Micro Analysis of Amul Dairy and Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation

Micro Analysis of Amul Dairy and Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Downloaded from a2zmba.blogspot.com

Chapter 1

Evolution of AMUL Before the cooperative movement began, middlemen who supplied milk to the consumers were exploiting the dairy industry in the Kaira District. It began as a response to this exploitation and put an end to it. It grew because it responded to the farmers financially as well as with services. It has thrived because farmers who have a stake in its success, own it. And because it has been managed by capable professionals and strengthened by dedicated scientists, technologists and workers, it has forged ahead. Today in India, there are 75,000 dairy cooperative societies, spread all over the country with a membership of 10 million. The farmer in the village is now assured of a better future thanks to these cooperatives. Recently one of the European Embassies in Delhi requested Amul for information on the five biggest "companies" in the dairy business. The first three are in the cooperative sector - The Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Limited and The Mehsana District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union. The Kaira District Cooperative is the second best in the country. It helped to create GCMMF, the apex body of all cooperatives in Gujarat. The Root Cause In the forties one firm - Polsons, dominated the dairy industry. Established by a rather enterprising gentleman who discovered that Kaira District, of what was then Bombay Presidency, produced a good deal of milk. He established a creamery and for a while the name Polsons was synonymous with butter - much as Amul is today.

One of Polson's businesses was to supply milk to Bombay. As Kaira district was an abundant source of the commodity, Polson was chosen to procure it from there. He in turn, entered into an arrangement with a number of contractors who actually went to the

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villages and collected the milk. Everyone was happy. Bombay received reasonably good quality milk and Polson made a handsome profit. The contractors too managed to earn large margins by over quoting the farmers. It was only the poor farmers who were unhappy for it. They invested in the animal feed and fodder and they put in their labor. Yet, it was they who received the smallest share of the Bombay consumers' rupee. The arrangement benefited everyone but them. The First step: formation of Kaira union Realizing that something needed to be done about the unequal balance of wealth, they turned to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel for advice. Sardar Patel knew that their only chance of earning a decent income was when they themselves gained control over the resources they created. He also knew that the cooperatives offered them the best chance of gaining that control. So he advised them to stop selling milk to Polson and form a cooperative of their own. In his opinion they were to own their own dairy unit. He said, "Throw out Polson and his milk contractors". They followed his advice and the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union (AMUL) was born, in 1946. By good fortune, they could get as Chairman - Shri Tribhuvandas Patel, an equally remarkable man. He understood the concept of cooperation and he understood people. His integrity was absolute. Because the farmers of Kaira district trusted and respected Tribhuvandas Patel, the cooperative was able to pass through some very difficult times and eventually become a model of cooperative dairying throughout the world. The Kaira Union began with a clear goal, to ensure that its producer members received the highest possible share of the consumers' rupee. This goal itself defined their direction. The focus was on production by the masses, not mass production. By the early 'sixties, the modest experiment in Kaira had not only become a success, people began to recognize it as such. Farmers came from all parts of Gujarat to learn. They went back to their own districts and started their own cooperatives. The result - Together, the district milk producers unions of Gujarat own the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation, which markets the milk and milk products manufactured by its owners. The Federation's turnover was over Rs. 1700 crore making it the largest in the food industry.

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In 1964, the then Prime Minister Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri came to inaugurate cattle feed factory owned by Amul near Anand. Impressed by the cooperative's success, he expressed his wish to "transplant the spirit of Anand in many other places". He wanted the Anand model of dairy development replicated in other parts of the country. With institutions owned by rural producers, which were sensitive to their needs and responsive to their demands, it was an ideal tool for progress. The National Dairy Development Board was created in 1965 in response to this call.

Amul: The origin The mighty Ganges at its origin is but a tiny stream in the Gangotri ranges of the Himalayas. Similar is the story of Amul, which inspired 'Operation Flood' and heralded the 'White Revolution' in India. It began with two village cooperatives and 250 liters of milk per day, nothing but a trickle compared to the flood it has become today. Today Amul collects processes and distributes over a million liters of milk and milk products per day, during the peak, on behalf of more than a thousand village cooperatives owned by half a million-farmer members. Further, as Ganga-ma carries the aspirations of generations for moksha, Amul too has become a symbol of the aspirations of millions of farmers, creating a pattern of liberation and self-reliance for every farmer to follow.

The start of a revolution The revolution started as awareness among the farmers that grew and matured into a protest movement and the determination to liberate them. Over four decades ago, the life of a farmer in Kaira District was very much like that of his counterpart anywhere else in India. His income was derived almost entirely from seasonal crops. The income from milch buffaloes was undependable. Private traders and middlemen controlled the marketing and distribution system for the milk. As milk is perishable, farmers were compelled to sell it for whatever they were offered. Often, they had to sell cream and ghee at throwaway prices. In this situation, the one who gained was the private trader.

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Gradually, the realization dawned on the farmers that the exploitation by the trader could be checked only if marketed their milk themselves. In order to do that they needed to form some sort of an organization. This realization is what led to the establishment of the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Limited (popularly known as Amul) that was formally registered on December 14, 1946. The Kaira Union began pasteurizing milk for the Bombay Milk Scheme in June 1948. An assured market proved a great incentive to the milk producers of the district. By the end of 1948, more than 400 farmers joined in more village societies, and the quantity of milk handled by one Union increased from 250 to 5,000 liters a day.

Obstacles: Springboards for success Each failure, each obstacle, each stumbling block can be turned into a success story. In the early years, Amul had to face a number of problems. With every problem came opportunity. A chance to turn a negative into a positive. Milk by products and supplementary yield, which suffered from the same lack of marketing and distribution facilities, became encumbrance. Instead of being bogged down by their fate they were used as stepping-stones for expansion. Backward integration of the process led the cooperatives to advances in animal husbandry and veterinary practice.

Milk by products: An excuse to expand The response to these provided stimulus for further growth. For example, as the movement spread in the district, it was found that the Bombay Milk Scheme could not absorb the extra milk collected by the Kaira Union in winter, when the production on an average was 2.5 times more than in summer. Thus, even by 1953, the farmer-members had no assured market for the extra milk produced in winter. They were again forced to sell a large surplus at low rates to the middlemen. The remedy was to set up a plant to process milk into products like butter and milk powder. A Rs 5 million plant to manufacture milk powder and butter was completed in 1955. In 1958, the factory was expanded to manufacture sweetened condensed milk. Two years later, a new wing was added for the manufacture of 2500 tons of roller-dried baby food and 600 tons of cheese 4


per year, the former based on a formula developed with the assistance of Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore. It was the first time anywhere in the world that cheese or baby food was made from buffalo milk on a large, commercial scale. Another milestone was the completion of a project to manufacture balanced cattle feed. The plant was donated by OXFAM under the Freedom from Hunger Campaign of the FAO. To meet the requirement of milk powder for the Defense, the Kaira Union was asked by the Government of India in 1963 to setup additional milk drying capacity. A new dairy capable of producing 40 tons of milk powder and 20 tons of butter a day was speedily completed. It was declared open in 1965. The Mogar Complex where high protein weaning food, chocolate and malted food are being made was another initiative by Amul to ensure that while it fulfilled the social responsibility to meet the demand for liquid milk, its members were not deprived of the benefits to be had from the sale of high valueadded products.

Cattle: From stumbling blocks to building blocks Traditionally dairying was a subsidiary occupation of the farmers of Kaira. However, the contribution to the farmer's income was not as prominent as his attachment to dairying as a tradition handed down from one generation to the next. The milk yield from animals, which were maintained mainly on the by products of the farm, was decidedly low. That together with the lack of facilities to market even the little produced rendered the scientific practice of animal husbandry irrational as well as unaffordable. The return on the investment as well as the prospects of being able to market the product looked very bleak. It was a vicious cycle reinforced by generations of beliefs. The Kaira Union broke the cycle by not only taking upon themselves the responsibility of collecting the marketable surplus of milk but also provided the members with every provision needed to enhance production. Thus the Kaira Union has full-fledged machinery geared to provide animal health care and breeding facilities. As early as late fifties, the Union started making high quality buffalo semen. Through village society

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workers artificial insemination service was made available to the rural animal population. The Union started its mobile veterinary services to render animal health care at the farmers' doorstep. Probably for the first time in the country, veterinary first aid services, by trained personnel, were made available in the villages. Fully qualified staff mans the Union’s 16 mobile veterinary dispensaries. All the villages are visited bi-monthly, on a predetermined day, to provide animal health care. A 24-hour Emergency Service is also available at a fee (Rs. 35 for members and Rs. 100 for non-members). All the mobile veterinary vans are equipped with Radio Telephones. The Union runs a semen production center where it maintains high pedigreed Surti buffalo bulls; Holstein Friesian bulls, Jersey bulls and 50 per cent crossbred bulls. The semen obtained from these bulls is used for artificial breeding of buffaloes and cows belonging to the farmer members of the district. The artificial insemination service has become very popular because it regulates the frequency of calving in cows and buffaloes thus reducing their dry period. Not only that, a balanced feed concentrate is manufactured in the Union's Cattle Feed Plant and sold to the members through the societies at cost price. Impressive though its growth, the unique feature of the Amul sagas did not lie in the extensive use of modern technology, nor the range of its products, not even the rapid inroads it made into the market for dairy products. The essence of the Amul story lies in the breakthrough it achieved in modernizing the subsistence economy of a sector by organizing the rural producers in the areas.

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Chapter 2

Production Function Introduction Explosion of the production technology and changes in technical field is going to bring out revolution in the industry sector which eventually gives stand to study and favors the come backing subject i.e. production and management. Production and operation management is planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling of all the production system those portion of organization that convert inputs into products and services. In general production system takes raw material, personnel, machines, buildings and other resources and produce products and services. The core of production system is its conversion subsystem where in workers; raw materials are used to convert inputs into products and services. This production department is at heart of the firm, as it is able to produce low cost products and superior quality in timely manners. Thus, there arises enormous need of giving due importance to this department as a whole and a strong concrete base being foundation pillars of a manufacturing organization, if the intention is to succeed domestically and globally.

Co operative Milk Producing Societies in Gujarat Following are the cooperatives that function under GCMMF. •

Ahmedabad Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Ahmedabad. Soc: 433, Mems: 52,428. Av Milk Proc: 90,000 lpd.

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Banaskantha Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Palanpur. Soc: 1,130, Mems: 97,251. Av Milk Proc: 295,000 lpd.

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Baroda Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Baroda. Soc: 783, Mems: 156,691. Av Milk Proc: 225,000 lpd.

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Bharuch Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Bharuch. Soc: 289, Mems: 37,900. Av Milk Proc: 38,000 lpd.

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Bhavnagar Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Bhavnagar. Soc: 190, Mems: 25,532. Av Milk Proc: 23,000 lpd.

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Gandhinagar Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Gandhinagar. Soc: 56, Mems: 13,000. Av Milk Proc: 46,500 lpd.

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Junagadh Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Junagadh. Soc: 400, Mems: 41,500. Av Milk Proc: 73,000 lpd.

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Kaira Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Amul Dairy, Anand. Soc: 943, Mems: 513,280. Av Milk Proc: 740,000 lpd.

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Kutch Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Kutch Dairy, Madhapar. Av Milk Proc: 25,000 lpd.

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Mehsana Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Dudhsagar Dairy, Mehsana. Soc: 1,020, Mems: 292,800. Av Milk Proc: 704,402 lpd.

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Panchmahal Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Godhra. Soc: 1,133, Mems: 126,510. Av Milk Proc: 112,000 lpd.

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Rajkot Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Rajkot. Soc: 193, Mems: 29,620. Av Milk Proc: 50,000 lpd.

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Sabarkantha Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Sabar Dairy, Himatnagar. Soc: 1,315, Mems: 200,482. Av Milk Proc: 322,346 lpd.

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Surat Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Sumul Dairy, Surat. Soc: 864, Mems: 160,000. Av Milk Proc: 300,000 lpd.

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Surendranagar Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Surendranagar. Soc: 486, Mems: 31,000. Av Milk Proc: 30,000 lpd.

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Valsad Dist Coop Milk Producers’ Union Ltd, Vasudhara Dairy, Valsad. Soc: 348, Mems: 35,900. Av Milk Proc: 74,400 lpd.

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Plant Layout Plant layout is the overall arrangement of the machine tools, handling equipments, storeroom and other various accessories required for facilitating production in a factory. These arrangements are pre-planned with the results that the building has been constructed to fit a layout of a given process. AMUL plant is indigenously worked out with facilitation of various production processes and production of multi products under one plant. The total plot is nearly about 2.27 kms. Separate buildings are provided with required arrangements of machine tools handling and computers connection through the control room to fit for varying productmanufacturing departments. The plant is engaged in producing milk, ice creams, milk powder and ghee. Entire department is uniquely provided with facilities for the processing each product. There are 4 production departments and packaging departments pertaining to each product respectively. Thus, plant layout encompasses all production and service facilities and provides for the most effective utilization of the men, materials and machines constituting the process. It is the master blue print of coordinating all operations. A good layout results in elimination or minimization of accidents and hazards and cost while increases the output. Thus a good layout specifically is observed to be beneficial on the following grounds: •

Efforts minimization

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Fewer material handling will be provided manufacturing units cost will be lover

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Bottlenecking of production will be eliminated

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Total item in process will be less

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Specialization of operations is facilitated

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Less inspection will be required

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Production control will be easier to achieve

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Plant investment can be held to the necessary minimum

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Plant and equipment obsolescence may be less

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Wastage space will be eliminated Thus, a true beneficiary is provided to the plant through good and sound planning for plant layout.

Operating Analysis Amul’s only source of raw material is Village Milk societies. Milk is brought from such village milk societies every morning and evening. This milk is then sent to the dairy plant. In the dairy plant the milk is processed i.e. it is made free from germs.

Milk Processing The entire process of milk can be divided into following steps: Steps: Milk Processing Chart: Collection of Raw-Milk Electronic Milk Test Methyline Blue Reduction Test Purchasing And Standardizing Process

Separation Process

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Quality Check

Packaging Process

Cold Storage

Steps in Production Process 1. Collection of Raw Milk Raw milk is collected from different co-operative societies of Gujarat. About 122000 liters of raw milk is collected per day. Before this milk is sent to the laboratory for testing the ‘FAT & SNF’ proportion, the milk is separated from the raw milk. The milk is taken from the chilling centers to Ahmedabad with the help of trucks. After collecting the samples of milk, they are taken to the laboratory ,where two types of tests are conducted. •

Electronic milk test

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Methyline blue reduction test

Electronic Milk Test Before pasteurizing the milk the samples are taken to the laboratory. In the laboratory with the help of machine called electronic milk tester, the proportion of SNF & FAT is checked with phosphate solution. When the colour of the milk becomes yellow, it is sent for pasteurisation.

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Methyline blue reduction test Another test, which is taken in the laboratory, is called Methyline blue reduction test. This test is conducted for checking for how long the milk will remain fresh. To check this, 10 ml of milk is taken and 1 ml of methyline blue solution is added to it. It is then kept under water at 57-degree C. After one hour, if the solution losses its colour than it is called raw milk. If the solution remains the same even after 5 hours than it is considered as fresh milk, which remains constant for a long period of time. The dairy fixes the proportion of FAT & SAF. MILK Buffalo Cow

SNF 9% 8.5%

FAT 6% 4.5%

After laboratory gives green signal and confirming the raw milk at the reception dock is brought in to the house connected with the pump is sent to the milk processing plant. This is than chilled below 4 degree C. and then stored in milk silos. After that milk is processed which has two steps i.e. pasteurising and standardizing.

2. Pasteurising & standardizing After collecting and checking and conducting laboratory tests, the pasteurising process is conducted. To pasteurized the milk means to kill all the germs in the milk by a particular method which was invented by a scientist called James Pasteur and so the name pasteurisation. In pasteurizing, the milk is first heated at 72 C to 76 C for 15 seconds and then it is immediately cooled below 4 C. By this method they destroy the pathogenic bacteria present in the raw milk. But if the right degree of temperature is not provided there are chances that the milk might still contain germs. After this process some milk goes to separator machine and remaining is proportionately sent for standardization. Standardization process is known such as it bifurcates the milk in 3 categories varying according to that FAT & SNF contents. The equipment named OSTA. Auto

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standardization adjusts the fat directly. The computer is just ordered whether gold or standard milk is to be rationed and the same will be received with appropriate contents. Ready Milk = Pasteurised + Standardized.

3. Separation process Separator machine separates two kinds of products, skimmed milk & cream, through channels. There are 100 disks fixed in separator machines, which revolve at 5000 rpm (revolution per minute). It is taken to the tanks, which has the capacity of 20000 litres. Whenever the milk is needed from the tank, it is tested in the laboratory and the deficit proportion fat is added by mixing cream. This process continues for 24 hours.

4 Quality Check Pasteurized milk is sent for a quality check in the Quality Assurance laboratory of the dairy plant. Within 14 seconds FAT and SNF proportion is received regarding 30 lack litres of milk. The total investment put into the lab by the Dairy plant is of Rs. 6 crores. This laboratory only checks and analyses the powder, milk and ghee. There is a separate ice-cream analysing laboratory.

5 Packing Process After this the milk is sent for packing to the milk packing station in the dairy plant. In the milk packaging station there are huge pipelines and behind each of them there is polyfill machine from which the material to pack milk comes out. There are 12 such polyfill machines in the packaging station from which the materials to pack milk comes out. From each of these 12 machines 100 pouches are packed in one single minute. 6. Storage Then the milk is sent to the cold storage of the dairy where the milk is stored until it is dispatched. Here the milk is stored at temperature ranging from 5 C to 10 C, it is maintained with the help of exhaust fans having silicon chips. About 40000 litres of milk is dispatched from the cold storage of the dairy plant everyday. The damaged pouches are kept a side and the milk is once again put to the tank.

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Milk Powder For converting milk powder first of all water content is evaporated in condensing plant. By this process they get condensed milk, it is used as a raw material. There after the milk is sent to the drying plant. The spray drying plant is huge in size with a height of 70 feet. The plant is divided into many floors to enable easy use of the plant. First of all the raw material i.e. condensed milk is put into the first floor of the plant along with air at 200° C. By this process the remaining water, which the condensed milk might have retained is also evaporated and milk comes as powder but this is not the last stage. This powder is again put in to a machine called milk calendaria, where it is turned in to real milk powder. Its capacity is 1000 litres per 15 minutes. Then again this milk powder is put into a Dense Waise Vessel. Here the lumps are removed and uniform milk powder is sent up. After processing the powder is sent for quality checking at quality assurance laboratory. After the quality confirms, this milk powder is differentiated, by adding different flavors to them like elaichi, chocolate & sugar free milk powder. Thereafter they are packed in tins and boxes. Afterwards it is stored at storage department.

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Chapter 3

GCMMF: An Overview Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) is the India’s largest food product marketing organization. It is a state level apex body of milk cooperatives in Gujarat, which aims to provide remunerative returns to the farmers and also serve the interest of consumers by providing quality products that are good value for money. Members

12 district cooperative milk producers' Union

No. of Producer Members

2.36 million

No. of Village Societies

11,333

Total Milk handling capacity

6.9 million litres per day

Milk collection (Total – 2003-04)

1.81 billion litres

Milk collection (Daily Average 2003-04)

4.97 million litres

Milk Drying Capacity

511 metric Tons per day

Cattle feed manufacturing Capacity

2340 MTs per day

Sales Turnover 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04

Rs (million) 15540 18840 22192 22185 22588 23365 27457 28941

US $ (in million) 450 455 493 493 500 500 575 616

List of Products Marketed Bread spreads •

Amul Butter

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Micro Analysis of Amul Dairy and Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Downloaded from a2zmba.blogspot.com •

Amul Lite Low Fat Breadspread

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Amul Cooking Butter

Cheese Range •

Amul Pasteurized Processed Cheddar Cheese

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Amul Processed Cheese Spread

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Amul Pizza (Mozarella) Cheese

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Amul Shredded Pizza Cheese

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Amul Emmental Cheese

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Amul Gouda Cheese

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Amul Malai Paneer (cottage cheese), Frozen, Refrigerated and Tinned

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Utterly Delicious Pizza

Mithaee Range (Ethnic sweets) •

Amul Shrikhand (Mango, Saffron, Almond Pistachio, Cardamom)

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Amul Amrakhand

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Amul Mithaee Gulabjamuns

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Amul Mithaee Gulabjamun Mix

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Amul Mithaee Kulfi Mix

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Avsar Ladoos

UHT Milk Range •

Amul Shakti 3% fat Milk

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Amul Taaza 1.5% fat Milk

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Amul Gold 4.5% fat Milk

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Amul Lite Slim-n-Trim Milk 0% fat milk

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Amul Shakti Toned Milk

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Amul Fresh Cream

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Amul Snowcap Softy Mix

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Pure Ghee •

Amul Pure Ghee

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Sagar Pure Ghee

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Amul Cow Ghee

Infant Milk Range •

Amul Infant Milk Formula 1 (0-6 months)

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Amul Infant Milk Formula 2 (6 months above)

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Amulspray Infant Milk Food

Milk Powders •

Amul Full Cream Milk Powder

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Amulya Dairy Whitener

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Sagar Skimmed Milk Powder

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Sagar Tea and Coffee Whitener

Sweetened Condensed Milk •

Amul Mithaimate Sweetened Condensed Milk

Fresh Milk •

Amul Taaza Toned Milk 3% fat

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Amul Gold Full Cream Milk 6% fat

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Amul Shakti Standardized Milk 4.5% fat

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Amul Slim & Trim Double Toned Milk 1.5% fat

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Amul Saathi Skimmed Milk 0% fat

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Amul Cow Milk

Curd Products •

Yogi Sweetened Flavored Dahi (Dessert) 17


Amul Masti Dahi (fresh curd)

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Amul Butter Milk

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Amul Lassee

Amul Ice creams •

Royal Treat Range (Rajbhog, Cappuchino, Chocochips, Butterscotch, Tutti

Frutti) •

Nut-o-Mania Range (Kaju Drakshi, Kesar Pista, Roasted Almond, Kesar

Carnival, Badshahi Badam Kulfi, Shista Pista Kulfi) •

Utsav Range (Anjir, Roasted Almond)

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Simply Delicious Range (Vanilla, Strawberry, Pineapple, Rose, Chocolate)

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Nature's Treat (Alphanso Mango, Fresh Litchi, Anjir, Fresh Strawberry, Black

Currant) •

Sundae Range (Mango, Black Currant, Chocolate, Strawberry)

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Millennium Ice cream (Cheese with Almonds, Dates with Honey)

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Milk Bars (Chocobar, Mango Dolly, Raspberry Dolly, Shahi Badam Kulfi, Shahi

Pista Kulfi, Mawa Malai Kulfi, Green Pista Kulfi) •

Cool Candies (Orange, Mango)

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Cassatta

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Tricone Cones (Butterscotch, Chocolate)

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Megabite Almond Cone

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Frostik - 3 layer chocolate Bar

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Fundoo Range - exclusively for kids

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SlimScoop Fat Free Frozen Dessert (Vanilla, Banana, Mango, Pineapple)

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Health Isabcool

Chocolate & Confectionery •

Amul Milk Chocolate

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Amul Fruit & Nut Chocolate

Brown Beverage 18


Nutramul Malted Milk Food

Milk Drink •

Amul Kool Flavoured Milk

Health Beverage •

Amul Shakti White Milk Food

Ready to Serve Soups •

Masti Tomato Soup

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Masti Hot & Sour Soup

Recently launched •

Amul Ganthiya

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Organisation Structure Organization Structure is divided into two parts:

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External Organization Structure

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Internal Organization Structure

External Organization Structure External Organization Structure is the organization structure that affects the organization from the out side. State Level Marketing Federation

District Milk Product Union Ltd.

Village Milk Product Union Ltd.

Villagers As we know, GCMMF is unit of Gujarat Milk Marketing Federation, which is a cooperative organization. The villagers of more than 10000 villages of Gujarat are the bases of this structure. They all make village milk producers union, district level milk producers union and then a state level marketing federation is established. The structure is line relationship, which provides easy way to operation. It also provides better communication between two stages.

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•

Internal Organization Structure: The following is internal organisation chart of Amul:

Organization Structure Chart Chairman

Managing Director

General Manager Ass. General Manager

Finance Dept.

Senior Manager

Finance Manager

Accountant

Officers

Production Dept.

Marketing Dept.

Senior Manager

Senior Manager

Senior Manager

Senior Manager

Marketing Manager

Sales Manager

Personnel Manager

Production Manager

Officer

Marketing Executive

Supervisor

F.S.R.

Sales & Purchase Dept.

Officer

Salesmen

Personnel Dept.

P.R.F.

Executive

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A systematic & well-defined organizational structure plays a vital role & provides accurate information to the top-level management. An organisation structure defines a clear-cut line of authorities & responsibilities among the employees of GCMMF. The Organisation structure of Amul is well-arranged structure. At a glance a person can completely come to know about the organization structure. Amul is leaded by the director under him five branches viz. Factory, Marketing, Accounts, Purchase, Human Resources Department. Factory department has a separate general manager under him there are six braches viz. Production, Stores, Distribution, Cold Storage, Quality, and Deep-freezing. This department takes care of the factory work. Marketing department has regional senior marketing manager and under him there is a regional manager. This department takes care of the marketing aspects of Amul. Accounts department takes care regarding accounts i.e. day-to-day work. Under the accountant there is one clerk. Purchase department takes care regarding the purchase of raw materials and many other things.

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Chapter 4

Marketing Function Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) GCMMF was the first co-operative to be set up under operation flood. GCMMF’S dairy plant commissioned in 1994 is one of the most modern and largest plants. It can handle up to 1million litres of milk per day. The plant also has facilities for pasteurizing and packing. It was funded by NDDB. GCMMF’s milk is sold under its flagship brand Amul. GCMMF was formed in 1973. As an apex marketing federation of 12 district milk unions of Gujarat to operate own marketing and distribution network in India and abroad. GCMMF sales turnover grew by 21% Rs. 15.5 billion to Rs. 18.8 billion including consignment sales of Rs. 3.7 billion sale of Amul milk in Gujarat and Maharastra increased by 11% and 16% respectively. Dairy product turnover registered a 19% growth. Amul butter registered 18% growth. The sale of Amul & Sagar Ghee increased by 47%. Amul Cheese registered 60% value growth. GCMMF’s sales to the defense services were Rs.233 million during the year, were mainly to Burma, Uganda and West Africa. The company plans to expand its export markets in Saudi Arabia and other Middle East countries. During 1999, launching it in 8 states and 2 union territories extended the Amul ice-cream brand franchise. Amul ice creams have become India’s 2nd largest brand. Recently it has commissioned a dairy at Kolkata. New products launched during the early 2000 were Amul Pizza, Cheese and Amul slice cheese, Amul paneer and Amul Mithaee range. Safal mango drink has been launched by Strategic alliance with Safal (A union of NDDB). The product range to be launched under the Safal brand will include fruit drinks, squashes, pickles, jams, and ketchup and mango pulp.

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Amul ice-cream brand franchise was extended with launch in 8 states & 2 union territories. Amul ice cream has become the 2nd largest brand in the country & has garnered major share in its existing markets in a short time span of 3 years. Amul’s main ice-cream manufacturing facility is located at Gandhinagar which is Asia’s largest and most modern integrated ice-cream manufacturing plant and uses world renewed refrigeration units and an efficient cold chain. GCMMF has become very popular because of its excellent marketing strategy. GCMMF marketing strategy is to understand the consumer needs, develop products that provide superior value at fewer prices. GCMMF has shown a tremendous commitment to the floodwater situations. GCMMF has never stopped the supply of milk and other milk products. And unlike other competitors, it has never taken wrong benefits in these kinds of situations. It has developed an excellent distribution channel to provide its products to the consumers. It has made its products available in each part of Gujarat & India.

Market Segmentation Market segment is a very important function for the market department of the GCMMF, because the market consists of buyers different in many ways. They are different in their wants resources, locating buying practices. Because buyers have unique needs and wants, each buyer is potentially separate market.

Geographic segmentation Under these variables, GCMMF has divided market into different geographic units such as region, states, cities etc. GCMMF sells its products by geographic segment action like in the north where production of milk is very high the sale of Amul’s product is not much. But in the western region it is high. GCMMF identifies this kind of variables and deals with it.

Demographic Segmentation Under this variable GCMMF has divided market into several segments such as age, gender, family, size, income, occupation etc. For each group GCMMF marketing strategy

24


is different. In milk Amul targets all the class where as in the other products like butter, ghee, ice-cream etc. it targets to the middle and higher middle class.

Distribution Network Most producers work with marketing intermediaries to bring their products to market. The marketing intermediaries make up a marketing channel also called distribution cannel. Distribution channels are sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. The Head Office of GCMMF is located at Anand. The entire market is divided in 5 zones. The zonal offices are located at Ahmedabad, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. Moreover there are 49 Depots located across the country and GCMMF caters to 13 Export markets. A zero level of channel also called a direct marketing channel consists of a manufacturer selling directly to the final customers. A one level channel; contains one selling intermediary such as retailer to the final customers. A two level channel two intermediaries are typically wholesaler and retailer. A three level channel are typically wholesaler, retailer and jobber in between. GCMMF has an excellent distribution. It is its distribution channel, which has made it so popular. GCMMF’s products like milk and milk products are perishable. It becomes that much important for them to have a good distribution.

25


Distribution Chart Products Agents

Wholesaler

Retailer

Consumer We can see from above figure that GCMMF distribution channel is simple and clear. The products change hands for three times before it reaches to the final consumer. First of all the products are stored at the Agents end who are mere facilitators in the network. Then the products are sold to wholesale dealers who then sell to retailers and then the product finally reaches the consumers.

Amul Parlors Amul has come out with a unique concept of Amul Parlours. They have classified them under four types namely: •

Center for excellence

•

On the Move

•

Amul Parlours

•

Amul Preferred Outlets

Center for Excellence: These Amul Parlours are specifically at a place, which has a class of excellence of its own. We can find such parlors at the Infosys, IIMA, NID Ahmedabad etc.

26


On the Move: These parlors are at the railway stations and at different state bus depots across different cities. Amul Parlours: These parlors can be seen at different gardens across different cities. These are fully owned by Amul. Amul Preferred Outlets: These are the private shops that keep the entire of product range of Amul. They also agree not to keep any competitor brands in the outlets. They can keep other brands that are in the non-competitor category. Amul has more than 200 such outlets right now. It wants to have 1,00,000 parlors by the end of the year 2010.

Managing Competition The Indian market is dominated by a large number of small local and regional players. There are an estimated 150 manufacturers in the organized segment, which accounts for 30-35% of sales and about 1000 units in the unorganized segments of the market. In the organized segment the significant brands are Kwality Walls , Vadilal, Amul, Havmor, Mother dairy and Baskins & Robbins. GCMMF is facing very tough competition from both in and outside India. Amul combats competition from its competitors by providing quality products at a price which its customers value. Along with good quality products and reasonable price the packaging is also very good. Most of its products are available in many flavors. Excellent advertising backs its products and helps GCMMF (AMUL) to leave its competitors a tough time. Also Amul has come out with Amul Parlours to cater to various segments of customers. Amul has a very strong Brand Image in the Domestic market. Many products are exported by GCMMF.

27


Exports GCMMF is India's largest exporter of Dairy Products. It has been accorded a "Trading House" status. GCMMF has received the APEDA Award from Government of India for Excellence in Dairy Product Exports for the last 9 years. The major export products are:

Consumer Packs •

Amul Pure Ghee

•

Amul Butter

•

Amul Shrikhand

•

Amul Mithaee Gulabjamun

•

Nutramul Brown Beverage

•

Amulspray Infant Milk Food

•

Amul Cheese

•

Amul Malai Paneer

•

Amul UHT Milk (Long Life)

•

Amul Fresh Cream

Bulk Packs •

Amul Skimmed Milk Powder

•

Amul Full Cream Milk Powder

The products are exported to 18 countries namely, USA, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, Bahrain, Muscat, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Nepal, Bangladesh, Nepal Thailand and Australia.

28


Advertising by Amul Amul has two agencies that look after its entire range of products namely FCB Ulka and Da Cunha. FCB Ulka looks after a broad range of products namely, Amul Lite Breadspread, Amul Shrikhand, Amul Chocolates, Amul Paneer, Amul SnowCap Softy Mix Ice cream, Amul/Sagar Ghee, Amul Infant Milk Formula 1 & 2, Sagar Tea and Coffee whitener, Amul Spray Infant Milk Food, Amul Mithaee, Amul Gulab Jamun, Amulya Dairy Whitener, Mithaimate Sweetened Condensed Milk, Amul Ice cream, Sagar Skimmed Milk Powder and Amul Whole milk Powder. Da Cunha looks after the Amul butter. Da Cunha also prepares the very popular Amul butter billboard campaigns, which we see at various locations. Over and above the Amul butter, Da Cunha also looks after the Amul Cheese, Cheese spread, Gouda Cheese, Emmental Cheese, Masti Dahi and Buttermilk, Amul Slim-n-Trim, Amul Taaza and Amul Gold (all different brands of milk), Amul Fresh Cream, Amul Chocolate Milk, Amul Fresh Milk and Nutramul. FCB Ulka also looks after the corporate campaign.

29


Chapter 5

Finance Function Introduction Financial management is that managerial activity which is concerned with the planning and controlling of the firm’s financial resources. Finance is nothing to other but the money. Money is necessary input for economic activities. In the other wards “Finance is the common denominator for carrying out vast range of corporate objectives.” This is a co-operative unit, so the finance is raised from members by a way of share capital. In this share capital is limited. This unit has invested so many rupees in the structure of organization. Amul has a long-term finance project.

Financial Details Name of bankers •

The Kaira District Central Co-op. Bank Ltd.

•

State Bank of India

•

State Bank of Saurashtra

•

UTI Bank Ltd

•

Corporation Bank

Name of the Auditor: A.B. Gadhvi Special Auditor (Milk) Milk Audit Office Anand

30


Financial Analysis Analysis of Relevant Ratios • Debt – Equity v/s Long Term Debt – Equity The debt – equity ratio shows the percentage of debt and net worth. Long-term debt to equity ratio shows the percentage of long-term debt to net worth.

Debt-Equity v/s Long term Debt-Equity Ratio 1

Ratio

0.8

0.85 0.78

0.87 0.75 0.53

0.6

0.55 0.45

0.34

0.4 0.2 0

2001

2002

2003

2004

Debt-Equity Ratio

0.85

0.87

0.53

0.55

Long term Debt-Equity Ratio

0.78

0.75

0.34

0.45

Year

It seems that GCMMF has used more of long – term debt as compared to Short – term debt. As a result it has ended up paying more of interest. But as far as the percentage of debt to equity is concerned the use of debt has been declining over years. Of the total capital employed debt is more as compared to equity. Thus, it can be concluded that the stake of creditors and bankers is more in the total capital employed.

31


• Interest Coverage Ratio Interest coverage ratio is used to test the firm’s debt servicing capacity. It shows the number of times interest charges are covered by funds that are ordinarily available for payment.

Interest coverage Ratio

Ratio

10

8.28

5

0 Interest coverage Ratio

1.84

2.36

2.63

2001

2002

2003

2004

1.84

2.36

2.63

8.28

Year

Interpretation Interest coverage ratio of the firm was 1.84 times in 2001, which has increased to 8.28 times in 2004. This indicates that firm is easily able to pay the interest charges out of its present earnings.

32


Dupont Analysis Com ponents of ROCE 40 Ratio

33 26

23 15.57

20

23.91

23 17.85

15.25

1.45 2001

1.69 2002

1.36 2003

1.26 2004

PBDIT/Sales

1.45

1.69

1.36

1.26

Sales/CE

15.57

15.25

23.91

17.85

23

26

33

23

0

ROCE

Year

Interpretation The company’s profit before depreciation, interest and tax has remained constant over the years. In 2003, though the sales/CE has increased the PBDIT/Sales ratio has declined. This can be attributed increasing level of expenditure of the company. But the ROCE has increased due to decreasing capital employed in the year 2003. Overall ROCE has remained around 26%.

33


• Components of ROE

Components of ROE 40

Ratio

30 23 17.63

20 10 0

7.36 1.85 2001

33

31.75

26 20.9

21.2

23

10.4

8.92

1.9 2002

1.21 2003

13.7 1.89 2004

PBDIT/CE

23

26

33

23

PAT/PBDIT

17.63

20.9

21.2

31.75

CE/Net Worth

1.85

1.9

1.21

1.89

ROE

7.36

10.4

8.92

13.7

Year

Interpretation The trend in CE/Net Worth has remained steady over the years except during 2003 where the CE/Net Worth ratio has declined. This can be attributed to an increase in Net Worth and a decrease in the Capital Employed. PAT/PBDIT showing an increasing trend, this can be attributed to the declining taxes over the years. PBDIT/CE ratio has increased in 2003 because of decrease in capital employed and decreased in 2004 due to increase in capital employed. ROE has increased due to an increase in PAT.

34


• ROCE v/s ROE

ROCE v/s ROE

Ratio

40 33

30 23

20 10 0 ROCE ROE

26

23

10.4

7.36

13.7

8.92

2001

2002

2003

2004

23

26

33

23

7.36

10.4

8.92

13.7

Year

Interpretation ROCE and ROE have shown an increasing trend up to year 2002, but after that in the year 2003 it is showing an opposite trend. This is due to an increase in Net worth and decrease in capital employed. Again, in 2004 there is an opposite trend in both ROCE and ROE because of increase in capital employed.

35


Common Size Statement of P & L Statement of GCMMF 2001 Total Income

2002

2003

2004

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

EXPENDITURE: Raw Materials

92.09

90.92

91.08

74.77

Power & Fuel Cost

0.57

0.66

0.71

0.50

Employee Cost

0.84

0.96

0.95

0.86

Other Manufacturing Expenses

1.03

1.31

1.58

17.91

Selling and Administration Expenses

3.89

4.07

4.22

0.81

Miscellaneous Expenses

0.16

0.41

0.11

3.85

Less: Pre-operative Expenses Capitalised

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Total Expenditure

98.59

98.33

98.65

98.71

Operating Profit

1.41

1.67

1.35

1.29

Interest

0.37

0.36

0.24

0.08

Gross Profit

1.04

1.31

1.11

1.21

Depreciation

0.73

0.83

0.72

0.61

Profit Before Tax

0.31

0.49

0.39

0.59

Tax

0.06

0.14

0.11

0.18

Deferred Tax

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Reported Net Profit

0.25

0.35

0.29

0.41

Extraordinary Items

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Adjusted Net Profit

0.25

0.35

0.29

0.41

Adjst. below Net Profit

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

P & L Balance brought forward

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Statutory Appropriations

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Appropriations

0.25

0.35

0.29

0.41

P & L Balance carried down

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Dividend

0.18

0.17

0.19

0.14

36

Micro Analysis of Amul Dairy and Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Downloaded from a2zmba.blogspot.com Preference Dividend

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Equity Dividend %

0.59

0.58

0.51

0.36

Interpretation Up to 2003 raw material cost has remained steady, but in 2004 it has declined by 18%. Selling and Administrative expenses have also shown a declining trend such that in 2004 it is showing only a nominal part of total expenditure. Even though there is a decline in the above-mentioned expenditures, the total expenditure has almost remained constant. This is due to a drastic increase of 1033% in other manufacturing expenses. Operating profit is showing a declining trend since 2002.

Common Size Statement of Balance sheet of GCMMF 2001

2002

2003

2004

SOURCES OF FUNDS: Share Capital Reserves Total Total Shareholders Funds Secured Loans Unsecured Loans Total Debt

23.63 30.55 54.18 45.82 0.00 45.82

22.31 30.32 52.64 47.36 0.00 47.36

40.62 42.32 82.94 17.06 0.00 17.06

25.20 27.60 52.80 4.65 42.55 47.20

Total Liabilities

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

154.14 83.73 70.41 0.00 11.76 0.26

167.74 92.89 74.85 0.00 3.60 0.25

248.28 145.19 103.10 0.00 2.15 0.34

171.55 101.20 70.35 0.00 0.00 0.21

123.18 19.40 62.36 6.87 211.81

139.46 21.84 62.54 10.13 233.97

203.27 32.71 74.11 17.64 327.72

79.91 12.28 42.34 40.26 174.80

193.31

207.72

325.27

124.08

APPLICATION OF FUNDS: Gross Block Less : Accumulated Depreciation Net Block Lease Adjustment Capital Work in Progress Investments Current Assets, Loans & Advances Inventories Sundry Debtors Cash and Bank Loans and Advances Total Current Assets Less : Current Liabilities and Provisions Current Liabilities

37

Micro Analysis of Amul Dairy and Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Downloaded from a2zmba.blogspot.com Provisions Total Current Liabilities Net Current Assets Miscellaneous Expenses not written off Deferred Tax Assets Deferred Tax Liability Net Deferred Tax

4.67 197.98 13.82 0.00 3.75 0.00 3.75

4.95 212.67 21.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

8.03 333.31 -5.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

18.67 142.74 32.05 0.00 1.20 3.80 -2.61

Total Assets

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

Contingent Liabilities

302.18

263.26

204.48

10.89

Interpretation The proportion of debt in total liabilities has increased from 17.06% in 2003 to 47.20% in 2004. Total Shareholders funds have decreased from 82.94% in 2003 to 52.80% in 2004. Assets have reduced by around 30% in the year 2004; this may be due the sale of assets. Current assets have reduced as compared to 2003. Working capital was negative in 2003 and in 2004 there has been a considerable improvement of around 670%. Also, contingent liabilities have reduced to a great extent, which is a positive sign.

Cash Flow Analysis of GCMMF

Cash Flow Summary Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of the year Net Cash from Operating Activities Net Cash Used in Investing Activities Net Cash Used in Financing Activities Net Inc/(Dec) in Cash and Cash Equivalent Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of the year

2004

Rs. In crore 2003

84.08 50.41 -13.95 -47.56 -11.1 72.98

79.18 29.5 -17.39 -7.21 4.9 84.08

38


Interpretation Gains from operating activities have increased 70.44% in 2004. Uses of cash in investment activities have decreased 19% in 2004. There has been whopping increase in financing activities that is at 559% in 2004. Thus there has been a decrease 13% in cash in 2004 from 2003.

39


Chapter 6

Human Resource Function Introduction The success to any industrial unit depends upon their effective personnel department. Personnel department is basically commercial with human resource of an enterprise and it also continues procurement, development, non-monetary comparison, integration and maintenance of the personnel purpose of contribution towards the accomplishment of the organization’s major goal and objectives. Personnel management in opinion of many authors is true management. So sometimes it is told that management means to manage human behaviour. Personnel management is that phase of management, which deals with the effective control of use of manpower as distinguished from other source of power. The management includes all aspects of works such as recruitment, selection, medical checkups, various types of training, transfer, welfare activities, union activities, etc.

Recruitment Recruitment forms the first stage in the process which continues with selection and cased with the placement of the candidate recruitment makes it possible to acquire the number and types of people necessary to ensure to continues operation of the organization requirement has, been regarded as the most important function of personnel administration. Amul’s recruitment and selection process is very systematic and comprehensive. All division head in inform about their manpower requirements. According to the requirement of the personnel division they get require employees by resources like postal services employment exchange education institution and advertisement.

40


Amul Dairy receives lots of applications in response to their advertisement. These forms contain general information about the candidates. Then forms are to be checked by authorized person and after scrutinizing eliminates the unqualified applications. Short listed Applicants are called for personal interview. Interview committee conducts this interview. When applicants are too many, then they conduct a written test. Those who pass this test are called for interview and are selected on the basis of smart selection process.

Sources of Recruitment •

By giving advertisement in news papers

•

Labour Union

•

Voluntary Organisation

•

Leasing Contract

•

Private Employment Agency

•

Government Employment Exchange

•

School, Colleges, Universities and Professional Institutes

•

Recommendation of present Employee

•

Recruitment as Temporary Workers

Selection Selection process is concerned with screening relevant information about an applicant. The objective of selection process is to determine whether an applicant meets the qualification for a specific job and to choose the applicant who is most likely to perform well in that job.

Training & Development Training and management development are the two separate things. Training is required for persons working at operation level and it is required for increasing the knowledge and 41


skills of employees so that they can perform their tasks in the best manner while management development refers to the activities that take place in order to improve the performance of the managerial level personnel. Training and management development contribute a lot in increasing the productivity. To facilitate newly selected person at operation level, he is placed at the work under supervision of a senior worker who gives guidance and instructions about the particular work. For the managerial level personnel, they select only those people who are having an experience of at least three years in similar fields. Then a newly selected person’s performance is observed for three months.

Promotion & Transfer Policy Promotion Two main policies followed by the organisation are: •

Automatic promotion

•

Merit cum seniority

During the period of 1972, promotion was given automatically to a person who had completed his 6 yrs and 2nd promotion was given after 7 yrs. At that time they had a policy of rewarding merit on the basis of seniority. But now it is solely based on merit. Managing Director signs the promotion order after the recommendation by the personnel & Administration department. Transfer Transfer is the pre-relative right of the management. Transfer is done if it is necessary for the organization. Transfer is generally affected to build up a more satisfactory work team & to achieve a specific purpose. In this organisation transfer takes place in flash season. Transfers are also to adjust the work forces of one plant with another. Wage & Salary Administration Attendance is considered to be one of the major & important factors responsible for the Wage & Salary Administration.

42


At present catalogue record is received from the time keeping office and is maintained in the register, which is known as master roll. Timekeeper sends this master roll to the accounts department. Attendance of each & every employee is analyzed & entered into the computer. The record is scrutinized and a statutory and non-statutory deduction is made and then after salary is calculated for each employee. The wages are paid in cash & also credited in corporate salary a/c. Employee wages are deducted according to grades of workers. It consists of A, B, C, D, E, and F grade of workers.

Job Description Job Description is an important document, which is basically descriptive in nature and contains a statement of job analysis. It defines the scope of job activities i.e. major responsibilities & positioning of job in organization. It provides the worker and supervisor with a clear idea of what kind of work they need to do to meet the demands of the job. Here those who are at senior Level make job description regarding managerial position.

43


Chapter 7

SWOT Analysis Strengths •

Demand profile: Absolutely optimistic. Milk being a necessity product, the demand will stay and the sales at GCMMF are bound to increase over a period of time.

•

Margins: Quite reasonable, even on packed liquid milk. The margins are enough to limit the entry of potential entrants.

•

Flexibility of product mix: Tremendous. With balancing equipment, GCMMF has kept adding a wide array of products to its product line.

•

Availability of raw material: Abundant. Presently, more than 80 per cent of milk produced is flowing into the unorganized sector, which requires proper channelization. Amul & GCMMF have leveraged this and has got itself a strong base of suppliers who provide them milk throughout the year. Large number of dairy plants in public and cooperative sectors besides several others coming up in the private sector would result in competition. Because of this the end consumer would benefit and a good product mix would emerge.

•

Technical manpower: Professionally trained, technical human resource pool, built over last 30 years is the strength that GCMMF has. The employees of GCCMF are highly recognized in the industry and have earned name for themselves as well as the federation.

•

Enhanced Milk Production: Increase in the milk production with consequently increased availability of milk processing has led to increase in consumption and faster access to the consumers through effective distribution. The technology is brought from Denmark and the production of milk has benefited from that.

•

Transportation: The transportation facilities and the easy availability of the special trucks have provided a boost. Cold refrigerated trucks are there in place and the warehouses also have the cold storage facilities that facilitate the transportation.

44


Vast resources: Country has vast natural resources which offer immense potential growth and development for dairying. Moreover the financial resources available with the federation are immense and the reputation is such that in case of any further requirements, it can approach any institution and raise any form of capital.

•

Increasing purchase power and changing tastes of the consumers: The purchasing power of the residents is increasing. As a result a lot of products are being consumed. Moreover, the consuming habits are changing. As a result, the demand for products such as butter and cheese is increasing at a very rapid rate.

Weaknesses •

Perishability: Pasteurization has overcome this weakness partially. UHT gives milk

long life. Still perishability is there at the milk vendors end. This does result in loss of some production. But Amul Dairy is taking steps to store milk at the vendors end. Surely, many new processes will follow to improve milk quality and extend its shelf life. •

Lack of control over yield: Theoretically, there is little control over milk yield. A lot depends upon the monsoon in the country. This is because of the quality of cattle feed that would be available will not have the required nutritional content. Steps are taken to provide awareness regarding these and the penetration of quality feed is being increased. Moreover, increased awareness of developments like embryo transplant, artificial insemination and properly managed animal husbandry practices, coupled with higher income to rural milk producers should automatically lead to improvement in milk yields.

•

Logistics of procurement: Woes of bad roads and inadequate transportation facility make milk procurement problematic. All these factors lead to perishability of the procured milk. But with the overall economic improvement in India, these problems would also get solved.

•

Erratic power supply: The erratic power supply would cause harm in the processing of milk.

•

Underdeveloped systems: There still exist underdeveloped raw milk collection systems in some parts of the country. However steps are being taken such as setting up of cold storage points at key collection centers to combat the situation.

45


Lack of proper implementation: Dairy development programmes have not been fully implemented as per the needs of the region in different agro-climatic zones.

•

Infrastructure: The infrastructure that is available is not up to the current world standards.

Also lack of infrastructure for offering dairy business management

programmes to the trained personnel is creating a hindrance.

Opportunities "Failure is never final, and success never ending”. Dr Kurien bears out this statement perfectly. He entered the industry when there were only threats. He met failure head-on, and now he clearly is an example of ‘never ending success’! If dairy entrepreneurs are looking for opportunities in India, the following areas must be tapped: •

Competition: With so many newcomers entering this industry, competition is becoming tougher day by day. But then competition has to be faced as a ground reality. The market is large enough for many to carve out their niche. Moreover due to competition, there is a chance to better serve the market with innovative products.

•

Value addition: There is a phenomenal scope for innovations in product development, packaging and presentation. Given below are potential areas of value addition: o

Steps should be taken to introduce value-added products like shrikhand, ice creams, paneer, khoa, flavored milk, dairy sweets, etc. This will lead to a greater presence and flexibility in the market place along with opportunities in the field of brand building.

o

Addition of cultured products like yoghurt and cheese lend further strength - both in terms of utilization of resources and presence in the market place.

o

Yet another aspect can be the addition of infant foods, geriatric foods and nutritional.

•

Export potential: Efforts to exploit export potential are already on. Amul is exporting to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and the Middle East. Following the new GATT treaty, opportunities will increase tremendously for the export of agri-products in general and

46


dairy products in particular. There is a strong basis of cost efficiency, which GCMMF can leverage in the world market. •

Markets: The market for the traditional as wells as processed dairy products is expanding both at the domestic and international front.

•

IT support: Software is now available for project formulation for dairy enterprise. It has also computerized its production processes. Mother Dairy was the first fully computerized dairy in India. In its Anand plant all products are processed computerized, which does not have any hand touch during any stage of process.

Threats •

Milk vendors, the un-organized sector: Today milk vendors are occupying the pride of place in the industry. Organized dissemination of information about the harm that they are doing to producers and consumers should see a steady decline in their importance.

•

Infestation: There are increasing incidents of chemical contaminants as well as residual antibiotics in milk.

•

Quality: The quality of the milk is found to be poor as compared to the international standards. One of the reasons for these according to the EU and America is the method of milching the milk. In these nations the milk is hands by the farmers owning the cattle do milched with the help of machines, while in India.

•

Exploitation: The liberalization of the Dairy Industry is likely to be exploited by the multinationals. They will be interested manufacturing the milk products, which yield high profits. It will create milk shortage in the country adversely affecting the consumers.

•

Subsidy by Western Nations: There have been incidences wherein the Western nations subsidizing the dairy products by a few means like transportation. Because of such reasons the final price of the product goes below the prices prevailing in the Indian Market. Hence it proves a threat to GCMMF’s and other Indian dairy products.

•

Creation of Non Tariff Barriers by Developed Nations: The Developed Nations have created Non Tariff Barriers related to Quality of the milk specifically. They want that the milk be processed with potable Air and Water. They also want that the milching of cattle be done with the help of machines. However this type if system is yet to evolve in India.

47


Because of these reasons they are reducing the market potential of Indian made products, where GCMMF holds a lions share. The study of this SWOT analysis shows that the ‘strengths’ and ‘opportunities’ far outweigh ‘weaknesses’ and ‘threats’. Strengths and opportunities are fundamental and weaknesses and threats are transitory. Any investment idea can do well only when you have three essential ingredients: entrepreneurship (the ability to take risks), innovative approach (in product lines and marketing) and values (of quality/ethics).

48


Chapter 8

Michael Porter’s Five-Force Analysis •

According to Porter (1980) a firm must be analyzed in relation to its industry. Factors outside the industry tend to influence all the industry’s firms in the same way and are thus not as important to study.

•

To a large extent, industry structure governs the strategies open to the firms. The profitability and attractiveness of an industry is dependent of the level of competition. Competition in an industry originates from industry structure and goes well beyond the behavior of individual competitors.

•

According to Porter, each industry has a potential profitability and the profitability for the firms is dependent on the competitive forces in the industry. Porter identifies five competitive forces that derive from the ambition to obtain as large share of the profitability as possible. The five forces are the foundation of the five-force model.

Porter’s Five-Force Model •

The major competitors of the Amul dairy include:

Milk

Gayatri Royal Sardar Uttam Shreshtha

Ice Crean

Vadilal

49


Havmor Kwality Walls Max Local & Regional players

Ghee

Gayatri Nestle

Milk Powder

Nestle

Chocolate

Nestle Cadbury

The success of the national and local competitor’s brands includes effective distribution system, advertising, good pricing policy etc. The factors ascribed by porter are: •

Threats of new entrants

•

Bargaining power of suppliers

•

Bargaining power of buyers

•

Rivalry among competitors

•

Threats from substitutes These factors can be explained in context to GCMMF as below:

Threats of New Entrants 

Economies of Scale: GCMMF enjoys economies of scale, which is difficult

to match by any other competitor. It is because of this reason that no regional competitor has grown to a national level. 

Cost and Resource advantages: Amul dairy is co-operative society. That

means “cooperation among competitive” is the fundamental principle. Amul dairy 50


is managed under the norms of GCMMF and market the products under the brand name ‘Amul’, which has a very good reputation at domestic and international level. Here, the raw material procurement is very difficult for the new entrants. Consequently Capital requirement is also high. Still new entrants are emerging such as domestic and international players. So the threats of new entrants are moderate. 

Brand Preferences and Consumer Loyalty: There is an immense level of

Brand Preference of Amul in the minds of the people. The level of preference specifically in the liquid milk sector is that they would go to other retailer if the retailer does not have milk. 

Access to Distribution Channels: The distribution channel of GCMMF is a

very planned and perfect one. For any new entrant to enter it would be a very difficult task. For GCMMF the result is years of hard work and its investment in its employees as well as at different levels in the distribution network. 

Inability to match the technology and specialized know-how of firms

already in the industry: The technology used by Amul is imported from Denmark. It is a state of art technology. To get this technology in India, a firm would require a huge amount of resources. 

Capital Requirements: The total investment required in the industry is huge

and is a decision worth considering even for MNC’s. The investment decisions cover the processing costs as well as the marketing costs. To compete with the brand Amul in India is difficult as Amul is synonymous to Quality.

Bargaining power of supplier 

The objective of Amul dairy is not profiting. As it is a part of co-operative

society, it runs for the benefit of farmers those are the suppliers of milk and users of milk products. According the concept of the cooperative society supplier has bargaining power to have a good return on his or her supply. However, supplier has limited rights to bargain with the cooperative society because it is made and

51


run for the sake of mass and not for individual benefit. But it is made sure that the supplier gets his fair share of return. 

There is appropriate bargaining power of the supplier. In olden days there

were not any kind of cooperative societies as the farmer was exploited. But, nowadays the farmer’s rights are protected under the cooperative rules and regulations, which ultimately results in moderate power of bargaining from the supplier.

Bargaining power of buyers 

Cost of switching to competitor brands: The switching of brands is seen

very much in products such as ice cream, curd, milk powders, milk additives etc. but it can be seen comparatively less in liquid milk category. Even if the buyers shift to the other brands of milk, the value that they get is less than they would get from consuming Amul. 

Large no. of buyers: Milk is a necessity product and hence is a mass product.

It has a considerable share of the rupee spent by any Indian. Moreover the buyers are spread evenly over the country and do not have any bargaining power.

Rivalry among competitors 

Demand for the product: The demand of the products of GCMMF is

increasing at a very healthy rate. To stand against the rivalry GCMMF is coming with a wide range of products.



Nature of Competitors: In different business category GCMMF faces

competition from different players. In the Milk powder category it faces competition from Cadbury & Nestle, in the chocolate category also I faces competition from Cadbury & Nestle. While in the ice cream market it faces competition from Kwality Walls Max and Havmor. In butter and chesses it faces competition from Britannia. Moreover in almost all categories there is presence of

52


local retailers and processors and milk vendors. Rivalry intensifies as each of the competitors has different lines and this would in turn depend on the importance the line holds for the competitor.



Mergers and Acquisitions: As such in the industry there are no mergers or

acquisitions. However if any MNC wishes to enter through this route then the competition might be severe.

Threats Of Substitute 

Availability of attractive priced substitutes: Different substitutes are

available for different category of products. There is ample availability of low priced substitutes from local vendors and retailers. This is a front where GCMMF is still finding hard to combat.



Satisfaction level of substitutes: Customers do consider these products as

equal on quality if not better then the products of GCMMF. Hence the rate of customers switching to the substitutes is very high. Moreover the buyers also can switch to the customers easily without any hurdles.



Not immediate substitutes: Distant substitutes are present in many of the

categories of business of GCMMF. For example in the Masti Buttermilk category it faces competition from cold drinks and ice cream. These 5 forces interact among themselves at different degrees over a period of time. Moreover it will get intense or loosen up depending upon the moves of its competitors, buyers, suppliers, etc. However GCMMF has been able to outperform on almost all fronts excluding a few lines of business.

53


Chapter 9

Future Plans • To achieve and maintain competitive advantage, innovation in product design and delivery are increasingly essential. • To innovate at each stage in value chain – production, procurement, processing, marketing and branding. • To devise more effective ways of attracting and retaining skilled human resources. • To provide them an adequately self-motivating work environment that draws the best out of them on a sustained basis. • The ‘Dairy Demonstration Project’ is a collective effort of the Union and Bank. The project envisages encouraging the farmers to use high yielding animals and modern aids to increase production. The union will provide necessary guidance to the milk producers on various techniques and required financial support will be forthcoming with the coparticipation of Bank. To illustrate and bring about better understanding of the project, a “model farm” is being set up at Mogar and Khatraj to impart training to the participants. • “Suvarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana” helps its beneficiaries to avail loan from the bank with the Government approval. Under this scheme a marginal producer intending to avail the benefits, is allocated an amount adequate for purchase of 2 milch animals along with required other implements on a soft loan basis. This scheme not only help enhance the productivity and living standards of subscribing producers, the union in turn will also be benefited by the way of enlarged membership and increased milk procurement.

Future Challenges The organization may face the following challenges in the future: • Global demands and changes. • Foreign affiliations. • Competition. 54


• Liberalisation. • Changing values. • Urban shifting. • Changing interests. • Adoption of latest technology. • Production according to international standards with foremost quality. • Increase need for R&D. • To keep the prices steady and reduce production and maintenance expenses. • To enhance milk production by adopting better animal husbandry practices and improving calf rearing practices in order to assure a stand in international market in the foreseeable future. • Expansion and upgrading of plant and equipment to meet increasing demanded for quality and quantity with the help of better-qualified personnel. • Rapid increase in productivity while respecting the basic man and animal dynamic i.e., to control dairy and agriculture development in India. • Development of new markets and expansion of old ones replacing additional system with quality packaged milk products and vegetable. • Creating a national information network to ensure that accurate timely information is available to all who need it. These are some of the challenges, which the organisation foresees and requires coping up with.

55


Chapter 10

Conclusion Amul means different things to different people. To a milk producer – A life enriching experience To a consumer – Assurance of having wholesome milk To a mother – A reliable source of nourishment for her child To the country – Rural development and self reliance Amul has given a new dimension to marketing. It showed that a democratically owned and managed farmer organisation can successfully develop national market, but by doing this Amul provided virtually guaranteed marketing service to the milk producer at his door step. Amul has displayed dynamic initiative at a time when its multinational competitors were merely content to use depreciated machinery. Following factors have given us the insight to conclude, why Amul is thriving with success today: •

Emphasis on Quality: All the products of Amul are of highest grade. Consumers were very quick to perceive this and the sales success that followed reflected the public’s stamp of approval.

•

Modern marketing: A good product alone cannot succeed unless backed by innovative marketing, including packaging, price and promotion. Amul’s advertising campaigns created a splash in the market that eventually led to a tidal wave that rocked the competition.

•

Management: The judicious handling of people, recognition of performance and encouragement for a good try has gone a long way to build a sound foundation of people. All the basic components of management that is production, marketing, finance and organisation behavior are nicely arrayed at Amul.

56


•

The co-operative concept: The fundamental thesis underlying the Anand model is that the rural producer must own and enjoy the assets they have helped to create. The model has inspired the creation of hundreds of other Anand. The system has succeeded mainly because of involvement of people on such a large scale, providing assured market at remunerated prices for milk producers, enables the consumers access to high quality milk and milk products, ploughing back the profit to the members, part of the profit is used by the society for common good and community development. Amul is doing everything in the best possible manner. Just look at its product quality, packaging, advertising and nation wide marketing network. This has given Amul an edge over its competitors.

57


BIBLIOGRAPHY •

Johnson Gerry, Scholes Kevan; “Exploring Corporate Strategy-Text and Cases”, Sixth Edition, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. 2004, pp 100-102,134,183.

•

Thompson Arthur A. Jr., Strickland J. A. III; “Strategic Management-Concepts and Cases”, Thirteenth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. 2003, pp 117, 123 – 127.

•

Patel, Rameshbhai P., “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Dr. Kurien., “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Carter, Thomas R., “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Patel, T. K., “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Gowda, Shri Deve, “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Halse, Michael, “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Baxi, J. J. “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Singh, Katar, Mittal, S. P., Singh Virendra, “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Dr. Oza, D. R., “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Thodarson, Bruce, “Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.”

•

Singh, Katar,

“Amul, The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd.

Anand, 50 Years of Milk & Health.” •

GCMMF, 30th Annual Report 2003 –2004.

58


•

The Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd. Anand, 58 th Annual Report 2003 –2004.

Website Visited •

www.amul.coop

•

www.indiadairy.com

•

www.indianmilkproducts.com

59


Annexure Annexure I - Profit & loss account of GCMMF ltd. Particulars Rs. Crore (Non-Annualised) Income Operating income Other income Change in stocks Non-recurring income Expenditure Operating expenses Purchase of finished goods Energy (power & fuel) Salaries & wages VRS expenses Indirect taxes Other expenses Less: expenses capitalized Non-recurring expenses Profits / losses PBDIT Financial charges PBDT Depreciation PBT Tax provision PAT Appropriation of profits Dividends Retained earnings

Mar 1999 12 mths

Mar 2000 12 mths

Mar 2001 Mar 2002 12 mths 12 mths

Mar 2003 Mar 2004 12 mths 12 mths

1818.59 2.46 -20.7 1.86

1909.15 2.54 26.91 1.34

1983.28 3.8 44.84 1.3

2057.5 4.69 29.03 0.48

2362.46 3.98 13.44 1

2833.78 4.3 -72.19 0.88

240.69 1453.3 0 11.32 0 0.71 60.93 0 0.07

295.46 1518.71 9.36 13.36 0 9.94 64.59 0 0

345.98 1544.21 11.61 17.15 0 8.62 76.64 0 0.3

395.01 1521.02 12.72 20.18 0 18.04 89.92 0 0.09

472.61 1715.58 15.63 22.64 0 22.34 99.72 0 0.29

489.78 2068.72 13.96 23.85 0 22.34 111.68 0 0.72

35.19 6.8 28.39 13.88 14.51 1.5 13.01

28.52 7.01 21.51 14.42 7.09 1.3 5.79

28.71 7.53 21.18 14.86 6.32 1.25 5.07

34.72 7.44 27.28 17.18 10.1 2.85 7.25

32.07 5.7 26.37 17.07 9.3 2.5 6.8

35.72 2.26 33.46 17.01 16.45 5.11 11.34

3 10.01

3.6 2.19

3.6 1.47

3.6 3.65

4.5 2.3

4 7.34

60


Annexure II - Assets of Gujarat Co-Op. Milk Mktg. Particulars Rs. Crore (Non-Annualised) Gross fixed assets Land & building Plant & machinery Other fixed assets Capital WIP Less: cumulative depreciation Net fixed assets Investments In group / associate cos. In mutual funds Other investments Marketable investment In group / associate cos. Quoted investment Market value of quoted investment Deferred tax assets Inventories Raw materials and stores Finished and semi-finished goods Stock of traded / finished goods Receivables Sundry debtors Debtors exceeding six months Accrued income Advances / loans to corporate bodies Group / associate cos. Other cos. Deposits with govt. / agencies Advance payment of tax Other receivables Cash & bank balance Cash in hand Bank balance Total assets

Mar 1999 Mar 2000 Mar 2001 Mar 2002 Mar 2003 Mar 2004 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 160.98 22.77 124.52 13.37 0.32 73.39 87.59

183.59 23.61 135.53 14.45 10 89.81 93.78

210.64 28.2 151.94 15.57 14.93 106.31 104.33

230.37 34.16 174.3 17.07 4.84 124.89 105.48

246.63 35.65 190.03 18.83 2.12 142.97 103.66

272.32 37.24 207.82 20.58 6.68 160.65 111.67

0.33 0 0 0.33

0.33 0 0 0.33

0.33 0 0 0.33

0.33 0.09 0 0.24

0.33 0.09 0 0.24

0.33 0.09 0 0.24

0.09 0 0.09 0

0 0 0.09 0

0.09 0 0.09 2.18

0.09 0.09 0.09 0

0.09 0.09 0.09 3.42

0.09 0.09 0.09 7.47

0

0

0

0

0

1.9

83.7 4.82 78.88

111.49 5.85 105.64

156.4 5.92 150.48

187.52 8.01 179.51

200.16 7.21 192.95

126.85 6.09 120.76

78.18

104.79

148.91

178.51

191.82

119.97

27.05 8.28 0.25 0

40.85 18.04 0.05 0.21

49.83 24.63 0.46 0.41

57.56 29.36 2.21 1.37

66.66 32.21 1.51 2.51

83.41 19.5 0.65 0.09

0 0 0 0.21 11.41 7.15

0 0 0 4.91 12.71 4.98

0 0 0 5.64 14.81 4.34

0 0 0 0.68 16.42 9.73

0 0 0 0.62 21.25 10.07

0 0 0 0.59 23.55 39.68

57.11 21.33 35.78 255.78

82.84 44.51 38.33 329.29

79.18 34.8 44.38 390.07

84.08 37.47 46.61 434.97

72.98 36.28 36.7 443.79

67.21 26.84 40.37 391.37

Federation Ltd.

61


Annexure III – Liabilities of Gujarat Co-Op. Milk Mktg. Federation Ltd. Particulars Mar 1999 Mar 2000 Mar 2001 Mar 2002 Mar 2003 Mar 2004 Rs. Crore (Non-Annualised) 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths 12 mths Net worth 69.36 69.23 68.78 70.77 81.68 83.81 Authorised capital 50 50 50 50 50 50 Issued equity capital 20 30 30 30 40 40 Paid-up equity capital 20 30 30 30 40 40 Bonus equity capital 0 10 10 0 10 10 Reserves & surplus 49.36 39.23 38.78 40.77 41.68 43.81 Free reserves 34.07 26.23 27.67 15.22 15.8 17.27 Other free reserves 34.07 26.23 27.67 15.22 15.8 17.27 Specific reserves 15.29 13 11.11 25.55 25.88 26.54 Borrowings 60.75 63.62 58.18 63.68 153.7 74.93 Bank borrowings 5.24 8.27 4.43 12.16 153.7 74.93 Short term bank borrowings 5.24 8.27 4.43 12.16 153.7 74.93 Govt. / sales tax deferral borrowings 55.51 55.35 53.75 51.52 0 0 Secured borrowings 60.75 63.62 58.18 63.68 16.8 7.38 Unsecured borrowings 0 0 0 0 136.9 67.55 Deferred tax liabilities 0 0 0 0 0 6.04 Current liabilities & provisions 125.67 196.44 263.11 300.52 208.41 226.59 Current liabilities 113.46 182.34 245.64 279.29 183.42 196.96 Sundry creditors 68.11 148.43 206.06 244.75 138.95 136.49 Interest accrued / due 0 0 0 0 0 0 Creditors for capital goods 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other current liabilities 45.35 33.91 39.58 34.54 44.47 60.47 Share application money 0 0 0 0 0 0 Advance against wip 0 0 0 0 0 0 Provisions 12.21 14.1 17.47 21.23 24.99 29.63 Tax provision 9.18 10.48 11.73 14.58 17.08 22.08 Dividend provision 3 3.6 3.6 3.6 4.5 4 Dividend tax provision 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other provisions 0.03 0.02 2.14 3.05 3.41 3.55 Total liabilities 255.78 329.29 390.07 434.97 443.79 391.37 Contingent liabilities Disputed taxes 1.84 1.98 5.14 4.63 6.73 3.16 Total guarantees 291.57 340.83 377.59 348.4 193.6 14.12 Liabilities on capital account 2.67 25.38 11.43 7.99 4.02 2.31

62

Micro Analysis of Amul Dairy and Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation

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