CONTRACTS - 1 II TRIMESTER
MISREPRESENTATION IN CONTRACTS SUBMITTED BY : ADITYA VARDHAN SHARMA 1st YEAR (B.A. (B.A. /LL.B.)
I.D. NUMBER : : 1952 DECEMBER 30, 30, 2012
NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL OF INDIA UNIVERSITY, BANALORE
I NTRODUCTION
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
W!+* "# "#%($%(#(*+*"& W!+* +%( *!( ()(##+%/ )&"*"&# &% + 7+4" )4+" & "#%($%(#(*+*"& W!+* +%( *!( "(%(* */$(# & "#%($%(#(*+*"& W!+* "# *!( $&#"*"& & *!( I"+ 4+ "*! %(+% *& *!( #+( + !& "# "* "(%(*
%& &*!(% 4(+4 #/#*(# + "# "* +# (")"(* " (+4" "*! *!( #+( 5. W!+* )!+(# )+ 6( +( *& *!( )%%(* I"+ 4+# %(+%" "#%($%(#(*+*"&
WHAT IS MISREPRESENTATION?
T!( B4+)8;# L+ D")*"&+%/ ("(# "#%($%(#(*+*"& +#, < Any manifestation by words or other conduct, by one person to another that, under the given circumstances, amounts to an assertion not in accordance with the facts. And untrue statement of fact, an incorrect and false representation, that which, if accepted, leads the mind to an apprehension of a condition other and different from the one which exists .=1 A))&%" *& *!( I"+ C&*%+)* A)*, 1>?2, "#%($%(#(*+*"& ")4(#, <(1) the positive assertion in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of that which is not true, though he believes it to be true; () any breach of duty which, without an intent to deceive, gains an advantage of the person committing it, or any one claiming under him, by misleading another to his pre!udice, or to the pre!udice of anyone claiming under him; (") #ausing however innocently, a party to an agreement, to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the sub!ect of the agreement.=2 U(% *!( L+ & C&*%+)*#, + )&*%+)*, *!( )&#(* *& !")! "# ")( 6/ "#%($%(#(*+*"& "# 7&"+64(3 +* *!( &$*"& & *!( ()("7( $+%*/. T!( &*!(% %((/ !")! *!( $+%*/ ()("7( +/ )4+" "# *!+* !( +/ #((8 *!( (&%)((* & *!( )&*%+)* " *!( +(% " !")! "* &4 !+7( 6(( (@()*( !+ *!( %($%(#(*+*"& +( *& !" 6(( *%(. T!# ( +/ #+/, *!+* "#%($%(#(*+*"& (+# + "##*+*((* & + +)* &% +)*#, !")! +%( +*(%"+4 5 *& *!(
1 BLAC ;S LAW DICTIONARY, 903 5*! (., 19?9
2 S()*"& 1>, I NDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1>?2
3 A 7&"+64( )&*%+)* )+ 6( 4(+44/ %('()*( 6/ &( $+%*/ + "# #+" *& !+7( + (()*. I *!( $+%*/ "*! *!( $&(% *& %('()* *!( )&*%+)* )!&&#(# &* *& %('()* *!( )&*%+)* (#$"*( *!( (()*, *!( )&*%+)* 6()&(# 7+4" + (&%)(+64(.
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5 A +*(%"+4 +)* "# + &))%%()(, (7(*, &% "&%+*"& *!+* "# #")"(*4/ #""")+* *& "4()( + ""7"+4 "*& +)*" " + )(%*+" +/, #)! +# (*(%" "*& + )&*%+)*.
P&44&)8, + M44+!, T HE I NDIAN C ONTRACT ACT AND S PECIFIC R ELIEF ACTS, V&4. 1, 01 N"4"+ B!+6!+( (., 1*! (., 2012
? S()*"& 19, I NDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1>?2
> M44+!, $upra &*( 5, +* 5>
9 S"% W"44"+ R(/(44 A#&, Anson%s &aw 'f #ontract , 209 A. (#* (., 2 *! (. , 19>
10 P((8 7. %(/ ,1>?3 HL 3?? H&#( & L&%#
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+ )&(+*&%/ (@$%(##"&. T!(%( #* 6( + %($%(#(*+*"&, + " )+#( & (%( #"4()(, "* #* 6( (% )"%)#*+)(# !(%( *!(%( "# + */ *& #$(+8 .12
WHAT CONSTITUTES A MISREPRESENTATION?
he epresentation must be one of fact* A# #*+*( +6&7(, + "#%($%(#(*+*"& "# + +4#( #*+*((* & + (@"#*" &% $+# +)* +( 6/ &( $+%*/ *& *!( )&*%+)* *& *!( &*!(%, 6(&%( &% +* *!( *"( & )&*%+)*", !")! ")(# *!( &*!(% $+%*/ *& )&*%+)*.13 T!( *(% #*+*((* )+ 6( "#4(+", #")( +# ( !+7( #(( +6&7(, (7( (%( #"4()( +/ #&(*"(# )&#*"**( "#%($%(#(*+*"&. A4#&, " + $(%#& "# +8" + %($%(#(*+*"& !")! +* *!( *"( & )&*%+)*" "# *%(, 6* 6()&(# +4#( #6#((*4/, + !( !+# 8&4(( & *!( #+(, !( "# 6& *& "#)4&#( *!( )!+( " *!( )"%)#*+)(# *& *!( &*!(% $+%*/.
he representation must be addressed to the party misled* T!( %($%(#(*+*"& #* 6( +%(##( *& *!( $+%*/ "#4(. I +eek v. urney, *!( $%&&*(%# & + )&$+/ (%( #( 6/ *!( +$$(44+* !& !+ $%)!+#( #!+%(# & *!( +"*! & +4#( #*+*((*# )&*+"( " *!( $%&#$()*# "##( 6/ *!(. T!( +$$(44+* +# &* *!( $(%#& *& !& *!( #!+%(# !+ 6(( +44&**( & *!( "%#* &%+*"& & *!( )&$+/ !( !+ (%(4/ $%)!+#( *!(#( #!+%(# %& *!&#( *& !& *!( #!+%(# !+ 6(( +44&**(. T!( H&#( & L&%# !(4 *!+* *!( $%&#$()*# +# &4/ "##( *& *!( "%#* +$$4")+*# &% #!+%(# *!+* "* )&4 &* 6( #$$&#( *& (@*( *& +/ &*!(% $(%#& *!+ *!(#( + *!+* & *!( +44&*(*, *!( $%&#$()*# !+ &( "*# &%8 "* +# (@!+#*(. 1
12 H&%#+44 7. T!&+#, 1>2 15> ER >13
13 L+%()( &+, E4"G+6(*! M+)&+4, T HE LAW OF CONTRACT, 319 ? *! (., 2010
he representation must induce the contract* T!( %($%(#(*+*"& #* &% + %(+4 ")((* *& *!( $+%*/ *& !& "* "# +%(##(, + !(*!(% &% &* + $(%#& !& !+# (*(%( "*& *!( )&*%+)* +# ")( *& & #& 6/ *!( $+%*")4+% %($%(#(*+*"& "# " (+)! )+#( + (#*"& & +)*.15 T!( 6%( & $%&7" *!+* !( +# ")( *& (*(% "*& *!( )&*%+)* 6/ *!( %($%(#(*+*"& %(#*# $& *!( $+%*/ "#4(. 1 O *!( &*!(% !+, + $(%#& )+&* 6( #+" *& !+7( 6(( ")( *& (*(% *!( )&*%+)* 6/ + %($%(#(*+*"& !")!, *!&! +4#(, " &* +)*+44/ "4()( !". T!( %($%(#(*+*"& +/ !+7( 6(( "+*(%"+4, *!+* "#, "* " &* "4()( *!( $+%*/;# ", &% +()* !"# '((* &% !( +/ (7(% !+7( 6()&( ++%(, *"4 +*(% *!( )&)4#"& & *!( )&*%+)*, *!+* + %($%(#(*+*"& !+ 6(( +(. F&% (@+$4( " -orsfall v. homas, *!( $4+"*" !+ 6&!* + )+&, !")! !+ 6(( ++)*%( 6/ *!( ((+*. T!( )+& !+ + (()* !")! +( "* &%*!4(##, + *!( ((+* !+ +**($*( *& )&)(+4 *!"# (()* 6/ "#(%*" + (*+4 $4 "*& *!( (+8 #$&* " *!( . T!( $4+"*" (7(% "#$()*( *!( )+&, !( +))($*( "* +# "* "#, + & #" "*, *!( )+& 6%#*. I* +# !(4 " *!"# )+#( *!+* *!( +**($*( )&)(+4(* !+7" !+ & (()* & !"# " &% )&)*, + *!#, & 7+4" )4+" 4"(.
1?
T!( (%( +)* *!+* *!( $+%*/ "#4( !+ *!( &$$&%*"*/ &% "#$()*" !(*!(% *!( %($%(#(*+*"& +# *%( &% +4#( "44 &* ()(##+%"4/ ($%"7( !" & !"# %"!* *& )4+" *!+* !( +# ()("7( 6/ "*.1> B* " )+#( *!+* !( &(# "7(#*"+*(, + )&#((*4/, &(# %(4/ $& !"# & "7(#*"+*"& + &* *!( %($%(#(*+*"& *!+* !+# 6(( +( *& !" 6/ *!( &*!(% $+%*/,
1 P((8 7. %(/ ,1>?3 HL 3?? H&#( & L&%#
15 A (#*"& & +)* "# + +)*+4 "#$*( 6(*(( 4"*"+*# *!+* #* 6( %(#&47( 6/ *!( '%/ +* *%"+4. I* "# + "##( *!+* "# +*(%"+4 *& *!( &*)&( & *!( )+#( + %("%(# + "*(%$%(*+*"& & )&4")*" 7"(# & *!( +)*+4 )"%)#*+)(# #%%&" *!( )+#(.
1 A%8%"!* 7. N(6&4 1>>0 1? C!. D 301
1? H&%#+44 7. T!&+#, 1>2 15> ER >13
1> C(*%+4 R/. C&. & V((G(4+ 7. "#)!, 1>? L.R. 2 H.L 99 H&#( & L&%#
*!( !"# )4+" *!+* !( !+# 6(( "#4( "# !"!4/ 4"8(4/ *& +"4, +# "* )+ & 4&(% 6( #+" *!+* *!( %($%(#(*+*"& +( *& !" +# *!( )+#( &% !"# (*(%" "*& *!( )&*%+)*. 19
TYPES OF MISREPRESENTATION
O)( "* !+# 6(( (#*+64"#!( *!+* *!(%( !+# 6(( + "#%($%(#(*+*"&, *!( (@* #*($ "# *& ""%( "*& *!( #*+*( & " & *!( $+%*/ +8" *!( "#%($%(#(*+*"&. A# !+# 6(( +4%(+/ #*+*(, *!( ((%+4 (()* & "#%($%(#(*+*"& "# *& %((% *!( )&*%+)* 7&"+64( +* *!( &$*"& & *!( $+%*/ "#4(. A %+4(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& &* &4/ "7+4"+*(# + )&*%+)* " *!"# +(%, 6* +4#& "7(# %"#( *& + +)*"& &% ++(# " %(#$()* & *!( ()("*. I, *!(%(&%(, *!( "#%($%(#(*+*"& +# +( *& *!( $+%*/ %+4(*4/, *!( "'%( $+%*/ "# (*"*4( *& %()&7(% +/ 4&##(# !")! !( +/ !+7( ")%%( +# + %(#4* & *!"# "#%($%(#(*+*"&. 20 W!+* "# +4#& "$&%*+* *& &*( "# *!+* + (4"(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& &(# &* +&* *& %+, +# +# !"!4"!*( " *!( erry v. +eek )+#(, +4*!&! %&## (4"()( +/ +&* *& ()("*. W!+* "# (##(*"+4 "# *!( +6#()( & +/ 6(4"( " *!( *%*! & *!( #*+*((*. A *!( &*"7( & *!( $(%#& +8" *!( #*+*((* "# "%%(4(7+*.21
B(&%( *!( +7(* & + %((/ " ++(# &% (4"(* "#%($%(#(*+*"&, +44 )&*%+)*+4 "#%($%(#(*+*"&# !")! (%(4/ ")( *!( &%+*"& & + )&*%+)* )&4 6( "7"( "*& *&
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19 A**&& 7. S+44, 1>3> C4. F". 232
20 M44+!, $upra &*( , at 2
21 D(%%/ 7. P((8, 1>>9 5 L.T.R 25
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"#%($%(#(*+*"&# !")! (%( "&)(*. 22 T!( %(("(# &% "#%($%(#(*+*"&# !")! +%( %+4(* + "#%($%(#(*+*"&# !")! +%( "&)(* !+7( 6(( "(%(* !"#*&%")+44/, *!( +" $&"* & "(%()( 6(" *!+* " )+#( & "&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"&, *!( &4/ %((/ !")! 4"(# "# & %(#)"##"&, + & ++(# )+ 6( ++%(. I&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& )+( 6( (%#*&& +# &( " !")! & (4((* & %+ &% (4"()( "# $%(#(*. T!( %(+#& !/ ++(# )+&* 6( ++%( "# *!+* " )&& 4+, & %((/ +# +7+"4+64( &% "&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"&. I* +# 4(* *& *!( )&%* *& %+* %(4"( 6/ *!( +$$4")+*"& & ("*+64( $%")"$4(#. A4*!&!, !(%( *!(%( !+# 6(( + "#%($%(#(*+*"&, *!( $+%*/ #)! "#4( +/ $4(+ "* +# + (()( *& + +)*"& ++"#* !" &% *!( #$()"") $(%&%+)( & + )&*%+)*. I &amare v. ixon, + (%)!+* & "(# !+ (*(%( "*& + )&*%+)* &% *!( 4(+#( & #&( )(44+%#. H( "#"#*( & *!( )(44+%# 6(" %/, + +# +##%( & *!( #+(. A +%(((* &% 4(+#( +# +(, + #6#((*4/ "* +# & *!+* *!( )(44+%# (%( +$. I *!"# )+#(, *!( )&%* $!(4 *!( %(#+4 & + &%(% &% #$()"") $(%&%+)(.23 W!( + )&*%+)* "# %(#)"(, (+)! $+%*/ "# (*"*4( *& 6( %(4"(7( & !"# &64"+*"&# (% *!( )&*%+)* + *& %()&7(% +/ 6(("* !")! !( +/ !+7( )&(%%( $& *!( &*!(% $+%*/. T!( &6'()* & *!( %(#)"##"& "# *& %(#*&%( *!( status /uo ante.0
POSITION IN OTHER LEGAL SYSTEMS
COMMON LAW:
U(% *!( )&& 4+, *!( )&)($* & (4"(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& !+# +4#& 6(( ")&%$&%+*(. H(%(, ++(# +%( +7+"4+64( *& *!( +%"(7( $+%*/ *!%&! *!( *&%* & (4"(* "##*+*((*#.25
22 A#&, $upra &*( 9, at 221
23 L++%( 7. D"@&, 1>?3 L.R H.L 1 H&#( & L&%#
2 &+, $upra &*( 13, at 3>
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
FRENCH LAW:
U(% *!( F%()! 4+#, dol )+ 6( #+" *& 6( #&(!+* #""4+% *& %+4(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& + manoeuvres "# #""4+% *& !+* "# "&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& (% *!( I"+ + *!( C&& L+. A* &( *"(, *!( &)*%"( & & %+4(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& +# "(% *!+ +/ %((/ +7+"4+64( (% *!( F%()! 4+#, !")! %("%( *!+* &* &4/ #!&4 *!( #*+*((* !+7( 6(( +4#(, 6* "* #!&4 !+7( +4#& 6(( +( "*! + "*(*"& *& ()("7(. H&(7(%, *!( $&#"*"& & "# *!+* &)( *!( &64"+*"& *& "&% *!( )%("*&% !+# 6(( (#*+64"#!(, "* "# & 4&(% + ()(##"*/ *& $%&7( *!+* *!( +"4%( *& "&% +# "*(*"&+4. 2?
25 S"%( (*(% T%("*(4, A N OUTLINE OF THE LAW OD CONTRACT, 153 S"@*! (., 200
2 d.
2? P.D.V M+%#!, COMPARATIVE CONTRACT LAW E NLAND, FRANCE AND ERMANY, 129, 199
T!( #*+%8 "(%()( "# *!+*, 4"8( *!( C&& L+ + *!( I"+ 4+, !(%( #"4()( &(# &* +&* *& "#%($%(#(*+*"& *"4 + 4(## *!(%( "# + */ *& #$(+8, *!( F%()! 4+# "$&#( + */ & $+%*"(# *& &* )&)(+4 +/ #)! +)* !")! "# 8& *& *!(, *& %+ *!( &*!(% "*& 6+%+". T!( F%()! &)*%"( & obligation precontractuelle de renseignements $%( )&*%+)*+4 &64"+*"& *& "&% "$&#(# + */ & *!( $+%*"(# *& "#)4&#( +/ #)! "&%+*"&.2>
GERMAN LAW:
I *!( (%+ 4+#, " + $(%#& !+# 6(( ")( *& +8( + ()4+%+*"& & "*(*"& 6/ %+, !( +/ %(#)" *!( )&*%+)*. T!( (%+ 4+ &(# &* +8( + "#*")*"& 6(*(( %+ + "#%($%(#(*+*"& +# #($+%+*( &()(#. R+*!(%, *!( "*(*"& & *!( $(%#& (*(%"(# !(*!(% *!(%( #!&4 6( ++(# ++%( &% (%(4/ + %"!* *& %(#)" 6( "7(. T!( &4/ (@)($*"& +( "# *!+* & #+4( & &&#, !(%( + #(44(% !+# + +6#&4*( */ *& "&% *!( 6/(% +6&* +/ (()*# " *!( &&#, #")( *!( 6/(%, 6(" + 4+/+ +/ &* 6( +64( *& " &* !"#(4,29
T!# )&$+%" *!( I"+ L+ & C&*%+)*# "*! %(+% *& "#%($%(#(*+*"& "*! *!( E4"#! + *!( F%()! 4+# %(+%" *!( #+(, ( +/ #+/ *!+* *!( I"+ 4+#, *& + %(+* +**($* (+*( *!( )!+)(# & + )&*%+)* 6(" 4/ "4()( 6/ "#%($%(#(*+*"&. A !"4( *!(/ $%&7"( #")"(* (*(%%(*#, *!(/ +4#& +))&* &% !+ (%%&%# 6/ ")&%$&%+*" *!( &)*%"( & "&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"&.
CONCLUSION
2> d.
29 M+%#!, $upra &*( 2?, at 13?
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