MUDLO MUDLOGGI GGING NG ... for dumm dummies ies MUDLOGGING CONTENTS s s s s s
GENERALITIES: PAST & FUTURE PRESENTATION SUMMARY Introduction: AIMS & PURPOSES SENSORS, DATUM & DATA GAS: DEFINITION, ORIGIN, MEASUREMENTS, INTERPRETATION
s
PRESSURE:
GENERALITIE GENERA LITIES: S: Hydr Hydr ost ost., ., Overburd Overb urden en, Pore Pressur Pre ssur e FORMATION: SOBG, ’d’exp, ’d’ex p, ... WELL MEASUREMEN MEASUREMENTS: TS: LOT, FIT , SBT,Csg SBT,Csg Test
s s s s s s
SAMPLING: PROCESSING and DESCRIPTION LABORATORY: PREPAR PREPARATION ATION and an d AN ANALYSIS ALYSIS CORING: EQUIPMENTS and OPERATIVE TECHNICS REPORTING: DGR, GWR and DDR ANNEXES CONCLUSION TOOLBOX
. . . Natters Natters Around Field . . .
module 6.1 TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB October 1998
GENERAL PRESENTATION S U M M A RY MUDLOGGING: «on « on the the road r oad again ...» from ... STONE AGE BIBLES to ... ... 21st century BIBLES => T OOLBOX module 6.1) 6.1) THEMATIC RESEARCH ALPHABET ALPHA BET IC RESEARCH RESEARCH T ECHN ECHNICA ICAL L DATA SHEETS: examples examp les (Toolbox module 5.2) GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT (Toolbox module 7.0) MUDLOGGING MUDLOGG ING AU AUDIT DIT (T oolbox modu module le 2.1)
. . . Natters N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GENERAL PRESENTATION S U M M A RY MUDLOGGING: «on « on the the road r oad again ...» from ... STONE AGE BIBLES to ... ... 21st century BIBLES => T OOLBOX module 6.1) 6.1) THEMATIC RESEARCH ALPHABET ALPHA BET IC RESEARCH RESEARCH T ECHN ECHNICA ICAL L DATA SHEETS: examples examp les (Toolbox module 5.2) GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT (Toolbox module 7.0) MUDLOGGING MUDLOGG ING AU AUDIT DIT (T oolbox modu module le 2.1)
. . . Natters N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DATA DISPATCHING
GWR
MUDLOGGING RECORDING
REPORT IN ING
PREPARING
MUD LOGGER
DATA ENGINEER
SAMPLE CATCHER
DRILLING WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
EVALUATING CIRCULATING C O F I S R H I FIT HP I N N G G HT LOGGING D
LOT
DATA DISPATCHING S R S N I INTERPRETATION L N O L I DATA MANAGEMENT O I I T N T A TESTING DATA ACQUISITION G L A L U WELL MONITORING U P G G R E MUD PARAMETERS E O R R P DRILLING EVENTS O G Y S N I T A LITHOLOGICAL & GAS DATA L E L L F I A R S WELL FOLLOW-UP D
. . . Natters N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
’STONE AGE’ BIBLES ... gg i
Lo ud
M
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
n g
USEFUL, BUT: - DIFFICULT T O MANAGE (heavy, huge, ...) - BORING RESEARCH & READING
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
... 21st century BIBLES WEB site INTRANET
U
M
D
L O
G
TOOLBOX module 6.1
G I
N
W SG AI M S ...
G CD
SENSORS
S AM P LI N G
S G A
E R U Y R S S E O R T P A
R O B A L
… JOB PURPOSES
G N I T R O P E R
C O R I N A N G N E X E S
THE TRICKS OF THE TRADE
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
FILES: - STRICKLY A4 SIZE - MAINLY VISUAL - ESSENTIAL TEXT - FAST CONSULTATION - EASY T O UPDATE THEMATIC RESEARCH ALPHABETIC RESEARCH LINKAGE between FILES TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
THEMATIC RESEARCH TOOLBOX - module 6.1 INTRODUCTION: AIMS DATUM, SENSORS & DATA GAS PRESSURE SAMPLING LABORATORY CORING REPORTING ANNEXES KEYW ORDS INDEX RESEARCH CONVERSIONS & EQUIVALENTS UNIT CONVERTER BASIC WELLSITE GLOSSARY International SPELLING CODE .. .
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EASY RESEARCH … Press to
OPEN
CUTTING DESCRIPTION SHEET
BASIC GLOSSARY (GB - F - E)
UNIT CONVERTER
OIL FIELD ABBREVIATIONS More … ?
MUDLOGGING AUDIT
KEYWORD GENERAL INDEX
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET S
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS SENSORS
EQUIPMENTS
DRILLING
MUD
GAS
LABORATORY TECHNICAL DATA SHE
TECHNICAL DATA SH TECHNICAL DATA SH
TECHNICAL DATA SH
sensor type & mod
oservices
sensor type & mo
oservices
GAS EQUIPMENTS
DEGASSER
ULTRASONIC
MUD SENSORS
equipment & model
oservices
AUTOCALCIME
GZG
PIT LEVEL
DRAWWORK DRILLING SENSORS
equipment & mode
oservices
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
MEASURE
MEASURE MEASURE
n
Features &Benefits: Can easily be rigged up, does not normally require maintenance. True real-time measurement. Pipe velocity is actually calculated allo wing real surg e and swab calcul
Principle: Anotched wheel with teeth rotates with the cable drum and proximitysensors detect the movement of the wheel which send pulses to the system. The pulses are computed in hook movement knowing initial charact the drum and the line. Manufacturer: Turck
Unit: Si 3.5 K 1
ð Aim:To
measurethe mud level in thepits and to knowthepit vol
Features &Benefits: Lightan d compact. Accurate, n i trinsicallys afe. Principle:Thesensoremitsan ultrasonic wave which isreflecte d atthe s thefluid.An accuratemeasure mentof thetimetaken to thewaveto return distanceto the levelofmud. Manufacturer:Milltronics
Range: 48pulses/
Sensitivity: 1/48th of the DRW drum revolution.
Alarm: YES (HI/
Accuracy: +/- 1cm
Repeatability: +/-
Dimens.: N/A
Weight: N/A
Unit:«TheProb
Calibration &f requency:Byphysical comparison of actual vertical mo the travelling block. Check&frequency: Check of the agreement with the Driller’s depth w ith the pipe tally. Duringeach trip or every5 days:physical inspection of the sensor. Recalibrate each time the cable is changed.
Operating limits:-25 -> +70° C
Voltage: 8V DC
Features &B enefits: n n
Compensation of sample weight between 0.90and 1.10g. Memorycapacity up to 800calcimetries.
Principle: Acorrosiveattack of aknown amountof rock usinghydrochl somecarbondioxideisproduced.Asensor records thepressureincreaseand microprocesseur calculates thepercentageof carbonates contained in rock sa Manufacturer:
CHARACTERISTICS Range:0.3 - 5
Sensitivity:3 mm
Alarm: YES (HI
Typeof Output: N/A Sensitivity: N/A Accuracy: N/A
Range: N/A Alarm: NO Repeatability: N/A
Accuracy:+/- 5%of FullScale
Repeatability:
Dimens.:79x57x24 cm.
Weight:38 kg
Dimens.: N/A
Weight:1 . 5 k g
Witha tapemeasurer. Calibration &frequency: Check& frequency: Oncepershift:checklevelsof pits,clean sensorifnecessary .
Range: 0-100%
Sensitivity: 0.1 %
Alarm: NO
Accuracy: 1 %
Weight: 11 kg
MAINTENANCE
Check& frequency: Severaltime per shift:check for steadymud flow from outlet. Once per shift:C heck gas line air tightness. Every5days: Check gas transittime, lubricate pump diaphragm, inspec assemblyand bladefor wear.
Calibration frequency:With pure CaCO3 as reference. Check&frequency:Every5days and beforea new sectio n check thecal
and adjustif necessary.
OPERATING MODE Voltage:12 to 3
Sensorlocation:Over the pit, at least0.3m over the maximum mud level.
OPERATING MODE Power:120/140 W Purpose1:Gas Out Purpose2:Gas In Operating limits: CONTRACTOR Reference: TOTALExperience: -
Power:
Voltage:220/380 ð ð
location:Flow Line. location:Suction pit.
Accessories: Electronical balance. Printer. Operating limits:0 -> 50°C. CONTRACTOR Reference: TOTALExperien ce: -
TOOLBOX - module 5.2 . . . Natters Around Field . . .
Repeatibility:
Dimens.: 240x270x300 mm
No calibration . Calibration &f requency:
OPERATING MODE
Operatingli mits:-40 -> + 60°C
Typeof Output:
MAINTENANCE
f or GASLO G G ER and for RESERVAL
MAINTENANCE
CONTRACTORReference : TOTALExperience: -
Unit:
Certification:
CHARACTERISTICS
Analogic . 4- 20 mA Typeof Output:
Power: OPERATING MODE
Unit: GZG
Manufacturer:Geoservices
ð Aim:To measureand record the amountof carbonate s contained samples and quantify Calciteand Dolomite .
Certification:EEx ia IIC T4
MAINTENANCE
Sensorlocation: On the shaft of the drawworks.
Principle:Themud is pumped into adegasser tank wherean agitator extr hydrocarbon gas.
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS Pulses. 3to 8 V Typeof Output:
CONTRACTOR Reference: TOTALExperience: -
Features &Benefits : Independantof mud level variatio ns in the mud return circuit. High efficiency of degassing and constant performances quiteindependa parameters (density, viscosity, solids content,etc). Good extraction of gases from themud (85%) with equalperfo rmances and light gases.
.
Certification: EEx ia IIC T6
Power:
ð Aim:To extractgases frommud at a constantratewith equal perf lightand heavy gases.
MEASURE
ð Aim: To measuretherotation of the Draww orks drumand so the movement.
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Voltage: 220V AC
, .
Geological Well Report MUDLOG
TEXT.doc
PORE PRESSURE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
SAMPLING SEQUENCE
DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)
TOOLBOX - module 7.0 . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING AUDIT TOOLBOX
MUDLOGGING AUDIT C O N T E N TS
SUB
TOTAL
DIRECTION EXPLORATION GISEMENT Départment Subsurface
AUDIT SUMMARY
Sum-1
CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
Rec-1
EQUIPMENT and SAFETY AUDIT
Eq&S
Environment § §
SUB TOOLBOX TOOLBOX MODULE 2.1 module 2.1
RIG CHARACTERISTICS SENSORS REVIEW
Eq&S-1/5 Eq&S-2/5
Mudlogging §
§ §
UNIT
Eq&S-3/5
LABORATORY 1/2 LABORATORY 2/2
Eq&S-4/5 Eq&S-5/5
TECHNICAL and CREW AUDIT
MUDLOGGING AUDIT
§
SENSORS accuracy
Tech-1/8
§
GAS
Tech-2/8 Tech-3/8 Tech-4/8 T ech -5/8
D. GARDETTE REF : DG/970606-1
PREDEFINED CHECKLISTS TAG SUGGESTED ANSWERS and ADD YOUR COMMENTS...
Tech
• combustible
- Degaser - Detector - Analyser • n on comb ustible - Detector &An alyser
§
COMPUTER 1/2: Data acqu isition and processin g COMPUTER 2/2: Networking and softwares
§
CREW (Awareness and performance)
§
ANNEXES: Gas flow-charts:
- Degaser - Detector - Analyser
T ech -6/8 Tech-7/8 Tech-8/8 Ann-1 Ann-2 Ann-3
ANNEXES: Nominal gas values for Detectors & Analysers § §
June 1997
§ §
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
BAKER HUGHES INTEQ (BHI GEOSERVICES HALLIBURTON SPERRY-SUN (SSDS)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Ann-4 a-b Ann-5 a-b Ann-6 a-b Ann-7 a-b
INT ROD UCT ION SUMMARY - Rigsite CONTRACTORS - Rigsite RESPONSIBILITIES - MUDLOGGING CREW: Householder - MUDLOGGING AIMS (1): scope of work, data ... what for? - MUDLOGGING AIMS (2): how?, and Conclusions - MUDLOGGING JOB PURPOSES - ML & well behavior: WASH OUT examples - ML & well behavior: FLOW-CHECK & CIRCULATION - WELLSITE GEOLOGIST JOB PURPOSES - WELLSITE GEOLOGIST AIMS - WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: JOB SPIRIT
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
RIGSITE CONTRACTORS
TOOLPUSHER
GEOLOGIST
MUDLOGGING LOGGING (WL & LWD)
CO- MAN
DIRECTIONAL DEVIATION POSITIONING CORING MWD
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
DRILLING & RIG MAINTENANCE
DRILLING MUD CEMENT CASING ROV, ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
RIGSITE RESPONSIBILITIES Rigsite GEOLOGIST
MUDLOGGING
CO-MAN
TOOLPUSHER
position
ACQUISITION EVALUATION
Rigsite role
DECISION EXECUTION
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING «Householder» YOUR BOSS?
OUR T EAM
MY BOSS YEAH!
MUDLOGGER
SAMPLECATCHER
DATA ENGINEER
MUDLOGGING CREW
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST . . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
(1)) MUDLOGGING: AIMS (1 SCOPE OF O F WORK
Provide Oil Companies with with validated validated measurements /samples related to geological geologi cal,, drilli drilling ng and mud parameters , as per Client spe specifications. cifications. COLLECT
STORE
MANAGE
DISPATCH
WELL INFORMATION
PARAMETERS
DATA
DATA ON REQUEST
D RL G
M UD GAS
DATA ... WHA WHAT T FOR? MONITOR & EVALUATEOIL EVALUATEOIL & GAS SHOWS CONFIRM or or ADJUST ADJUST FORMATION PRESSURE ESTIMATION ESTABLISHACCU ESTABLISH ACCURA RATE TE & COM PREHEN PREHENSIVE SIVE DOCUME NTS, REPORTS, ...
INFORM
( IN REAL TIM E) PEOPLE INVOLVED IN WELL MONITORING MONITORING
OF ALL PLANNED EVENT S .... or .... IN CASE OF UNFOR UNFORECASTE ECASTE D EVENT S
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
=>
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ALERT
MUDLOGGING: AIMS (2) HOW?
INSTALL ALL REQUIRED SENSORS CONTROL SENSORS RELIABILITY an d ACCURACY RECORD CONTINUOUSLYALL MEASURED PARAMET ERS NOTIFYANY EVENTS OBS ERVED PREPARE SAMPLES FOR DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS ASSIST, when needed , FOR CORE RECOVERY, T ESTING OPERATIONS, ...
CONCLUSION: the MUDLOGGING ... ... M ONITOR O BSERVE but shou ld N EVER E NSURE Y OURSELF
but it is a ...
SECURE ASSISTANT for VISUALIZING & for EVALUATING RESERVOIR
MUDLOGGING is a HIGHLY VALUABLE SERVICE at LOW PRICE (only 2-3 % of well cost: 1 500-20 00 USD/d) . . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING : JOB PURPOSES WELL FOLLOW UP ... PARAMETERS
EVENTS
DATA ACQUISITION
DOCUMENTS
RECORDING
REPORTING
? BS
MONITORING & DETECTION
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
QUICK UNDERSTANDING & FAST REACTING
... ON A ROUTINE BASIS TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ML & well behavior examples: WASH OUT DRILLING • Possible ORIGIN: . very abr asive formations (hd SLST, Pyrite, ...) . and/or deviated wells (Drillpipe along casing) • PHENOMENA: Abnormal friction/wear along Drill-pipe / BHA upto create a hole along pipe => Wash pipe • Surface DETECTIONin Mudlogging unit: Injection Pressure (SPP)slowly reducing to fast dropping (=> Flow-Rate may increases) • Final Consequence => FISHING! (if not detected) • How to solve the situation? POOH with ‘heavy slug’ inside pipes and check every stand prior breaking the strings: then locate the WASH-OUT • Other: TWIST-OFF, but no forewarning signs! Lost nozzles on bit (check hydrau lic report)
Mudlogging crew => INFORM Drlg Supervisor => DECIDE & ACT: WOO . . . Natters Around Field . . .
GEOLOGY
Possible origin: . formations poorly cemented, indurated, ... . and/or inappropriate drilling fluid (mud)
Refer to chapter SAMPLING
Mudlogging crew => DECIDE & ACT then ... INFORM => Drlg Supervisor
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ML & well behavior : FLOW-CHECK & CIRCULATION
AIM
OBSERVATION of WELL ANNULAR LEVEL
• WHEN?
. after a fast DRILLING BREAK ( unexpected event) . after breaking a core, prior POH (no slug pumped) . to check possible swabbing, ( while pulling out at shoe depth), ... • WHY? to check if well is still in equilibrium in static cond itions; observ ed if any Gain or Los se s... and report rate (vol/ time) • HOW? Stop circulating (Pumps OFF) Stop adding mud into Active sum ( transferr ing, mixing, diluting , ...) • Duration : at least 15 min ... fct(depth, OH length)
Water
15 min
Oil
Gas
5 0
EVENT
time
-
ACTIVE PITS
+
-
ACTIVE PITS
+
-
ACTIVE PITS
+
Requested by . . . DRILLING SUPERVISOR
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
AIM
WELL CONTROL
• WHEN?
. prior per forming SBT, LOT, FIT, ... (=> drilling circulation: code F) . to check lithology at T D (=> geological circulation: code G) . for mud and/or well conditioning ( prior possible rising MW) . After a positive ‘Flow-Check’: gain ... ( circulate through Choke Manifold) • WHY? to clean out annular volume ( gas cu t mud, cuttings) to homogenize mud properties ( U tube) to determine coring point depth (code G) to set c asing shoe depth, ... (to wait on weather, orders, contractors, ...) • HOW? Stop drilling ... ‘ Flow-Check’; then ... Resume circulating (P umps ON) • Duration : at least ONE ‘Bottom-up’ depending on ... LAG TIME / LAG STROKE Requested by . . . DRILLING SUPERVISOR WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: JOB PURPOSES WELL FOLLOW UP ... LOGGING: wireline , LWD
DRILLING
MUDLOGGING
INPUT
MWD & MUD
CORING & TESTING
GEOLOGICAL INTERFACE
LITHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION & CORRELATIONS
SAFETY: HP/HT RISK EVALUATION
(FACIES)
OUTPUT RESERVOIR & FLUIDS CHARACTERIZATION
GAS & SHOWS INTERPRETATION
REPORTING: MUDLOG, GWR, ...
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
... ON A ROUTINE BASIS TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST AIMS ANTICIPATE
FOLLOW DRILLING PROPOSAL (Casing, (Mud,...)
REACH TARGETS
Casing depth Coring depth Pressure regime RISKS, . ..
FIND RESERVOIRS & IDENTIFY FLUIDS
EVALUATE
(CONTACTS QUANTIFY Hcb)
GAS
Phi
K
Sw
Pp Pf
OIL
...
WATER
SAFETY FIRST REACT to hazardous & unexpected events
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
(people, equipments & RIG)
SAVE MONEY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: Job spirit AVAILABLE 24h/day PROMPT TO REACT
FAST TO DECIDE (VELVET GLOVE)
(IRON FIST)
COMPETENT
SECURE
AUTHORITY
ACCURATE CONVIVIAL in any circumstances
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DATUM, SENSORS & D A T A SUMMARY - REFERENCE DEPTHS: Onshore & Offshore - Well PROFILES - Well PROJECT ION: horizontal & vertical views - HORIZONTAL DRAIN NOMENCLATURE - RIGSITE SENSORS LOCATION (simplified) - DATA: real time & delayed - LAG TIME: definition & control - LAG TIME: interpretation & consequences - DRILLING SENSORS - MUD SENSORS - Technical Data Sheets: TOOLBOX module 5.2
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
REFERENCE DEPTHS ONSHORE
0 (+) e n i g i r o T R B D V T
0
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
RTE / (KB) Rotary Table Elevation (Kelly Bushing)
ZERO reference
PERMANENT DATUM
RTE / KB
«SUB-SEA depth» riser Water Depth
e n i g i r o L S M D V T
( -) (+)
Ground Level
OFFSHORE
MSL (Annual) Mean Sea Level
Sea Bed or (Sea Floor) TD
TMDBRT
(Terminal Depth)
(Below Rotary Table)
PILOT HOLE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELL PROFILES ONSHORE
OFFSHORE
LAND RIG
SWAMP-BARGE (0 - 20m)
JACK-UP
SEMISUB’ DRILLSHIP
(20 - 100m)
(80 - 2000m)
KOP (Kick Off Point)
ROV
GO ON THE GAME, GUY!
(Remote Operating Vehicule )
BU (Build Up section)
E R W well extended reach well ii
SLANT well
Jii well
DOP
VERTICAL well
(Drop Off Point)
TMDBRT (Below Rotary Table)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
BOP’s +PGB
HORIZONTAL well/drain
Landing phase
PILOT HOLE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ULTRA DEEP WELL
WELL PROJECTIONS HORIZONTAL VIEW
N
+
WELL HEAD
W
VERTICAL VIEW
WELL HEAD
AZIMUTH N140°
delta X
E
w e l l p r o f i l e
DEPARTURE at CURRENT DEPTH
-
Y CURRENT DEPTH a t l e d
PROJECTION PLANE:
CURRENT DEPTH
w e l l p r o f i l e
ANGLE (inclinaison)
VERTICAL SECTION at CURRENT DEPTH
S 2 2 Departure= (deltaX) + (deltaY)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
DISTANCE
Azimuth N140°
TVD DEPTH
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
HORIZONTAL DRAIN NOMENCLATURE AIM
dip calculation depends on TST , Drilled T hickn. and on Apparent Vert. Thickn.
Layer follow-up along azimuth drain TST: True Stratigraphic Thickness
TOP
Drilled Thickness between TOP-BTM
(Reference Thickness inside drain)
TST
VERTICAL well
Apparent Vertical Thickness
BTM
TVD
Layer identification TVD: True Vertical Depth TMDBRT
PILOT (Below Rotary Table)HOLE
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WELL TRAJECTORY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SENSORS: SIMPLIFIED RIGSITE VIEW Note zoological nomenclature mis sing: DOG HOUSE MONKEY DECK GOOSE NECK MOUSE HOLE CAT WALK WIDOW MAKER! … POOR BOY !!
Crown Block Travelling Block & Hook (old) => TOP DRIVE Pit level Temp° IN Resist.IN Dens.IN
SPP swivel Stand Pipe hoose
DRILL FLOOR (DRUM miss ing) Kelly Bushing Rotary Table RPM, TRQ ROP => Depth HKPos, H 2S
Mixing pit (hoopers)
RESERVE PIT
H2S mud Pump and SPM Choke Manifold
WOH on dead line (=>WOB)
SUCTION PIT
Pit level
desanders & desilters (to sand trap)
RETURN PIT Degase r, D ens.OUT Resist.OUT, H2S
SAND TRAP Well head WHP, CP BOP’s CAVE H2S
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Temp° OUT
to RIG DEGASER
Flowmeter on Flowline
TRIP TANK POSSUM BELLY & SHALE SHAKER
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DATA : REAL TIME or DELAYED? DATA TYPE
DRILLING
MUD
GEOLOGICAL
ACQUISITION MODE
REAL TIME DATA downhole events visible on surface => instantaneou s data
DELAYED DATA downhole events , carried by mud, after LAG TIME => immediate data . . . Natters Around Field . . .
Depth TRQ RPM SPM
ROP WOB SPP WHP
PITS & FLOW (gain & losses)
MW data: Temp° OUT Density OUT Resistivity OUT
GAS & CUTTINGS (analysis & observation)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LAG TIME => ELAPSED TIME (BY MUD) FROM BOTTOM TO REACH SURFACE
Lag Time =
Annular Volume Flow Rate
L a g S tr o ke =
An nu la r V ol um e ⇒ s tr o ke n b ( Stroke vol) * (Pump eff . )
with
⇒
m in
AV = (OH vol + IDCSG vol) - (OD IRON vol in hole) FR = S ( troke vol) * (Pump efficiency %) * (SPM)
Note:
. if riser (offshore) => Tak e into account booster pump to improve FR in riser annulus . short cyc le => (Surface -> Bit) + (Bit -> surface) . long cycle => (short cycle) + (transit time on surfac e: from return pit to succion pit) . LAG CHECKS, to be performe d during pipe connection (short cycle ): . Calcium Carbide lag (CaC2) => Acetylene peak (C 2H2) on chr omato. (WBM mud only) . Crushe d brick lag => First arrival easily se enon Shak ers screen (red dish grained) . Rice lag => Not expens ive, but not eas y to check on Shake rs (milky-whitish-light tan) . Eventually Mica => in ca se of LWD (warning: possible effect on WL respo nse)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LT Interpretation & Consequences LTobserved > LTtheoritical
LTobserved < LTtheoritical
Cuttings arrive «late» regarding to ROP Hole Enlarged => CAVINGS reducing hole cl eaning efficiency Shale shape & siz e (poping, propeller,. ..)
Cuttings arrive «early» regarding to ROP Tight Hole => STICKY HOLE Shale hy dration (Monmorillonite) in both cases DRILLING PROBLEMS IN VIEW ... as delta P
=> Car efully check lithology on all sieves BUT, IT MAY ALSO BE DUE TO: - Wrong Pump efficiency (Toolpusher data) and/or false ad justment (Data Engineer) - Incomplete or erro neous pipes dimensions (OD & ID) and volumes, ...
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DRILLING SENSORS SENSORS items
MEASUREMENT mounting on
method
principle
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
WOH Weight On Hook ............ ............. .......... Dead line orHook Load => WOB Weight On Bit computed from Archimees law (or buoyancy effect)
SPP Stand Pipe Pressure ..... .... ..... ..... .... Stand pipe Manifold Diverter Manifold CP Casing Pressure ............. .............. .......... andWHP Well Head Pressure Hydraulic s ystem
TRQ Torque .... .... .... .... rotary table (RT) Electrical line
measuring strain on force triangle (klbs or tons)
HYDRAULIC
measuring variations of steel diaphragm (psi or bars) measuring capacitance of detecting diaphragm (psi or bar) CURRENT TRANSDUCER
HALL effect: measuring electrical field flowing in motor cable (Amp)
ELECTRIC
ROP Rate Of Penetration & Depth Drawwork ... ax le
HKPos Hook Position / Travelling Block RPM Revolution or ............ .............. .............. ... Rotary Table Rotation Per Minute
or Top Drive
PROXIMITY SWITCH
measuring crown sensor counter (logic condition: 0 or 1)
Pump piston SPM Strokes Per Minute ............. .............. .........
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUD SENSORS SENSORS
MEASUREMENT
items
mounting on
above mud t ank
method
principle
Echo pulse (ultrasonic)
ACOUSTIC
PITS Volume .............................. mud in tank
Flow Rate .......................................................flow line TEMP° ...................................
Potentiometer (paddle)
ELECTRIC
IN ...... ..suction pit OUT possum ....... belly
COND. / RESIST...................
Potentiometer (floater)
Platinium resistance
IN ...... ..suction pit
Toroidal induction coil OUT possum ....... belly IN ...... ..suction pit
Mud Weight / DENSITY.....
OUT .....gas trap IN ..... .. stand pipe OUT possum ....... belly
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Differential pressure
HYDRAULIC
Gamma ray absorption
(NUCLEAR)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SENSORS MEASUREMENT & SPECIFICATION M E T H O D
MUD & HYDRAULIC
DRILLING
ELECTRIC
ACOUSTIC
NUCLEAR
sensors WOH / WOB SPP CP / WHP T TRANSDUCER TRQ (diaphragm) DENS. / MW Current TRQ (Hall effect) Pressure
E L
P PROXIMITY switch I C N I
1
0
(counter)
R POTENTIOMETER P
RESISTIVITY ULTRASONIC RADIOACTIVE
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ROP / Depth HKPos RPM SPM PITS Vol. (floaters) FR (paddle) COND. / RESIST . TEMP° PITS Volume (ultrasonic) (DENS. / MW )
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
G A S : DEFINITION & MEASUREMENT S U M M A R Y (1/2) DEFINITION - GAS SAMPLING HISTORY - GAS TYPES RECORDED - GAS SHOWS: Definition Origin … or sources Swab & Surge Gas Events vs … warning! Main ranges - MUD DEGASSING ON SURFACE MEASUREMENT - GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN - DEGASSER TYPES - GAS LINES:efficiency main & back-up - DETECTOR:principles - DETECTORS for ACID GASES - H2S: HYDROGEN SULPHIDE => the Killer gas - CHROMATOGRAPHY: problems to solve principles & efficiency - FID: total gas & chromatography - TCD: total gas & chromatography . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
G A S : INTERPRETATION S U M M A R Y (2/2)
INTERPRETATION - LOG/LOG DIAGRAM
(SNPA)
- PIXLER PLOT
(BAROID)
- TRIANGLE MET HOD (GEOSERVICES) - Wh, Bh, Ch RATIOS
(EXLOG)
- LIGHT HYDROCARBON RATIOS: interpretation - RATIOS ACCURACY - GAS NORMALISATION: AIM - GAS NORMALISATION: magic! or bluff?
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS Sampling: HISTORY < 1930’s
> 1930’s
«rule of thumb method»
«Mudlogging Blooming»
Based on . shows estimation . depth levels uncertainty
Lagged depths with associated lithology (off-line Cabin)
oily appearance, petroleum odor, ... Qualitative method: => Identification by . centrifugation (oil) . ignition ( gases) => no quantitative evaluation
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
=>Degaser calibration: Steam Still analysis (VMS 1 950’s, constant vol) =>«Hot Wire» sys tems: (Thermal Conductivity Detector) (Catalytic Combustion Detector)
.total gas detection and .components identification Combustibles: C1...C 4, H2 . Other gases: H2S,CO2,N2,
(1980’s) -> PRESENT
« Fas t & Accura te ...»
Integrated services (on-line Unit) => Degasser efficiency improvement (constant flow & vol) => FID system:
FUTURE
«R & D»
Micro-indices on surface: . detection . analysis (geochemistry) borehole & fluid travel contamination?
(Flame Ionisation Detector)
from > 5 min to < 1 min only for combustible gases (C1 ... C 5) and optional «hot wire» for other gases
Downhole measurements . in-situ data(?) & . horiz. wells (geosteering)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS TYPES RECORDED HYDROCARBON Gas
NON-HYDROCARBON Gas
alkanes series
Inert gas
(CnH2n+2) C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 (C6
N2 H2 He (Rn
Methane Ethane Propane iso -Butane normal-Butane iso -Pentane normal- Pentane Hexanes )
?
Nitrogene Hydrogen Helium Radon)
Polar gas or «acid gas» H2S CO2
Hydrogen Sulfid Carbon Dioxide
POLAR DRY INERT HUMID . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS SHOWS: definitions GAS SHOWS on surface is reflecting a combination of: LIBERATED Gas
PRODUCED Gas
CONTAMINATED Gas
RECYCLED Gas
from formation
from formation
from other sources
WHILE drilling
AFTER drilling
than formation itself
by breaking the rock pore space
Connection Gas (air slug) Swab Gas / LCT Trip Gas, ... => short duration
as mud additives (chemical reacting), bit, turbine effects, ...
Remaining in the mud (whatever origin), then recirculating downhole
FORMATION Gas (FG) . . . Natters Around Field . . .
due to imperfect degassing on surface
minimun gas value (almost constant): BACKGROUND Gas (BKG) TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ORIGIN of GAS SHOWS GAS RECORDED on surface DRILLED GAS LIBERATED (L)
NON DRILLED GAS RECYCLED(R) PRODUCED (P) & CONTAMINATED(C)
R
GAS from Fault GAS from SHALE (cavings)
. GAS from Gas
P
C
P
Surface mixing New additives
L
P
Downhole chemical reactions ...
. GAS from Oil . GAS from Water ( Dissolved)
L
affecting L
BACKGROUND GAS
GAS from CUTTINGS Other Produced GAS: Pipe Connection, Swabbing/LCT, Trip Gas, ... . . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SWAB
&
SURGE
POOH
RIH
SWAB & SURGE function of: - pipe velocity - annulus diameter (hole, pipes) - mud rheology (MW,Visc)
delta P mud GAINS
final CONSEQUENCE on both cases
delta P mud LOSSES
EMW
injection
suction
imbalance between mud pressure and formation fluid pre ssure and possible KICK . . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAFET Y: GAS EVENTS … WARNING! Qualitative ALERT method Total Gas (TG) nil 1 std
G K B
traces
Peak heights increase => back to baseline between each gas event (peaks becoming wider )
e n i l e s a B l a i t i n I
s k a e p L A C I R T E M M Y S
IDENTIFY Origin of gas observed INDICATORS (possible gas origin)
∆P > 0
BKG increase => back to new baseline - shifted between each gas event B K G
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
- increased between each gas event
- PIPE CONNECTIONS - SWAB GAS TEST - LCT (Long Connection Test) - TRIP GAS - BACKGROUND GAS (BKG) Miscell:
survey false connections carbide (Lag-Time check)
FORMATION Gas
∆P ≈ 0 s k a e p C I R T E M M Y S A
. . . based on gas observations when circulation stopped
∆P < 0
Phenomena emphasized IF: • cumulative ga s events • recycled gas • rig degasser OFF(‘Poor Boy’) INFORM and Precise : • Change to new baseline (based on MW) • Lithology (Phi-K) associated to peaks • Gas obser ved= BKG + ‘Gas eve nt’ origin
GAS EVENTS reflect PressureRegime and/or Formation fluid content
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS SHOWS: scale range => Blow-out => Kick
100
?
Spectacular => Mu ster point Exceptional to Dramatic
too late! -> Life jacket
80
Risky to Hasardous Daring to Lucky
Delta P > 0
Questionable
60
Gas (%) observed
Delightful to Interesting
Delta P < 0
Promising
40
Nice (or
Lovely)
Fair to Slightly Weak to Poor
20
Disappointing
Nil
0 -50
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
0
50
delta P (bars) influence
100
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUD DEGASSING on surface Decanting tube (water)
Drill String
los s of free gas Bell Nipple
(Air + Gas)
DEGASSER
AIR inlet Possum Belly
GAS BUBBLES and CUTTINGS
F lo w l in e
Shale Shakers Ga s Trap
los s of free gas (=> recycled in part)
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
GAS LINE to Unit
MUD PIT(s)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN DEGASSER
DETECTORS
GAS LINE
gas elution
No
Ye s
2
3
Located in possum belly: (shale shaker header box) either immersed: mud level non-constant &agitator or degassing at constant mud volume & flow via a suction probe
«Gas + Air» mixture to Mudlogging cabin (mini 2 gas lines)
TOT AL GAS detection & H2S, CO2, ... (FID burner with H2 flow and /or TCD based on Wheatstone bridge)
EFFICIENCY ? PLUGGING ?
PLUGGING ? LEAKING ?
CALIBRATION ? SENSITIVITY ?
CALIBRATIONS ? ACCURACY ? REPEATABILITY ?
CARRIER
OBSERVER
ANALYSER
1
EXTRACTOR
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
4 CHROMATOGRAPHY combustible gas (FID, TCD) non-combustible gas (TCD)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DEGASSER TYPES EFFICIENCY = fct ( degasser location , chamber volume vs degassing time, mud type , ... )
GAS TRAP EFFICIENCY (%)
THE LONGER THE MUD UNDER AGITAT OR, THE GREATER THE EFFICIENCY
(100) immersed types STEAM STILL Constant mud volume (reference degasser )
SUCTION PROBE Constant mud flow & Constant volume
Qantitative Gas Trap M easurement
(50) BASIC Variable mud flow Discontinuous . . . N atters Around Field . . .
Constant mud flow
Continuous
GAS EXT RACTING MODE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DEGASSER
DETECTOR
GAS LINES EFFICIENCY DETECTOR
DETECTOR
DEGASSER
DEGASSER
NEITHER TOO LONG ... (C3+ analysis)
LENGTH
. . .
NOR TOO SHORT (safety reasons)
APPROPRIATE GAS LINES LENGTH => TRANSIT TIME T O UNIT < 100 sec depending on «AIR + GAS» mixture flow rate through Monoflex and on motor pump suction efficiency
FLOW RATE
NEITHER TOO FAST ...
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
. . .
NOR TOO SLOW
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS LINES: main & back-up
AT LEAST, 2 INDEPENDANT GAS LINES per DEGASSER
MAIN GAS LINE GAS LINE SPARE GAS LINE
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DETECTORS: principles TOTAL GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY
CONTINUOUS PROCESS
BATCH PROCESS
for
for
UNDIFFERENTIATED GASES
INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS
QUANTITATIVE measure
QUALITATIVE measure
CCD
TCD
FID
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
FLAME IONISATION
No combustion Detection of non-combustible gases
Very low threshold (5-20ppm) High repeatability
High threshold (>500ppm)
Accurate only for combustible gases
(NO LONG EXISTS) ADVANTAGES
+
DISADVANTAGES
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Low threshold detection (100ppm)
Poor detection for non-combustible + C6 cause breakdown of filament (Platinum) High T° filament (800°C)
Very high sensitivity to H2 Low sen sitivity to Hcb other than Methane
Need continuous H2 supply
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ACID GASES DETECTORS CO2
<= QUANTITATIVE RESULTS =>
Infra-Red ABSORPTION principle CO2 ATTENUATES the «IR» RADIATION EMIT TED BY T HE SOURCE (IR beam) Voltage propor tional to CO2 content => accur acy: 1000 ppm (0.1%) warning: CO2 highly absorb ed by basic water containe d in WBM and also in OBM (water phase)
CO2
H2S
1- SEM ICONDUCTOR principle H2S REDUCES THE METAL OXIDE COATING TO METALLIC SULPHIDES Conductivity prop ortional to H 2S content => accuracy: 1 ppm (0.0001%) warning: humidity reduces sensor sensibility
2- DEL PHIAN MUD DUCK IDENTIFY SOLUBLE SULPHIDES IN THE M UD related to mud pH (>10) & temperature warning: opera ting ONLY in water base mud
DRAEGER hand-held (QUALITATIVE RESULTS)
graduated tube filled with HYDRAZINE (N2H4) ... turning to BLUE-PURPLE ( +/- 10 %)
H2S
graduated tube filled with silicagel impregnated with LEAD ACETATE ... turning to DARK-BROWN ( +/- 10 ppm)
** DETECTOR AVAILABLE FOR ALL GASES (various reactants) with var ious SENSITIVITY RANGES ** . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) SAFET Y %
ppm
0.1 1000
n o i t a r t n e c n o c S 2 H
0.07
700
0.05
500
0.02
200
THE KILLER GAS DEATH => 1 min
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
DEATH => 15 min permanent cerebral injury
DIZZINESS
KILL SMELL 0.01 100
breathing ceases after 30 min => prompt artificial respiration
STINGS EYES & THROAT within 3-5 min
H2S ACID GAS
HEADACHE 0.002
20
0.001 10
COLORLESS
’safe’ for 8 hours
DEADLY GAS FLAMMABLE ( blue flame )
sg=1.18 (heavier than air)
ROTTENEGGS EGGS ROTTEN odour odour
Highly CORROSIVE to certain metals
H2S effects . . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CHROMATOGRAPHY:problems to solve hey, guy s!
Question: HOW TO B E FAST AND ACCURATE FOR SEPARATING GASEOUS COMPONENTS M IXTURE (AT A MAXIMUM M UD FLOW) and for AVOIDING CONTAMINATION BY SUCCESSIVE & REPE ATING MEASURES ?
Answer : yes, absolutely right, Mr O’NURB, IT DEP ENDS ON ANALYSIS SYST EM EFFICIENCY ... mainly BASED ON ... Heu! it depends ... IF THERE IS WIND, IF IT’ S HOT ...
SAMPLING RATE (TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE)
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
and on
PROCESS ACCURACY (COLUMNS and/or CAPILLARY TUBES)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CHROMATOGRAPHY:principles & efficiency 1
=> DIFFERENTIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF T HE SAMPLE COM PONENTS BETWEEN 2 PHASES:
2
COLUMNS Length: 6-20 ft ID: 0.12 5 - 0.25 inch
CAPILLARY TUBES Length > 300 ft ID < 0.03 inch
ONE ST ATIONARY solid phase as SILICAGEL, SQUALANE, ... packing (coating film thick nes s)
stainless or aluminium made
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE EFFECT S Temp° & Pr ess. QUICK and POOR ELUTION
=> bent or coiled for compactness
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
ONE MOBILE liquid phase with GAS SAMPLE+CARRIER (Air, He) percolating through or over the solid phase
C 1C2 C3 C 4 C 5
3
Temp° & Pr ess. SLOW and GOOD ELUTION C1 C 2
C3
C
4
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
C
5
total gas & chromatography : FID response(mV)
SCHEMATIC CHROMATOGRAM
C1
(after Geoser vices) C2
C3
iC4
nC4 peak area
iC5
ionisation chamber
nC5
iC5
BASELINE
time analysis # 300 sec
Retention time for C 1
signal backflush(*) P2 > P1
Gas line GAS «in» (mixture) manual injection
P1 C 6+C 4 C 1 C2 C 3 C5
Precut elution
purge
speed up
H2 Main e lution (separation)
C 4 C2 C5 C C 3
1
TOTAL GAS detection line
(*) Backflush starts only when compoundsof interest have passed through the P RECUT column (depending on selection of cycles)
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
waste effluent
Air
total gas & chromatography : T CD SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS CHROMATOGRAM (after Geose rvices)
SI column (SILICAGEL)
deflection
H2
C1
BASELINE
RTC1
O I T A T U M M O C
# 120 sec
SI (slow)
Gas line GAS «in» (mixture)
SQ column (SQUALANE)
composite peak (H2 /C 1) N
C2
C3
iC4
peak length
thermal conductivity chamber
BASELINE (long cycle) (short cycle)
# 120 sec
C4C3 C 1 H2 C2
time # 250sec
signal waste effluent
2 columns with different characteristics
manual injection
SQ (fast) C 6+C 4 C 1 C2 C3 C5
WHEATSTONE BRIDGE H2 C 4 C3 C2 C 1
TOTAL GAS detection line . . . N atters Around Field . . .
nC4
Air
commutation valve
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LOG/LOG Diagram (SNPA) 100000
S.N.P.A. (1950’s), now ELF
(C2 /C1)x103
developed over Lacq gas& oil field (France)
4
10000
gas ratios used: (C2 /C1) x 103 (C3 /C1) x 103 … based on production gas data (DST)
1
3
1000
DRY GAS dissolved in water
2 100
2
GAS with CONDENSATE
1 3 4
GAS with OIL
10
(C3 /C1)x103
... grading to TARS & BITUMEN 1 1
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
10
100
1000
10000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
100000
PIXLER PLOT (Baroid) PIXLER (1969) modified FERRIE (1981) Texas and Louisiana experiences
C1 /C2
C1 /C3
C1 /C4+
C1 /C5+
(no free gas)
Non-productive Gas
gas ratios used: C1/C2 C1/C3 … based on production C1/(iC4+nC4) gas data (DST) C1/(iC5+nC5)
(dry gas)
Productive Gas
=> LINES ARE DRAWN BY CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL RATIOS Comments: - Plot basically based on C1/C2 r atio
(volatile oil)
Productive Oil
(see ratios ac curac y)
- Steep slopes are usually a «tight reser voir» cr iteria - Negative slope might be a «water zone»
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
(wet gas)
(heavy oil)
Non-productive Oil
(tars, bitumen)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
TRIANGLE METHOD (Geoservices) so-called «POTATO PLOT» (early 1970’s) develope d in Middle-Eas t, extended to Europe & Africa
A
C2 /C(1-5) C / 4 C
gas ratios used: C2 / (C 1+ C2+C3+C4+C5) … based on production C3 / (C 1+ C2+C3+C4+C5) gas data (DST) C4 / (C 1+ C2+C3+C4+C5) 1 - TRIANGLE (size & orientation) defines FLUID TYP E:
a
upward «a» apex downward
b c
dry
low GOR: Tars
GAS c b
wet
OIL
high GOR: Condensate
a 2 - HOMOTHETIC CENTER defines PRODUCTIVE ZONES: by dr awing 3 lines from «initial plot ap exes (A,B,C)» to «sample ratios apex es (a, b, c)» IF HOMOTHETIC POINT IS INSIDE «brown POTATO»
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
C
B
C 3 / C ( 1 - 5 )
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
) 5 1(
Wh, Bh and Ch ratios (EXLOG) EXLOG (1985), now BHI
Wh ratio Ch ratio Bh ratio
gas ratios used … based on drilling: (C 2 + C 3 + C 4 + C 5 ) * 100 (C1 + C 2 + C 3 + C 4 + C 5)
1 - WETNESS
Wh =
2 - BALANCE
(C 1 + C 2) Bh = (C3 + C4 + C5)
3 - CHARACTER
Ch =
Wh
< 0.5
0.5 - 17.5
Fluid
DRY GAS
GAS
Bh
Fluid
Bh
> 100
dry Gas
>>Wh
coal bed
> Wh
GAS
> Wh
GAS
Fluid
= Wh lt G / Cond
OIL
Bh
> 40
Fluid
> Wh coal -N/A*
> Wh
N/A*
< Wh
heavy to << Wh residua l OIL
OIL
<
LIGHT GAS
Residual Oil
Bh
Fluid
GAS & LIGHT OIL COAL-BED EFFECT MEDIUM GRAVITY OIL
< 0.5
GAS or COAL
COAL or N/A*
Ch > 0.5
N/A*
OIL
10
17.5
40
100 0
0.5
2
RESIDUAL OIL
G N I T T O L P S U O U N I T N O C
(*) N/A => incompatible
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
1
VERY LIGHT DRY GAS
(C 4 + C 5) C3
17.5 - 40
1
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
3
LIGHT HYDROCARBONS ratios INTERPRET ATION 100000
(C2 /C 1)x103
WHICH PLOT to trust ?
10000
1000
C 2 /C(1-5) C / 4 C
) 5 1(
100
C 3 / C
10
NONE or ALL !
(C3 /C 1)x103 1 1
10
100
1000
10000
( 1 - 5 )
100000
Wh ratio
Non-produc tive Gas
Ch ratio
Bh ratio
WHY ? 1
10
1000 1 2
VERY LIGHT DRY GAS
Productive Gas
Productive Oil Non-produc tive Oil
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
NO MIRACLE M ETHOD
LIGHT GAS GAS & LIGHT OIL
CALIBRATED IN SPEC IFIC AREAS
... based on RATIOS ACCURACY
COAL-BED EFFECT MEDIUM GRAVITY OIL RESIDUAL OIL
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
3
RATIOS ACCURACY DEPEND ON . . . ... DRILLING PARAMETERS
... GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN DEGASSER: location
Rate Of Penetration Drilling modes (rotary, sliding) Mud Flow Rate Bit types Mud weight Mud type (WBM, OBM, ...)
Help for GAS NORMALISATION
efficiency?
GAS LINE: Flow pressure Ambiant Temp° (Atmosph. Press.)
pre-elution?
DET ECT ORS: «windows» ... for each component thus, better use « C1+C2»
calibration? sensitivity? overlap?
(instead of «C 2 /C1» or «C1 /C2» ratios)
SELECTED GAS RATIOS REMAIN HIGHLY HELPFUL for: - Fluids pre-identification & characteristics - Geosteering (warning: recycling?)
- Detection & Monitoring HP wells and ... GAS DATA RELIABILITY!
NEVER FORGET «ROP vs Cycle time analysis vs Reser voir thick ness»
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS NORMALISATION: AIM AIM: TO ELIMINATE CHANGES IN DRILLING PARAMET ERS AND IN MEASURING CONDITIONS BASED ON TOT AL GAS Measur ement(TG)
APPROACH remains empirical (surface cond.) and/or approximate (downhole cond.) It normally ONLY repre sents the LIBERATED GAS content per volume of ro ckdrilled warning IF: GAS RECYCLE D (from sura ce) IF: GAS CONTAMINATION ( from mud, bit, ...)
=> BACKGROUND GAS
IF: GAS PRODUCED ( from Open Hole)
CGI Corrected GasIndex
VGN Volumetric Gas Normalisation
SPI attempts for GAS NORMALISATION
Surface Potential Index
CGS Calculated Ga s Saturation
SEVERE LIMIT ATIONS: sources ofgas, Temperature & Pres sure effects on mud gas composition while gas migration , ... . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS NORMALISATION: magic! CGI (Corrected GasIndex)
SPI (Surface Potential Index) SPI = 197 . *
Gas(%)* FR(bbl/ min) CGI(%)= HV(bbl / ft) *ROP(ft / min)
SPI es timates, at SURFACE CONDITIONS, the m3 of gas per m3 of rock (dimensionless value)
of flow rate (FR), of hole volume (HV) and of ROP
(ROP in m/hr
ROPnormal HVnormal FRactual 1 * * * ROPactual HVactual FRnormal E
HV in bbl/ft
THE MOST REALISTIC INDEX FOR FAST & EASY COMPARISONS
tremendously
VGN (Volumetric Gas Normalisation) VGN(%) = Gas(%) *
100 * (BS(inches))2
BS: bit size
approximate normalisation for changes (equivalent to SPI)
Gas(%) * FR (l / min) * ROP(min/ m)
E=degasser efficiency in decimal %)
MAGIC!
CGS (Calculated Gas Saturation)
CGS = 100 * SPI *
Pa (kg / cm2) Tu( ° K) * *Z Pu(kg / cm2) Ta( ° K)
Pa: ambiant surface pressure=1 Ta: ambiant surf. temp° (AMST) Pu: estimated fluid pressure Tu:estimated bottom temp(BHT) Z: deviation coefficient from Ideal Gas Law («gas c ompressibility»)
«normal» c onditions derived from a specific field, basin or region (!)
CGS estimates, at BOTTOM CONDITIONS, the m3 of gas per m3 of rock (dimensionless value)
Similar to CGI, more rigorous but incomprehe nsible!
Gas saturation affected by drilling conditions (flushing)
Recommende d DEGASSERS: steam still (Cst volume) and/or suction probe (Cst flow) . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Generality & Formation PRESSURES SUMMARY
(1/2)
GENERALITIES Concepts Pressur e Regime status HYDROSTATIC Pressure OVERBURDEN: Definition OVERBURDEN: Calculation OVERBURDEN: Evaluation PORE Pressure:Definition Overburdenand Pore Pressure COMPACTION: Normal & Abnormal LUCKY & UNLUCKY: examples FORMATION PRESSURE Acquisition Indicators Evaluation Swab Gas Test & LCT Drilling pressure evolution ‘ROP’ normalized … story Advanced ‘d’ exp . . . Natters Around Field . . .
./. TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation & Well PRESSURES SUMMARY
(2/2)
FORMATION PRESSURE (suite) Normal Compaction Trend ‘d Cn’ Rock bit types vs ROP curve vs ’d’ exp Compaction vs Drilling parameters Compaction vs Lithology Compaction Trend Observed’dCo’ Shale Pore Pressurecomputed: Eaton method Pore Pressur e:Eaton formula (d C, ∆tcl, Rcl) and Overlays EATON Overlays: isodensity (EMW) ’dCo’ OVERLAYS example: Excel worksheet Fracturation pressureevaluation WELL PRESSURE M EASUREMENTS THEORETICAL TESTS: CSG, SBT, LOT, FIT (Casing, Shoe Bond T est, Leak Off Test, For mation Integrity T est)
PRESSURE RECORDING PLOT Equivalent Mud Weight (EMW) CHARACTERISTIC PROFILES ANALYSES & INTERPRETATIONS
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE CONCEPTS HYDROSTATIC pressure
H2O
OVERBURDEN pressure
Matrix + Fluid into pores
PORE pressure
Fluid in pore
beurk!
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE REGIME STATUS Pressure (psi) 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0
0
2500
LITHOSTATIC pressure
1000
E q E q E . D .D e q e . D n n s = s e 2 .3 n s = 1 1 g = . 0 / c c 8 1 ( 1 . 0 g p s c c 0 / i f t / g ) ( 0 / c . 4 c 6 ( 8 0 ABNORMAL . 4 p s 3 pressure i 3 H / SUBNORMAL t p s Y f ) i D pressure / f t ) R O
) s r 2000 e t e m ( h t 3000 p e D 4000
5000
7500
G E O S T A T I C
10000
12500
S T A T I C
15000
5000 0
200
400
600
800
1000
Pressure (kg/cm2)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
) t e e f (
h t p e D
FLUID
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Pressu Pre ssure re exer exerted ted by a static fluid at a given point in a column
practically HP = (MW x TVD) T VD) x 1.422
theoretically Ph = (d . h) / 10
0m mud weight: water density:
h
1000m
TM D
1.00g/cm3
(2) TVD
1300m
(1)
g/cm 3 meter met er
T VD
1.30g/cm3
MW
d h
1000m
Ph = 130 kg/cm kg/cm2
g/cm 3 meter
HP = 1850 psi
Note: Not e: 130 13 0 kg/cm2 = 1850 psi
Press Pr essur ure e depe depends nds on vertical ve rtical height (1) and on fluid density (2) . . . Natters N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE OBG
Pressu re exerted by the total weight of overlying sediments Pressure (sea water + matrix matr ix + fluids fluids into porous por ous medium me dium))
Cumulative Geostatic pressure EMW EM W air gap
S OBG =
1 Z i
EMW EM W
n
*
∑ ( Z − Z i
i =1
i −1
)* ρ i
sea water
Zi - 1
Z i − Z i − 1 = int e r v a l (u s u a l ly ≈ 50 m T V D ) ρ i = a v e r a g e d e n s i t y (∀ li th o log y )
cumulative
ρi
SOBG Zi
a l o n g int e r v a l
cumulative
SOBG expressedin EMW
. . . Natters N atters Around Field . . .
SOBG TVD
TVD
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN CALCULATION 0m RTE pb= 0
Air gap 25m AMSL
S1= (0 x 25) / 25 = 0.000 EMW
pb= 1.03
Sea water
125m Sea bed
S2= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03)] / 125 = 0.824 EMW
pb= 1.65
Litho 1
S3= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03) + (175 x 1.65) ] / 300 = 1.306 EMW
300m Unit 1 pb= 1.75
450m Unit 2
Litho 2 S4= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03) + (175 x 1.65) + (150 x 1.75)] / 450 = 1.454 EMW
and so on ... . . . Natters N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN EVALUATION BULK DENSITY EVALUATION
• known regionally, ie from logs ( ∆t )
directly from DENSITY log: aver age value along constant interval => NOT ACCURATE in case of heterogeneousformations
S OBG
( < 70 µsec/ft)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
b
=
3 . 28
i
i =1
− Z i −1 )* ρ i
+ B *ln Z TVDBRT + C
=> parabolic equation with
Sonic velocity (µsec/ft), computed whatever formations: AGIP formula
• If HARD form. ρ
∑ ( Z 2
− Zi −1 ) ≈ 50m
ρ b =2.75 − 2.11*
Z i
n
*
S OBG = A* (ln Z TVDBRT )
(Zi − Zi−1 )* 3.28
• If SOFT form. ( > 70 µsec/ft)
1
=> rough approx imation:
TTI (msec ) *1000
note : interval (Zi
=
• unknown (ie exploration: wildcat)
derived from SONIC log :
? t (µsec/ft ) =
OVERBURDEN EVALUATION
(∆t − 50) (∆t + 200)
−
∆ 89
t
in feet soft hard
A 0.01304 0.01447
B -0.017314 -0.018350
C 1.4335 1.4846
in meters A soft 0.01304 hard 0.01447
B -0.014215 -0.014912
C 1.2462 1.2870
=> or regional equation/parameters
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PORE PRESSURE Po
Po
Pressure exerted by fluids density into pore space SUBNORMAL
NORMAL
ABNORMAL
Po < Ph
Po = Ph
Po > Ph
EQUILIBRIUM
GAINS
LOSSES
- for SHALE - for RESERVOIR . . . Natters Around Field . . .
=> Po corresponds to Pp (d’exp, Sigmalog) => Po corresponds to Pf (formation testers) TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN and Pore Pressure PRESSURE
Pressure supported only by matrix H T P E D
σ
P P
S P o r p e r e s F u s u l i d r e
Pressure supported by FLUIDS and MATRIX
OVERBURDEN =
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
effective Pore + Stress Pressure
S = σ
+ P P
(TERZAGHI law)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION
Oooh
He-he!
ABNORMAL
NORMAL
pore pore
... ONLY BY GRAIN TO GRAIN CONTACT
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WEIGHT TRANSMITTED ...
pore pore
... BY GRAIN CONTACT AND ... BY PORE FLUIDS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LUCKY and UNLUCKY ? (NORMAL and ABNORMAL PRESSURES) sponge + H20
plastic bag sponge + H2O
weight
weight H20
H20
weight H2 0
weight H2 0
NORMAL COMPACTION
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
H20
H2O
O H 2
KICK O H 2
UNDERCOMPACTION <=> OVERPRESSURE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation PressureACQUISITION 1 - CONTRACTORS INVOLVED vs DATA MODES RECORDING
DATA REAL TIME DRILLING
POST DRILLING
On SURFACE
MUD LOGGING CREW
controlled (DST) uncontrolled (FFT)
ACQUISITION
and DOWNHOLE (transmitted to surface)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
LOGGING WHILE DRILLING
WIRELINE LOGGING
CREW
CREW
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation PressureINDICATORS 2 - DATA INVOLVED and RESULTS
PARAMETERS
BKG, LCT, SwG, PCG, Ratio, …
GAS
ROP, WOB, Bit type, T RQ, Drag
DRILLING
Shape, Size, Density (shale)
CUTTINGS
Thermal gradient: (T°IN, T°OUT)
Well Temp°
none ROP, CAL, Rotary/Sliding mode s none BHT, M ud T°, Tool T°
none
NUCLEAR
GR, Density (Rhob CL), Neutron (PhiNCL)
none
ELECTRIC
Resistivity (RCL)
none
ACOUSTIC
SONIC Tran sit Time (deltaTCL)
Empirical formula or laws
RESULTS THROUGH
Direct physical measurements
COMPACT ION TREND S OBG PORE PRESSURE(PP) Psh, Pf
’d’ exp, Sigmalog, Form. testers . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation PressureEVALUATION 3 - DATA RESPONSES versus SHALE POROSITY INCREASE EFFECTS ABNORMAL
NORMAL
GAS
BKG
PCG
LCT
DRILLING
ROP
WOB
TRQ
CUTTINGS
Cavings
Size
Shape
Well Temp°
(diversity)
Thermal gradient
NUCLEAR
RHObCL
ELECTRIC
ResCL
ACOUSTIC
DeltaTCL
PHINCL
WHOLE CRITERIA MAY or MAY NOT REACT and IF ONLY 1 => ALERT
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Swab Gas Test & Long Connection Test AIM
ANTICIPATE the ARRIVAL OF the TRANSITION ZONE with the lowest M W Hook height
Hook height
SwGT
SPM
• Stop drilling FormG • Stop circulating BKG • ‘Off Bottom’ 3-5m swabbing time < 1min • Resume circulation • Back to drilling Total DURATION: 5-10min PSWB << PFORM < PECD
LCT
SPM
• Stop drilling • ‘Off Bottom’ 2-3m • Circulating ~10min • Stop circulating LCT time ~10min • Resume circul’ ~5min • Back to drilling Total DURATION <30min
PC
PC TG lagged
TG lagged
1 std (Top Drive) 1 single (Kelly)
FormG
BKG
SwG
SwG
LCT
PC
PC time
time
PLCT < PFORM < PECD
Better ’PFORM’ follow-up with LCT than SwGT (PSWAB < PLCT) PROCEDURE Mudlogging crew records gas on surface (and checks associated lithology), then informs WSG and Co-Man for actions:
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
• Keep on drilling … to next gas test • Increase MW step by step (5 points= 0.05sg) • Logging & Set casing (depending on LOT, FIT)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DRILLING PRESSURE EVOLUTION What to do?
PRESSURE (EMW)
H T P E D
1 MW H y d r o s t a t i c P r e s s .
z
PP
F R A C ECD
O V E R B U R D E N
2 4
3 5
1
too ear ly (?) for - setting Casing - rising MW (possible LOSSES)
2
too late (?) for rising MW => KICK (if porou s reser voir)
3
PP = MW, but still < ECD Unsafe drilling … => well in equilibrium (in s tatic conditions)
4
ECD > PFRAC ( or ≥ PLOT) => LOSSES (slow pump rate: reduce ECD and pump LCM)
5
• drilling conditions => LOSSES (ECD > P FRAC ) • static conditions (P P > MW) => GAIN to KICK … depend ing on permea bility THE WORST SITUATION!
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
’ROP’ NORMALIZED … STORY! ’d’ exponent
empirical formula
• BINGHAM (196 4, Gulf co ast): re lationships between LITHOLOGY and DRILLING PARAMET ERS
ROP ( ft / hr ) = K . WOB (lbs ) BS (inches) RPM
d
with d = compaction exponent(=> ‘d’ exp) and K = litholo gical constant
• JORDEN & SHIRLEY (1966 ) solved this equa tion for a co nstant lithology (K=1 for shale )
φ CLST
Why only for SHALE?
ROP 60 RPM ' d ' = 12 WOB log 6 10 BS 10
SST
φCLAY @ Z depth = φ surface * exp( −Cst *Z )
Any decrease in ‘d’ exp (expressed in EMW) when drillinga shaly sequence is a function of the degree of undercompaction
( ft / hr )
log
*
*
(lbs)
10
RUBEY & HUBBERT law (1959)
*
Ζ
(inches)
• REHM & M cCLENDON (1971): ‘d’ exp cor rected for mud weight ( ∆P function of Shale por e presure)
Phydro ECD
' dc ' =' d '.
( EMW )
easy, Man? . . . Natters Around Field . . .
Parameters not takeninto account:
( EMW )
Yeah!
-
Fair e nough? NO !
∆P, not known accurately
- bit type and bit wear - mud hydraulics when drilling with jetting (unconsolidated Clay)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
UPGRADED or ADVANCED ’d’ exp How to restitute an almost true normalized ROP ? p
corrected for ROCK BITS
log
d =
as new ones
c
a 0 .3048 * ROP * RPMc Ph * 0. 026469 *WOB ECD log BS (min/ m )
( EMW )
(T )
for each depth drilled
( EMW )
( inches)
where a = 0.93 * Z 2 + 6 * Z + 1
and p = 0.3 − 0.5 (teeth bit ) 0.1 − 0.2 (insert bit )
with Z =
0.31*
BW 2
+
3 * BW
8 8 0.31* x 2 + 3 * x + 1
+1
0.0 ? ( PDC bit )
YES! and RPM corrected = RPM ( −8*10
−4
* RPM +1.09 )
dCo
dCn
HELP!
and x =
BW Bit depthOUT − Bit depth IN * 8 ( Interval drilled )
è
… and ‘dCn’ still not drawn !
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST & MUDLOGGING Crew
MUDLOGGING Unit COMPUTER
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
NORMAL COMPACTION TREND ’dCn’ • RUBEY & HUBBERT
⇒ log(φ ) = -c.Z + log(φo) => linear relations hip between Depth (Z) and Poro sity (φ ) 3
• ZAMORA:
the ‘d’exp (proportional to porosity), follows the same law for clays tone/shale:
A
=
log (d Cn 2 / d Cn 1 ) Depth
2 − Depth 1
⇒ At any depth:
log( B ) = log( d Cn ) − A * Depth Cn )
dCn= 1
@ 4500m
dCn= 2
− A* Depth ]
d Cn =10[ A* Depth+ log(B)]
2
* 2000
) T
h t R p B e D D V T (
3000
dCo
Geologist job
slope A= 1.003*10-4
Computer job
intercept B= 0.707
(MUDLOGGING CREW)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
dc(EMW)
1000
Intercept B
⇒ B = 10 [log( d
1.00
0
Example: @ 1500m
5
dCn
log(dCn) = A.(DEPTHTVDBRT) + B Slope A
INTERCEPT
S L O P E 4000
* 5000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
3
ROCK BIT types vs ROP curve vs ’d’ exp Cone bits
Fixed head bits
NOZZLES 3 x ?? /32’’
NOZZLES or TOT AL FLOW AREA
TEETH bit
INSERT bit
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact NOZZLES 3 x …/32’’
TFA inch2 converted to equiv. nozzles
Rock is SHATTERED by pressure
Formation is CUT with cutters
• ROP curve CONTRASTED: drilling parameters relativelysteady • Cuttings shape & size generally well representative of rock compaction
• ROP curv e SMOOTHED: parameters adjustedvs lithology • Cuttings shape & size fairly to non repres entativeof rock compaction
-
+ . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION TREND and Drilling param’s Fast
ROP (min/m)
Slow
COMPACTION TREND TEETH
assume d to reflect a normalized ROP
tricone bit
with constant (!)
OBM effect
DCn PDC bit
DRILLING & MUD parameters
WBM effect
è
WOB RPM Bit type Bit size
INSERT ç
tricone bit
ç
IT WORKS! Depth
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
è ç
Core bit
Worn bit
OBM WBM MW ECD
è è
ADJUST ‘END to END’ SHIFTS WITHOUT CHANGING SLOPE(S)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION TREND and LITHOLOGY Fast
ROP (min/m)
Slow
COMPACTION TREND
DCn
assume d to reflect a normalized ROP
based on pure (!) SILT effect
CO3 effect
Sand baseline
CLAYSTONE / SHALE
Dcn => NORMAL
Dco
=> OBSERVED
Shale baseline
DCo Depth
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
è è
check LITHOLOGY check CALCIMETRY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION TREND OBSERVED ’dCo’ d(EMW)
’dCo’ reflects a ‘Normalized ROP’
3
1.00
5
2
0
corresponding to:
normal compaction
1000
dCn
dCo= dCn
pore pore
2000
abnormal compaction
h t p e D 3000
dCo
dCo < dCn 4000
pore
The increase in pr essure is proportional to the difference dCn and dCo . . . Natters Around Field . . .
pore
PRESSURE 5000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
3
SHALEPore Pressure COMPUTED d(EMW)
Shale Pore Pressure (PP) EATON method
3
1.00
5
2
0
1000
P P (EMW)
d Co =S OBG − (S OBG − P hydrostatic) d Cn
1.2
(observedtrend)
(normaltrend)
Example
at 4000m: d Co Ph d Cn
= 1.50 g/cc (EMW)
dCn 2000
h t p e D 3000
dCo
= 1.00 g/cc (function of water salinity)
4
= 10(1.003*10- *4000 + log(0.7)) = 1.76 g/cc (EMW) at 4000m
4000
SOBG = 0.01447*(ln4000)2 + (-0.014912*ln4000) + 1.287 = 2.16 g/cc PP = 2.16 - (2.16-1.00)(1.50/1.76)1.2 = 1.20 g/cc (EMW) 5000
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
3
Pore Pressure & Overlays Overlays
EATON formulas
isodensity EMW
(Pp sucessively taken to1.00, 120, 1.40, …)
While drilling
d Co P P =S − (S − P hydro) d Cn
1 .2
(observed trend)
(normal trend)
’d’ exp
d Co
S P p = d Cn n * 1.2 − S − P h
During logging
∆ t n P P =S − (S − P hydro ) ∆t o
3
(normal trend)
(observedl trend)
Rclay P P =S − (S − P hydro ) R clay
1 .5
n (normal )
o (observedl )
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
∆t
clay
Resclay
∆ t o = ∆ t n * 3
S − P h S − P p
Rcl o = Rcl n * 1.5
S − P p S − P h
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EATON Overlays: isodensity (EMW) Isodensity lines for ’d’ exp
2
3
5
d (EMW) 1.00
2
0
1.00
1 - Determine the’dCn’ trend: ( slope & intercept)
1.20
1000
2 - Compute at each de pth, knowing - the S OBG (regional or recomputed) - the Ph hydrostatic gradient (1.00 to 1.08) the theoritical values of the ’dCo’ for different pressure gradients (1.20, 1.40, 1.60, … ) ⇒ using Eaton’s formula:
d Co
= d Cn n * 1.2
1.40 2000
dCo
3000
1.80
4000
2.00
Quick look method for Shale Pp Note: Eaton exponents may vary(1.1 - 1.5)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
1.60
h t p e d
S − P p S − P h
dCn
5000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
3
’dCo’OVERLAYS example (Excel worksheet) NORMAL TREND dcn: log(dcn)=A*depth+B dc n1 = 0. 75 dc n2 = 0. 9 depth1 = 250 ept = Pr.hydr. = EATON exp'
1. 01 1. 2
DEPTH (mTVDBRT) 100 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000 4250 4500 4750
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
dcn= 1,00 1.00 0.723 0.750 0.797 0.847 0.900 0.956 1.016 1.080 1.148 1.220 1.296 1.377 1.463 1.555 1.653 1.756 1.866 1.983 2.107 2.239
dcn=10^(A*(depth)+log(B))
S =a*(l n(dept h))^2+ (b*(l n(dept h))+ c dept h in met er a => 0.01447 => - . c => 1.28700
=> OVERLAY at depth:
or enter newcoefficients
dco= dcn*[ (S-Pp)/(S-Ph)] ^(1/ Eaton exp'
or enter local OBG formula
=> dcn at depth:
s gE MW
SHALE PORE PRESSURE at depth:
dco =
OVERBURDEN:
A=(log(dcn2/dcn1))/(depth2-depth1) 0. 00010557 = > s lope B= 10^(l og(dc n1)-A*dept h1) 0.70577702 => intercept
s gE MW s gE MW m m
1.35 SOBG (EMW) 1.525 1.646 1.753 1.822 1.874 1.916 1.952 1.983 2.010 2.034 2.056 2.076 2.095 2.113 2.129 2.144 2.159 2.172 2.185 2.198
S =
2.129
dcn =
1.65
RLAYS (sgEM W 1.20 1.40 0.493 0.222 0.558 0.340 0.623 0.429 0.678 0.491 0.732 0.546 0.786 0.598 0.842 0.651 0.901 0.705 0.963 0.760 1.028 0.818 1.097 0.879 1.169 0.942 1.247 1.010 1.328 1.081 1.415 1.156 1.507 1.236 1.605 1.321 1.709 1.411 1.819 1.506 1.937 1.607
OPEN FILE
SHPP= S-(S-Ph)*[dco/dcn]^1.2 =>
1.60 #NOMBRE! 0.084 0.214 0.288 0. 346 0. 398 0. 447 0. 496 0.546 0.596 0.649 0.704 0.761 0.821 0.885 0.952 1.024 1.099 1.179 1.264
1.249
1.80 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! 0.043 0. 117 0. 173 0. 222 0. 268 0.312 0.356 0.401 0.447 0.495 0.544 0.596 0.650 0.708 0.768 0.832 0.900
sgEMW
2.00 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMB RE ! #NOMB RE ! #NOMB RE ! #NOMB RE ! 0.024 0.071 0.113 0.153 0.193 0.232 0.273 0.315 0.359 0.404 0.452 0.503
2.20 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMB RE ! #NOMB RE ! #NOMB RE ! #NOMB RE ! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
FRACTURATION evaluation WHY ? TO DETERMINE the MAXIMUM: - Mu d Weight (ECD) permitted during d rilling - Annular surface pressur eallowed during kick - Casing shoe settings
FRACTURE gr adients depend on: - stress c onditions in the wellbore ( σx, σy, σz) - Hole geometry & orientation (FRAC HORIZ. WELL << FRAC VERT. WELL) - FRAC OFFSHORE
< FRAC ONSHORE - Mud Weight, wellbore T emp°, Lithology, ... 0
NUMEROUS ATTEMPTS … ALL METHODS ARE A PPROXIMATIONS
1000
SOBG 2000
depth
The ’less worse’: EATON
ν * (S − P P ) + P P FRAC FRAC = 1 −ν
FRAC
3000
4000
≤ P PLOT LOT
ó
5000 0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
sg (EMW)
POISSON’s RATIO =>K
with 0.33 < ν < 0.45
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ln(K) = a * ln(depth) + b equation equivalent to S OBG
DEFAULT COEFFICIENTS with depth in feet
soft fm hard fm
a 0.226 0.354
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
b -2.667 -3.607
WELL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS Theoretical Pressure tests types Casing and/or Liner Test
SBT Shoe Bond Test
LOT Leak Off Test
DRILLER interest
FIT Form. Integrity T.
DRILLER & GEOLOGISTinterest
TO CHECK possible leaks along casing or liner equipments
TO CHECK possible leaks at casing shoe (cement: presence and har dness)
before drilling out cement
after drilling out casing shoe
TO DETERMINE the maximun pressure up to ‘‘lea k off’’ = PLOT which can be applied at the first permeable level
Equivalent to LOT, TO CONFIRM the validity of former LOT at shoe with cra cking the formation PFIT ≤ P LOT
below the shoe (or no mor e than 50m)
while drilling the new section
Practically PERFORM IN A ROW (‘RAT HOLE’ DRILLED) UP TO FRACTURATION/INJECT IVITY THROUGH THE F ORMATION OR at a LOWER PRESSURE (assumed to be valid as PLOT), DEPENDING ON EXPECT ED FORM. PRESS. ALONG THE SECTION
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE RECORDING PLOT Measurementsfor the determination of the maximun mud weight permitted for drilling (ECD) without loss o f circulation 2
3a
) P i LOT s p ( e r u s 1 s e r P PUMPING
MET HOD: Increasing the mud pressur e, generally using CementUnit pump(s), by shut-in-well (well closed)
3b PINJECTIVITY
1 4
DEPARTURE FROM LINEAR SLOPE: BLEED OFF
2
THEORITICAL
Volume (bbl) Pressure outputs
paper print screen plot computer
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
LINEAR INCREASE IN ANNULAR PRESSURE, PROPORTIONAL TO THE VOLUME PUMPED, AT CONSTANT MUD FLOW RATE
3a
CRACKING and INJECTIVITY THROUGH THE FORMATION => STOP PUMPING
3b
END OF INJECTIVITY fracture ( propagation) WELL ST ILL CLO SED (T IME > 1 5min)
Time (min)
CEMENT UNIT
MUDLOGGING UNIT
+ -
+ + +
START OF ‘LEAK OFF’ =>PLOT => AS PUMPING CONTINUES, MUD PENETRATING/INJECTING THE FORMATION
4
END OF TEST: PRESSURE PURGE => COMPA RE VolPUMPED vs VolRETURNED
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EQUIVALENT MUD WEIGHT: EMW (psi)
PINJECTIVITY
) i s p ( e r u s s e r P
EMW= (g/cc)
PLOT
PLOT + MW * 07032 . (conversion TVDBR (g/cc) (m)
factor)
FRACTURE PROPAGATION
BLEED OFF PUMPING
Volume (bbl)
Time (min)
In OBM well, the ‘pumping phase’ might be smoothly cur ved,
example PLOT = 1250 psi Shoe = 1820 mT VDBRT MW = 1.22 g/cc VolPUMPED = 5.50 bbl VolRECOV = 4.25 bbl
EMW = 1.70 g/cc Injected through formation: => 1.25 bbl = 200 liters
due to fair oil compr essibility CONVERSION:
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
10 . ) = 07032 1422 . 1bbl ≈ 42 gal ≈ 160 liters
1psi = 14.22 kg / cm2
(
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CHARACTERISTIC PROFILES P (psi)
1 Csg Test
2 SBT
P (psi) CASING SHOE
(15 min)
VOLRECOV = VOLPUMPED
VOLRECOV
SOB !
V (bbl)
P (psi)
V (bbl)
T (min)
3 LOT
P (psi)
FRACTURE PROPAGATION
VOLRECOV
Volume (bbl)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
<
T (min)
4 FIT FRACTURE PROPAGATION
Permeable bed
VOLRECOV<< VOLPUMPED
VOLPUMPED
Time (min)
≅ VOLPUMPED
Permeable bed
Permeable bed
Volume (bbl)
Time (min)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE ANALYSES P (psi)
CEMENT
1 PLOT > Ppropag.
P (psi) CASING SHOE
RAT HOLE
A
2 PLOT = Ppropag. FRACTURE PROPAGATION
B A
FRACTURE PROPAGATION
B SOB ! Volume (bbl)
Volume (bbl)
Time (min)
VOLRECOV << VOLPUMPED POOR or WEAK CEMENT JOB POSSIBLE REMEDIAL JOB?
VOLRECOV < VOLPUMPED
SBT
? HIGH PROPAGATION INTO re-OPENED FRACTURES, LIMITED ‘ECD’ WHILE DRILLING
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Time (min)
+
GOOD CEMENT JOB, SAFE in case of KICK CONTROL (CIRCULAT ION through CHOKES)
?
LOT
FORMATION NOT DAMMAGED BELOW THE SHOE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE PROCESSING SUMMARY SAMPLING PROCESS: - SAMPLES: Why? and T ypes? - SAMPLES: Preservation ... what for? SAMPLING: BASIC RULES CUTTING PREPARATION WASH OUT SAMPL E EVALUATION CUTT ING PERCENTAGE ACCURACY and VISUAL EST IMATION DESCRIPTION and Order Standar dization: Gener al RECOMMENDATIONS 1 - ROCK NAME 2 - COLOUR 3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION 4 - T EXT URE: General Summary SEDIMENTARY PARTICLES CARBONATE DESCRIPTION 5 - MATRIX and CEM ENT 6 - FOSSILS and ACCESSORIES 7 - Apparent POROSITY 8 - OIL SHOWS: Generalities Observation Comments . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLING PROCESS (1) AIM
OBSERVATION and EVALUATION OF FORMATION DRILLED, SUMMARIZED IN MUDLOG DOCUMENT, ON RIGSITE
SOLIDS samples
WHY?
=> to rebuilt lithological column
=> to visualise reservoir characterisation
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
=> to identify true formation fluids
=> to precise rheology (drilling fluid)
Gas
SAMPLES
TYPES?
FLUIDSsamples
CUTTINGS Unwashed (UNW) Washed & Wet (W&W) Washed & Dr ied (W&D) ( + spot s amples)
CORES + wax preserved samples
FORMATION SAMPLES Liquids Cond Oil Water
MUD SAMPLES Prior logging job, New mud type (per Drlg phase) ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLING PROCESS (2) SOLIDS samples
PRESERVATION MODE
CUTTINGS
CORES
BAGS
BOXES wooden
cotton, paper, plastic,aluminium, glass pills
(preferably) or plastic
FLUIDSsamples FORMATION SAMPLES Liquids jerrica ns bottles
MUD SAMPLES
Gas PVT cells chamber
CANS Jerricans
SAMPLES UNW
W&D
W&W
LABORATORY STUDIES
&
=>Accurate DESCRIPTION Lithology CALCIM., FLUO., Shale density Thin sections, ...
analysis (in town)
HCb extraction, TOC (W&W) Heavy Mals identification Microfauna, ...
measurement (on rigsit e)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
=> Rough description CHIPS observation CALCIM., FLUO. (thin sections) PETROPHYS. on Plugs SCAL (Phi-K, matrix, Sw) SEDIMENTOLOGY on slabbed core
Quick look Density (API), Pour Point, Resistivity & Salinity, ...
Component C1 ... C 5 CO2, H2S
same analysismore accurate + Volume Factor (Bo, Bg) + Gravity, Finger prints, ...
Mud weight OBM: Elect. stability O/W ratio, ... WBM: Rm, Rmf, Rmc Visc, Gels, ...
rarely to none
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLING: BASIC RULES «UNFORESEEN EVENTS OCCUR ONLY ONCE DURING WELL DURATION» THUS
NEVER MISS OPPORTUNITY TO COLLECT SAMPLES SOLID SAMPLES => WHILE TRIPPING/FISHING ... rock samples remaining stuck on BHA:
OTHERWISE
LIQUID SAMPLES
...
=> WHILE DRILLING ...
S
... Oil on Shale-Shakers (fractures indicator ?)
- bit (tricone) => WHILE T EST ING ...
- stabilizers - junk basket - ... Bigger cuttings for nicer thin sections
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
YOU CAN BE TRAPPED ! AND LOOSE SOME IMPORTANT WELL DATA
no flow on surface or nothing while reverse circulation (but test «technically successful!») CHECK below DST string
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTINGS PREPARATION WRITTEN WITH PENCIL
FROM SHALE SHAKERS SIEVES
THROUGH SIEVES COLUMN
DEPTH
UNWASHED sample
WASHED sample
RAW & MIXED CUTTINGS EMBEDDED WITH MUD including ADDITIVE P RODUCTS
(Polymers, LCM, ...)
SUCK EXT RA WATER with towel, sponge, paper filter, ...
• FOR CHECKING POSSIBLE CAVINGS • BIGGER CUTTINGS MAY BE USED for: - SELECTIVE CALCIMETRY - THIN SECTIONS
COARSE sieve MEDIUM sieve FINE sieve
FOR PERCENTAGE EVALUATION & FOR DESCRIPTION (Medium and Fine granulometric sizes may be mixed)
STEEL / INOX SAMPLE TRAYS
GLASS-WATCH curved
flat area RECOMMENDED . . . . . . . . . . . . IF NOTHING ELSE
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ALUMINIUM DISH undulated area
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GEOLOGICAL WASH OUT H
• Possible ORIGIN: . formations poor ly ceme nted, indur ated, ... . and/or inappro priate drilling fluid (mud)
coarse Height BEFORE ...
• PHENOMENA: Drilling with almost no WOB (‘jetting’) => vf-f SD/SST Washable CL/CLST, SLST, ... • Surface DETECTIONin M udlogging unit: Samples do not reflect the expected lithology Volume cuttings recovered<< Volume drilled
fine
WASHING sieves set h Height AFTER ...
• Final Consequences => Miss DATA, bore hole instability • How to solve the situation? Wash samples yourself & check residue inside sink Look for ‘lost’ samples: flow-line, s and-trap, ... Washed out eva luation: • Other: unexpectedSALT, drilled ... with WBM
medium
Raw percentage after was hing: SAND: 80% CLAY: 20%
WASH OUT EVALUATION
not saturated
h = 0.8 x = 0.4 => 40% H h H − h CLAY = 0.2 x + = 0.6 => 60% H H SAND
Mudlogging crew => DECIDE & ACT then ... INFORM => Drlg Super visor
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTING PERCENTAGE ACCURACY ACCURACY EXPECTED ?
±1000
remember: 5%
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TRACES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTING PERCENTAGE EST IMATION
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPT ION (1):
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS WELLSITE GEOLOGIST BE CONSIST ANT
BE SELECTIVE
BE HOM OGE NE OUS
BE ACCURAT E
BE CONCISE
limestone
LMST LST
LS
Lime-stone
OBSERVE under «same conditions»
RECOGNIZE and DISREGARD
USE «usual codification»
NOTE DOMINANT
REPORT MAIN
TIME =>hardness LIGHT => colour FOCUS => texture . ..
CAVINGS and «other contaminants»
STANDARD
SIGNIFICANT
ROCK
ABBREVIATIONS
DETAILS
FEATURES
=> EXAMINE SEVERAL SAMPLES IN A ROW ... for updating the interpretated lithological column ... and KEEP LAST SIGNIFICANT ONES BUT AVOID T O «fill up volume» for the base Geologist! . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (2): BASIC RULES or ST ANDARDISATION DESCRIPTION ORDER 1 - ROCK NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - COLOUR
and abundance (estim.%)
....................................
3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
under Cst lighting
subjective appreciation
4 - TEXTURE: rock’s components . . . . . . . . . . . . characteristic elements 5 - MATRIX and/or CEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . mechanical/chemical process 6 - FOSSILS & ACCESSORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . secondary rock particles 7 - POROSITY (apparent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qualitative 8 - OIL SHOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natters Around Field . . .
evaluation
ephemeral approach fct(rock Phi,K)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPT ION (3):
1 - ROCK NAME ARGILLACEOUS SILICEOUS SLST SD SST CHT
Silstone Sand Sandstone Chert
SH CLST MRL
CARBONATES
Shale Claystone Marl
LS/LMST Limestone DOL Dolomite CHK Chalk
Six (6) BASIC CATEGORIES OF ROCKS ANH Anhydrite GYP Gypsum SA or HAL Salt
EVAPORITES
BM BAS GRT SSDD -
Basement Basalt Granite SXST
Miscellaneous
NOTE: DIATOMITE and RADIOLARITEmay be encountered, but «FORAMINIFERITE» generally corresponds to an intensive was hing of Argillaceous dep osits !
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
COAL LIG BIT
Coal Lignite Bitumen
ORGANICS PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS Less than 5 = TRACES TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPT ION (4):
2 - COLOUR ROCK COLOUR DEPENDS ON:
REDD ISH to LIGHT BROWN
a- CONST ITUENT GRAINS b- MATRIX and/or CEMENT c- STAINING (mud products, iron, ... , OIL) STRESS ON PREDOMINANT COLOUR
(rdsh-lt brn)
SAMPLE T RAY: a- MUSHROOMS, T OMATO, ... b- CHEESE, NODDLES, ... c- MEAT, PAPRIKA, ... , Oil
TRAFFIC LIGHTS for COLOUR BLIND WSG
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
for more details, s ee the ROCK COLO R CHART (The Geological Society of America) representing t he: U.S. Geological Survey, AAPG, ...
BROWNISH to ORANGE
(brnsh-or)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPT ION (5):
3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION M OH’s scale (standard Mineral and Qualifying ter ms)
(brittle)
NAIL: 2.5
GLASS: 5.5 STEEL: 6.5
(soft)
(very hard)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
French scale
1 - TALC
loose, uncons.
lse, uncons
Ta
your
2 - G YP SUM
friable
fri
Grosse
huge
3 - CALCITE 4 - FLUORINE
soft plastic
sft plas
Concierge caretaker
5 - APATITE
firm
frm
Amoureuse in love
6 - ORTHOCLASE brittle (as coal)
brit
Ose
7 - QUARTZ
moderately hard
mod hd
Quémander asking
8 - TOPAZ
hard
hd
Tes
9 - CORUNDUM
very hard
v hd
Caresses
10- DIAMOND
very hard
v hd
Divines
Follement
ROP
WBM
OBM
ANHY DRIT E
v slow
pasty, soft
mod hd
SALT
v fast
«lost»
firm
madly
dares
your divine caresses
(friable)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPT ION (6): 4 - TEXTURE: GENERAL ORGANISATIO N of the COM PONENT ELEM ENTS ofthe ROCK SHAPE
SIZE (simplified WENTWORTH scale)
ROUNDNESS: edges sharpness
CARBONATES
Grains
size of element
Crystals
v ang
Mud - Clay
< 20µ
crpXln - mXln
ang sbang sbrnd
CLASTICS
Silt
20 - 63µ
extrXln
vf - f
63 - 250µ
vfXln - fXln
med - v crs
250µ - 2mm medXln - vcrsXln
Granule-Boulde 2 - 256mm
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
extrcrsXln
ARRANGEMENT
rnd wl rnd
v elong elong sli elong sli s pher spher v spher
SPHERICITY: shape of the grain (ratio width/length)
SORTING: grains r ange size
extr wl srt v wl srt
monomodal
wl srt pr
fr gd
mod srt pr srt v pr srt
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
polymodal
SAMPLE DESCRIPT ION (7):
4 bis - TEXTURE summary ROCK GRAINS / CRYST ALS ORGANISAT ION SIZE
ROUNDNESS
SORTING
SHAPE
SPHERICITY
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
TEXT URE: SEDIMENTARY PARTICULES very coarse
coarse
medium
fine
very fine
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CARBONATE DESCRIPTION CLASSIFICATION according to DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE
Structures of ELEMENTS
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (8):
5 - MATRIX and/or CEMENT M ATRIX
CEMENT
MECHANICAL DEPOSIT
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATE Silica, Calcite, Dolomite, Pyrite, Salt, ...
Silt, Clay
OF SMALL INDIVIDUAL GRAINS, AROUND GRAINS or CRYSTALS, BETWEEN LARGER GRAINS , OFTEN BOUNDED TO THE SEDIMENT , FILLING INTERSTICES BOTH REDUCING FILLING INTERSTICES and/or VOIDS POROSITY
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (9):
6 - FOSSILS & ACCESSORIES EASY TO RECOGNISE, DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY
MINOR ROCK PARTICLES ARE USEFUL FOR CORRELATIONS and FOR ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS even if it is A SPECIALIST ’S job
FOSSILS FORAMINIFERA GASTROPODS
DON’T FORGET PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS
ACCESSORIES (crystal, framboid)
GLAUCONITE
> 10 % Abundant 5-10 % Minor 1-5 % Rare < 1 % Trace
PELECYPODS CORALS
=> MARINE: EXTERNAL SHELF
CALCITE => FAULT, RECRYSTALL (BIOT, MUSC = > detrit acid rocks) MICA (CHLORITE =>fluvio -marine) SCATTERED GRAINS (Org.Mat, Coal, Gyps., ...l
ALGAE OSTRACODS BRYOZOA . ..
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
HEAVY MINERALS
and COLOUR
ORGANISMS
PYRITE
=> DIAGENETIC, CONFINED DEPOSITS
(APATITE: detritic, PO4 deposits)
MINERALS
«lithics rock fragments» magnet => Fe-Mg minerals . ..
=> INFORMATION on ORIGIN and HISTORY of the SEDIMENT TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (10):
7 - APPARENT POROSITY PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS 0 - 5%
negligable visual porosity(n vis por: nvp)
5 - 10%
poor porosity (p vis por)
10 - 15%
fair/medium visual porosity (fr/med vis por)
15 - 20%
good visual poros ity (g vis por)
20 - 25%
very good visual porosity(vg vis por)
INTERCRYST ALLINE
MOL DIC
soft sediments solid or liquid ?
I N T E R G R A N U L A R cuttings?
VUG GY
CORE => OK
INTRAGRANULAR
FRACTURE
CONNECT ED or ISOLATED network ? . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (11):
8 - OIL SHOWS: Generalities ONE OF THE M AIN INTEREST OF A WELL knowing that: SHOWS ARE EPHEMERAL (highly volatile)
SHOWS ARE FUNCTION OF: - mud weight flushed while drilling - mud types (WBM, OBM) samples washing - bits used cuttings size
DESCRIPTION ORDER
FLUORESCENCE (direct) STRONGEST SHOWS DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE BEST RESERVOIR
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
ODOUR & COL OUR: intensity DISTRIBUTION:staining & bleeding FLUORESCENCE (cut, res idual)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (12):
8bis - OIL SHOWS: Observation FLUORESCENCE
DIRECT
SOLVENT
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
Minerals (calcite, ...) Bitumen ‘Dead Oil’ Crude Oil
1
3
2
OIL ODOUR & OIL COLOUR the stronge r, the da rker (dk brnsh), the lower °API the fainter, the lighter (lt yelsh), the higher °API
4
SOLVENT FLUORESCENCE (crushed sample) OIL ST AINING & BLEE DING DISTRIBUTION EVEN MOTTLED PATCHY SPOTTY SPECKLED PINPOINT NIL
very good good fair poor very poor
4a
>40% 20-40% 10-20% 1-10% 1-2 grains
solvent reference solvent reference
INTENSITY
-
BRIGHT => DULL => PALE => FAINT (strong to weak)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
1 SPEED
PAPER FILTER
TEST TUBES
DEPTH
RIGSITE COM PARISONS (test tubes or white porcelaine)
flash: instant. fast: < 5sec slow: 5-10sec crush:‘needle’
2 STRENGTH strong weak faint
RING
3 FORM
sample
(RATING roughly= 1/perme ability)
+
4b
CUT
EASY STORAGE for later comparisons
RING FLUORESCENCE or RESIDUAL
blooming streaming ( sl, mod, ...)
4 COLOR brown, gold, ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAM SA M PLE DESCRI DESCRIPT PTION ION (13):
8terr - OIL SHOWS: 8te SHOWS: Comments ‘CUT FLUORESCENCE’
DIRECT FLUO main COLOUR
PERFORM ON
Brownish Brown ish Orange
DRY POWDERED POWDERED SAMPLE SAMPL E (before calcimetry analysis)
D IR CUT 3 2 1 1 2 3
deg API <15° 15-25°
g/cc >0.97 0.97-0.90
Gold yelyel-grnsh grnsh
25-35°
0.90-0.85
White-M Whi te-M ilky
35-40°
0.85-0.80
Whitish-Blueish
>45°
<0.80
SOLVENTS +++ CHLOROTHEN (fairly toxic ... ... only!)
++
. . . Natters Natters Around Field . . .
OIL Gravit Gravity y
ACETONE (satisfactory for heavy Hcb)
+
ETHER (v (volatile, olatile, for light soluble Hcb)
-
TETRACHLORID TE TRACHLORID (poison very toxic toxic!) !)
MUD PRODUCTS & ADDITIVES
VENTILATED
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
AREA
LABORAT LABOR ATORY: ORY: AN ANALY LYSIS SIS & MEASU M EASUR REM ENT ENTS S LABORATORY
SUMMARY
M EASURE EASUREM M ENT S: - CALCIMETRY - SHA SHALE LE DENSITY DENSIT Y ANALYSIS: - CHEMICA CHEMICAL L T EST (Sulf (Sulfates, ates, Cement, Chlorides, C hlorides, Coal & Lignite) - OIL «POUR POINT» Temperature - T HI HIN N SECTIONS STAINING: - CALCITE COLORA COLO RAT T ION - OTHER OTHERS: S: Carbonates and Feldspars
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CALCIM CALC IMET ET RY Mea Meas s u r em ement ent 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%
e d
20 ) n i m ( E M I T
CALCIMETER
CARBONA CAR BONATE TE CONTENT
(mechanical (mecha nical or o r electronic) CORROSIVE ATT ACK USING HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl (HCl 50%) ON WASHED WASHED & DRY CRUSHED / POWDERED POWDERED ROCK (1 g),
either eit her RAW and/or SELE CTE CTED D samples
BLEED OFF
c
THE A PPA RA TUS RE CORDS THE CO2 PRESSURE PRODUCED (BOURDON tube)
LEAK
10
b
30 +min, COM PLE TE REACTIONachieved REACTIONachieved after after 1 depending depending on L ST-DOL content ( ...dolomimetry) Report values after ‘1 min’ AND after ‘stabilization’ (NEVER CHANGE CALCIMETRY SCALE ON MASTERLOG)
a 1mn 0 PERCENTAGE
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
CHECK: - On Chart: depth and curve readings - Under microscope / binoccular: residue (Q z, clay, other Minerals, O rg. matter matter,, ...) ...)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SHALE DENSITY Measurement MICROSOL METHOD (Geoservices)
VARIABLE-DENSITY COLUMN METHOD
WASHED & HUMID samples and at least 3 MEASUREMENT S per level
d1 displacement in AIR
d2 displacement in WATER
soapy WATER
Apparent SHALE DENSITY
d SH
d 1 =
FAIR RESULT S IN OBM (Oil Base Mud)
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
Calibration Chart
d 1
−
g / cc d 2
ACCURACY & RELIABILITY NOT EFFICIENT
VAPORS HIGHLY TOX IC (Bromoform 2.85sg, Trichloroethane, 1.47sg ... )
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS SULPHATES
(GYPSUM, ANHYDRITE)
CEMENT
BaCl2
‘‘SST, tan-gy, vf-f, w cmtd, p calc, rare Glauco, ... ‘‘
HCl (10%) DECANT (filter paper)
HEAT (destroy CO3)
TURNING to REDDISH-PURPLE with
WHITE PRECIPITATE
BaSO4
PHENOLPHTALEIN (pH 8.3) ‘‘CEMENT components are a BASE» (Sandstones are not)
COAL & LIGNITE
CHLORIDES distilled water
AgNO3 [N/10]
+ filter white precipitate
CHECK with Mud Engineer for quantitative test
HNO3 (10%)
brownish LIGNITE SHAKE and DECANT
CHECK your fingers if not convinced !
transparent COAL
remember: Always add acid to water , not the opposite way round . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
THIN SECTIONS HELP TO IDENTIFY ROCK T YPES (mainly eruptives, ...) on SELECT ED SAMPLES
1
k i c t s N O S N A K R A
2
3 HOT PLATE
frosted glass
6
REMOVE (B)
RUB DOWN SAMPLES with thinner Abrasiv e Powders TO
(B)
HEAT NEW GLASS SLIDE (B) WITH ‘ARKANSON’
7
Qz
MAINTAIN ‘ SAMPLES’ with needles to eliminate air bubbles
RE-HEAT GLASS SLIDE (A) WITH ‘SAMPLES’
RUD DOWN UNIFORMY with ABRASIVE POWDERS (300 => 600)
REVERSE (B) OVE R (A)
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
(A) 600
glass slide
PLACE some QUARTZ grains at slide corners
300
‘ ARKANSON’ MOLTEN (MUST NOT BOILED) PLACE the SAMPLES
5
4
APPROPRIATE THICKNESS
8 Put a COVER SLIDE or not (=> see ‘ stain tests’)
‘rolling’ grey
‘rolling’ yellow
OK
too thick
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OIL «POUR POINT» TEMPERATURE AIM
RAW OIL CHARACTERISTICS during SAMPLING (°API, visc os ity, ...)
TEMPERATURE 2
40 °C
METHODOLOGY
POUR POINT (°C / °F)
1 COOL DOWN the OIL sample
to the COMPLETE SOLIDstate
1 ambiant Temp°
2 REPORT the POUR POINT T emp°
at the FIRST OCCURRENCE of LIQUID phase note: NEVER DO IT from LIQUID to SOLID state
5 °C
into FRIDGE SOLID state
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
FIRST DROP LIQUID
LIQUID state
OIL phase behaviour
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STAINING TEST: CALCITE COLORATION HELP TO IDENTIFY CARBONATE ROCKS COMPONENTS on Cores & Cuttings
SAMPLE S (Core chips, Drill cuttings) REAGENT
MUST BE ‘CLEAN & DRY’
1 gram ALIZARIN RED ‘ S’ 1 liter distilled water (998cc) 5 drops HCl [N] (2cc)
CALCITE
PROCEDURE APPLY 1-2 DROPS of SOLUTION
DOLOMITE
LEAVE TO DRY OBSERVE under Microscope
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OTHER (advanced) STAINING T ESTS CARBONATES 1 ml HCl 1 ml Alizarin red 1 ml saturated Potassium Ferricyanide 8 ml distilled water
A
Dip 1 min on polished sample, Let stand until dry RED
pure CALCITE
PURPLE
ferrugineous (Fe++) CALCITE
LIGHT BLUE ferrug. DOLOMITE Ca,Mg/Fe(CO3)2 DARK BLUE ANKERITE Ca,Fe(CO3)2
FELDSPARS * Etch polished surface in close vessel of HF ( hydrofluoric a cid) vapor for 5 min
* Dip sample (quickly 2 times ‘in & out’ into 5% BaCl2 solution; then, rinse
* Place sample for 1 min into saturated Sodium Cobaltrinitrate solution (40g in 1 00 ml water) YELLOW Potassium FELDSPAR (Alkali)
*
Cover etch with rhodizonate reagent; then, rinse
(reage nt: 0.2g rho dizonic acid potassium salt in 30ml water) RED
B
Dip in solution AgNO 3 at 60°C for 3 sec (rinse with water to eliminate exces s) Dip in solution K 2CrO4 at 10% for 30 sec (r inse & leave to dry)
PRECIPITATE of SILVE R CHROMATE ON CALCITE (no stain on Dolomite)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Plagioclase FELDSPAR (Na, Ca) Damned! HF ? H YDROFLUORIC ACID or HIGH FREQUENCY
ALWAYS WORK UNDER HOOD + RUBBER GLOVES + GOGGLES (dangerous acidfumes)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORES & CORING SUMMARY - GENERALITIES . POLICY ‘AGREEMENT’ . WHY CORING? . WHEN CORING? . WHAT FOR? - EQUIPMENT and T ECHNICS . CORE BARREL and CORE BIT . AXIAL and LATERAL CORING - CORING OPERATION . MUDLOGGING ASSIST ANCE . CORE RECOVERY: general - METHODOLOGY . UNSLEEVED CORE . SLEEVED CORE . CORE ORIENTATION and LABELLING . PRESERVED SAMPLE: S.C.A.L. - LABORATORY . PLUGS and SLABBED SECTIONS . ORIENTATION: Dip & Deviated wells - Finally: ‘‘CORING: it’s good ...’’ . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: POLICY ‘AGREEMENT’ CONTRACT’s OWNER ...
CARE with CORE
CORE with CARE
... CONTRASTED RESULTS
CORING IS EXPENSIVE and IT CAN BE A CONTINGENCY OPERATION
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WHY CORING ?
BRING T O SURFACE
A COLUMN OF T HE DRILLED FORMATION
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WHEN to cut a CORE?
-
-
EXPLORATION WELLS CORING
DELINEATION & DEVELOPMENT WELLS CORING
WHEN THE FORMATION EXHIBITS SHOWS CHARACTERISTICS of POTENTIAL RESERVOIR
FOR RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION PURPOSES OF KNOWN RESERVOIR and THEIR BOUNDARIES
WHEN UNKNOWN or UNEXPECTED GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
FOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS
FOR BASEMENT IDENTIFICATION (TD CORING) . . .
FOR GEOLOGICAL MODELLING ,. . .
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: WHAT FOR? (AIMS) RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION STATIC parameters DYNAMIC
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT • Facies deposition • Sedimentary sequences • Fracturation network • Dip (apparent, structural) • Thin sections: microfossils, mineralogy, petrography • ... SEDIMENTOLOGIST, PALEONTOLOGIST, ...
• Matrix: Rho ma, Phie ‘ m’, ‘n’ & ‘a’ coeff. • Water Saturation Sw • Shaliness distribution => barriers • Correlations • ...
• PLUGS (surface cond.): - Phi, K (horiz. and vert.) • SCAL (downhole cond.): - Irreducible Swirr - Relative permeabilities - Kr o, Kr w, => wettability • ...
LOG ANALYST
RESERVOIR Eng.
YES, ARE T HESE ENOUGH PURPOSES and/or REASONS TO TAKE GREAT CARE DURING & AFTER CORING? in view of ... the GEOLOGICAL MODEL
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
. . . almost!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING EQUIPMENT CORE BARREL
CORE BITS
(DBS)
(DBS)
IMPREGNATED (DIAMOND type)
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
CUTTERS (PDC type)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING CORIN G T EC ECH HNIQU IQUES ES AXIAL CORING
LATERAL CORING
CORE BARREL
SIDEWALL
ADVANTAGES
• ‘CONTINUOUS’ RECORD • Possible ORIEN ORIENTATE TATED D (Dip, Azimuth) Azimuth) • PET ROPH ROPHYSICAL YSICAL PROPERTIES minimally disturbed • Various INNER TUBES: . Aluminium, Fiberglass . Rubber sleeve sleeve,, Spong e, ... ...
LIMITATIONS
• SLOW and EXPENSIVE • Possible P OOR RECOVERY along: . FRACTURED FRACTURED zone s . UNCONSOLIDATED UNCONSOLIDATED formations
• WIRELINE ACQUISITION • FAST & CHEAP • RU RUN N at ANYTIME ANYTIME (preferably atTD) • SELECT ED SAMP LES (after (after logging) • PERCUSSION or M ECHAN ECHANICAL ICAL bullets • Miner alogy studies, ... • DISCONTINUOUS RECORD • MODERATE RECOVERY (flushed zone) • NO ‘Phi-K’ ANALYSES
DRILLING DRILLING Depar De partments tments ‘prefer ‘pre fer not no t to core cor e; but, they want: «high ROP, ROP, long footage, not too many trips, no twist-off, twist-off, not to be stuck, ...»’ (BHI (BHI Coring Seminar)
. . . Natters Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING CORIN G OPERATION & MUDLOGGING ASSISTANCE ... UNDER UNDER ‘WELLSITE GEOLOGIST’ RESPON RESPONSIBILITY SIBILITY 1 - BEFORE Coring . CHECK (or prepare) CORE TRAYS on rig floor and/or CORE BOXES:
T
n b b
B
=> Quantity (length cored + 10%), Order (number ing & labelling) labelling) . DAT DATABA ABASE: SE: INCR INCREASE EASE SAMPLING SAMP LING RATE RATE => every 0.5m, instead of 1m . CHECK ‘SPP & FR’: F R’: - before dropping the ball: mud circulates through the innertube - after dropping dr opping the ball ball:: mud cir culates in in annulus, a nnulus, between ‘outer b arr arrel el-inner -inner tube’
2 - WHILE WHILE Coring . ADJUST coring param’ (reduced compared to drillingphase) according to Core-man, . RECORD RECORD & MONITOR, as usual, all para meters (including lithological control), ? . DETECT DET ECT eventual troubleshoo tr oubleshootings tings:: cor e jamme d/brok /broken en,, connections, conn ections, worn bit, ... ... in order to stop coring, if nece ssar y.
3 - STOP Coring . BREAK the core by pulling up (the core catcher retains retains the cor e in the inner tube) when the c ore barr b arrel el isfull or if no more p enetration is obser o bserved ved, . PULLING PULLING OUT the core c ore assembly as sembly WI WIT T HOU HOUT T CIRCULATING CIRCULATING at TD
. . . Natters Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING OPERATION: RECOVERY UNSLEEVED CORE CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE CORE-BARREL
LAY DOWN on DRILL-FLOOR
Hammer, Plastic bags
=> inner tubes: RUBBER SLEEVE: FIBER GLASS: ALUMINIUM: ORIENTED CORING Sponge:
B1
Top
Electric saw +caps & clips to seal each section
Bottom
Bn
BETTER OBSERVATIONS ON RIGSITE
B1
Tn
... ALWAYS UNDER ‘WELLSITE GEOLOGIST’ RESPONSIBILITY
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
=> main use: soft / unconsol. Fm more and more us ed high Temp° Fm dip, fractur., direct.K, ... Fluid recovery (?)
LAY DOWN on PIPE-RACK / WALKWAY
Bottom
T1 CATCHING CORE BOXES
Top T n
SLEEVED CORE
BETTER PRESERVATION for T RANSPORTATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
UNSLEEVED CORE CORE RECOVERY
METHODOLOGY CORE TRANSPORTATION
CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE
1 - CATCHING CORE BOXES to ‘ML Unit’ 2 - Rough SHOWS Observation:
CORE-BARREL
=> Oil staining & bleeding + UV light: Dir.Fluo. CORE MARKING
LAY DOWN on DRILL-FLOOR
3 - Soft washing with RAGS, BRUSH, Humid Sponge 4 - Piec es MATCHING & ORIENTING from T op to Btm into ‘‘DEFINITIVE CORE BOXES’’ 5 - DRAW ‘Orientation lines’ fro m TOP to BOTTOM 6 - Measuring core& mar k depths
Hammer, Plastic bags
Bottom
T1
B1
CORE EXAMINATION
8 - De tailled SHOWS
CATCHING CORE BOXES
Top T n
7 - % recov ery= (Recov.Length / Interv.core d) x 10 0
9 - Litho. description, including sedimentary features, ...
Bn
10-Labo analyses : calcim., Cut fluo, thin s ections, ... CORE PACKAGING
BETTER OBSERVATIONS ON RIGSITE
11-Subsidiary, Well Name, Core Nb, Box nb, T => note: Never write depths outside boxes
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
B
SLEEVED CORE CORE RECOVERY => inner tubes: RUBBER SLEEVE: FIBER GLASS: ALUMINIUM: ORIENTED Sponge:
=> main use: soft / unconsol. Fm more and more used high Temp° Fm dip, fractu. , direct.K, ... Fluid recovery (?)
METHODOLOGY CORE TRANSPORTATION
1 - CLEAR a.s.a.p. pipe-r ack area, and mov e ... 2 - DEFINITIVE CORE BOXE S to ‘ML Unit’ 3 - COLLECT core chips ever y meter and place chips inside plastic bags for examination CORE MARKING
CORE-BARREL
LAY DOWN on PIPE-RACK / WALKWAY Top
Electric saw +caps & clips to seal each section
Bottom
4 - DRAW / under lined ‘Orientation lines’ T => B 5 - NOTCH up with saw each segment / inner tube => for orientation inside ‘inner tubes’ 6 - Clean with ra gs & mark depths on tubes 7 - % recov ery= (Recov.Length / Interv.core d) x 10 0 CORE PACKAGING
8 - SEAL with caps and clip each segments ends 9 - Subsidiar y, Core Nb, Well Name, Box nb
T1
Bn
BETTER PRESERVATION for TRANSPORTATION
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
note: Never write d epths outside boxes CHIPS EXAMINATION
10 - A/A ... and fill in ‘Cor e Description Sheet’
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: ORIENTING & LABELLING Pieces matching
4 3 -4
Good fit
Orientation lines LEFT: BLUE or BLACK
RIGHT: RED
3 2-3 Poor fit (one line each side of break)
2 1-2 No fit (two lines each side of break)
1
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESERVED SAMPLE for SCAL => PHANTOM ououH ououH
# 1
OUCH ! SCAL#1
ALUMINIUM FOIL
25 cm
S C A L # 1
T 7 S / 5 O x H o l G b e w - t d
1 m # L E L R W O O L C A
MiaouH
WAX or PARAFFIN
T O T
HOT Bath
m 5 2 1 . # 8 L 9 A 9 C 1 0 S 5 . 8 9 9 1
Woou! Btm
# 1 S CA L 25 m 9 8.
0 - 1 9 1 9 9 8.5 T # 1 G H O S l: l e w
Btm
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
Btm
U O U
O
H O
… along GOOD and POOR facies
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
.. . !
CORING & LABORATORY PLUGS
V
HORIZONTAL
PLUG
CORE
H
PLUG
SLABBED SECTIONS V
PREFERABLY CUT AT THE SAME DEPTH
3 SCRATCHES FOR ORIENTED CORING
E R T I C A L
CHIPS USED FOR THIN SECTIONS
SMALL CORES CUT INSIDE ‘MAIN CORE’
STRUCTURAL DIP an d/or HOLE DEVIATION
LONGITUDINAL CROSS SECTIONS (for par tners, ref., ...)
NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING ORIENTATION: DIP & DEVIATED WELL DEVIATION AZIMUTH
γ = 90 °− (α + β )
α STRUCTURAL DIP
β DEVIATION ANGLE
TMD
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
HORIZONTAL SECTION
TVD
β
γ
α
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
C O R I NG
IT’S GOOD IN ANYCASE, MY DEAR COLLEAGUE !
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Reporting ‘DGR’ & Coding ‘DDR’ R EP OR TI NG
S UM MA RY
- GEOLOGY: . REPORTING ... through AGES! . CURRENT REPORT ING: when? & what to report? . DGR: Daily Geological Report => CEF/SUB form - GWR: Geological Well Report - DRILLING: . OPERATIONS CODING . OPERATIONS TIMING: planned & unscheduled . DDR:Daily Drilling Report => FPL/OPS form (‘DAISY’)
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GEOLOGICAL REPORTING through AGES AIM
DAILY INFORM the SUBSURFACE OPERATIONS GEOLOGIST in BASE
HOW ? Quantity of data transmitted
INFO-RIG
DOCUMENTS
e-mail RADIO YESTERDAY
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TELEX
PHONE
FAX TODAY
Data transfer equipment
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CURRENT GEOLOGICAL REPORTING INFO-RIG
• ON A BASIS ROUTINE => TWICE A DAY ... on pre-scheduled time WHEN ?
WHAT ?
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
• ON UNUSUAL OPERATION => AT ANY T IME TD, Logging, Cor ing point, ... CURRENT SITUATION • DEPTH (TMD/TVD) • OPERATION IN PROGRESS with details ... if requested (ROP, litho, intervals shows, ...) • Possible Contractors failures, ... • Oper. planned ... w/ expect. timing • Miscellaneous: - job: equipm. transp. <=> base - perso: booking ...if any return ticket
DOCUMENTS afternoon reporting RUSH PRINTS => provisional data • MASTERLOG ... if requested • Deviation data ( detailled outprint ) • Main ‘LOG’ • Raw Pressure &Sampling data • Rush ‘Core description’ • ... morning reporting UPDATED FILES & PRINTS => previous day: 00:00 => 24:00 • DAILY GEOLOGICAL REPORT • MASTERLOG • LOGGING files (ie): - Logg. Supervision Report - Press./ Samples / Temp°, ... • Core sheets • ... TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DAILY GEOLOGICAL REPORT TOTAL
=> strictly one A4 sized page => Expansible item boxes according to
"Subsidiary"
LICENCE: Partners:
R ig N a me
"XXXx x"
Contractors
Well Name
DAILYGEOLOGICALREPORT Report:Nb
COUNTRY: Operator:
Date:dd/mm/yyyy
FIELD:
Platform:
Drilling: Coring:
Mud: MWD:
1
(abbrev.) Slot: Well Type:
Mud Logging: LWD:
Other
OPERATI ON S UMM ARY MDBRT m ( /ft)
An gle
Azimuth
S ur ve y Ty pe
m/ft
UNIT
SURVEY DATA
operations in progress (ie LOGGING)
TVDBRT(m/ft)
deltaX(m/ft)
deltaY(m/ft)
Vsection(m/ft)
TMDBRT
RTE MSL GL/WD
2
907.4 900 107.4
1200
-292. 6
3
400 310 890 sg ( g/ cc , pp g)
DAILYPROGRESS
Last Casing Shoe :13 3/8" OPENHOLE:121/4"
1 HEADER: - well data: Name, location, status, type, contractors
TVDMSL
907.4 900 800
PREVIOUSDEPTH
MIDNIG HTDEPTH
MUD type:
WBM
400 597 890 10 . 4
OperationS UMMARY
4
- daily data: Report nb & Date ... as per DDR
2 Focus on main data ... and ‘dog-leg’
Off./Onshore Well status: Logging: Testing:
LAST FORMATIONTOPS / LASTMARKERS NTOPS/ LA STMARKE RS TMDBR T(m /ft)
PROGNOSED e lt a X m ( f/)t
TVDMSL(m /ft )
ACTUAL DeltaX(m/ft)
DeltaTVDM SL
D ela t Y( m/ ft )
( m/ tf )
TMDB RT(m /ft)
TVDM SL(m /ft)
DeltaY(m/ft)
Driller/Logger Driller/Logger
depth & Mud data ... as DDR 3 Midnight (casing diam & size, ... pre cise units us ed)
Driller/Logger
LITHOLOGY Fo r m( T MD )
LITHOLOGYand DESCRIPTION
Fluorescence Direct
ROCK name, colour, hardness, texture, matrix & cement, fossils & access ories, porosity, Oil shows
GasAnalyserType:
GAS S HOWS F or m( TMD )
T oT ( MD )
(m/ft)
(m/ft)
6 Fluoresc ence summary, Remarks (ROP, calcim.) 7 Interval depths for each gas types (Nature)
Main Litho
(m/ft)
5
4 DON’T re-COPY the Drilling re port (DDR) 5 Intervals depth - See ‘lithological description order’
T o( TMD )
(m/ft)
NATURE
TG (ppm / %)
Formation Cut
6
BKG:backgroundgas,FG:formationgas, TpG:tripgas,SWG:swabbedgas, PCG:pipeconnexiongas,. .
C1 (ppm /%)
C2 (ppm / %)
C3 (ppm / %)
iC4 (ppm / %)
nC4 (ppm / %)
iC5 (ppm /%)
nC5 (ppm / %)
7 OTHER (LOGGING,CORING, SWC,RFT, DST,Remarks)
Unusual operations results(summerized)
8 and ‘mail box’ (equ ipm. failure, Subs idiary r equirem.,
8
Geologist’s Contractors crewchange, ...)
9 Morning situation & planned opera tions for the day Status@ 06.00hr:
10 Wellsite Geo logist(s) name . . . Natters Around Field . . .
Operationsplanned:
9
GEOLOGIST:
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
10
Remarks
Geological Well Report MUDLOG
TEXT.doc
PORE PRESSURE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
i le s A S C I I f
SAMPLING SEQUENCE
UOY DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)
TOOLBOX - module 7.0 . . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOG
Basic wellsite document
MANUAL ’’ bi-hecto ’’
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
AUTOMATIC’’ GWR’’
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: Description sheet
GWR CORE SHEET
computer aided design deliberately not developed
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Operations CODING and TIMING (1) AIM
FOR REFERENCING and FILING EACH INTERVENTION & OPERATION DURING WELL DURATION INTO T HE ‘DAILY DRILLING REPORT’
DRILLING OPERATION
PLUG & ABANDON
MOVING & RIG UP
A CASING & CEMENT
F
P
C S
SIDE-TRACK
B
G
PRODUCTION: WORK-OVER & COMPLETION
W RESERVOIR EVALUATION
GEOLOGY EVALUATION
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Operations CODING and TIMING
(2)
00h00 - 24h00
P G
W
DDR => DECIMAL TIME 2.50 (GWR => SEXAGESIMAL
PLANNED OPERATIONS PRODUCTIVE TIM E (PT)
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
S
TIMING
F
C
02:30)
UNSCHEDULED EVENTS (DOWNTIME) NON-PRODUCTIVE TIME (NPT)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DAILY DRILLING REPORT Well NAME
RIG NAME
TOTAL ‘subsidiary’ drilling PARAMETERS average
DEVIATION SURVEYS
OPERATIONS DESCRIPTION
MUD data
REMARKS
Geological remarks: - TOP FORMATIONS - Main GAS peaks - ...
Mud PRODUCTS
SUMMARY of OPERATIONS
WELL STATUS at:
OPERATIONS PLANNED COMPANY’ S REPRESENTATIVE
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ANNEXES SUMMARY
Easy RESEARCH … Mudlogging KEYWORDS index Usual CONVERSIONS and EQUIVALENTS UNIT CONVERTER (general) Basic Wellsite GLOSSARY(English-Français-Español) Standard LITHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS: A => K Standard LITHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS: L => Z CUTT ING DESCRIPTION worksheet (TOT AL & Geoservices forms) Simplified GEOLOGICAL SRTATIGRAPHIC SCALE International SPELLING CODE
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EASY RESEARCH … Press to
OPEN
CUTTING DESCRIPTION SHEET
BASIC GLOSSARY (GB - F - E)
UNIT CONVERTER
OIL FIELD ABBREVIATIONS More … ?
MUDLOGGING AUDIT
KEYWORD GENERAL INDEX
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT
TECHNICAL DATA SHEET S
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CONVERSIONS & EQUIVALENTS LENGTH 1 m = 3.28 ft 1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm TEMPERATURE °C = (°F-32)*5/9 °F = (°C*9/5)-32 PRESSURE 1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 psi 1 bar = 14.50 psi 1 atm = 14.70 psi 1 bar = 1.02 kg/cm 2 1 g/cc = 2.31 psi 1 psi = 0.433 g/cc 1 psia = 1 psig - 14.7
GRADIENT Pressure: 1 psi/100 ft = 2.262 bar/10m 1 bar/10m = 44.21 psi /100 ft Temperature: 1°C/100m = 0.549°F/100 ft 1°F/100 ft = 1.82 °C/100 m
VOLUME 1 bbl = 159 lit = 42 gal = 5.61 cuft 1 gal = 3.786 lit 1 m3 = 35.31 cuft = 6.29 bbl 1 cuft = 7.48 gal = 28.32 lit
Gallon expressed in ‘US gal’ (Imperial gal = 1.2 US gal)
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
MASS 1 lb = 0.454 kg 1 kg = 2.2 lb SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1 g/cc = 0.12 ppg 1 ppg = 8.345 g/cc AREA 1 acre = 4047 m 2 320 acres = 1.295 km 2 1 ha = 10000 m2= 0.1 km 2 1 ha = 2.47 acres °API vs DENSITY(g/cc) ° API@60° F =
ppg => pound (lb) per gallon
1415 . sg(g / cc) @60° F
. − 1315
psi => pound per square inch
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
UNIT CONVERTER 38 CATEGORIES INCLUDING MORE THAN 170 UNITS ANGLE
PERMEABILITY
AREA
POWER
CONCENTRATION (mass/mass)
PRESSURE
CONCENTRATION (vol/vol)
PRESSURE GRADIENT
DIAMETER
RATE (mass/time)
ELECTRIC POWER
RATE (vol/time)
ENGINE SPEE D
SPECIFIC HEAT
FLUID LOSS Coefficient
SPURT LOSS Coefficient
FORCE
TEMPERATURE
FRACTURE CONDUCTIVIT Y
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
FRACTURE TOUGHNESS
THERMAL GRADIENT
INVERSE PRESSURE
TIME
INVERSE TEMPE RATURE INVERSE TIME K PRIME LENGTH
CLICK HERE to open UNIT Converter
TIME RELATIVE VELOCITY VOLUME VOLUME GRADIENT
MASS
VOLUME per COUPLING
MASS GRADIENT
VOLUME RATIO
PERCENT
YIELD (vol/mass)
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
BASIC WELLSITE GLOSSARY
CLICK HERE to open GLOSSARY
3 SHEETS => 3sorting keys
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ST ANDARD ABBREVIATIONS (non exhautive ) A about above abundant altered alternating amorphous and angular approximate arenaceous argillaceous as above associated at average
C abt abv abd alt altg amor & ang apprx aren arg a.a., a/a assoc @ av
B become/ing bed bioclastic black blocky blue bottom break bright brittle brown
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
bcm bd biocl bk blky bl btm brk brt brit brn
calcareous carbonaceous caving cement chocolate circulate/ion clastic clean clear coarse common compact conchoidal conglomerate consolidated cream cross-b ebbed cross-lamin. cuttings
E calc carb cvg cmt choc circ clas cln clr crs com cpct conch cgl consol crm X-bd X-lam ctgs
earthy elongate equivalent excellent extremely
dk deb detr decr dissem dom dty
generally glass/y glauconite/ic good grading grey green
D dark debris detrital decrease/ing disseminated dominant/ ly dirty
H ea elong equiv ex extr
F fair fer ruginous fibrous fine fissile flake:y fluorescence foraminifer fossil fracture:d fragment friable
1/2
fr ferr fibr f fis flk fluor foram foss frac frag fri
G gen glas glauc gd grad gy gn
hard hd heavy hvy high/ly hi homogenenous hom horizontal hor hour/s hr hydr ocar bon hc
I inclusion increase/ing indurated in part interbedded intercalated intergranylar interval intrisive iron irregular/ly
incl incr ind i/p intbd intercal intgran intvl intr Fe irr
J joint
jn
K kaolin /itic
after SAMP LE EX AMINATION MANUAL - AAPG, 1981
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
kao
ST ANDARD ABBREVIATIONS (non exhautive ) L lamina/tion/ted large layer light limy lithic lithology little loose
O lam lge lyr lt lmy lit litho ltl lse
M marl/ly massive material matrix milky mineral moderate most/ly mud
mrl mass mat mtrx mky min mod mst md
N no sample NS nodule/ar nod no show n/s no visible poro nvp numerous num
occasional/ly olive off-white opaque orange organic
R occ olv offwh op orng org
T r rec rd rem rk rnd
S
P particle par patch/y pch pebble pbl pellet pel permeability k, perm petroleum pet pink pk plastic plas pour point pp porosity por predominant/ly pred primary prim probable/bly prob pseudops purple purp pyroclastic pyrcl
Q quartz quartzite/ic
rare r ecovery/ red red remains rock round/ed
qtz qtzt
saccharoid/al same as above sample scarse scattered secondary sediment/ary show silica/iceous silt/y size slight/ly small soft sorted stain sticky structure subsucrosic
sacc aa spl scs scat sec sed shw sil slt/y sz sli/ly sml sft srt stn stky str sb suc
tan texture thick thin top trace translucent transparent
tn tex thk thn tp tr trnsl trnsp
U unconsolidated uncons
V very visible vitreous vug/gy
v vis vit vug
W waxy weathered weak well white with without wood
wxy wthd wk wl wh w/ w/o wd
Y yellow
after SAMP LE EX AMINATION MANUAL - AAPG, 1981 . . . N atters Around Field . . .
2/2
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
yel
CUTTING DESCRIPTION Worksheet
A4 size
Booklet from ML Contractor
R G W
Booklet out of print
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STRATIGRAPHIC SCALE MESOZOIC
ANTHROPOZOIC my HOLOCENE PLEISTOCENE
2
CENOZOIC NEOGENE
4
PLIOCENE MIOCENE PALEOGENE
25
S U O E C A T E R C
C I S S A R U J
OLIGOCENE EOCENE PALEOCENE
. . . Natters Around Field . . .
65
S A I R T
. T E R C O E N . T E R C O E
DANIAN SENONIAN TURONIAN CENOMANIAN ALBIAN APTIAN BARREMIAN HAUTERIVIAN VALANGINIAN
M PORTLANDIAN L A KIMMERIDGIAN M OXFORDIAN R CALLOVIAN E BATHONIAN G BAJOCIAN G AALENIAN O D
TOARCIAN S PLIENSBACHIAN SINEMURIAN A I HETTANGIAN L RHETIAN KEUPER MUSCHELKALK BUNTSANDSTEIN
PALEOZOIC
my 70
my PERMIAN
250
CARBONIFEROUS
290
DEVONIAN
360
SILURIAN
400
130
ORDOVICIAN
440
150
CAMBRIAN
600
95
180 PROTEROZOIC 200
ALGONKIAN
600
ARCHEAN 250
...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
4500
International SPELLING CODE A B C D E F G H I J K L M
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA ECHO FOX-TROTT GOLF HOTEL INDIA JULIETT KILO LIMA MIKE
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
NOVEMBER OSCAR PAPA QUEBEC ROMEO SIERRA TANGO UNIFORM VICTOR WISKY X-RAY YANKEE ZOULOU
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB