Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Engineering ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
3rd Flr., CEA Bldg., Anonas St. cor. Pureza St., NDC Compound, Sta. Mesa, Manila
Microwave Link Design (Bohol) SUBMITTED BY: GROUP 1
BSECE V-1
SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. JOHN ERVING MELENDRES
MICROWAVE LINK DESIGN COMPUTATION ITEM 1: TERMINAL SITE LOCATION SITE NAME SITE 1 Tubigon 54 SITE 2 Cogon 110
9°39'12.16"N
Tubigon, Bohol – SITE 1
Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol – Site 2
LONGITUDE 9°56'44.96"N 123°51'40.37"E
LATTITUDE 123°57'43.44"E
Elevation Profile between Site 1 and Site 2
Site A to Site B with the First Fresnel Field
ITEM 2: SITE DESCRIPTION A. ELEVATION Site 1 on Tubigon, Bohol is 54ft above sea level and Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol is 110 ft above sea level. B. POPULATION On 2010, an estimated 44,902 were residents of Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol, and an estimated 17,266 were residents of Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol C. LAND AREA Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol has a land area of 81.87 km2, and Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol has a land area of 2.04451 km2. D. NO. OF BARANGAYS There are eight (8) barangays on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol and 34 barangays on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol. E. MEAN TEMPERATURE The average temperatue on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 32.25oC, and the average temperature on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol is 33.12oC. F. MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE The highest temperature recorded on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 34.11oC, and on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol, is 33OC. G. MEAN HUMIDITY
The mean humidity for Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 54%, and on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol is 58%. H. PRECIPITATION AMOUNT The bar graph below shows the amount of rainfall on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol.
The table below shows the amount of rainfall on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol. Precipitation mm (inches) Precipitation mm (inches)
54.9 (2.16) 117.9 (4.64)
64 (2.5) 124.7 (4.91)
89.2 (3.51) 101.1 (3.98)
53.8 (2.12) 1,015.5 (39.98)
62.2 (2.45)
96 (3.78)
92.7 (3.65)
84.6 (3.33)
I.
MEAN WIND SPEED The mean wind speed on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 11 km/h, and on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol is 18 km/h.
J.
MAXIMUM WIND SPEED The maximum wind speed on Site 1 Tubigon, Bohol is 21 km/h, and on Site 2 Cogon, Tagbilaran, Bohol is 26 km/h.
K. GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE Surrounded by sea, but shielded from the strongest effects of tropical cyclones that often hit other parts of the Philippines by the surrounding Islands of Cebu, Mindanao, Samar and Leyte, Bohol has a very nice, tropical climate without much variations. The nicest period to stay in Bohol is from November to February, when the climate is slightly cooler, while during the "Summer", which lasts March to May, the climate is slightly hotter than normal. Bohol does not have a very clear-cut dry season. It can rain any day of the
74.9 (2.95)
year, but you wil have more chance for a heavy shower from November to January. If you want to see the Chocolate Hills in their "Chocolate" color, you will have to go their during the "Summer". L. INFRASTRUCTURES The following are some of the distinguished infrastractures located within the path of Site 1 and Site 2. Seaports The Tagbilaran City Wharf, now called the Tagbilaran City Tourist Pier, has port facilities such as:
265.8 metres (872 ft) berth length and 2 dedicated berths for fast boats 2 roll-on/roll-off ramps, 1,820 square metres (19,600 sq ft) storage area average cargo handling capacity of 49,000 tons accommodating 10 to 20 footer vans container traffic of 5,142 TEUs
There are 9 daily ship calls to Cebu, 5 being fastcraft ferry trips. Daily passenger traffic is approximately 4,000. Other regular destinations are Manila (four times a week), CDO City, Dumaguete, Dipolog, Iligan, Larena, Plaridel and Ozamiz City. There are other smaller ports that cater to Cebu and northern Mindanao routes. The Port of Tubigon, the busiest among the smaller ports offers more than ten daily round trips plying the Cebu-Bohol route. The Catagbacan Port in Loon serves the roll-on roll-off services between Cebu and Bohol for those who have vehicles plying this route. The Port of Jagna offers services that ply between Bohol to Cagayan and Camiguin (with roll-on/rolloff) route. The other ports are Ubay, Talibon, Getafe, Buenavista, and Clarin. Media Organizations Bohol has 2 major AM radio stations namely DYRD and DYTR, both based in Tagbilaran City. Another AM radio station, DYZD, based in Ubay, is being operated by DYRD. Both DYRD and DYTR also operate FM stations with the same names. There are multiple weekly or bi-weekly newspapers like Bohol Chronicle, Sunday Post, Bohol Times, Bohol Standard and Bohol Bantay Balita. An online news website called Bohol News Daily aggregates news from various sources. Telecommunications Bohol is wired with telephone facilities that provide domestic and international linkages, supplied by three service providers: PLDT, Cruztelco and Globelines. Mobile phone firms, Globe, Smart, and Sun Cellular have also established entry in the province. Access to telecommunications can also be made easily in the towns through the 138 public calling stations. Forty-three (43) payphone stations are conveniently located in strategic places and major commercial centers in the capital city. A project with Globelines involved the installation of a province-wide landline connection increasing the number of lines from 2,000 to 13,000.
Road system The road network is well-developed facilitating access to all barangays. The P1.2 billion Bohol Circumferential Road Project, covering a total of 262 kilometres (163 mi) along the national highway, will improve the road network. Phase I of the project, which will link about half of the province from Calape to Candijay, is ongoing. M. INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE Tourism plays an increasing role in the island's economy. An international airport is currently planned for Panglao which houses the most-visited and accessible beaches in the province. Proponents of the scheme hope that the new airport will increase Bohol's reputation as an international tourist destination although the plan has been dogged by ongoing criticism. Employment was predominantly agriculture-led. Bohol's inflation rate in 1999 increased to 11.3%, 2.5 percentage points higher than the rate in 1998. The purchasing power of the peso at 1988 prices was pegged at P0.71 in 1999, among the lowest in the region. A slight difference in the minimum daily wage rates between Tagbilaran City and Bohol's municipalities was also noted at P121.00 for the city and P108.00 in the municipalities. Aside from its pristine white-sand beaches and the Chocolate Hills, Bohol's tourism assets also include centuries-old churches and towers, scuba diving haven, majestic falls and caves and historical landmarks as well as primitive and exotic fauna and flora. Different tourist destination sites have been developed by the Government to boost this industry.
N. POWER AND WATER SUPPLY Power The province is fully energized with the National Power Corporation being the sole supplier. Actual generation capability of 93.5 megawatts is supported by the following facilities: Diesel Power: 18 MW Loboc Hydroelectric: 1.2 MW Janopol Hydroelectric: 1.8 MW Power Barge 105: 10.5 MW Power Barge 207: 30 MW Power Barge 101: 32 MW A mini power plant of the Bohol Electric Cooperative serves the five barangays of Cabilao Island in Loon town. The 21 billion Leyte-Bohol interconnection now brings geothermal power of higher capacity base 80-100 megawatts. Water Water supply is made available in Tagbilaran City and in the nearby municipalities on a 24 hour-basis with completion of the Tagbilaran Water Supply Project. Thirty-two (32) deep wells with submersible pumps operate at a daily capacity of 19,000 cubic meters.
Several water projects are in the pipeline to respond to water requirements for both domestic and industrial use. The Central Visayas Water and Sanitation Project and the construction of Level III water systems have made water available in 16 other municipalities. Likewise, the development of Ujan Spring in Cortes with a daily capacity of 3,500 cubic meters and Loboc River which will generate at least 100,000 cubic meters daily capacity are currently being pushed.
O. TRANSPORTATION Tubigon
Road
The main National Road is paved and provides easy access to neighboring coastal communities, with travel time to Tagbilaran City taking about one hour. There are inland roads to Catigbian and San Isidro, mostly unpaved and in various stages of upgrading. Public utility buses are available daily on routes to any point within the province of Bohol. Trips to the capital city of Tagbilaran are on a 30 minute interval. Car and van are available for rent or charter anytime.
Boat and ferry
Tubigon's municipal port is the second largest and busiest port in the province of Bohol. It is being served by 6 conventional vessels and 2 modern fastcrafts with a total of 20 trips daily to Cebu City. A roll-on/roll-off ferry is also operational making two trips daily. There is no scheduled ferry service to smaller outlying islands, but outrigger canoes may be chartered anytime. Tagbilaran Getting around Bohol can be quite tricky, but as long as you remember a few bits of information you can move around easily and safely. The major mode of transport in Tagbilaran City and other places in Bohol is the tricycle, a small cab powered by a motorcycle that can accommodate up to 3 passengers. Tricycles are usually limited only to the city or town where they are licensed to operate, but in some cases they can convey you to neighboring towns. The normal rate for tricycles in Tagbilaran City is 7 pesos per kilometer. Aside from tricycles, there are also jeepneys and multicabs plying their routes within the city and outside. Jeepneys are colorful jeeps with two long benches opposite each other. Sometimes, wooden benches are placed in the middle to accommodate more passengers, but this makes it difficult for passengers to disembark. Multicabs are plain-
looking vehicles that resemble a small van, but it has open windows just like the jeepneys. Sometimes, there are places in Bohol that cannot be reached by common modes of transportation like the tricycle or bus. Habal-habal (motorcycle) drivers are popular among rural folks because of this reason. However, riding a habal-habal is not always a safe choice because of its illegal, unlicensed nature and sometimes drivers tend to drive fast without any head gear. P. INVESTMENT AREAS AND LIVELIHOOD I.
Natural Resources Minerals
About half of the province is covered with limestone and other non-metallic minerals like high-grade silica, guano and clay. For instance, the limestone deposit in Garcia-Hernandez covers a 640 hectare-spread with 600 million tons available for processing by the Philippine Sinter Corporation.
Forest Products
Vines and fibers constitute Bohol's vegetation, which are sources of indigenous raw materials for its handicraft industry.
Water Resources
An abundant supply of surface water is provided by 434 springs, 59 rivers and 197 creeks provide abundant supply of surface water - a ready reservoir for a water development program.
Eco-Tourism Bohol is gaining prestige as a prime eco-cultural tourist destination in the region.
Like the other islands in the region, Bohol has an abundance of pristine white sand beaches and azure blue waters. Coral reefs teem with a variety of picturesque marine life. Most notable of these sites and increasing in world renown are those found in Pamilacan, Balicasag, and Cabilao islands, now becoming havens for tourist and scuba divers. Inland, serving as magnets for local and foreign tourists, are sights that are equally remarkable. These are Bohol's natural and cultural wonders. Some of these sites earned worldwide interest, such as: the 1,268 perfectly-coned haycock hills, more popularly known as the Chocolate Hills, hunched together with elevations of 40-120 meters high. There are the Baclayon Church, the best-preserved Jesuit-built church in the region; and
the reclusive Philippine Tarsier, the world's smallest primate endemic only to Bohol and a protected species. Gradually taking shape is the 2,000-hectare Panglao Island Tourism Estate (PITE) just off Tagbilaran City. Declared as a flagship project of the government, the PITE is one of the five tourist satellite destinations in the country where investments in hotel/resort complexes, convention facilities, sports/recreational facilities, golf courses, shopping centers, retirement and handicrafts village and marina are being promoted.
Agriculture and Aquaculture
Its agricultural area is estimated at 60% of the total land area, or about 256,400 hectares. With most of its land utilized for agriculture, the province is considered as a potential food granary of the Central Visayas region. Coconut is grown in 63,500 hectares. Rice, the staple crop, is cultivated in 50,561 hectares, with irrigated ricelands comprising only about 32%, or 19,259.04 hectares. Corn, on the other hand, is grown in 19,347 hectares. Mango is an emerging product with 120,000 fruit-bearing trees and 180,000 more by the turn of the century. Mango harvest reached 422 metric tons in 1996. But Bohol is best known for its ubi kinampay, an aromatic purple yam. Prawns are directly exported to Japan. Lobster, seaweeds and milkfish are likewise harvested. Seaweeds of the eucheuma variety are cultured and marketed to Cebu for processing into various grades of carageenan.
Special Economic Zone
The northeastern strip of Bohol which faces Cebu has been identified as viable areas for development of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) as part of the Regional Growth Corridor (RGC). These SEZs shall enable the province to gain economic headway as an agro-industrial center in the region. Already, areas suitable for industrial sites have been consolidated to provide easy entry for investors. Great opportunities exist for complementation between these SEZs and those found in the eastern coast of Cebu, such as the MEPZ I and II. Investment opportunities would be in the areas of agri-business, light manufacturing, and even eco-tourism. Tagbilaran City serves as a major service center for various tourist packages in the province. Three major tourism circuits have been identified that offer diverse attractions to tourists and guests. On top of all these, the Local Government Unit is providing a vibrant atmosphere for investments in Bohol. The Bohol Investment Code has been passed which establishes both fiscal and non-fiscal incentives, and investment mechanisms that are investorfriendly. Special assistance services will also be extended in the ecozones.
The Bohol Investment Promotion Center has been set up to cater to investors' needs.
ITEM 3: AZIMUTH and PATH LENGTH
Point A. lat: 9°56'44.96"N long:123°57'43.44"E Point B. lat: 9°39'12.16"N long:123°51'40.37"E
1 min = 1/60 degree = 1.852 km
PATH PROFILE DATA SHEET Distance from Site A (km)
Distance from Site B (km)
Ground Elevation (m)
Fresnel Radius (m) (n = 1)
Type of Terrain
Highest Obstruction (m)
Path Elevation (m)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
34.19 33.19 32.19 31.19 30.19 29.19 28.19 27.19 26.19 25.19 24.19 23.19 22.19 21.19 20.19 19.19 18.19 17.19 16.19 15.19 14.19 13.19 12.19 11.19 10.19 9.19 8.19 7.19 6.19 5.19 4.19 3.19 2.19 1.19 0.19
20.7 20.5 21.4 20.7 19.9 20.3 19.8 21.0 17.4 16.5 14.6 12.4 15.9 15.7 10.1 15.6 15.5 12.4 17.4 19.2 21.5 23.2 24.5 26.8 30.7 33.4 34.8 36.8 37.5 40.1 43.9 44.8 46.3 48.7 50.6
0 7.105 9.895 11.929 13.552 14.899 16.039 17.014 17.851 18.569 19.181 19.697 20.124 20.469 20.734 20.923 21.039 21.082 21.053 20.951 20.776 20.525 20.196 19.785 19.286 18.693 17.996 17.183 16.236 15.130 13.827 12.264 10.324 7.728 3.135
Grass land and Residential Grass land and Residential Grass land and Residential Grass land and Residential Grassland Grassland Grassland Forest Forest Grass land Forest Grassland Grass land Grassland Grassland Forest Grass land and Residential Grass land and Residential Grass land and Residential Grass land Grass land Forest Grassland Forest Residential Grassland Residential Residential Forest Forest Forest Forest Rocky, High-Terrain Rocky, High-Terrain Rocky, High-Terrain
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.1 7.6 10.6 0.1 7.9 0.2 3.4 2.1 0.3 6.7 2.7 2.5 2.4 0.1 0.2 4.6 0.3 5.2 3.9 0.2 2.3 2.5 4.8 4.7 3.6 5.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
46 48 47 46 45 44 43 41 37 37 36 35 34 34 33 31 31 30 28 28 27 26 25 32 32 34 36 37 41 43 49 51 54 57 60
COMPUTATION: Freznel Zone 1st Freznel : where n = Freznel Zone = 1 F1 =
Height of Antenna: For Tx: HTX = = =
HO + F1 + GEHO – GE0 17.851 + 10.6 + 17.4 – 20.7 25.151 m
For Rx: HRX = = =
HO + F1 + GEHO – GE20 50.6 –(17.851 + 10 + 17.4) 5.349 m
ITEM 4: ANTENNA GAIN 5.25-5.8 GHz parabolic antenna = 37.6 dbi
Transmitter Antenna: CommScope - 5.25-5.85GHz 37.6dBi 6' Microwave Dish, N Female Technical Specifications: Pressure Frequency Diameter Gain at Low (dBi) Gain at Mid (dBi) Gain at High (dBi) Front to Back Ratio (dB) Connector XPD (dB) Polarization Return Loss (dB) Ship Dimensions (L x W x H) Recommended Radome VSWR (max) Weight Lbs. (kg)
ITEM 5: FREE SPACE LOSS FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (fGHz) (D) LBF: FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (5.55) (34.19) = 137.96 dB HBF: FSL = 92.4 + 20 log (6.05) (34.19) = 138.71 dB
None 5.25-5.85 6 ft 37.0 37.6 38.1 41 N Female 30 Dual Polarized 14.0 73" x 72" x 33" Includes Gray Molded Radome 1.50 185 lbs.
ITEM 6: RECEIVED SIGNAL LEVEL PATH LINK BUDGET RSL = Po + AGTx+ AGRx- CLTx- CLRx- WLTx- WLRx – FSL Values for Low Band Frequency at 5.55 GHz Parameters Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (Tx) Waveguide Loss (Tx) Antenna Gain (Tx) Free Space Loss Antenna Gain (Rx) Waveguide Loss (Rx) Connector Loss (Rx) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold
Value
Unit 22.20 0.5 9.33 37.6 137.96 37.6 14 0.5 -64.89 -87.6
dBm dB dB dBi dB dBi dB dB dBm dB
LBF: RSL = 22.2 + 37.6 + 37.6 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 9.33 – 14 - 137.96 RSL = -64.89dBm Values for High Band Frequency at 6.05 GHz Parameters Microwave Radio Output Power Connector Loss (Tx) Waveguide Loss (Tx) Antenna Gain (Tx) Free Space Loss Antenna Gain (Rx) Waveguide Loss (Rx) Connector Loss (Rx) Power Input to Receiver (RSL) Minimum Receiver Threshold
Value
Unit 22.20 0.5 9.33 38.1 138.71 38.1 14 0.5 -64.64 -87.6
HBF: RSL = 22.2 + 38.1 + 38.1 – 0.5 – 0.5 – 9.33 – 14 – 138.71 RSL = -64.64 dBm
dBm dB dB dBi dB dBi dB dB dBm dB
ITEM 7: RAIN LOSS Polarization FREQUENCY 5GHz 6GHz
kH 0.001103 0.001813
Averafe Rainfall = R0.01 = 100 mm/hr R (dB/km) = kR
α
R (dB/km) = 0.001103(100)
αH
kV 0.0009829 0.001603
1.2338 1.3068
Ap A0.01
1.2338
R (dB/km) = 0.324 dB/km
αV 1.1805 1.2662
0.07 p 0.855 0.139 log 10 p = 0.07(0.01) -(0.855 + 0.139log (0.01))
= 0.99793 dB
ITEM 8: FADE MARGIN Oxygen Absorption Loss (OAL)
AWVL = 0.02639(33.9) AWVL = 0.91602 dB RSL = Po + AGTx+ AGRx- CLTx- CLRxWLTx- WLRx – FSL – Propagation Losses
x = 0.18823
Propagation Losses = Oxygen Absorption Loss + Water Vapor Loss + Rain Loss
6.33206 x 10-3 dB/km
RSL = Po + AGTx+ AGRx- CLTx- CLRxWLTx- WLRx – FSL – Propagation Losses
6.33206 x 10-3)(34.6) 0.21909 dB
RSL = -94.64 dB – (0.99793 dB + 0.21909 dB + 0.91602 dB)
Water Vapor Loss (WVL)
RSL
=
-96.77 dB
Receiver Threshold Rx threshold of 5.8 GHz With BER of 10-6 x = 0.07844
α WVL = 0.07844(5.8) 2(10)(10-4) WVL = 0.02639 dB/km
FM = RSL –Rx Threshold FM = -96.77 –(-106.15) FM = 9.38 dB
= -76.15 dBm = -106.15 dB
ITEM 9: RELIABILITY Undp = (ab) (2.5 x 10-6) (f) (D3 x 10-FM/10 ) where: a = roughness factor a = 4, for very smooth terrain, over water, flat desert a = 1, for average terrain with some roughness a = ¼ or 0.25, for mountainous, very rough or very rough terrain b = factor to convert a worst month probability to an annualprobability b = 0.5, for hot, humid coastal miles b = 0.25, for normal, interior temperature or sub-arctic area b = 0.125, for mountainous or very dry but non-reflective areas f = operating frequency, GHz D = path length, miles FM = fade margin
W= W= W = 8.56544
a = K x (W/50) -1.3 a = 5.05x10-6 x (8.56544/50) -1.3 a = 5.0047x10-5 Undp = (ab) (2.5 x 10-6) (5.8) [(21.322) 3 x 10-(9.38)/10 ] Undp = (5.0047x10-5) (0.125) (2.5 x 10-6) (5.8) [(21.322) 3 x 10-(9.38)/10 ] Undp = 0.0000001 The percent reliability is computed from the outage probability by: %R = 100 x (1 - Undp) %R = 99.99999%
