghae` jkt qwncl ptaesjgt kj hkeg~ pk mkcapnkes rfgtg pfg dgegjncnat~ cae ckmmgcp ae` wsg np nespaepm~% Rnpf pfns ygtsygcpnzg ne zngr- Daebma`gsf Yksp mawecfg` a egr hkeg~ kt`gt sgtzncg eahg` Gmgcptkenc Hkeg~ Ptaesjgt Sgtzncg &GHPS.- ckhhkem~ lekre as Hkdnmg Hkeg~ Kt`gt Sgtzncg% Pfns jwmjnmmg` pfg gvygcpapnkes kj ygkymg pk tghnp pfg `gsntg` ahkwep kj hkeg~ pk pfgnt egat ae` `gat kegs sk as pk wpnmng rfge pfg~ egg`% Pfns ns hkdnmg as rgmm as rgd dasg` tghnppaecg sgtzncg azanmadmg ne amm nhyktpaep yksp kjjncgs kj pfg ckwept~% Pfg sge`gt cae sge` pfg hkeg~ rnpfne a hnewpg ae` tgcnyngep+dgegjncnat~ cae ckmmgcp np nespaepm~% Dkpf sge`gt ae` tgcnyngep bgp ckejnthapnke kj pfg tghnppaecg ae` `nsdwtsghgep as skke as np ns ha`g ne pfgnt hkdnmg yfkegs% Pfns sgtzncg ns azanmadmg ne amm nhyktpaep yksp kjjncgs kj pfg ckwept~% Ytgsgepm~ 4999 yksp kjjncgs ytkzn`g pfg GHPS rfncf ns ckzgtneb amm `nsptncp- wyanmma+pfaea ae` nhyktpaep+dws~ twtam yksp kjjncg mkcapnkes% Gzgt~ hkepf fwe`tg`s kj yksp kjjncnams atg dgneb ptaneg` ae` pfg sgtzncg ns gvyae`g` pk pfksg mkcapnkes%

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Jgapwtgs 1%Tghnppaecg ne a hnewpg 4%Wsgt Jtnge`m~( a`kypnke kj hkdnmg yfkegs * ayymncapnkes 3%Havnhwh Atga ckzgtabg? Mkcapnkes `nsptndwpg` pftkwbfkwp pfg ckwept ~ &ytgsgepm~ 4999 YKs.- pk dg gvyae`g` gvyae` g` pk amm Yksp Kjjncg mkcapnkes 0%Ptaesacpnke sgcwtnp~ geswtg` d~ a 1: `nbnp ` nbnp awpk YNE bgegtapnke hgcfaensh 7%Ne`gyge`gep kj Hkdnmg Kygtapkt(cwspkhgt geok~neb hkdnmg kygtapkt"s sgtzncg cae ws g pfns sgtzncg% :%GHPS `gzncgs ekp sygcnjnc pk ykrgt skwtcgs mnlg gmgcptncnp~ (fazg jtgg`kh kj wsneb ae~ Skwtcg kj Ykrgt &gmgcptncnp~- dappgt~- skmat cfatbgt. 2%Geswtg cwspkhgt sapnsjacpnke( @a~mkeb rgmm acqwanepg` Fgmy @gsl Sgtzncg 6%Kypnkeam Cktyktapg Sgtzncgs? a.Keg 4 Hae~ ptaesacpnkes(Kypnke jkt Samat~ @nsdwtsghgep d.Hae~ 4 Keg Ptaesacpnkes( Kypnke jkt ckmmgcpnke kj pwpnke+A`hnssnke jggs jtkh spw`geps >%Mkcapnke Ne`gyge`gep @nsdwtsghgep 19%Rn`gm~ wsg` Egprktl Yatpegt( Daebmamnel Hkdnmg Kygtapkt 11%@apadasg Haeabghgep ae` Sgcwtnp~(ZYE Ckeegcpnznp~ 14%Sckyg pk a`` egr zamwg a``g` sgtzncg ae` jwpwtg gvyaesnke

4%4 Fnspkt~ kj Hkdnmg Daelneb ne Adtka`?

Nhytkzneb accgss pk jneaecnam sgtzncgs- swcf as saznebs- `gyksnps- neswtaecg ae` tghnppaecgs- ns znpam pk tg`wcneb ykzgtp~% Saznebs cae fgmy ykkt ygkymg pk nezgsp ne ytk`wcpnzg assgps mnlg mnzgspkcl- a mkae ha~ fgmy pk gvyae` dwsnegss acpnznpngs- ae` neswtaecg cae ytkzn`g neckhg jkt a

jahnm~ nj a dtga`rneegt dgckhgs sncl% Ne hae~ `gzgmkyneb ckweptngs- fkrgzgt- > kwp kj 19 ygkymg `k ekp fazg a dael acckwep kt accgss pk dasnc jneaecnam sgtzncgs% Ykkt ygkymg atg kjpge ekp ckesn`gtg` znadmg cwspkhgts d~ pfg jktham jneaecnam sgcpkt as pfgnt ptaesacpnke sngs atg shammae` hae~ mnzg ne tghkpg atgas

dg~ke` pfg tgacf kj daels dtaecf egprktls% Nejktham daelneb sgtzncgs swcf as hnctkjneaecg ae` znmmabg saznebs ae` mkae asskcnapnkes tghane mnhnpg` ne pfgnt tgacf% Pfg jntsp hkdnmg daelneb ae` ya~hgep nenpnapnzgs rgtg aeekwecg` `wtneb 1>>> &pfg sahg ~gat pfap Jwe`ahk `gymk~g` pfgnt jntsp ytkpkp~yg.% Pfg jntsp haokt `gymk~hgep ras ha`g d~ a ckhyae~ cammg` Ya~ dkv &matbgm~ swyyktpg` jneaecnamm~ d~ @gwpscfg Dael.% Pfg ckhyae~ ras jkwe`g` d~ prk ~kweb Bgthae‛s &Hapfnas Gepghaee ae` Gclatp Ktprgne. ae` swccgssjwmm~

`gymk~g` pfg skmwpnke ne Bgthae~- Awsptna- Srg`ge- Syane ae` pfg WL% Ap adkwp 4993 hktg pfae a hnmmnke ygkymg rgtg tgbnspgtg` ke Ya~ dkv ae` pfg ckhyae~ rgtg tapg` d~ Batpegt as pfg mga`gt ne pfg jngm`% Wejktpweapgm~ @gwpscfg Dael rnpf`tars pfgnt jneaecnam swyyktp ae` pfg ckhyae~ fa` pk tgktbaensg qwnclm~% Amm dwp pfg kygtapnkes ne Awsptna cmksg` `kre% Aekpfgt gatm~ spatpgt ae` amsk n`gepnjng` as a mga`gt ne pfg jngm` ras a Syaensf nenpnapnzg &daclg` d~ DDZA ae` Pgmgyfkenca.- cammg` Hkdn Yabk% Pfg eahg ras mapgt cfaebg` pk Hkdn Ya~ ae` amm daels ae` hkdnmg kygtapkts ne Syane rgtg neznpg` pk okne% Pfg ytk`wcp ras mawecfg` ne 4993 ae` hae~ tgpanmgts rgtg acqwntg` pk accgyp pfg sygcnam WSS@ ya~hgep ckejnthapnke% Dgcawsg kj pfg ckhymgv sfatgfkm`neb ae` pfg ckespaep ykmnpncam cfammgebgs kj pfg `njjgtgep kregts- pfg ytk`wcp egzgt jwmjnmmg` pfg ytkhnsg pfap np fa`% Rnpf ek hatlgpneb swyyktp ae` ek ckhygmmneb tgaske jkt a`kypnke- pfns nenpnapnzg ns jmkwe`gtneb ap pfg hkhgep% Hae~ kpfgt matbg yma~gts aeekwecg` nenpnapnzgs ae` tae ynmkps rnpf dnb jaejatg- dwp egzgt sfkrg` ptacpnke ae` amm nenpnapnzgs rgtg wmpnhapgm~ `nsckepnewg`% Skhg kj pfg gatm~ gvahymgs atg pfg jahkws zge`neb hacfnegs ap pfg Fgmsneln antyktp swyyktpg` d~ a s~spgh jtkh Eklna% Snghges ha`g aeekwecghgeps ne ckeowecpnke rnpf mnspg` ae` fnbf(jm~neb Bgthae g(ckhhgtcg ckhyae~- Dtklap% Dtklap amsk rke pfg mwctapnzg Zk`ajkeg ckeptacp ne 4994- dwp ctasfg` skke ajpgtrat`s rfge np twes kwp kj jwe`s% Nstagm &as cae dg gvygcpg`. ytk`wcg` a matbg ewhdgt kj hkdnmg ya~hgep spatp(wys% Kj pfg hae~kem~ keg swtznzg` – Ptnzegp% Kpfgts mnlg A`ahpgcf &rnpf a pgcfencamm~ skwe` skmwpnke cammg` Cgmm ya~. ae` Ya~pp `nsayygatg` ajpgt a ewhdgt kj ynmkps dwp rnpfkwp ae~ swccgssjwm ytk`wcpnke `gymk~hgeps% Nenpnapnzgs ne Ektra~- Srg`ge ae` Jtaecg egzgt bkp ptacpnke% Jtaecg Pgmgckh

mawecfg` ae ahdnpnkws ytk`wcp dasg` ke a sygcnam hkdnmg yfkeg rnpf ae nepgbtapg` cat` tga`gt% Pfg skmwpnke rktlg` rgmm- dwp egzgt dgcahg ykywmat dgcawsg kj pfg weapptacpnzg- sygcnam yfkeg pfap yatpncnyaeps egg`g` ne kt`gt pk ygtjkth pfgsg ya~hgeps% Snecg 4990- hkdnmg daelneb ae` ya~hgep ne`wspt~ fas ckhg kj abg% Swccgssjwm `gymk~hgeps rnpf yksnpnzg dwsnegss casgs ae` dnb sptapgbnc nhyacp fazg dgge sgge tgcgepm~%

4%3 SRKP Aeam~sns kj Hkdnmg Daelneb Sptgebpfs?

Rgalegss?

1% Hkdnmg as a pgcfekmkb~ ytkzn`gs amm pfg

1% Macl kj aratgegss adkwp pfg egr cfaeegm

swyyktp tgqwntg` pk mgzgtabg Daelneb

ahkeb pfg hkdnmg wsgts%

ptaesacpnkes%

4% Sgcwtnp~ ckecgtes adkwp pfg egr cfaeegm

4% Gasg kj azanmadnmnp~( ae~ pnhg- ae~ ae ~ rfgtg%

3% Hkdnmg Fae`sgp Kygtapadnmnp~

3% Tayn` btkrpf kj Hkdnmg ae` rntgmgss hatlgp%

0%Ayymncapnke `nsptndwpnke

Kyyktpwenp~?

Pftgaps?

1% Tayn` nectgasg ne pfg Hkdnmg wsgt dasg ae`

1% Tgbwmapkt~ tgsptncpnkes d~ $ Daebma`gsf Dael 

accgypaecg kj pfg Hkdnmg pgcfekmkb~ gzge ne

pk mawecf Hkdnmg daelneb as a sgyatapg cfaeegm%

Twtam atgas halgs a dnbbgt hatlgp azanmadmg jkt

4% Accgypaecg kj egr pgcfekmkb~ d~ wsgts%

hkdnmg daelneb pk gvyae`%

3%Cwspkhgt hnswsg kj ytk`wcps ae` sgtzncgs 0% Pta`npnkeam daelneb tnsls swcf as ctg`np tnslmnqwn`np~ tnsl ae` hatlgp tnsl atg amsk ytgsgep ne g(daelneb sgcpkts%

4% Rnpf pgcfekmkb~ a`zaecghgeps ne Hkdnmg fae`sgps tncf jgapwtgs cae dg ghdg``g` ne pfg ayymncapnke% 3% Mkrgtneb kj Hkdnmg Pattnj tapgs ( BYTS ymaes- SHS

4%0 A`zaepabgs kj Hkdnmg Daelneb? Pfg dnbbgsp a`zaepabg pfap hkdnmg daelneb kjjgts pk daels ns pfap np `taspncamm~ cwps `kre pfg cksps kj ytkzn`neb sgtzncg pk pfg cwspkhgts% Jkt gvahymg gv ahymg ae azgtabg pgmmgt kt yfkeg ptaesacpnke cksps adkwp 4%3: gacf- rfgtgas ae gmgcptkenc ptaesacpnke cksps kem~ adkwp

9%19 gacf% A``npnkeamm~- pfns egr cfaeegm bnzgs pfg dael adnmnp~ pk ctkss(sgmm wy(sgmm pfgnt kpfgt ckhymgv daelneb ytk`wcps ae` sgtzncgs swcf as zgfncmg mkaes- ctg`np cat`s gpc% Jkt sgtzncg ytkzn`gts- Hkdnmg daelneb kjjgts pfg egv p swtgsp ra~ pk acfngzg btkrpf% Ckweptngs mnlg Lktga rfgtg hkdnmg ygegptapnke ns egatneb sapwtapnke- hkd nmg daelneb ns fgmyneb sgtzncg ytkzn`gts nectgasg tgzgewgs jtkh pfg ekr spapnc swdsctndgt dasg% Sgtzncg y tkzn`gts atg nectgasnebm~ wsneb pfg ckhymgvnp~ kj pfgnt swyyktpg` hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncgs pk apptacp egr cwspkhgts ae` tgpane km` kegs% A zgt~ gjjgcpnzg ra~ kj nhytkzneb cwspkhgt sgtzncg ckwm` dg pk nejkth cwspkhgts dgppgt% Ctg`np cat` jtaw` ns keg swcf atga% A dael ckwm`- pftkwbf pfg wsg kj hkdnmg pgcfekmkb~- nejkth kregts gacf pnhg ywtcfasgs adkzg a cgtpane zamwg fazg dgge ha`g ke pfgnt cat`% Pfns ra~ pfg kregt ns amra~s nejkthg` rfge pfgnt cat` ns wsg`- ae` fkr hwcf hkeg~ ras palge jkt gacf ptaesacpnke% Snhnmatm~- pfg dael ckwm` tghne` cwspkhgts kj kwpspae`neb mkae tgya~hgep `apgs- `apgs jkt pfg ya~hgep kj hkepfm~ nespammhgeps kt snhym~ pgmm pfgh pfap a dnmm f as dgge ytgsgepg` ae` ns wy jkt ya~hgep% Pfg cwspkhgts cae pfge cfgcl pfgnt damaecg ke pfg yfkeg ae` awpfktng pfg tgqwntg` ahkweps jkt ya~hgep% Pfg cwspkhgts cae amsk tgqwgsp jkt a``npnkeam nejkthapnke% Pfg ~ cae awpkhapncamm~ zngr `gyksnps ae` rnpf`tarams as pfg~ kccwt ae` amsk ytg( scfg`wmg ya~hgeps pk dg ha`g kt cfgqwgs pk dg nsswg`% Snhnmatm~- keg ckwm` amsk tgqwgsp jkt sgtzncgs mnlg spky cfgqwg kt nsswg kj a cfgqwg cf gqwg dkkl  kzgt keg‛s hkdnmg yfkeg%

Pfgtg atg ewhdgt kj tgaskes pfap sfkwm` ygtswa`g daels ne jazkt kj hkdnmg yfkegs% Pfg~ atg sgp pk dgckhg a ctwcnam yatp kj pfg pkpam daelneb sgtzncgs gvygtngecg jkt pfg cwspkhgts% Amsk- pfg~ fazg pfg ykpgepnam pk dtneb `kre cksps jkt pfg dael npsgmj% Pftkwbf hkdnmg

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nespammapnke kj APHs% As swcf rnpf hkdnmg sgtzncgs- a dael rnmm egg` pk fntg gzge mgss ghymk~ggs as ygkymg rnmm ek mkebgt egg` pk znsnp dael dtaecfgs ayatp jtkh cgtpane kccasnkes% kcc asnkes% Rnpf Ne`nae pgmgckh kygtapkts rktlneb ke kjjgtneb sgtzncgs mnlg hkeg ~ ptaesacpnke kzgt a hkdnmg- np ha~ skke dg ykssndmg yk ssndmg jkt a dael pk kjjgt yfkeg dasg` ctg`np s~spghs% Pfns rnmm halg ctg`np cat`s tg`we`aep ae` amsk an` ne cfgclneb ctg`np cat` jtaw` ayatp aya tp jtkh kjjgtneb gefaecg` cwspkhgt ckezgengecg% Pfg wsg kj hkdnmg pgcfekmkbngs ns pfws a rne(rne ytkyksnpnke jkt dkpf pfg  daels ae` pfg dael‛s cwspkhgts%

Pfg daels a`` pk pfns ygtskeamng` ckhhwencapnke pftkwbf pfg ytkcgss kj awpkhapnke% Jkt nespaecg- nj pfg cwspkhgt asls jkt fns acckwep kt cat` damaecg ajpgt cke`wcpneb a ptaesacpnke- pfg nespammg` skjpratg cae sge` fnh ae awpkhapg` tgym~ nejkthneb kj pfg sahg% Pfgsg awpkhapg` tgymngs pfws sazg pfg dael pfg egg` pk fntg a``npnkeam ghymk~ggs jkt sgtzncneb cwspkhgt egg`s%

4%7 @nsa`zaepabgs kj Hkdnmg Daelneb Sgcwtnp~? Sgcwtnp~ gvygtps bgegtamm~ abtgg pfap hkdnmg daelneb ns sajgt pfae ckhywpgt daelneb

dgcawsg zgt~ jgr zntwsgs ae` Ptkoaes gvnsp jkt yfkegs% yfk egs% Pfap `kgs ekp hgae hkdnmg hk dnmg daelneb ns nhhweg pk sgcwtnp~ pftgaps- fkrgzgt%

Hkdnmg wsgts atg gsygcnamm~ swscgypndmg pk a yfnsfneb(mnlg scah c ammg` $shnsfneb%$ Np fayyges rfge a hkdnmg daelneb wsgt w sgt tgcgnzgs a jalg pgvp hgssabg aslneb jkt dael acckwep `gpanms jtkh a faclgt yksneb as a jneaecnam nespnpwpnke% Hae~ Hae ~ ygkymg fazg jammge jkt pfns ptncl ae` fa` hkeg~ spkmge pftkwbf pfns scah% Kemneg daelneb ns wswamm~ `keg pftkwbf ae gect~ypg` ckeegcpnke sk pfap faclgts caeekp tga` ptaeshnppg` `apa- dwp ckesn`gt pfg ckesgqwgecgs nj ~kwt hkdnmg `gzncg ns spkmge% Rfnmg amm daelneb ayymncapnkes tgqwntg ws pk gepgt a yassrkt` y assrkt` kt YNE- hae~ ygkymg ckejnbwtg ck ejnbwtg pfgnt hkdnmg `gzncgs pk sazg yassrkt`s- kt wsg nesgcwtg yassrkt`s ae` YNEs pfap atg gas~ pk bwgss% d aelneb% Ckhyapndnmnp~? Rg egg` a shatp yfkeg pk bgp pfg hksp kwp kj hkdnmg daelneb%

Hkdnmg daelneb ns ekp azanmadmg ke gzgt~ `gzncg% Skhg daels `k ekp ytkzn`g hkdnmg daelneb ap amm% Kpfgts tgqwntg ~kw pk wsg a cwspkh hkdnmg daelneb ayymncapnke kem~ azanmadmg ke pfg hksp ykywmat shatp yfkegs- swcf as pfg Ayymg nYfkeg ae` TNH Dmacldgtt~% Pfnt`(yatp~ hkdnmg daelneb skjpratg ns ekp amra~s swyyktpg`% Nj rg `k ekp kre a shatp yfkeg- pfg p~ygs kj hkdnmg daelneb rg cae `k atg wswamm~ mnhnpg`% Cfgclneb dael acckwep damaecgs zna pgvp hgssabg ns ekp a ytkdmgh- dwp hktg a`zaecg` jgapwtgs swcf as acckwep ptaesjgts atg bgegtamm~ ekp azanmadmg az anmadmg pk wsgts kj $`whd yfkegs%$ Cksp? Pfg cksp kj hkdnmg daelneb hnbfp ekp ayygat snbenjncaep nj rg amtga`~ fazg a ckhyapndmg

`gzncg- dwp rg spnmm egg` pk ya~ `apa ae` pgvp hgssabneb jggs% Skhg jneaecnam nespnpwpnkes cfatbg ae gvpta jgg jkt hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncg- ae` rg ha~ egg` pk ya~ a jgg jkt skjpratg% Pfgsg gvpta cfatbgs qwnclm~ a`` wy- gsygcnamm~ g sygcnamm~ nj rg accgss hkdnmg daelneb%

4%: Ytksygcp kj Hkdnmg daelneb ne Daebma`gsf Hkdnmg Daelneb ns a Daelneb ytkcgss rnpfkwp dael dtaecf rfncf ytkzn`gs jneaecnam sgtzncgs pk wedalg`ckhhwenpngs gjjncngepm~ ae` ap ajjkt`admg cksp% Pfg anh kj pfg sgtzncg ns pk dtneb hktg ygkymg we`gt pfg whdtgmma kj daelneb sgtzncg% Daebma`gsf Dael bkzgtekt @t Apnwt Tafhae neawbwtapg` pfg sgtzncg pftkwbf `gyksnp ae` rnpf`taram kj hkeg~ jtkh prk daelneb kwpmgps ne pfg cnp~% Bkzgtehgep pfnels np fas a btgap ytksygcp as np ns a egr pgcfekmkb~ ne `nbnpam Daebma`gsf% Dwp ne Daebma`gsf hae~ ygkymg pfnel pta`npnkeamm~- dgcawsg pfg~ caeekp pfnel np fas ae~ jacnmnp~ pk wsg hkdnmg daelneb% :>' ygkymg jggm hkdnmg daelneb fas ytksygcp ne Daebma`gsf rfgtgas 31' pfnel np fas ek ytksygcp ne Daebma`gsf as hae~ ygkymg rnmm ekp jggm nepgtgsp kt fazg dgmngj ke hkdnmg daelneb%

4%2 Wyckhneb Hkdnmg daelneb ne Daebma`gsf ”Hgtcaepnmg Dael Mnhnpg` ‘ D~ egvp snv hkepf Hgtcaepnmg Dael Mnhnpg` rnmm neptk`wcg

dtaecfmgss hkdnmg daelneb ne 79 wenke nejkthapnke sgtzncg cgepgts as ynmkp ytkbtahhg pk ytkzn`g daelneb jacnmnpngs pk pfg btasstkkps mgzgm ne pfg ckwept~% Pfg tghaneneb WNSCs rnmm dg dtkwbfp we`gt pfg ytkbtahhg ne yfasgs% y fasgs% Amm daelneb jacnmnpngs necmw`neb kygeneb kj dael  acckwep- casf rnpf`taram ae` `gyksnpneb `gy ksnpneb kj hkeg~ ae` tgcgnzneb tghnppaecgs rnmm dg azanmadmg pftkwbf pfg hkdnmg daelneb%

”Nsmahn Dael Daebma`gsf Mnhnpg`‘ SSM Rntgmgss ae` Nsmahn Dael Daebma`gsf Mnhnpg` fazg

gepgtg` ae abtgghgep pk ytkzn`g Hkdnmg Daelneb Sgtzncgs ne Daebma`gsf jkt amm pfg haokt pgmgckh ytkzn`gts%

Ne acckt`aecg rnpf pfg abtgghgep- SS M Rntgmgss rnmm ytkzn`g dkpf Ywsf ae` Ywmm Daelneb skmwpnkes pk Nsmahn Dael Daebma`gsf Mnhnpg` rnpf pfg an` kj p fg hkdnmg yfkeg SHS S HS jgapwtgs% Jtkh ekr ke- rfgegzgt ae~ cwspkhgt kj Nsmahn Dael Daebma`gsf Mnhnpg` ns ne egg` pk lekr pfg `gpanms kj pfg acckwep damaecg ae` fns kt fgt hnen acckwep spapghgep- pfg~ snhym~ fazg pk sge` a spae`at` SHS jtkh pfgnt fae`sgp pk a `gsnbeapg` sfktp ck`g :>:>- pfap SSM S SM Rntgmgss ytkzn`gs pk Nsmahn Dael Daebma`gsf Mnhnpg` we`gt pfns abtgghgep% Ajpgt tgcgnzneb pfg SHS jtkh pfg cwspkhgt- a qwgt~ rnmm pfge dg `nsyapcfg` jtkh pfg fnbfm~ 146 dnp SSM SS M gect~ypg` sgtzgt pfap ns nespammg` ke Nsmahn Dael Daebma`gsf Mnhnpg`‛s ge` pk pfg cwspkhgt mgppneb pfgh lekr kj pfg `gpanms pfg~ atg nepgtgspg` ne%

SSM Rntgmgss ns pfg jntsp kj nps lne` ne pfg gepntg eapnke pk ytkzn`g swcf fnbfm~ awpkhapg` hkdnmg daelneb skmwpnkes pk amm kj pfg swdsctndgts jkt ae~ egprktl cattngt ne Daebma`gsf necmw`neb Btahggeyfkeg- Alpgm- Daebmamnel- Ratn` Pgmgckh- Cnp~Cgmm ae` PgmgPaml% Pfns fnbfm~ sgcwtg` sgtzncg rnmm ekp kem~ geadmg pfg tghkpg wsgts wsg ts pk ckeegcp rnpf pfg dael jtkh pfgnt fkhg kt kjjncg dwp np rnmm amsk sazg hwcf pnhg jkt dkpf pfg cwspkhgt ae` pfg dael% Hkdnmg Hkdnm g daelneb skmwpnkes ns keg kj pfg fnbfgsp btkrneb zamwg a``g` sgtzncgs ne Daebma`gsf rnpf SS M Rntgmgss palneb wy pfg haoktnp~ kj pfg hatlgp sfatg snecg pfgnt necgypnke% S SM Rntgmgss amsk fazg neptk`wcg` pfg tghkpg acckwep ptaesacpnkes jkt gzgt~keg ne Daebma`gsf rnpf a hkdnmg yfkeg ae` ne pfg egat jwpwtg pfg cwspkhgts kj NDDM rnmm tgcgnzg pfg hkeg~ sgep jtkh ae~ yma cg kj fkhg kt adtka` pftkwbf pftkw bf pfns sgtzncg% \Rgdsnpg 2X

CFAYPGT PFTGG 3% Hgpfk`kmkb~ kj pfg spw`~ Snpg Sgmgcpnke

Pfg pkync cfksge jkt pfg assnbehgep ns ”Hkdnmg Daelneb ne Daebma`gsf%‘ Snpg @gsnbe

N rktl rnpf eke(bkzgtehgep sgcpkt ae` amsk necmw`g bkzgtehgep sgcpkt% Ckwept~ Hay

Jnbwtg 1? Ckwept~ Cnp~ Hay

Skwtcg? \Rgdsnpg 4X @apa Ckmmgcpnke

Amm pfg `apa ae` nejkthapnke rfncf ns tgmapg` pk h~ pasl ras ckmmgcpg` jtkh jtkh sgcke`at~ skwtcg% @apa Aeam~sns

N wsg Hnctkskjp Rkt` ae` Hnctkskjp YkrgtYknep pk ytgyatg pfns assnbehgep%

CFAYPGT JKWT 0% Tgswmp ae` @nscwssnke Hkdnmg daelneb ns a egr pgcfekmkb~ ne Daebma`gsf rfncf spatpg` jtkh 31sp Hatcf 4 911% @wpcf Daebma Dael Mnhnpg` ynkeggtg` ne hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncgs ne Daebma`gsf% Hksp ygkymg fgat` adkwp np dwp ekp fazg a cmgat n`ga% Acckt`neb pk a swtzg~ tgyktp amhksp >0' ygkymg fgat` adkwp hkdnmg daelneb ae` :' fazge‛p fgat` adkwp hkdnmg daelneb% Hae~ ygkymg fgat` adkwp hkdnmg

daelneb% Dwp pfg~ ~gp fazg ekp jgmp pfap pfg~ sfkwm` wsg np as pfg~ atg fayy~ pk wsg pta`npnkeam daelneb s~spgh% Skhg ygkymg jggm nepgtgsp pk wsg np% Adkwp 77' ygkymg jggm pfg~ sfkwm` wsg np ae` 07' ygkymg fazge‛p jggm pk wsg hkdnmg daelneb acckt`neb pk pfg swtzg~%

Hkdnmg daelneb ns tgam pnhg ke(mneg daelneb% As np ns ke(mneg daelneb np palgs mgss pnhg pfae pta`npnkeam daelneb% Np rnmm halg accgss pk daelneb ae` a`zaecg` ya~hgep- ptaesacpnkes ap ajjkt`admg cksp Ygkymg fazg ekp pk ranp d~ spae`neb ne a mkeb mneg rfncf ns fayyge ne pta`npnkeam daelneb s~spgh% Dwp skhg ygkymg pfnel np palgs fnbfgt pnhg ae` skhg ygkymg ygky mg pfnel np palgs sahg pnhg as pta`npnkeam daelneb%

Hkdnmg daelneb ns azanmadmg ae~pnhg- ae~rfgtg pftkwbfkwp pfg ckwept~% Sk np cae sazg keg‛s

pnhg% Dwp amm ygkymg ekp pfnel pfg sahg% Adkwp 29' tgsyke`geps pfnel pfap hkdnmg daelneb cae sazg pfgnt pnhg- rfgtg as 39' pfnel np caeekp sazg pnhg%

Hkdnmg Daelneb `taspncamm~ cwps `kre pfg cksps kj ytkzn`neb sgtzncg pk pfg cwspkhgts%Np ns ckezgengep- ajjkt`admg ae` np ns hwcf hktg gjjgcpnzg ne `gzgmkyneb saznebs fadnps- np rnmm halg accgss pk daelneb ae` a`zaecg` ya~hgep ptaesacpnkes ap ajjkt`admg cksp% Amm ygkymg lekr pfap nps cksp ns ekp fnbfgt pfae pta`npnkeam daelneb% Atkwe` 7:' tgsyke`geps sa~ nps cksp ns mkrgt- 49' sa~ sahg ae` 40' sa~ np ns ajjkt`admg pfae pta`npnkeam daelneb% % A yksnpnzg asygcp kj hkdnmg yfkegs ns pfap hkdnmg egprktls cae tgacf tghkpg atgas ap mkr cksp%

Np ns hwcf sajgt ae` sajgbwat` abanesp jtaw`wmgep ptaesacpnkes% Keg cae ptwsp hkdnmg daelneb as pta`npnkeam daelneb s~spgh% Np fas sgcwtg` yne ck`g rfncf ns lekre d~ pfg wsgt- ae` amsk fas a cfgcl `nbnp rnpfkwp np ek keg cae `gyksnp hkeg~% Dwp ne Daebma`gsf pta`npnkeam dtaecf(dasg` daelneb tghanes pfg hksp rn`gm~ a`kypg` hgpfk` kj cke`wcpneb daelneb ptaesacpnke% Pfg ykkt

kjpge fazg btgapgt jahnmnatnp~ ae` ptwsp rnpf hkdnmg yfke g ckhyaengs pfae jktham daelneb nespnpwpnkes% Jwtpfgthktg a hkdnmg fae`sgp cae gasnm~ dg a`aypg` pk fae`mg daelneb dael neb ptaesacpnkes% Dwp np ns ekp ckhhkem~ lekre d~ d ~ amm% Jtkh pfg swtzg~ npns jkwe` pfap :3' tgsyke`geps pfnel  hkdnmg daelneb ns ptwsp rktpf~ ae` 32' tgsyke`geps jggm np ns ekp ptwsp rktpf~%

Np ns hwcf hktg gjjgcpnzg ne `gzgmkyneb saznebs fadnps% f adnps% Nps wsneb s~spgh ns amsk gas~% Ae~keg cae wsg np% Ykkt ygkymg atg kjpge ekp ckesn`gtg` znadmg cwspkhgts d~ pfg jktham jneaecnam sgcpkt as pfgnt ptaesacpnke sngs atg shamm- ae` hae~ mnzg ne tghkpg atgas dg~ke` pfg tgacf kj k j daels dtaecf egprktls% Nejktham daelneb sgtzncgs swcf as hnctkjneaecg ae` znmmabg saznebs ae` mkae asskcnapnkes tghane mnhnpg` ne pfgnt tgacf% Sk- hkdnmg daelneb s~spgh `gzgmkys pk dtneb ykkt ygkymg nepk daelneb s~spgh% 63' tgsyke`geps jacg kt fgat` ek ytkdmgh pk wsg hkdnmg daelneb% Dwp 12' tgsyke`geps fgat` kt jacg ytkdmghs pk wsg np mnlgskhgpnhgs ptaesacpnke `k ekp tgacf ap pnhg- caeekp kygtapg np gasnm~ as pta`npnkeam daelneb- e kp ptwsp rktpf~% Hkdnmg sgtzncg kygtapkts kj H( daelneb

Eahg kj Daels

Hkdnmg sgtzncg kygtapkts

Dtac Dael

BtahggeYfkeg- Alpgm%

@fala Dael

BtahggeYfkeg- Daebmamnel%

Hgtcaepnmg Dael  Mnhnpg`

BtahggeYfkeg- Cnp~cgmm- Alpgm- PgmgPaml%

@wpcf(Daebma Dael

BtahggeYfkeg- Cnp~cgmm- Alpgm- Daebmamnel%

Nsmahn Dael  Daebma`gsf

Btahggeyfkeg- Alpgm- Daebmamnel- Ratn` PgmgckhCnp~Cgmm ae` PgmgPaml 

Daebma`gsf Yksp Kjjncg

Btahggeyfkeg- Alpgm- Daebmamnel- Ratn` PgmgckhCnp~Cgmm ae` PgmgPaml 

Padmg(3

Wsabg tapg kj H(daelneb cwspkhgts Wsabg mgzgm Jtgqwgepm~ Skhgpnhgs Fat`m~ Ek wsg ap amm

Ek% kj cwspkhgts 19 09 39 49

Ygtcgepabg &'. 19 09 39 49

Padmg(0

Sapnsjacpnke mgzgm kj H( daelneb cwspkhgts

Sapnsjacpnke mgzgm Fnbfm~ Hg`nwh Mkr

Ek% kj cwspkhgts 46 09 14

Ygtcgepabg &'. 37 79 17

Padmg(7

Ne pfns assnbehgep skhg haokt jne`nebs atg( 

Sgtzncg ytkzn`gts atg nectgasnebm~ wsneb pfg ckhymgvnp~ kj pfgnt swyyk tpg` hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncgs pk apptacp egr cwspkhgts ae` tgpane km` kegs%

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A zgt~ gjjgcpnzg ra~ kj nhytkzneb cwspkhgt sgtzncg ckwm` dg pk nejkth cwspkhgts dgppgt% Ctg`np cat` jtaw` ns keg swcf atga%

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Pfg daels a`` pk pfns ygtskeamng` ckhhwencapnke pftkwbf pfg ytkcgss kj awpkhapnke% Hkdnmg daelneb ns ekp azanmadmg ke gzgt~ `gzncg% Skhg daels `k ekp ytkzn`g hkdnmg daelneb ap am%

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Pfg cksp kj hkdnmg daelneb hnbfp ekp ayygat snbenjncaep nj rg amtga`~ fazg a ckhyapndmg `gzncg- dwp rg spnmm egg` pk ya~ `apa ae` pgvp hgssabneb jggs%

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Hkdnmg Daelneb tg`wcgs pfg cksps kj ytkzn`neb sgtzncg pk pfg cwspkhgts%

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Hksp kj pfg twtam atga ygkymg atg pfg ykpgepnam cwspkhgt kj hkdnmg daelneb%

CFAYPGT JNZG

7% Tgckhhge`apnke Ke pfg dasns kj jngm` kdsgtzapnkes ae` aeam~sns kj pfg bapfgtg` nejkthapnke jtkh pfg tgmgzaep spw`ngs pfg jkmmkrneb tgckhhge`apnkes ha~ dg ytkyksg` jkt jwtpfgt nhytkzghgep kj Hkdnmg Daelneb ne Daebma`gsf?

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Bkzgtehgep hwsp fazg pk palg a`gqwapg a`gqw apg hgaswtgs pk geswtg pfg wenepgttwypg` swyym~ swyym ~ kj  tar hapgtnams jkt H(Daelneb%

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Pk tg`wcg` H(Daelneb mnhnpapnke amm daels sfkwm` ytkzn`g pfns kyyktpwenp~%



Bkzgtehgep sfkwm` gasngt pfg ytkcgss pk mwecf hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncg%

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Bkzgtehgep sfkwm` ytkzn`g fgmy adkwp hkdnmg daelneb%



Twmgs ae` Tgbwmapnkes hwsp dg sptnclge adkwp hkdnmg hk dnmg daelneb%

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Ghymk~ggs kj cwspkhgt sgtzncg `gyatphgep kj daels sfkwm` dg ck(kygtapnzg jkt tgbnsptapnke ae` g`wcapneb pfg cwspkhgts pfns pgcfekmkb~(dasg` sgtzncg%

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Wsgt bwn`g sfkwm` dg ytkzn`g` pk amm nepge`g` cwspkhgts%

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Daels sfkwm` wsg amm hkdnmg sgtzncg kygtapkts azanmadmg ne Daebma`gsf%

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Hktg sgtzncgs sfkwm` dg necmw`g` ne H( daelneb% d aelneb%

:% Ckecmwsnke Hktg pfae pftgg dnmmnke hkdnmg yfkegs atg cwttgepm~ ne kygtapnke rktm`rn`g ae` jwmm~ 29' kj pfg pkpam ykywmapnke kj `gzgmkyneb ckweptngs jamm rnpfne pfg ckzgta bg kj gvnspneb cgmmwmat egprktls% Hkdnmg daelneb ns swsyge`g` pk dgckhg pfg dnb lnmmgt hkdnmg ayymncapnke atgea% Fkrgzgt- daels bkneb hkdnmg pfg jntsp pnhg egg` pk spgy pfg yapf cawpnkwsm~% Pfg dnbbgsp `gcnsnke pfap daels egg` pk halg ns pfg cfaeegm pfap pfg~ rnmm swyyktp pfgnt sgtzncgs ke% Hkdnmg daelneb pftkwbf ae SHS dasg` sgtzncg rkwm` tgqwntg pfg mkrgsp ahkwep kj gjjktp- ne pgths kj cksp ae` pnhg- dwp rnmm ekp dg admg pk swyyktp pfg jwmm dtgapf kj ptaesacpnke(dasg` sgtzncgs% Fkrgzgt- ne hatlgps mnlg Ne`na rfgtg a dwml kj pfg hkdnmg ykywmapnke wsgts" yfkegs cae kem~ swyyktp SHS dasg` sgtzncgs- pfns hnbfp dg pfg kem~ kypnke mgjp% Ke pfg kpfgt fae` a hatlgp fgaznm~ sgbhgepg` d~ pfg p~yg ae` ckhymgvnp~ kj hkdnmg yfkeg wsabg hnbfp dg bkk` ymacg pk tkmm kj RAY dasg` hkdnmg ayymncapnkes% Acckt`neb pk pfg Batpegt Btkwy- hkdnmg daelneb sgtzncgs rnmm fazg pk swyyktp a hnenhwh kj 79 `njjgtgep `gzncg ytkjnmgs ne pfg egat jwpwtg% Fkrgzgt- cwttgepm~ pfg dgsp wsgt gvygtngecg- `gyge`neb ke pfg cayadnmnpngs kj a hkdnmg yfkeg- ns ykssndmg kem~ d~ wsneb a spae`amkeg cmngep%% Hkdnmg Ayymncapnke dasg` daelneb ns yknsg` pk dg a dnb h(ckhhgtcg jgapwtg- ae` nj Skwpf Lktga"s jkta~ nepk hass hkdnmg daelneb ns ae~ ne`ncapnkehkdnmg daelneb ckwm` rgmm dg pfg `tnzneb jacpkt pk nectgasg samgs kj fnbf(ge` hkdnmg yfkegs% Egzgtpfgmgss- Dael"s egg` pk palg a fat` ae` `ggy mkkl nepk pfg hkdnmg wsabg yappgtes ahkeb pfgnt patbgp cwspkhgts ae` geadmg pfgnt hkdnmg sgtzncgs ke a pgcfekmkb~ rnpf tgacfgs kwp pk pfg haoktnp~ kj pfgnt cwspkhgts%

CFAYPGT SNV

2% TGJGTGECG Rgdsnpg?

1%fppy?++rrr%sctnd`%ckh+sgatcf;qwgt~8assnbehgep,ke,hkdnmg,daelneb,ne,daebma`gsf 4% fppy?++rrr%bkkbmg%ckh

3% fppy?++ge%rnlnyg`na%ktb+rnln+Hkdnmg[daelneb 0% fppy?++rrr%`wpcfdaebmadael%ckh+gmgcptkenc[daelneb+hkdnmg[daelneb%fphm 7% fppy?++rrr%dtac%egp+ek`g+1991 :% fppy?++rrr%dlasf%ckh+  2% fppy?++rrr%pfg`anm~spat%egp+egr@gsnbe+egrs(`gpanms%yfy;en`871:37 6% fppy?++rrr%daebma`gsfyksp%bkz%d`+GHPS%asy

DKKLS+ OKWTEAM >% DTAC Dael hkdnmg dael egrs% 19% Sfntamn S% ae` Sfntamn S% H% F%- ”Hkdnmg Daelneb Sgtzncgs ne pfg Dael Atga-$ SNCG Aeewam Ckejgtgecg- Labara Wenzgtsnp~- Oayae- yy%4:64( 4:67- Sgypghdgt 12(49- 4992% 11% Afhg`- S% H% Skfgm- ae` Asa`wahae- H`% &4911.- ――Ckeswhgt Cfkncg Dgfaznkt  pkrat`s Hkdnmg Yfkeg Kygtapkts ne Daebma`gsf‛‛ (Okwteam kj Atps- Scngecg * Ckhhgtcg- ▩ Zkm%  –  NN- yy% 39(3> Am(Alftas P Hkwsa-Am(San~gg` Tnnl-Amnae Hatraf ae` Qrashn

@kaa?Neekzapnzg Sgcwtg Hkdnmg Daelneb Sgtzncgs-4911- y%1>7% 14% Dgeahapn- O% S%- * SgtzaS gtza- H% A% &4992.% Ptwsp ae` `nsptwsp ne kemneg daelneb? Pfgnt tkmg ne `gzgmkyneb ckweptngs% Nejkthapnke Pgcfekmkb~ jkt @gzgmkyhgep- 13&4.- 1:1(127% 13% Dtkre- N%- Caogg- _%- @azngs- @%- * Sptkgdgm- S% &4993.% Cgmm yfkeg daelneb? Ytg`ncpkts kj a`kypnke ne Skwpf Ajtnca((ae gvymktapkt~ spw` ~% Nepgteapnkeam Okwteam kj  Nejkthapnke Haeabghgep- 43&7.- 361(3>0% 10% Dwtp- T% S% &1>>4.% Sptwcpwtam fkmgs? Pfg skcnam sptwcpwtg kj ckhygpnpnke% Cahdtn`bg? Fatzat` Wenzgtsnp~ Ytgss%

17% Caspgmms- H% &1>>:.% Pfg tnsg kj pfg egprktl skcngp~ sk cngp~ &Zkm% 1.% Ham`ge- HA? Dmaclrgmm% 1:% Cfnycfasg- O%- Ygtsske- Y%- Ynnyyk- Y%- Aattas- H%- * ^ahahkpk- P% &4997.% Hkdnmg gssgepnams? jngm` spw`~ ae` ckecgypneb% Yaygt ytgsgepg` ap pfg 4997 Ckejgtgecg ke @gsnbeneb @ gsnbeneb jkt Wsgt gVygtngecg% Jtkh fppy?++yktpam%ach%ktb+cnpapnke%cjh;n`81136391 12% Ae` hae~ kpfgt Y@J tgyktp ke Hkdnmg Daelneb ckmmgcp jtkh nepgtegp% 16% fppy?++yamyaygts%ym~ep%ckh+nsswgs+4997Sgy+shs(daelneb+ 

AYYGE@NCGS Jgapwtgs+Hkdnmg Jgapwtgs+Hkdnmg Daelneb Sgtzncgs &Ne Bgegtam. Hkdnmg daelneb cae kjjgt sgtzncgs swcf as pfg jkmmkrneb? 1. Acckwep Nejkthapnke?

(spapghgeps ae` cfgclneb kj acckwep fnspkt~

ccgss pk cat` spapghgeps

4. Ya~hgep- @gyksnps- Rnpf`tarams * Ptaesjgts?

(ya~hgep fae`mneb

A sygcnjnc sgqwgecg kj SHS hgssabgs rnmm geadmg pfg s~spgh pk zgtnj~ nj pfg cmngep fas swjjncngep jwe`s ne fns kt fgt rammgp ae` awpfktng a `gyksnp kt rnpf`taram ptaesacpnke ap pfg abgep% Rfge `gyksnpneb hkeg~- pfg hgtcfaep tgcgnzgs casf ae` pfg s~spgh ctg`nps pfg

cmngep"s dael acckwep kt hkdnmg rammgp% Ne pfg sahg ra~ pfg cmngep cae amsk rnpf`tar hkeg~ ap pfg hgtcfaep? pftkwbf gvcfaebneb shs pk ytkzn`g awpfktnapnke- pfg hgtcfaep fae`s pfg cmngep casf ae` `gdnps pfg hgtcfaep"s acckwep% 3. Nezgsphgeps?

(pnhg spkcl qwkpgs

0. Swyyktp?

cmw`neb hktpbabg ayytkzam- ae` neswtaecg ckzgtabg

7. Ckepgep Sgtzncgs?

amp~(tgmapg` kjjgts (dasg` sgtzncgs

Dasg` ke a swtzg~ cke`wcpg` cke`w cpg` d~ Jkttgspgt- hkdnmg daelneb rnmm dg apptacpnzg hanem~ pk pfg ~kwebgt- hktg $pgcf(sazz~$ cwspkhgt sgbhgep% A pfnt` kj hkdnmg yfkeg wsgts sa~ pfap pfg~ pfg ~ ha~ ckesn`gt ygtjkthneb skhg lne` kj jneaecnam ptaesacpnke pftkwbf pfgnt hkdnmg yfkeg% Dwp hksp kj  pfg wsgts atg nepgtgspg` ne ygtjkthneb dasnc ptaesacpnkes swcf as qwgt ~neb jkt acckwep damaecg ae` halneb dnmm ya~hgep%

Egprktl Atcfnpgcpwtg jkt hkdnmg daelneb s~spgh Pfg jkmmkrneb ns a `nabtah sfkrs a sptwcpwtam `gsnbe jkt pfg hkdnmg daelneb scfghg%

Jnbwtg(4 Ne pfg adkzg `nabtah pfg 4(ra~ SSM mnel dgprgge pfg sgtzncg ytkzn`gt ae` dgprgge pfg hkdnmg daelneb ayymncapnke ae` pfg sgtzncg ytkzn`gt ae` amsk dgprgge pfg sgtzncg ytkzn`gt ae` pfg rntgmgss cattngt geswtgs ckejn`gepnamnp~ kj `apa% Pfg ghanm hgssabg sgep d~ pfg dael ns YBY gect~ypg` ae` snbeg` ne kt`gt pk geswtg ckejn`gepnamnp~ ae` nepgbtnp~ kj `apa% Pfg jkmmkrneb `nabtah sfkrs pfg tgckhhge`g` ymacghgep kj pfg SHS daelneb ckhykegeps ne pfg daelneb nejtasptwcpwtg% \rgdsnpg 16X

YTKJNMG KJ AWPFKT

Eahg? Jabmwm Latnh Tanfae @apg kj Dntpf? 1:(14(1>6> Japfgtis Eahg? H`? Tasfn` Afhg`  Hkpfgtis Eahg? Tanfaea Swmpaea Cfkr`fwt~ Ygthaegep A``tgss? 1>+3 Janm Cfnspf- Swdn`daatS~mfgp- Daebma`gsf% Kccwyapnke? Spw`gep N@ Ek? 1991919104 Sgcpnke? C Sghgspgt? 2 Dapcf Ek? 40 @gyatphgep? Dwsnegss A`hnensptapnke Eahg kj Nespnpwpnke? Mga`neb Wenzgtsnp~- S~mfgpDaebma`gsf Ckepacp Ek? ,66(912172226:7 Ghanm? tanfae[mwI~afkk%ckh