METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing Summaries

METRIC STANDARDS FOR WORLDWIDE MANUFACTURING

By Knut O. Kverneland

2012 Edition TM

GO metricUSA

2

.org, Inc., Inc., Statesville, North Carolina, USA 1978-2012

METRIC STANDARDS FOR WORLDWIDE MANUFACTURING

By Knut O. Kverneland

2012 Edition TM

GO metricUSA

2

.org, Inc., Inc., Statesville, North Carolina, USA 1978-2012

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kverneland Knut O., 1937METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing / by Knut O. Kverneland. Includes indexes. ISBN 0-9744477-7-3 (e-book) 1. Manufacturers – Standards. 2. Metric System. 3. Standards, Engineering

The ISO material included in this publication is copyrighted by the International Organization for  Standardization ( International Organization for Standardization (ISO)) and is reproduced with permission of the American National Standards Institute on behalf of ISO. No part of this material may be copied or reproduced in any form, electronic retrieval system or otherwise or made available on the Internet a public network, by satellite or otherwise without the prior written consent of the American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43 rd Street, New York, NY 10036. Tables and figures where a standards reference or a company abbreviation is shown in parenthesis have been reprinted with the permission of the organization that hold the copyright of the works cited.  All standards standards identified identified by an ANSI number are are reproduced reproduced with the permission permission by the American American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). ASTM standards are reproduced with the permission by the  American Society for Testing Testing and Materials. Materials. For For a complete complete list of copyright copyright holding organizations organizations or  companies see Acknowledgements and Table 1-1 for their addresses.

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FOREWORD ISO Metric Standards: A Key to World Trade There is an old and wise saying, “No standards-no trade.” This is certainly true for standard quantities and units. Without consensus on these, trade, from shopping at the supermarket to exporting goods worldwide, would be very haphazard affair  indeed. Most industrialized countries have long recognized the necessity, and advantage, of adopting the metric system of  measurement-or to give it its official title, the International System of Units (SI, for short-derived from its French title, Système international d’unités), which ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is responsible for  maintaining. The SI is contained in the International Standard ISO 31, Quantities and Units, which consist of 14 separate parts. It is not only an important standard in itself, but it also serves as a basis and guideline for many other International Standards, ISO 31 is the work of ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 12, Quantities, Units, Symbols, Conversion Factors, which has also produced the accompanying standard, ISO 1000, SI Units and Recommendations for the Use of Their Multiples and of  Certain Other Units. The reasons for aligning with the international consensus for worldwide use of the SI system become even more compelling as the relative importance of trade over production continues to grow. In nearly every year since the end of the Second World War, the volume of world trade has increased more rapidly than that of world production. More than 20 years after most of the industrialized world has gone over to metric measurements, many in my own home country, the USA, are still dragging behind. Quite apart from the USA government’s pro-metric stance, the USA is being forced by market pressure to change. The pressure is coming from American exporters who have to bear the expense of incorporating two systems of basic measurements into their offering: one for the home market, and one for the rest of the world. Pressure will also increase from American clients as the presence of incompatible systems denies them the possibility to mix and match products, deprives them of the greatest freedom of choice, or ties them to one supplier because they cannot integrate new equipment with what they already have. There are, however certain sectors which have been completely metric, even in the USA For example, dimensions for film have always been metric: 8 mm, 16 mm, 35 mm, etc. In electro-technology, the SI units such as ampere, volt, watt, ohm, etc., have been used since the beginning of this country. In industry outside electro-technology is also going metric step by step rather than inch by inch, even in the USA All specifications for the defense industry have long been in metric units. It has been decided that all Federal orders to industry from now on shall be given in metric units. All certificates from NIST, the National Institute for Standards and Technology, have also, for many years now, been given only in SI units. Thus, it is certain that the largest industrial nation will eventually become metric-maybe, I dare to hope, in my lifetime! It is a particular pleasure for me, as ISO Secretary-General, and as an American, to be invited to provide the Foreword for  this second edition of Knut O. Kverneland’s book. Like ISO’s International Standards, it contributes to a common basis for  the international exchange of goods, services, and technological know-how, as well as promoting common understanding in the scientific and engineering communities worldwide. Dr. Lawrence D. Eicher  Former ISO Secretary-General

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INTRODUCTION The publication of Knut O. Kverneland’s book is most timely for the USA and Canada. It should prove to be a valuable reference volume as well in other English speaking countries which are in the midst of or are completing the transition to the metric system. National standards having a metric base have been virtually unknown in the USA. Although many standards-developing groups use dual measurement notation, the standard sizing and rating practices are still based on the conventional inchpound-gallon, USA customary system. USA technical committees are now coming to grips with the problem of developing metric-based standards. As references in their work, they will be using the standards of ISO and IEC, as well as those of  industrialized nations which are already on the metric system. Knut O. Kverneland’s METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing will provide a very useful bridge for those engineers who are required to develop components to metric specifications in advance of availability of applicable American National Standards. The book will also be a valuable tool in guiding the many technical committees and subcommittees which will be working on the new metric American National Standards.  A native of Norway, Mr. Kverneland received his early education in that country and graduated with a Masters of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the Technical University of Hanover, Germany. He has been fully conversant with the metric measurement units since childhood and is completely familiar with their use in engineering. The author joined Massey Ferguson in 1966 as a design engineer, and has risen through consecutive positions as Engineering Analyst and Standards Engineer until being appointed to the position of Supervisor of Standards. In this capacity, Mr. Kverneland was responsible for Massey Ferguson’s North American standards. Mr. Kverneland also maintains a heavy outside professional commitment. He was a member of the Society of Automotive Engineers, Director of the Detroit Section of the Standards Engineering Society, and Chairman of the American National Standards Committee B4 on Standards for Limits and Fits. In 1972 and 1973, Mr. Kverneland participated as a member of an ad hoc metric study committee of the SAE Off-Road Vehicle Council. He also served on the engineering standards evaluation and promotion subcommittee of the group. Because of its international manufacturing operations, Massey Ferguson’s need for world metric standards information was apparent. Mr. Kverneland was thus aided in his SAE committee work by the high degree of interest of his company’s management, which provided him with ready access to the computer and to standards data accumulated in its many manufacturing operations around the world. It was this work which prompted him to undertake writing of this book. Mr. Kverneland is to be commended for his dedication to this project, and a well-deserved vote of thanks must be given to Massey Ferguson for the management support it provided the author in this undertaking, Roy P. Trowbridge Past Director, Engineering Standards General Motors Corporation Past President, American National Standards Institute

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PREFACE The change to the metric system offers North American manufacturing unique opportunities to introduce new thinking to the old ways products were made. The metric system requires new fastener sizes, new material stock sizes, new cutting tools, new gages, etc., to be used in production. This is where tremendously rewarding opportunities come into play. For  example, 11 or less threaded fastener sizes may be selected to replace more than 50 sizes used in the old systems (see Table 8-1). Multiply the number of unique fastener sizes that can be eliminated by several thousand dollars each (automotive actual savings), and the total dollar savings for your company can very well become quite impressive. The selection of metric material and components must be based on existing international and national metric standards. Therefore, in providing a foundation for this volume, the author has compared standards in the eight largest industrial countries of the world, which together produce the majority of the worlds products. The preferred numbering system, coupled with the preferred metric sizes, preferred metric tolerances for holes (4) and shafts (4), and the preferred fits (10) (see Table 6-1), is another powerful tool available to you. This highly integrated ISO tolerance system has been in use in the European continent for 60 years, where it has saved industry there millions, if not billions, of dollars in reduced costs in manufacturing, engineering, purchasing, and inspection.  Among other things, this volume is also one of the most powerful rationalization tools available (see Table 4-1). It is now up to the reader to make the rationalized selection of standard parts and components listed in this book that will return the most benefits. The motto the author supports is “SELL AMERICAN” rather than the negative promotion we frequently hear. “BUY AMERICAN.”

PREFACE to the 2005 edition: Chapter 10 on Steel Material Data and Chapter 11 on Nonferrous Material show data from the recently released American National Standards ANSI B32.100-2005 on Preferred Metric Sizes for Flat, Round, Square, Rectangular, and Hexagonal Metal Products. The proposed drafts ANSI B32.200-200X Preferred Metric Sizes for Round, Square, and Rectangular Tubular Metal Products Other Than Pipe, and ANSI B32.300-200X Preferred Metric Sizes for Equal and Unequal Leg Angles, T- and Channel Sections, IPN- and Wide Flange-Beams Structural Steel are also referenced and they are pending approvals. All these material standards reflect existing ISO standards for nominal sizes and tolerances. They are therefore well suited for global design, manufacturing and marketing, and will help create USA manufacturing jobs. Use the METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing latest book edition to find ways to cut costs and to increase export of manufactured Products from the company you work for.

PREFACE to the 2006 edition: Chapter 2 International System of Measuring Units (SI) and Chapter 17 Conversion Factors and Program are now made available free of charge from the web site http://www.kok.com/. This public service feature help educate Americans on the correct use of the global metric system. Several companies now make the electronic version of the METRIC STANDARDS for Worldwide Manufacturing book available on their Intranet. Contact Rosemary Maginniss at ANSI for quotes. This will help companies reduce the cost of  metric training and implementation. It also makes the top quality METRIC STANDARDS material immediately available throughout the organization in marketing, manufacturing and engineering.

PREFACE to the 2007 edition: Data from the new standard for Metric Continuous and Double End Studs ANSI B18.31-2005 was added to Chapter 9 and the tables in Chapter 11 now have the preference ratings specified in the  American National Sta ndards ANSI B32. 100-2005 on Preferred Metric Sizes for Flat, Round, Square, Rectangular, and Hexagonal Metal Products.

The latest national and international standards references are shown in this edition as well as new links to national and international standard documentations sources.

PREFACE to the 2012 edition: Chapter 7 is completely replaced by material from the ISO 1938-1: 2012 standard. The ISO standard reflects available GO NOGO gages now in use throughout EU, and the ANSI B4.4M has been withdrawn. Data from the new ANSI B18.2.5M-2009 12-Point Flange Screws replaced the 12-Spline version. A large number of updates have also been made in all chapters of the new edition.

Knut O Kverneland

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of the large project of writing the first edition of this book was possible only because of the extensive cooperation of top management people within the Massey Ferguson organization. Standards engineers, working for this multi-national company throughout the world, have provided substantial input to this publication in the form of national standards information and other data. The author, therefore, wishes to express his appreciation to Massey Ferguson, his former employer, for its encouragement and exceptional support in enabling him to undertake and complete the first edition of this volume. Without Massey Ferguson worldwide resources, without access to the company’s computer capabilities, and without the company’s generous backing in stenographic assistance, the time required for researching and preparing this manuscript would have been many times greater. The third electronic edition has been completed with the help of my own resources through the company TM GO metric USA .org, Inc. Countless hours have been spent typing and updating the manuscript. I would like to extend special thanks to the family of the late Dr. Lawrence D. Eicher, Secretary-General of ISO (International Organization for Standardization), who has expressed his views in the foreword. In addition, the ISO Central Secretariat in Geneva has helped update several chapters of this book, for which I am most grateful. My sincerest thanks also to Mr. Roy P. Trowbridge, former president of the American National Standards Institute who, during the initial planning stages of the first edition of this book, visualized the need for such a publication and gave the author encouragement and support. My sincere thanks to the publisher of the second edition of my book, ASME Press, that had the vision to take on this large project and to grant me permission to publish the following electronic editions. The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the following individuals and organizations: TM

GO metricUSA

.org, Inc. , Statesville, North Carolina, USA

Massey Ferguson Inc., Detroit, Michigan, USA E. J. Flewelling, Manager (Former Supervisor); J. W. Carson, Standards Engineer  Major American Contributing Organizations

1

 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)  American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Industrial Fastener Institute (IFI) Other Contributing American Organizations1  American Gear Manufacturing Association (AGMA)  American National Metric Council (ANMC)  American Society for Quality (ASQ)  American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)  American Bearing Manufacturers Association (ABMA) Cemented Carbide Producers Association (CCPA) Institute of Electrical and Electronics (IEEE) Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 1

Contributing International and National Standards Organizations British Standards Institute (BSI) Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardizations (GOST R) European Committee for Standardization (CEN) 1

 Addresses of the organizations listed are shown in Chapter 1 Table 1-1. German Standards Organization (DIN) French Standards Organization (AFNOR) Italian Standards Organization (UNI) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) Standards Australia International (SAI) Standards Council of Canada (SCC)

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Contributing Individuals and their Organizations Chapter 1  Anke Varcin-Head of Promotion and Press Services, ISO Central Secretariat, Geneva W. A. McAdams-Past President, USA National Committee of the International Electro-technical Commission, General Electric Company Chapter 3 PERA Training Charts, Ford Motor Company, Ltd. L. W. Foster-Vice Chairman ANSI Y14.5; Honeywell Inc. Chapter 5 R. G. Lenz - Past Chairman, USA Technical Advisory Group (TAG); ISO/Technical Committee (TC) 57; General Motors Corporation Chapter 6 F. H. Briggs - Computer Program Consultant, Massey Ferguson Inc Chapter 8 T. C. Baumgartner - Past Chairman, ANSI B1; Standard Pressed Steel Company Chapter 9 R. B. Belford - Past Chairman, USA TAG ISO/TC2 Chapter 10 E. A. Domzal – Past Senior Project Engineer, Materials, Massey Ferguson Inc F. V. Kupchak – Past Chairman, USA TAG ISO/TC62; Chairman, ANSI B32; Westinghouse Electric Corporation Japanese Standards Association; Japan Iron and Steel Exporters’ Association German Steel Trade Association – VDEH Chapter 12 P. S. Given – Past Director, SKF Industries, Inc J. R. Hull – Past Chief Engineer, The Torrington Company C. A. Moyer – Past USA Delegate , ISO/TC4 SC9; Assistant Chief Engineer, The Timken Company  A. O. Dehart – Past USA Observer, ISO/TC123; General Motors Corporation W. G Looft – Past USA Delegate, ISO/TC4 SC7; Manager of Engineering, REXNORD Chapter 13 B. C. Cummins – Past Manager, The Louis Allis Company, Litton Industries W. D. Erickson – Past Chief Engineer, The Gates Rubber Company Dr. F. Buchsbaum – Past President, Stock Drive Products G. W. Michalec – Author and Professor  C. K. Reece – Past USA Delegate, ISO/TC32; Vice Chairman, ANSI B92; John Deere Waterloo Tractor Works Chapter 14 J. I. Morgan – Past Chairman, USA TAG ISO/TC131; Executive Vice President, National Fluid Power   Association Chapter 15 W. Jenninck – Past Assistant Chief Engineer, Illinois/Eclipse, A Division of Illinois Tool Works, Inc R. W. Berry – Member, ANSI B94; Director, Cutting Tool Research, VR/Wesson Company Chapter 16 Donald Marquardt – ISO/TC176 Ad Hoc Task Force Maureen Breitenberg – USA Department of Commerce, NIST Roger Frost – Press and Communication Manager, ISO David Zimmerman – Interim Secretary, ISO/TC176 - Quality Management and Quality Assurance

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Special Courtesy Note to Contributing Standards Bodies and Companies Tables and figures where a standards reference or a company abbreviation is shown in parenthesis have been reprinted with the permission of the organization that hold the copyright of the works cited. Tables and figures without any reference have been reproduced courtesy Massey Ferguson Inc., Detroit, Michigan, and TM GO metric USA .org, Inc. , Statesville, North Carolina. The author also wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the referenced organizations for granting permission to use their tables, figures and standards in this publication. Special thanks go to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and Industrial Fastener Institute (IFI). Without their comprehensive support, the publication of METRIC STANDARDS for  Worldwide Manufacturing , with its extensive standards material, would not have been possible. Finally, the author’s sincere gratitude is extended to the following organizations and companies for granting permission to republish their standards, figures, or tables: the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Ford Motor Company, Ltd., Brentwood, Essex, United Kingdom; Chrysler Corporation, Detroit, Michigan; Gates Rubber Company, Denver, Colorado; Stock Drive Products, New Hyde Park, New York; and the Metric and Multistandard Components Corporation, Hawthorne, New York. Please always refer to the most recent edition of the referenced standards. In the United States, American National Standards, International Standards, and national standards of other countries may be obtained from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), New York, NY. Outside of the United States, sales of standards are transacted through the national standardizing body for the particular country. Knut O. Kverneland

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CONTENTS Foreword Introduction Preface Acknowledgements

3 4 5 6

Chapter 1 World Standards Organizations

11

Chapter 2 The International System of Measuring Units (SI)

29

Chapter 3 Engineering Drawing Practice

46

Chapter 4 Preferred Numbers

75

Chapter 5 Surface Texture

82

Chapter 6 The ISO System of Limits and Fits - Tolerances and Deviations

90

Chapter 7 The ISO System of Limits and Fits – Inspection of Workpieces

129

Chapter 8 Screw Threads

156

Chapter 9 Fasteners

196

Chapter 10 Steel Material Data

362

Chapter 11 Nonferrous Material

540

Chapter 12 Bearings

570

Chapter 13 Mechanical Power Transmission Systems

597

Chapter 14 Fluid Power Systems and Components

656

10

Chapter 15 Manufacturing Engineering

683

Chapter 16 Quality and Environmental Management System (ISO 9000 and ISO 14000)

749

Chapter 17 Conversion Factors and Program

772

General Index

786

ANSI Index

792

ISO Index

794

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Chapter 1 World Standards Organizations SUMMARY International standards are herein listed and compared to major industrial (63% of global GDP) national standards throughout this book (see Fig. 1-1). American National Standards for metric products are the basis for all tables in this publication when available. Pertinent global ISO (International Organization for Standardization) standard numbers are shown for each product, and related ISO and national standards are shown with hyperlinks to the standards organizations at the end of each chapter. Acronyms, standard prefixes, name and addresses as well as email and telephone numbers to a number of important national and international standards sources are shown in Table 1-1. Key standards groupings with links to ISO search engines are shown in Tables 1-2 and 1-3. ISO Members Worldwide list provide contact information for  standards organization in each country.  A strong emphasis on cost savings and rationalization of parts and material has been stressed; Chapter 4, Preferred Numbers, provides detailed descriptions of the best tools to help rationalize metric sizes and products.

ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE By definition, standards are rules set up and established by authority, often for the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value, or quality. Monetary standards, used in determining the weight of silver and gold pieces for the exchange of goods, were among the first to be developed. During the industrialization period, manufacturing plants developed and became more and more specialized. A need for  standards to control such simple parts as fasteners evolved, hereby making them industrially interchangeable. The demand for company and trade organization standards grew apace with the formation of larger plants and the wider  distribution of manufactured products. The basis for most standards is a uniform unit of measure to check mass, length, volume, time, and other physical quantities. Many systems were developed over the years, and the original metric system was developed in France after the French Revolution. Since 1875, all international matters concerning the metric system have been the responsibility of the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM), which was constituted following the Metric Convention signed in Paris that same year. Before the invention of the metric system, a number of inch systems were used throughout the world, one of which is commonly known as the customary inch system. National and international standards were developed, however, based on both measuring systems. This made the worldwide interchangeability of simple standard components, such as fasteners, impossible. WORLD STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

MEMBER COUNTRIES LISTED IN ORDER OF

GNP  ANSI JISC

USA Japan

DIN  AFNOR

Germany France

BSI UNI

UK Italy

SCC SAA

Canada Australia

FIG. 1-1 PARTIAL ISO MEMBERSHIP STRUCTURE

METRIC AND INCH STANDARDS  An increasing number of multinational corporations and their local suppliers operating with two systems of measures and standards have found expenses to be continually increasing. In order to use available expertise in a central location, one machine might be designed in an “inch” nation, only to be produced later in a “metric” country, or vice versa. This obviously generates additional costs in the conversion of drawings, substitutions of standard steel sizes and fasteners, the conversion of testing and material specifications, etc. 12

ISO METRIC STANDARDS – THE KEY TO WORLD TRADE The WTO (World Trade Organization), which is supported by more than 120 countries, now replaces the GATT (General  Agreement on Trade and Tariffs) with the result being a considerable strengthening of its standards codes. The WTO urges governments to make maximum use of International Standards to prevent unnecessary obstacles to the free flow of  goods. The EU (European Union) has been in existence for a few years now, and they have published a large number of European 1 Standards identified by the prefix EN (European Norm)  Approximately 41% of these standards conform to an existing ISO or IEC standard on the subject. For example, ISO 898-1 on Mechanical Properties of Fasteners is now identified within EU as: DIN EN ISO 898-1 (Germany); NF EN ISO 898-1 (France); BS EN ISO 8 98-1 (United Kingdom); and UNI EN ISO 898-1 (Italy). ISO standards adopted as EN standards are put into effect with a minimum effort on the part of EU, and two important goals are met such as: 1. allow free flow of goods among the EU countries; and 2. allow free flow of goods to and from EU meeting the ISO standards. Regional trade agreements and related activities in other parts of the world are similarly leading to greater use of  international standards. For example, the Pan American Standards Commission, which is trying to develop uniform standards for the Latin-American Free Trade Association, has now agreed to use the ISO and IEC standards wherever  possible. Also, the countries of Eastern Europe have become increasingly active in the development of international standards; apparently they are using them as the basis for trade in that region and in opening trade channels with the rest of the world as well.  Another factor in the use of international standards is the increasing number of international cooperation programs. A prime example is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which has been ordering a great deal of its equipment in terms of ISO and IEC standards. This also is happening within many of the social and economic programs of the UN. and other world organizations. One result is the adoption of many ISO and IEC standards by the developing countries. 1

Norm means standard in English, German, and French

ACCELERATING PACE IN PUBLICATION OF ISO STANDARDS The above-mentioned factors have accelerated the speed with which ISO develops international standards.2 As an example, only 100 ISO Recommendations were published in the 1950s, yet approximately 1400 international standards agreements were reached in the following decade. See ISO in Figures. Today, there are over 16 000 ISO standards, half of which have been published only in the last ten years. A further 9000 drafts and proposals are in preparation, and around 1250 new projects are added annually. The time required to develop a standard in the Technical Committee has been reduced from an average of 76.8 months to 52.9 months. The central Secretariat has reduced the processing time for a proposed standard from 10.2 months to 7.5 months. The ISO target is to reduce standards development to three years from start to finish by the end of 1996. How many international standards are needed is a matter of opinion. It has been suggested that in a highly industrialized society, the total requirement for national and international standards is on the order of 15 000, or a maximum of 20 000. This number is also suggested if all national standards were to be replaced by ISO standards. (When more than that number is found in a single country, there is usually some duplication and overlapping, which is the case in the USA, or, as is the case in socialist countries, what could be called “company standards” are listed as “national standards.”) Other suggest that in the future, as industries merge and multinational companies further develop, some of the present national standards will become company standards, but there will always be a demand for some national standards to cater  to specific local needs. However, recent experience indicates that as new technologies emerge, there is an accompanying demand for new standards that have never existed at a national level. The scope for new international standards is, therefore, increasing continuously. 2

Since ISO documents are constantly being upgraded, for simplicity the author refers to all ISO publications in the text of  this book as “standards,” designating a particular document as “ISO…” followed by the appropriate identification number. However, the actual status of a particular ISO document might be: (a) Recommendation, in which case it would be officially designated by “ISO/R…” preceding the appropriate identification number. (b) Draft International Standards, (“ISO/DIS…”). (c) An officially adopted international standard, in which case the initials “ISO” followed by the identification number is the appropriate designation. The ISO references given at the end of each chapter describe the current status of  the standard. Information on the various designations is given at the website http://www.iso.org or in ISO catalogs and supplements available from: American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor, New York NY 10036 .

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A VISION OF THE FUTURE Since 1986, the leadership of ISO and IEC has placed increasing importance on the necessity to u nderstand and respond effectively to new needs for international standards. In 1987, approval was given to establish two important new groups for  this purpose.

THE ISO/IEC PRESIDENTS’ ADVISORY BOARD ON TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS (ABTT) This is a group of top-level industrial and technology policy leaders invited by the two Presidents to advise ISO and IEC on global trends in technology and industrial development, and their consequential impact on the demand for global standardization.

THE ISO/IEC AD HOC GROUP ON LONG-RANGE PLANNING (LRPG) This is a new group of individuals nominated by the ISO and IEC members for Canada, France, Japan, UK, USA, and the former USSR. The group undertook the task of forecasting future needs for international standardization in specific sectors. These two groups have worked interactively since they started operating in 1988, and the results of their efforts are presented in the publication A Vision for the Future- Standards Need for Emerging Technologies.

ISO DEFINITION OF STANDARDIZATION AND STANDARD The definition of standardization and standard differ in the many publications on the subject. The following are the excerpts from the ISO/IEC Guide 2: 1991- General Terms and Their Definitions Concerning Standardization and Related   Activities. Standardization- activity of establishing, with regard to actual or potential problems, provisions for common and repeated use, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context NOTES: 1. In particular, the activity consists of the processes of formulating, issuing and implementing standards 2. Important benefits of standardization are improvement of the suitability of products, processes, and services for their  intended purposes, prevention of barriers to trade, and facilitation of technological cooperation. subject of standardization — topic to be standardized NOTES: 1. The expression “product, process or service” has been adopted throughout to encompass the subject of standardization in a broad sense, and should be understood equally to cover, for example, any material, component, equipment, system, interface, protocol, procedure, function, method, or activity. 2. Standardization may be limited to particular aspects of any subject. For example, in the case of shoes, sizes and durability criteria could be standardized separately. field of standardization — (deprecated: domain of standardization) — group of related subjects of standardization NOTE: Engineering, transport, agriculture, quantities, and Units, for example, could be regarded as fields of  standardization. state of the art — developed stage of technical capability at a given time as regards products, processes, and services, based on the relevant consolidated findings of science, technology, and experience acknowledged rule of technology — technical provision acknowledged by a majority of representative experts as reflecting the state of the art  NOTE: A normative document on a technical subject, if prepared with the cooperation of concerned interests by consultation and consensus procedures, is presumed to constitute an acknowledged rule of technology at the time of its approval. level of standardization — geographical, political, or economic extent of involvement in standardization international standardization — standardization in which involvement is open to relevant bodies from all countries regional standardization — standardization in which involvement is open to relevant bodies from countries from only one geographical, political, or economic area of the world national standardization — standardization that takes place at the level of one specific country  provincial standardization — standardization that takes place at the level of a territorial division of a country NOTE: Within a country or a territorial division of a country, standardization may also take place on a branch or sectoral basis (e.g., ministries), at local levels, at association and company levels in industry, and in individual factories, workshops, and offices. 14

consensus — general agreement, characterized by the absence of sustained opposition to substantial issues by any important part of the concerned interests and by a process that involves seeking to take into account the views of all parties concerned and to reconcile any conflicting arguments NOTE: Consensus need not imply unanimity.

IMPORTANT OBJECTIVES OF STANDARDIZATION  A primary purpose of standardization is to manufacture goods for less direct and indirect incurred costs and to adapt the finished products to the demands of the marketplace.  A more detailed description of the objectives is as follows: (a) Lower the production costs, when the aim is to: 1. facilitate and systematize the skilled work of designing 2. ensure optimum selection of materials, components, and semi-finished products 3. reduce stocks of materials, semi-finished products and finished products 4. minimize the number of different products sold 5. facilitate and economize the procurement of purchased goods (b) Meet the demands of the marketplace, when the objective is to: 1. conform to regulations imposed by governments and trade organizations 2. stay within safety regulations set forth by governments 3. facilitate interchangeability requirements with existing products

DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS The Conditions for a Standard. When there is a question of working out a standard, the conditions must first be analyzed before actual technical standardization work can be carried out. Preparatory analysis must be as comprehensive as possible and must take into account both technical and economic conditions. It is not sufficient to study only the internal circumstances. It must also be understood that, with regard to standards, the company is dependent on such external factors as the suppliers’ stocks of products, the production program of competitors, the customers’ wishes, existing standards, governmental requirements, etc. Waiting for the right moment to begin a particular standardization is most important. An investigation should be made as to whether an intended standard could possibly impede any technical development already under way. Lack of a standard is more often the condition, and it is important to engage in standardization at an early stage, at least to the extent of  working out an experimental standard of a temporary nature.  A certain type of regularly recurrent part may, for example, be used in many products in functionally equivalent, but constructionally different, forms. In such a case, the task of standardization will be to create order out of chaos through variety-reduction, size standardization, etc. The work should be started as soon as the possibilities of direct cost savings in purchasing, production, inventory, etc., and indirect cost savings in engineers’ time can be established.

STANDARDIZATION TECHNIQUES Two basic principles for the preparation of a standard are commonly used; these are as follows. analytical standardization — standard developed from scratch conservative standardization — standard based, as far as possible, on existing practice In practice, it appears that a standard cannot often be a completely prepared in one or the other of these two methods, but emerges from a compromise between the two. The quintessence of the standardization technique should be to utilize the basic material, the rules, and the aids available, in such way that a valid and practical compromise solution is reached. The basic material could be comprised of such items as: • • • • •

former company standards vendor catalogs national and international standards requirements of the company’s customers competitors’ material

Increasingly important are the national and international standards in existence on the subject; they should always play an important role in any conservative standardization work. It would be foolish to create a unique new metric standard without first considering some existing European metric standards.

15

NORMAL DEVELOPMENT LEVELS OF A STANDARD The most common standardization levels are: • • • • •

company standard professional society or trade standard national standard regional standard international standard

The normal path through which a standard must pass in the developmental stages depends on the organization level and the standardization technique applied. A new international standard generated by applying the analytical principle follows the organization levels in a numerical order, while a company standard prepared after the conservative principle might be based directly on the applicable international standard.  A more recent trend in international standardization is to draft a new standard directly when a need for it has been established.

USER ACCEPTANCE OF STANDARDS The development cycle of the standards is completed when the user applies the standards in his or her work. The designer should, whenever possible, use internationally standardized parts and components. This would result in an increase of the demand for the standard sizes and a decrease in manufacturing costs for the parts. With the above principle applied to the increasing world flow of material and products, a substantial increase in worldwide productivity can be visualized.

STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS INTERNATIONAL LEVEL ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies, at present comprising 146 members. The objective of ISO is to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world with a view to facilitating international exchange of goods and services, and to developing cooperation in the sphere of intellectual, scientific, technological, and economic activity. The results of ISO technical work are published as International Standards. The scope of ISO covers standardization in all fields except electrical and electronic engineering standards, which are the responsibility of the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC). ISO brings together the interests of producers, users (including consumers), governments worldwide, and the scientific community, in the preparation of International Standards. Its technical work is carried out through 2940 technical bodies utilizing more than 30 000 experts, resulting in the publication of 14 000 ISO standards.  A listing of acronyms and addresses for standards organizations is found in Table 1-1.

Origin International standardization started in the electro-technical field some 90 years ago. While some attempts were made in the 1930s to develop international standards in other technical fields, it was not until ISO was created that an international standards organization devoted to standardization as a whole came into existence. Following a meeting in London in 1946, delegates from 25 countries decided to create a new international organization “the object of which would be to facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards.” The new organization, ISO, began to function officially on February 23, 1947.

Members  A member body of ISO is the national body “most representative of standardization in its country.” It follows that only one such body for each country is accepted for membership in ISO. Member bodies are entitled to participate and exercise full voting rights on any technical committee of ISO, are eligible for Council membership, and have seats in the General  Assembly. By January 2003, the number of member bodies was 94. More than 70% of the ISO member bodies are governmental institutions or organizations incorporated by public law. The remainder have close links with the public administration in their own countries.  A correspondent member is normally an organization in a developing country which does not yet have its own national standards body. Correspondent members do not take an active part in the technical work, but are entitled to be kept fully informed about the work of interest to them. They may attend the General Assembly as observers. Nearly all the present correspondent members are governmental institutions. By January 2003, the number of correspondent members was 37.

Technical Work The technical work of ISO is carried out through technical committees (TC). The decision to establish a technical committee is taken by the ISO Technical Management Board which also approves ISO scope. Within this scope, the committee determines its own program of work. Work in the field of information technology is carried out through a joint ISO/IEC technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC I 16

Information Technology , established in 1987 by the ISO and IEC Councils. Each technical committee may, in turn, establish subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG) to cover different aspects of its work. Each technical committee or sub-committee has a secretariat, assigned to an ISO member body: in the case of technical committees, by the Technical Board on behalf of Council, and in the case of subcommittees, by the parent committee. For  each working group, a convener is appointed by the parent committee. By January 2003, there were 188 technical committees, 550 subcommittees, 2175 working groups, and 24 ad hoc study groups.  A proposal to begin work in a new field of technical activity normally comes from within ISO itself, but it may also originate from some other international organization. Since the resources are limited, priorities must be considered. Therefore, all new proposals are submitted for consideration by the ISO member bodies. If accepted, either the new work will be referred to the appropriate existing technical committee, or a new technical committee will be established. To ensure coordination of work in all matters of common interest, liaisons are established between related technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been authorized has the right to be represented on that committee. subcommittees (ISO/TC/SC) — This is the level at which most of the technical decisions are made and is also the level at which much of the technical liaison takes place. Subcommittees are charged with the study of one or several items within the scope of the technical committee. working groups (ISO/TC/SC/WG) —The technical committees and subcommittees may set up working groups composed of  a restricted number of individuals to prepare working drafts for standards development. The group may function between meetings of the parent committee, but it is automatically disbanded on completion of its task. ad-hoc working group — a group that may be formed to deal with a matter on which it is required to report to the parent committee at the same meeting in which it is formed.

EVOLUTION OF AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Prior to July 1971, subjects proposed and approved by ISO were known as “ISO Recommendations.” Although the ISO charter included provision for the approval and publication as ISO standards, the procedure had never been invoked. In mid-1971, a decision was made to publish all ISO draft Recommendations as draft international standards and, subsequently, as international standards. At the same time a new category of document, to be known as a “Technical Report,” was introduced. The descriptions which follow reflect current terminology. draft proposals — a draft submitted to the participating (P) members of a technical committee for study which is intended eventually to become an International Standard. A given subject may undergo several successive committee drafts, i.e., first draft, second draft, etc. draft international standard (DIS) — a committee draft which has received substantial support from the participating members of the technical committee and is transmitted to the Central Secretariat for registration. This is then circulated to the P-members and all the other Member Bodies for final letter ballot. international standard — a draft international standard which has been adopted by a two-thirds majority vote of the Pmembers of the technical committee and approved by 75% of all the Member Bodies voting technical report — there are three types of technical reports, as follows (a) When the required support cannot be obtained for a DIS to pass the approval stage, or in case of doubt concerning consensus, the committee may decide, by a simple majority vote of its P-members, that the document should be published in the form of a technical report. (b) When the subject in question is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an international standard, the committee may decide that the publication of a technical report would be appropriate. The decision to publish the technical report requires a simple majority vote of the Pmembers of the committee. A technical report of type (b) may be used for “pre-standardization” purposes. (c) When a committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an international standard (this may include, for example, data obtained from a survey carried out among the national bodies, data on work in other international organizations, or data on the “state of the art” in relation to standards of national bodies on a particular  subject), the committee may decide, by a simple majority vote of its P-members, to publish such data in the form of a technical report. Such a document will be entirely informative in nature. Technical reports of types (a) and (b) are subject to review not later than three years after their publication. The aim of  such a review is to reexamine the situation, and if possible, to achieve the agreement necessary for the publication of an international standard to replace the technical report.

FINANCE ISO is maintained by the financial contributions of its members; the amount varies according to the circumstances of the country concerned. Additional revenue, however, is gained from the sale of international standards and other publications. 17

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (IEC) The International Electrotechnical Commission came into being in 1906. ISO and JEC have established a formal agreemer4, stating the relationship between the two organizations. In accordance with this agreement, ISO and IEC form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. It is agreed that questions related to international standardization in the electrical and electronic engineering fields are the concern of IEC. Other subject areas are the responsibility of ISO. In matters of international standardization not related to any particular technology, ISO undertakes, in consultation with IEC, to safeguard any electro-technical interests which may be involved. To ensure the necessary technical coordination, ISO and IEC have established a joint ISO/IEC Technical Programming Committee. The members of the IEC are the national committees, one for each country, which are required to be as representative as possible of all electrical interests in the country concerned: manufacturers, users, governmental authorities, teaching, and professional bodies. They a re composed of representatives of the various organizations which deal with questions of electrical standardization at the national level. Most of them are recognized and supported by their governments. In the technical work, numerous liaisons have been established between ISO and IEC committees, and a joint ISO/IEC technical committee has been established in the field of information technology.

REGIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS  ASAC (Asian Standards Advisory Committee) — setup in 1966 under ECAFE (Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East). Regional standards are not envisaged. COPANT (Pan American Standards Commission) — comprises national standards bodies of USA and 11 Latin American countries. Regional standards published and available from ANSI in the Spanish language. CEN (European Committee for Standardization) — comprises national standards bodies of the EU (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and United Kingdom) and EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland). Over 1300 working groups prepare European standards which, if accepted by 71% of CEN members, are published without variation of text in the countries accepting them as the national standard. CENELEC (European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization) — electro-technical counterpart of CEN. Comprises national electro-technical committees of EEC and EFTA countries. The CENELEC Electronic Components Committee produces harmonization documents with which national standards can be brought into line, with built-in quality assessment. There are 12 working groups. ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) — the ECSC has produced more than 150 steel material (EURONORM) standards, some of which are referred to in this publication ECISS (European Committee for Iron and Steel Standardization) — revised and republished most of the EURONORM standards as European standards (EN). An EN standard (German: Norm, French: Norme) is a document that has been adopted by one of the t hree recognized European Standardization Organizations: CEN, CENELEC or ETSI. An EN is available, in principle, in the three official languages of CEN (English, French and German).

PASC (Pacific Area Standards Congress) — comprises national standards bodies from the USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.

NATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS  ANSI (American National Standards Institute) — Only a brief review of the various functions ANSI fulfills will be presented in this book. More details about the ANSI organization are available from the institute upon request.  ANSI provides the machinery for creating voluntary standards. It serves to eliminate duplication of standards activities and to weld conflicting standards into single, nationally accepted standards under the designation “American National Standards.” The Standards Institute, under whose auspices this work is being done, is the USA clearinghouse and coordinating body for standards activity on the national level. It is a federation of trade associations, technical societies, professional groups, and consumer organizations. Some 1000 companies are affiliated with the Institute as company members. The American National Standards Institute is the USA member of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), the Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT), and the Pacific  Area Standards Congress (PASC). Through these channels American interests make their position felt on the international level. other national standards bodies at the ISO — The eight national standards organizations with the largest gross national products are listed in Fig. 1-1 and their addresses are given in Table 1-1. ANSI has the distribution of their national standards in the USA.

18

TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS Acronyms Std Prefix

Organization Address

Email Web Page

Phone Fax

 ABMA

American Bearing Manufacturers Association

[email protected]

202 367 1155

http://www.americanbearings.org

202 367 2155

[email protected]

33 1 41 62 80 00

http://www.afnor.fr 

33 1 49 17 90 00

[email protected]

703 684 0211

http://www.agma.org

703 684 0242

[email protected]

202 452 7100

2025 M Street NW Suite 800 Washington DC 20036 USA  AFNOR, NF

 AGMA

Association française de normalisation 11, avenue Francis de Pressensé 93571 Saint-Denis La Plaine Cedex France  American Gear Manufacturers Association 1001 N Fairfax Street, Suite 500  Alexandria, VA 22314-1587 USA

 AISI*

 American Iron & Steel Institute 1140 Connecticut Ave., NW Suite 705

http://www.steel.org

Washington, DC 20036 USA  ANMC*

 American National Metric Council 4340 EW Highway, Suite 401

[email protected]

301 718 6508

http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/anmc.htm

301 656 0989

[email protected]

212 642 49 00

http://www.ansi.org

212 398 00 23

Bethesda MD 20814-4411 USA  ANSI

 American National Standards Institute 25 Wes t 43r d Str eet 4 flo or

 API

New Yor k, NY 100 36 USA

http://webstore.ansi.org

 American Petroleum Institute

[email protected].

202 682 8000

http://www.api.org

202 962 4739

1220 L Street NW Washington DC 20005-4070 USA  ASAC

Asian Standards Advisory Committee

 ASABE

 American Society for Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2950 Niles Road

202 682 8114

[email protected]

269 429 0300

http://www.asae.org

269 429 3852

[email protected]

800 336 5152

http://www.asm-intl.org

440 338 5151

St Joseph MI 49085-9659 USA  American Society for Metals International  ASM*

9639 Kinsman Rd Materials Park OH 44073 USA

 ASME

 American Society for Mechanical Engineers Three Park Ave

440 338 4634 [email protected]

800 843 2763

http://www.asme.org

973 882 1170

New York NY 10016-5990 USA  ASQ

 American Society for Quality 600 North Plankinton Ave Milwaukee, WI 53203 USA

973 882 1717 [email protected]

800 248 1946

http://www.asq.org

414 272 8575 414 272 1734

NOTE *Books but no standards

19

TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D) Acronyms

Organization

Email

Phone

Std Prefix

Address

Web Page

Fax

[email protected]

610 832 9585

http://www.astm.org

610 832 9555

[email protected]

44 20 89 96 90 01

http://www.bsi-global.com

44 20 89 96 74 00

[email protected]

440 899 0010

http://www.ccpa.org

440 892 1404

[email protected]

212 251 7200

http://www.copper.org

212 251 7234

 ASTM

 American Society for Testing and Materials 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken PA 19428-2959

BSI, BS

British Standards Institution 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL United Kingdom

CCPA

Cemented Carbide Producers Association 30200 Detroit Road Cleveland OH 44145

CDA*

Copper Development Association, Inc 260 Madison Avenue 16th Floor New York NY 10016

CEE

International Commission on Rules for the  Approval of Electrical Equipment

http://www.cee-nl.org.mx/default.asp

310 Utrechtseweg Arnhem Netherlands CEN, EN

European Committee for Standardization

[email protected]

32 25 50 08 11

36 rue de Strassart 1050 Brussels Belgium

http://www.cenorm.be

32 25 50 08 19

[email protected]

32 25 19 68 71

http://www.cenelec.org

32 25 19 69 19

CENELEC, European Committee for Electro-technical EN

Standardization 35 rue de Stassart 1050 Brussels Belgium

CGPM

Central Conference of Weights and Measures (see OIML)

CIPM

International Conference on Weights and Measures (see OIML)

COPANT

http://www.sizes.com/units/cgpm.htm

Pan American Standards Commision Manuel Díaz Portocarrero Torre Fondo Común. Piso 11

http://www.bipm.fr/en/committees/cipm [email protected]

58 25 74 29 41

http://www.copant.org (Refer to ANSI)

58 25 74 29 41

[email protected]

49 30 26 01 0

http://www.din.de

49 30 26 01 12 31

Caracas Venezuela DIN

DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung Burggrafenstrasse 6 10787 Berlin Germany

ECSC

European Coal and Steel Community

EURO-

EURONORM standards issued in German,

NORM

French, Italian, Dutch. Contact DIN-Beuth

NOTE *Books but no standards

20

Order; http://www.din.de/beuth http://www.cordis.lu/ecsc/home.html

TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D) Acronyms

Organization

Email

Phone

Std Prefix

Address

Web Page

Fax

[email protected]

41 22 919 0211

http://www.iec.ch

41 22 919 0300

[email protected]

800 678 4333

http://standards.ieee.org

732 981 0060

IEC

International Electro-technical Commision Central Office, 3 rue de Varembe 1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 445 Hoes Lane POB 1331

732 981 9667

Piscataway NJ 08855-1331 USA IFI

Industrial Fastener Institute 6363 Oak Tree Boulevard

[email protected]

216 241 1482

http://www.industrial-fasteners.org

216 241 5901

[email protected]

41 22 749 01 11

http://www.iso.org

41 22 733 34 30

[email protected]

81 3 35 01 9471

http://www..jsa.or.jp

81 3 35 80 8637

Independence Ohio 44131 USA ISO

International Organization for Standardizn 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56

1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland JISC, JIS

Japanese Industrial Standards Committee 4-1-24 Akasaka Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8440 Japan

JSA*

Japanese Standards Association 4-1-24 Akasaka Minato-ku

Order; http://www.jsa.or.jp [email protected]

81 3 35 83 8005

http://www.jsa.or.jp/default_english.asp

81 3 35 86 2014

Tokyo 107-8440 Japan JSA*

Japanese Standards Association

[email protected]

16, Chemin de la Voie-Greuse 1202 Geneva Switzerland NEMA

National Electrical Manufacturers Assocn

[email protected]

703 841 3200

http://www.nema.org

703 841 5900

National Fluid Power Association

[email protected]

414 778 3344

3333 N Mayfair Road Suite 211

http://www.nfpa.com

414 778 3361

[email protected]

301 975 6478

[email protected]

301 975 8295

1300 North 17th Street Suite 1752 Rosslyn, VA 22209 USA NFPA

Milwaukee WI 53222-3219 USA NIST

National Institute of Standards & Technology USA DoC 100 Bureau Drive Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA

OIML

International Organization of Legal Metrology Rue Turgot 11 75009 Paris France

http://www.nist.gov [email protected]

33 1 48 78 12 82

http://www.oiml.org

33 1 42 82 17 27

NOTE *Books but no standards

21

TABLE 1-1 ACRONYMS AND LINKS TO IMPORTANT STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS (CONT'D) Acronyms

Organization

Email

Phone

Std Prefix

Address

Web Page

Fax

PASC

Pacific Area Standards Congress (USA,

RMA

Canada, Australia, Japan, New Zealand India, China, Russia, Chile, Peru, Thailand, Colombia, Republic of Korea, Vietnam, etc) Rubber Manufacturers Association

TISI (Thailand) http://www.pascnet.org http://www.pascnet.org/roster.jsp [email protected]

202 682 4800

http://www.rma.org

202 682 4854

[email protected]

612 8206 6000

http://www.standards.org.au

612 8206 6001

[email protected] http://www.sae.org

724 776 4841 724 776 0790

[email protected]

613 238 32 22

http://www.scc.ca

613 569 78 08

Standards Engineers Society

[email protected]

603 610 7101

1950 Lafayette Road, Box 1

http://www.ses-standards.org

603 926 0750

[email protected]

800 733 4763

http://www.sme.org

313 425.3000

1400 K Street NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20005 SAA, AS

Standards Australia 20 Bridge Street Sydney NSW 2001 Australia

SAE

Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale PA 15096

SCC

Standards Council of Canada 270 Albert Street, Suite 200 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6N7 Canada

SES*

Portsmouth NH 03801 SME*

Society of Manufacturing Engineers One SME Drive Dearborn MI 48128

ULI

313 425 3400

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc

[email protected]

877 854 3577

2600 N.W. Lake Road

http://www.ul.com

360 817 6278

[email protected]

39 02 70 02 41

http://www.uni.com

39 02 70 10 61 49

[email protected]

216 241 7333

1300 Sumner Avenue Cleveland OH 44115

http://www.uscti.com

216 241 0105

US Metric Association

[email protected]

818 363 5606

http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger

818 368 7443

Camas, WA 98607-8542 UNI

Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione Via Battistotti Sassi 11/b IT-20133 Milano

USCTI*

USMA

United States Cutting Tool Institute

10245 Andasol Ave Northridge CA 91325-1504 NOTE *Books but no standards ISO Members Worldwide

22

RELATED ISO PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FROM ANSI A N S I C a t a l o g  Contains listing with prices of ANSI standards published annually.

ISO General Information Publications; http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/otherpubs/General.PublicationList?CLASSIFICATION=GENERAL ISO Technical Program Information on the titles and stages of development of all draft standards. (Biannual) ISO/IEC Directives Part 1 Procedures for technical work Part 2 Methodology for the development of International Standards. Part 3 Drafting and presentation of International Standards. ISO Memento Information, English and French, on the scope of responsibility, organizational structure, and secretariats for  each technical committee. In addition, the Memento contains general information on the organization and administration of  the work of ISO. (Annual) ISO Participation This table indicates the membership of technical committees, technical divisions, and committees reporting to the ISO Council. (Biannual) ISO Bulletin Standardization news; calendar of ISO meetings; list of all new draft ISO standards and newly published ISO standards. (Monthly) ISO/IEC Guide 2: 1991 General terms and their definitions concerning standardization and related activities. Approximately 40 Guides, designated ISO/IEC Guide Nos. 2-57, cover subjects related to international standardization, and are listed in the ISO catalog. ISO Video Film International standardization 18 min video cassette VHS. Other video films are also available. CEN Catalog Complete list of EN standards (German: Norm, French: Norme) and tables of corresponding material standards for CEN National Affiliate Members. See website; Welcome to the On-line Catalogue of European Standards with links to most European national standards organizations and their standards catalogs.

HOW TO FIND AND ORDER INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL STANDARDS Grouping of International Standards by Technical Committees (TC) see Table 1-2 and by International Classification for  Standards (ICS) see Table 1-3. Order international or national standards from ANSI or the applicable web page shown in Table 1-1. For all EN and national standards in Europe see CEN above and use websites shown.

TABLE 1-2 TECHNICAL COMMITTEES (TC) JTC 1 Information technology JTC 2 Joint Project Committee - Energy efficiency and renewable energy sources – Common terminology TC 1 Screw threads TC 2 Fasteners TC 4 Rolling bearings TC 5 Ferrous metal pipes and metallic fittings TC 6 Paper, board and pulps TC 8 Ships and marine technology TC 10 Technical product documentation TC 11 Boilers and pressure vessels TC 12 Quantities and units TC 14 Shafts for machinery and accessories TC 17 Steel TC 18 Zinc and zinc alloys - STANDBY TC 19 Preferred numbers - STANDBY TC 20 Aircraft and space vehicles TC 21 Equipment for fire protection and fire fighting TC 22 Road vehicles TC 23 Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry TC 24 Particle characterization including sieving TC 25 Cast irons and pig irons TC 26 Copper and copper alloys TC 27 Solid mineral fuels TC 28 Petroleum products and lubricants TC 29 Small tools TC 30 Measurement of fluid flow in closed conduits TC 31 Tyres, rims and valves TC 33 Refractories TC 34 Food products TC 35 Paints and varnishes TC 36 Cinematography

23

TC 37 Terminology and other language and content resources TC 38 Textiles TC 39 Machine tools TC 41 Pulleys and belts (including veebelts) TC 42 Photography TC 43 Acoustics TC 44 Welding and allied processes TC 45 Rubber and rubber products TC 46 Information and documentation TC 47 Chemistry TC 48 Laboratory equipment TC 51 Pallets for unit load method of materials handling TC 52 Light gauge metal containers TC 54 Essential oils TC 58 Gas cylinders TC 59 Buildings and civil engineering works TC 60 Gears TC 61 Plastics TC 63 Glass containers TC 67 Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries TC 68 Financial services TC 69 Applications of statistical methods TC 70 Internal combustion engines TC 71 Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed concrete TC 72 Textile machinery and accessories TC 74 Cement and lime TC 76 Transfusion, infusion and injection, and blood processing equipment for medical and pharmaceutical use TC 77 Products in fibre reinforced cement TC 79 Light metals and their alloys TC 81 Common names for pesticides and other agrochemicals TC 82 Mining - STANDBY TC 83 Sports and recreational equipment TC 84 Devices for administration of medicinal products and intravascular catheters TC 85 Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection TC 86 Refrigeration and air-conditioning TC 87 Cork TC 89 Wood-based panels TC 91 Surface active agents TC 92 Fire safety TC 93 Starch (including derivatives and by-products) TC 94 Personal safety -- Protective clothing and equipment TC 96 Cranes TC 98 Bases for design of structures TC 100 Chains and chain sprockets for power transmission and conveyors TC 101 Continuous mechanical handling equipment TC 102 Iron ore and direct reduced iron TC 104 Freight containers TC 105 Steel wire ropes TC 106 Dentistry TC 107 Metallic and other inorganic coatings TC 108 Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring TC 109 Oil and gas burners TC 110 Industrial trucks TC 111 Round steel link chains, chain slings, components and accessories TC 112 Vacuum technology TC 113 Hydrometry TC 114 Horology TC 115 Pumps TC 117 Fans TC 118 Compressors and pneumatic tools, machines and equipment TC 119 Powder metallurgy TC 120 Leather  TC 121 Anaesthetic and respiratory equipment TC 122 Packaging TC 123 Plain bearings TC 126 Tobacco and tobacco products TC 127 Earth-moving machinery TC 129 Aluminium ores - STANDBY TC 130 Graphic technology TC 131 Fluid power systems TC 132 Ferroalloys TC 133 Sizing systems and designations for clothes TC 134 Fertilizers and soil conditioners TC 135 Non-destructive testing TC 136 Furniture TC 137 Footwear sizing designations and marking systems TC 138 Plastics pipes, fittings and valves for the transport of fluids TC 142 Cleaning equipment for air and other gases TC 145 Graphical symbols TC 146 Air quality

24

TC 147 Water quality TC 148 Sewing machines TC 149 Cycles TC 150 Implants for surgery TC 153 Valves TC 154 Processes, data elements and documents in commerce, industry and administration TC 155 Nickel and nickel alloys TC 156 Corrosion of metals and alloys TC 157 Non-systemic contraceptives and STI barrier prophylactics TC 158 Analysis of gases TC 159 Ergonomics TC 160 Glass in building TC 161 Control and protective devices for gas and/or oil burners and appliances TC 162 Doors and windows TC 163 Thermal performance and energy use in the built environment TC 164 Mechanical testing of metals TC 165 Timber structures TC 166 Ceramic ware, glassware and glass ceramic ware in contact with food - STANDBY TC 167 Steel and aluminium structures TC 168 Prosthetics and orthotics TC 170 Surgical instruments TC 171 Document management applications TC 172 Optics and photonics TC 173 Assistive products for persons with disability TC 174 Jewellery TC 176 Quality management and quality assurance TC 177 Caravans TC 178 Lifts, escalators and moving walks TC 179 Masonry - STANDBY TC 180 Solar energy TC 181 Safety of toys TC 182 Geotechnics TC 183 Copper, lead, zinc and nickel ores and concentrates TC 184 Automation systems and integration TC 185 Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure TC 186 Cutlery and table and decorative metal hollow-ware TC 188 Small craft TC 189 Ceramic tile TC 190 Soil quality TC 191 Animal (mammal) traps - STANDBY TC 192 Gas turbines TC 193 Natural gas TC 194 Biological evaluation of medical devices TC 195 Building construction machinery and equipment TC 197 Hydrogen technologies TC 198 Sterilization of health care products TC 199 Safety of machinery TC 201 Surface chemical analysis TC 202 Microbeam analysis TC 203 Technical energy systems TC 204 Intelligent transport systems TC 205 Building environment design TC 206 Fine ceramics TC 207 Environmental management TC 208 Thermal turbines for industrial application (steam turbines, gas expansion turbines)- STANDBY TC 209 Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments TC 210 Quality management and corresponding general aspects for medical devices TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics TC 212 Clinical laboratory testing and in vitro diagnostic test systems TC 213 Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification TC 214 Elevating work platforms TC 215 Health informatics TC 216 Footwear  TC 217 Cosmetics TC 218 Timber  TC 219 Floor coverings TC 220 Cryogenic vessels TC 221 Geosynthetics TC 222 Personal financial planning - STANDBY TC 223 Societal security TC 224 Service activities relating to drinking water supply systems and wastewater systems – Quality criteria of the service and performance indicators TC 225 Market, opinion and social research TC 226 Materials for the production of primary aluminium TC 227 Springs TC 228 Tourism and related services TC 229 Nanotechnologies TC 230 Project Committee: Psychological assessment TC 231 Project Committee: Brand valuation TC 232 Learning services for non-formal education and training TC 234 Fisheries and aquaculture

25

TC 235 Project Committee: Rating services TC 236 Project Committee: Project Management TC 237 Project committee: Exhibition terminology TC 238 Solid biofuels TC 239 Project Committee: Network services billing TC 240 Project Committee: Product recall TC 241 Project Committee: Road-Traffic Safety Management System TC 242 Energy Management TC 243 Project Committee: Consumer product safety TC 244 Industrial furnaces and associated processing equipment TC 245 Project Committee: Cross-border trade of second-hand goods TC 246 Project committee: Anti-counterfeiting tools TC 247 Fraud countermeasures and controls TC 248 Project committee: Sustainability criteria for bioenergy TC 249 Traditional chinese medicine TC 250 Project committee: Sustainability in event management TC 251 Project committee: Asset management TC 252 Project committee: Natural gas fuelling stations for vehicles TC 253 Project committee: Treated wastewater re-use for irrigation TC 254 Safety of amusement rides and amusement devices TC 255 Biogas TC 256 Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders TC 257 General technical rules for determination of energy savings in renovation projects, industrial enterprises and regions TC 258 Project, programme and portfolio management TC 259 Project committee: Outsourcing TC 260 Human resource management TC 261 Additive manufacturing TC 262 Project committee: Risk management TC 263 Coalbed methane (CBM) TC 264 Fireworks TC 265 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) TC 266 Biomimetics TC 267 Facilities management

CASCO Committee on conformity assessment CIE International Commission on Illumination COPOLCO Committee on consumer policy IIW International Institute of Welding IULTCS International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies REMCO Committee on reference materials TMB Technical Management Board VAMAS Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards

TABLE 1-3 INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION FOR STANDARDS (ICS) 01 Generalities. Terminology. Standardization. Documentation 03 Services. Company organization, management and quality. Administration. Transport. Sociology 07 Mathematics. Natural Sciences 11 Health care technology 13 Environment. Health protection. Safety 17 Metrology and measurement. Physical phenomena 19 Testing  Analytical chemistry, see 71.040  21 Mechanical systems and components for general use 23 Fluid systems and components for general use Measurement of fluid flow, see 17.120  25 Manufacturing engineering 27 Energy and heat transfer engineering 29 Electrical engineering 31 Electronics 33 Telecommunications. Audio and video engineering 35 Information technology. Office machines 37 Image technology 39 Precision mechanics. Jewellery 43 Road vehicles engineering 45 Railway engineering 47 Shipbuilding and marine structures 49 Aircraft and space vehicle engineering 53 Materials handling equipment 55 Packaging and distribution of goods 59 Textile and leather technology 61 Clothing industry 65 Agriculture 67 Food technology 71 Chemical technology

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73 Mining and minerals 75 Petroleum and related technologies 77 Metallurgy 79 Wood technology 81 Glass and ceramics industries 83 Rubber and plastic industries 85 Paper technology 87 Paint and colour industries 91 Construction materials and building 93 Civil engineering 95 Military engineering 97 Domestic and commercial equipment. Entertainment. Sports

IS O H a n d b o o k 1   Documentation and information.  A number of ISO books (formerly named Handbooks) are available and listed on the following ISO link: http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/otherpubs/Handbooks.PublicationList?CLASSIFICATION=HANDBOOKS

Technical product specification

Compilation on CD-ROM of the entire collection of Technical Product Specification (TPS) standards which are essential to manufacturing on a global basis, as well as providing a common language for product and contract specification, and other communication along global supply chains. It allows the 242 standards to be accessed easily and rapidly and puts this "library" of standards into a conveniently transportable format. Technical product specification Year of publication: 2009 Edition: 1 .ISBN 978-92-67-10510-9

ISO Focus

 A selection of centre spreads from ISO Focus+ magazine of the last two years provide the theme for the ISO 2012 calendar. Topics covered include motor vehicle safety, standards in everyday life, energy, accessibility of buildings, the economic benefits of standards, social responsibility and space exploration. ISO Calendar 2012. Year of publication: 2011. Edition: 1

ISO Strategic Plan 2011-2015. Solutions to Global Challenges

The route map, via seven key objectives, to the global vision for ISO in 2015: to be the world's leading provider of high quality, globally relevant International Standards through its members and stakeholders. ISBN 978-92-67-10542-0

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ISO in figures for the year 2010

Significant statistics on ISO and ISO's work for 2010. Year of publication: 2011. Edition: 1. ISBN 978-92-67-10546-8

ISO in brief 

A four-page introduction to the ISO standardization system, the ISO system's output, ISO's partners and ISO's path forward. Year of publication: 2011. Edition: 3. ISBN 978-92-67-10550-5

ISO Annual Report 2010 Year of publication: 2011, Periodicity: Annual

ISO Catalogue 2011 The ISO Catalogue includes more than 18 500 published International Standards classified according to the International Classification for Standards (ICS) and by Technical Committee (TC).

CataloguePlus 2011 on CD-ROM This CD-ROM contains information on all published ISO standards and other publications, plus the ISO technical work programme of draft standards. The listings are presented by subject according to the International Classification for Standards (ICS). Lists in numerical order and in technical committee order  are also given. In addition, there is an alphabetical index and a list of withdrawn standards.

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Chapter 2 The International System of Measuring Units (SI) SUMMARY The metric system is simple and easy to learn. Do not become confused with all the details given in this chapter. You probably will not see most of the units in practical use. You should, however, learn the most common units for length, area, volume, mass, and temperature shown in Table 2-1. Prefixes are shown in Table 2-2. Preferred units are shown in bold. How the metric units relate to inch units are covered in Chapter 17. See conversion program. TABLE 2-1 SI UNITS Quantity

Symbol (Name)

Prefix and Symbol*

Other Metric Unit

nm (nanometer) = 10 -9 m -6

µm (micrometer) = 10 m

micron = µm = 0.001 mm

-3

mm (millimeter) = 10 m

Length

m

cm (centimeter) = 10 -2 m

(meter)

dm (decimeter) = 10-1 m hm (hectometer) = 10 2 m 3

km (kilometer) = 10 m 2

-6

2

mm (square millimeter) = 10 m

Area

2

m (square meter)

cm2 (square centimeter) = 10 -4 m2 dm2 (square decimeter) = 10 -2 m2 2

4

1 a (are) = 100 m2 2 2 1 hm = 1 ha (hectare) = 10 000 m 2

hm (square hectometer) = 10 m 2

6

2

km (square kilometer) = 10 m

Volume

m

3

(cubic meter)

mm3 (cubic millimeter) = 10-9 m3

1 µL (microliter) = 1 mm

3

cm3 (cubic centimeter) = 10-6 m3

1 mL (milliliter) = 1 cm

dm3 (cubic decimeter) = 10-3 m3

1 L (liter) = 1 dm

3

3 3

1 kL (kiloliter) = 1 m

µg (microgram) = 10-9 kg -6

mg (milligram) = 10 kg (1)

Mass

Temperature

-3

g (gram) = 10 kg

kg

1 mg =

1 µL = 1 mm3

1g=

1 mL = 1 cm3

(kilogram)

Mg (megagram) = 10 kg

1 kg = 1 L = 1 dm3 1 Mg = 1 kL = 1 m3 1 tmetric = 1000 kg

K

The absolute temperature

o

(kelvin) Speed

m/s (meter per second)

Acceleration

m/s

3

Mass of water;

C (degree Celsius)

o

TK = TO + tC = 273.15 + C 1 km/h = 1/3.6 m/s

2

(meter per second squared) µN (micronewton) = 10-6 N mN (millinewton) = 10-3 N

Force

N (newton)

daN (dekanewton) = 10 N(2) 3

kN (kilonewton) = 10 N 6

MN (meganewton) = 10 N

See NOTE (1) for Mass

TABLE 2-1 SI UNITS (CONT’D) Quantity Symbol (Name) Torque

Prefix and Symbol*

Other Metric Unit

µN•m (micronewton x meter) = 10 -6 N m mN•m (millinewton x meter) = 10 -3 N•m

N m

3

kN m (kilonewton x meter) = 10 N m

MN•m (meganewton x meter) = 10 6 N•m µPa (micropascal) = 10 -6 N/m2

Pressure, Stress

mPa (millipascal) = 10-3 N/m2

Pa 2

(pascal = N/m )

3

1 mbar (millibar) = 100 Pa

2

1 bar = 100 kPa

kPa (kilopascal) = 10 N/m 6

2

MPa (megapascal) = 10 N/m

10 bar = 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2

GPa (gigapascal) = 109 N/m2 mJ (millijoule) = 10-3 J

Energy, Work, Heat

J (joule)

3

kJ (kilojoule) = 10 J 6

MJ (megajoule) = 10 J

1 kWh (kilowatthour) = 1000 W x 3600 s = 3.6 106 J = 3.6 MJ

GJ (gigajoule) = 109 J µW (microwatt) 10-6 W

Power 

W (watt = J/s = N m/s)

-3

mW (milliwatt) 10 W 3

1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N•m/s

kW (kilowatt) 10 W

metric horsepower,

MW (megawatt) 106 W GW (gigawatt) 109 W

1 hpmetric = 75 kgf •m/s = 735 W

Notes: *Preferred in bold 1. In the metric system there are separate distinct units for mass and force. The kilogram is restricted to mass. The newton is the unit of force and should be used in place of the “kilogram-force.” The newton instead of the kilogram-force should be used in combination units which include force, for example, pressure or stress (N/m 2 = Pa), energy (N m = J), and power  (N m/s = W). Considerable confusion exist in the use of the term “mass” and “weight.” Mass is the property of matter to which it owes its inertia. If a body at rest on the earth’s surface is released from the forces holding it at rest, it will experience the acceleration of free fall (acceleration of gravity, g ). The force required to restrain it against free fall is commonly called weight. The acceleration of free fall varies in time and space, and weight is proportional to it. While at any point in time and space, weight can therefore vary, mass does not. Observed g can differ by over 0.5% between various points on the earth’s surface. Therefore, the difference of local g from the agreed standard value, 9.80665 m/s 2, must be taken into account for precise measurements where g is involved, such as delicate weigh The term “mass” should be used to indicate the quantity of matter in an object. The term “weight” is commonly used where the technically correct word is mass. Because of this widespread nontechnical use, the word weight should be avoided in technical reports. In converting quantities that has been presented as weight, care must be taken to determine whether force or mass is intended. 2. The dekanewton has some usage in EU since 1 daN = 1.02 kg (force).

Units and symbols SI prefixes The prefixes listed in Table 2-2 are used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of the SI units. These prefixes or their symbols are attached to names or symbols of units, forming what are properly called “multiples and submultiples of metric units”. For recommended application of prefixes, see Table 2-1 TABLE 2-2 SI PREFIXES SI prefix name

Symbol

Multiplication factor 

yotta

 Y

1024

zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka deci centi milli micro

Z E

1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 = 1000 = E+03 102 = 100 = E+02 101 = 10 = E+01 10-1 = 0.1 = E-01 10-2 = 0.01 = E-02 10-3 = 0.001 = E-03 10-6

P T G M k h da d c m µ

nano pico

n

femto atto zepto yocto

f 

10-9 10-12

p

10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

a z y

Classes of units The metric units are divided into two classes: base units and derived units. See definitions. Base units The metric system is built upon the seven well-defined base units of Table 2-3, which by convention are regarded as independent. Note that throughout this publication the word “quantity” means a measurable attribute of a phenomenon or  of matter. TABLE 2-3 SI BASE UNITS (ANSI SI 10) Quantity

length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature* amount of substance luminous intensity *See Temperature on p.37

Unit

Symbol

meter kilogram second ampere kelvin mole candela

m kg s A K mol cd

Derived units Derived SI units are shown in Table 2-4. Those SI derived units that have special names and symbols are listed in Table 2-5 and 6. Derived units are formed by combining base units according to the algebraic relations linking the corresponding quantities. The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical signs for multiplication, division, and use of exponents. For example, the SI unit for speed is the meter per second (m/s or m•s -1) and that for density is kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m 3 or kg•m-3). TABLE 2-4 SI DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES AND SYMBOLS (ANSI SI 10) Expression in terms Quantity

SI unit Name

Symbol

of other SI units

angle, plane

radian*

rad

m/m = 1

angle, solid

steradian*

sr

m2/m2 = 1

Celsius temperature**

degree Celsius

electric capacitance electric charge, quantity of electricity electric conductance electric inductance electric potential difference, electromotive force electric resistance energy, work, quantity of heat force frequency (of a periodic phenomenon)

farad coulomb siemens henry volt ohm joule newton hertz

illuminance luminous flux magnetic flux magneric flux density power, radiant flux pressure, stress

lux lumen weber tesla watt pascal

o

C

K

F C S H V J N Hz

C/V A•s A/V Wb/A W/A V/A N•m kg•m/s2 1/s

lx lm Wb T W Pa

lm/m2 cd•sr  V•s Wb/m2 J/s N/m2

Ω

NOTES: *See last paragraph of History on p.42 **See Temperature on p.37 It is frequently advantageous to express derived units in terms of other derived units with special names; for example, the metric unit for surface tension is usually expressed as N/m instead of kg/s 2 and that for electric dipole moment is usually expressed as C•m instead of A•s•m. TABLE 2-5 SI DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES FOR HUMAN HEALTH (ANSI SI 10) SI unit Quantity

Name

Symbol

Expression in terms of other SI units

activity (of a radionuclide)

becquerel

Bq

1/s

absorbed dose, specific energy imparted kerma, absorbed dose index

gray

Gy

J/kg

dose equivalent, dose equivalent index

sievert

Sv

J/kg

TABLE 2-6 SI DERIVED UNITS WITHOUT SPECIAL NAMES (ANSI SI 10) SI unit Name Quantity

absorbed dose rate acceleration angular acceleration angular velocity area concentration (of amount of substance) current density density (mass density) electric charge density electric field strength electric flux density energy density entropy exposure (x and gamma rays) heat capacity heat flux density, irradiance luminance magnetic field strength molar energy molar entropy molar heat capacity moment of force permeability (magnetic) permittivity power density radiance radiant intensity specific heat capacity specific energy specific entropy specific volume surface tension thermal conductivity velocity viscosity, dynamic viscosity, kinematic volume wave number

gray per second meter per second squared radian per second squared radian per second square meter mole per cubic meter ampere per square meter kilogram per cubic meter coulomb per cubic meter volt per meter coulomb per square meter joule per cubic meter joule per kelvin coulomb per kilogram joule per kelvin watt per square meter candela per square meter ampere per meter joule per mole joule per mole kelvin joule per mole kelvin newton meter henry per meter farad per meter watt per square meter watt per square meter steradian watt per steradian joule per kilogram kelvin joule per kilogram joule per kilogram kelvin cubic meter per kilogram newton per meter watt per meter kelvin meter per second pascal second square meter per second cubic meter 1 per meter

Symbol

Gy/s m/s2 rad/s2 rad/s m2 mol/m 3 A/m 2 kg/m 3 C/m3 V/m C/m 2 J/m3 J/K C/kg J/K W/m 2 cd/m2 A/m J/mol J/(mol•K) J/(mol•K) N•m H/m F/m W/m 2 W/(m 2•sr) W/sr  J/(kg•K) J/kg J/(kg•K) m3/kg N/m W/(m•K) m/s Pa•s m2/s m3 1/m

Unit of mass  Among the base and derived units of SI, the unit of mass (kilogram) is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. Names and symbols of decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefixes to the word gram or prefix symbols to the symbol g.

Other units Units from other systems To preserve the advantage of SI as a coherent system, minimize the use of units from other systems with SI. Such use should be limited to those listed in Table 2-7. TABLE 2-7 UNITS IN USE WITH SI (ANSI SI 10) Quantity time

1

plane angle volume mass energy mass

Unit

minute hour day week, month, etc. degree minute second liter metric ton or tonne electronvolt unified atomic mass unit

Symbol

min h d o

' " L, l t eV u

Value in SI units

1 min = 60 s 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s 1o = (π/180) rad 1' = (1/60)o = (π/10 800) rad 1" = (1/60)' = (π/648 000) rad 1 L = 1 dm3 = 10-3 m3 1 t = 1 Mg = 10 3 kg 1 eV = 1.602 177 33(49) x 10-19 J 1 u = 1.660 540 2(10) x 10 -27 kg

NOTE: 1. TIME: The international (military) designation is: 13:32 (instead of 1:32 p.m.); 11:15 (instead of 11:15 a.m.) DATE: The all-numeric writing of dates varies in different parts of the world. The date April 2, 2012 is written as follows; ISO 8601 : 2012-04-02 . USA : 4-2-2012 Europe : 2-4-2012 EU and many other countries have adopted the ISO standard for the writing of all-numeric dates in their standards, and it is recommended for use in all international communications. use of second (s) – the SI base unit s (second) is recommended in all applications where energy or power might be calculated (torque, flow, speed).

Time The SI unit for time is the second (s), which should be used in technical calculations. However, where time relates to life customs or calendar cycles, the minute, hour, day, and other calendar units may be necessary. For example, vehicle speed is often expressed in unit kilometer per hour (km/h) Plane angle The SI unit for plane angle is the number 1, which is also called by its special name radian (rad). Use of the degree and its decimal submultiples is permissible when the radian is not a convenient value. Do not use the minute and second except for special fields such as astronomy and cartography. Volume The SI unit for volume is the cubic meter (m 3). Use this unit, or a multiple or submultiple of it such as cubic kilometer  (km3), cubic centimeter (cm 3), etc. The liter (L) has the exact volume of one cubic decimeter (dm 3). The name liter with its new symbol and SI prefixes are easy to write and speak, and the author recommend its use in USA. Mass The SI unit for mass is the kilogram (kg). This unit, or a multiple or submultiple formed by attaching a SI prefix to gram (g), is preferred in all applications. The name “ton” has been given to several large mass units that are widely used in commerce and technology: the long ton of 2240 lb, the short ton of 2000 lb, and the metric ton of 1000 kg, which is almost 2205 lb. None of these terms is SI. The terms “metric ton” and “tonne” are restricted to commercial usage. The ton is also used for volume (register ton) and power ratings (air conditioning). The author therefore recommends using the SI prefix mega with gram, thus 1 Mg = 1000 kg. Energy The SI unit of energy, the joule, together with its multiples and submultiples, is preferred for all applications. The kilowatthour is widely used as a measure of electric energy. This unit should not be introduced into any new fields, and eventually it should be replaced. The unit to use is the megajoule.

Units in use temporarily with SI Units in use temporarily with SI are shown in Table 2-8. These units should not be introduced where they are not presently used. TABLE 2-8 UNITS IN USE TEMPORARILY WITH SI (ANSI SI 10) Name

nautical mile knot hectare bar barn curie roentgen rad rem

Symbol

ha bar b Ci R rad, rd rem

Value in SI units

1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2 1 bar = 100 kPa 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2 1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq 1 R = 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10 -2 Gy 1 rem = 1 cSv = 10 -2 Sv

Length The International nautical mile is now defined as 1852 m long, and it is used in nautical and aerial navigation to express distance and speed. Area The SI unit for area is the square meter (m 2). The hectare (ha) is a special name for the square hectometer (hm 2). Large land or water areas are generally expressed in hectares or in square kilometers (km 2). Pressure, stress and vacuum

The SI unit for pressure and stress is the pascal (newton per square meter), and with proper SI prefixes it should be used in all applications. Do not use old metric units for pressure and stress such as kilogram-force per square centimeter  (kgf/cm2), or other non-SI units, such as torr and millimeter of mercury, for pressure. Because one bar equals 10 5 Pa, the millibar should be called by its SI name, the hectopascal (1 mbar = 1 hPa). Pressure and vacuum . Gage pressure is absolute pressure minus ambient pressure (usually atmospheric pressure). Both gage pressure and absolute pressure are expressed in pascals, using SI prefixes as appropriate. Gage pressure is positive if above ambient pressure and negative if below. Pressure below ambient is often called vacuum; if the term “vacuum” is applied to numerical measure it should be made clear whether negative gage pressure or absolute gage pressure is meant. See Editorial guide, Attachments to unit symbols for methods of designating gage pressure and absolute pressure.

Centimeter-gram-second (cgs) units  Avoid all units with special names peculiar to the various cgs systems (measurement systems constructed by using the centimeter, gram, and second as base units). Among these units are the following, defined for mechanics, fluid mechanics, and photometry: the erg, dyne, gal, poise, stokes, stilb, phot, and lambert. Further, avoid the cgs units for electricity and magnetism. This statement applies to the units designated by the general abbreviation “esu” (for electrostatic cgs unit) and “emu” (for electromagnetic cgs unit), including those units that have been given special names – gauss, oersted, maxwell, gilbert, biot, and franklin. It also applies to the unit names formed with the prefixes ab and stat, for example, the abampere and statvolt.

Units and names that are not to be used Table 2-9 lists deprecated units and, in many cases, units with which they may be replaced. These are examples of  several metric and related units other than those of SI that have been defined over the years. These include all units defined only in the cgs, esu, and emu systems. Some of these are used only in special fields; others have found broad application outside the USA. Except for the special cases discussed in the previous text, do not use units that are not part of SI (as well as non-SI names for multiples and submultiples of SI units, such as micron for micrometer). TABLE 2-9 EXAMPLES OF UNITS AND NAMES THAT ARE NOT TO BE USED (ANSI SI 10) Name

Symbol

Value in SI units

Å

1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10 -10 m

are atmosphere, standard atmosphere, technical calorie (physics) calorie (nutrition) candle candlepower dyne

a atm at cal Cal

1 a = 1 dam2 = 100 m2 1 atm = 101.325 kPa 1 at = 98.0665 kPa 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 Cal = 4.184 kJ 1 cd 1 cp = 1 cd 1 dyn = 10-5 N

erg fermi G, g (as a unit) gal

erg fermi

ångström

gamma gauss gon, grad, grade kilocalorie kilogram-force langley maxwell metric carat metric horsepower micron millimeter of mercury mm, cm, or m of water millimicron mho oersted phot poise stere stilb stokes torr x unit γ (mass) λ (volume)

cp dyn

Gal γ

G gon kcal kgf cal/cm2 Mx 75 kgf•m/s µ

mmHg mmH 2O, etc. mµ mho Oe ph

1 erg = 10-7 J 1 fm = 10 -15 m 1 g = 9.806 65 m/s 2 1 Gal = cm/s2 = 10-2 m/s2 1 γ = 1 nT = 10 -9 T 1 G = 10-4 T 1 gon = (π/200) rad 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ 1 kgf = 9.806 65 N 1 cal/cm2 = 41.84 kJ/m2 = 4.184 x 104 J/m2 1 Mx = 10-8 Wb 1 carat = 200 mg = 2 x 10 -4 kg 1 hp m = 735.5 W 1 µm = 10-6 m 1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa 1 mmH 2O = 9.806 65 Pa, etc. 1 mµ = 1 nm = 10 -9 m 1 mho = 1 S 1 Oe = (1000/4π) A/m 1 ph = 104 lx

P

1 P = dyn•s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa•s

st sb St Torr

1 st = 1 m 3 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2 1 St = cm2/s = 10-4 m2/s 1Torr = (101 325/760) Pa 1 x unit = 1.0021 x 10-13 m 1 γ = µg = 10-9 kg 1 λ = mm3 = 10-9 m3

γ λ

Some comments concerning quantities and units Mass, force and weight For a discussion of the treatment of these and related quantities in SI, see note (1) Table 2-1. Temperature The SI unit of thermodynamic temperature is the kelvin (K). Use this unit to express thermodynamic temperature and temperature intervals. Wide use is also made of the degree Celsius (oC), which is equal to the unit kelvin; it is a special name for expressing Celsius temperature and temperature intervals. Celsius temperature t (which replace centigrade temperature) is related to thermodynamic temperature T by the equation t = T – T o, where T o = 273.15 K by definition. In practice, the International Temperature Scale of 1990(ITS-90) serves as the basis for high-accuracy temperature measurements in science and technology. Nominal dimensions Many dimensions used to identify commercial products are nominal values – values like “2 by 4” lumber and one-inch pipe that exist in name only and are used for the purpose of convenient designation. Others, like the inch-based trade sizes of nuts and bolts, designate one of the critical dimensions of the product. Although individuals should not convert such designations into SI units, trade associations and other organizations that are responsible for standardizing such products may adopt, without changing the product, nominal metric designations as deemed appropriate. Quantities and units used in rotational machines Angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration The coherent SI unit of plane angle is the number one; thus the SI units of the quantities of angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration are, respectively, 1, 1/s, and 1/s 2. However, it is often convenient to use the special name “radian” (rad), instead of the number 1 when expressing the values of these quantities. Thus, for clarity, the unit rad, rad/s, and rad/s2 are usually used, as shown in Table 6. Similar comments apply to solid angle; its coherent SI unit is also the number  1, which has the special name “steradian” (sr). Moment of force (bending moment) Because moment of force (bending moment) and torque are equal to a force times a distance (moment arm or lever arm), their SI unit is N•m. The joule (J = N•m), which is a special name for the SI unit of energy and work, shall not be used as a name for the unit of moment of force or of torque. Moment of inertia This quantity ( Ι  ) is a property of the mass distribution of a body about an axis ( Ι   = ∑m•r 2 ); its SI unit is kg•m 2. Angular momentum  Angular momentum (moment of momentum) is linear momentum (SI unit kg•m/s) times moment arm; its SI unit is kg•m2/s. The total angular momentum of a body of moment of inertia Ι   (SI unit kg•m 2) rotating with angular velocity ω (SI unit 1/s) is Ι  •ω (SI unit kg•m2/s). Kinetic energy The kinetic energy of a body of moment of inertia its SI unit is joule.

Ι  

2

2

( SI unit kg•m ) rotating with angular velocity ω (SI unit 1/s) is Ι  •ω /2;

Work The work done by a moment of force or by a torque (SI uni t N•m) in a rotation through an angle (SI unit 1) is moment of  force or torque times angle of rotation; its SI unit is joule. Note that if the unit of rotational work is written as N•m rather than as J, possible confusion may occur because in its form it appears identical to the unit of moment of force or torque. In vector algebraic expressions or vector diagrams, the distinction between work and moment of force or torque is obvious because work is the scalar product of force and displacement while moment of force or torque involves the vector product of force and moment arm, but no such distinction is possible in the associated units. Impact energy absorption This quantity, often incorrectly called “impact resistance” or “impact strength”, is measured in terms of work required to break a standard specimen; the SI unit is joule.

Editorial guide Introduction The metric system is the international language of measurement. Its symbols are identical in all languages. Just as the English language is governed by rules of spelling, punctuation and pronunciation, so is the language of measurement. Uniformity of usage facilitates comprehension and leads to clarity in communications. This Editorial guide is a recommended practice intended to serve as a guide to accepted and consistent USA usage of  the metric system, and does not constitute a standard.

Rules for writing SI unit symbols Recommended use of SI units with names and symbols are shown in Table 2-1 and prefixes in Table 2-2. Symbols. The short form for metric units and prefixes are called symbols. The first letter of a symbol is capitalized when the name of the unit is derived from the name of a person. Other symbols are generally lower case*.

Examples: Unit Name meter liter kilogram newton pascal

Symbol m L* kg N Pa

*In 1979. the CGPM approved “L” and “l” as alternative symbols for liter. Since the letter symbol “l” can easily be confused with the numeral “1”, the symbol “L” is recommended for USA use. Any use of the script “ell” as a symbol for liter is deprecated. 1. Print unit symbols in upright type regardless of the typestyle used in the surrounding text. Italic letters are reserved for  quantity symbols, such as  A for area, m for mass, g for gravity acceleration and t for time. In typewriting or longhand, underlining may be used as a substitute for italics. 2. Do not alter unit symbols in the plural. Examples: 1 m, 100 m. Plural name usage. Names of units may be plural for  numeric values greater than 1, equal to 0 or less than -1. All other values take only the singular form of the unit name. Examples: 100 meters, 1.1 meters, 0 degrees Celsius, -4 degrees Celsius or  1.1 meter, 0 degree Celsius, 0.5 meter, ½ liter, -0.2 degree Celsius, -1 degree Celsius. 3. Do not follow unit symbols by a period except when used at the end of a sentence. Examples: When you add 15 g of salt … The length of the field is 350 m. 4. Write letter unit symbols in lowercase (e.g., cd) unless the unit name has been derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter of the symbol is capitalized (e.g., W, Pa). The exception is the symbol for liter, L. Prefix symbols use either lowercase or uppercase letters as shown in Table 2-7. The importance of precise use of capital and lowercase letters is shown by the following examples. Examples: G stands for giga; g for gram K for kelvin; k for kilo M for mega; m for milli N for newton; n for nano Names of units and prefixes are not capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence and in those titles, headings and other instances in which all main words are capitalized. Example: Meter is the unit used for some Olympic events. Force is measured in newtons. Note: In “degree Celsius”, “degree” is lower case and “Celsius” is capitalized; “degree centigrade” is obsolete. Unit symbols retain their prescribed form regardless of the surrounding typography. 5. If the value of a quantity is expressed as a numerical value and a unit symbol, a space shall be left between them. For  example, write 35 mm, not 35mm, 2.37 lm (for 2.37 lumens), not 2.37lm, and 20 oC, not 20oC. EXCEPTION – No space is left between the number and the symbol for degree, minute, and second of plain angle. 6. Do not leave any space between the prefix and unit symbols. 7. Use symbols, not abbreviations, for units. For example, use “A”, and not “amp”, for ampere.

Rules for writing unit names The handling of unit names varies internationally because of language differences. The following rules should be followed in USA: 1. Spelled-out unit names are treated as common nouns in English. Thus, the first letter of a unit name is not capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence or in capitalized material such as a title. 2. Use plurals as required by the rules of English grammar, for example, henries for the plural of henry. EXCEPTION – The names for hertz, lux and siemens remain unchanged in plural. 3. Do not leave a space or place a hyphen between the prefix and unit name. In three cases, the final vowel in the prefix is commonly omitted: “megohm,” “kilohm,” and “hectare.” In all other cases where the unit name begins with a vowel, both vowels are retained and both are pronounced.

Units formed by multiplication and division Unit names 1. Product. Use a space (preferred) or a hyphen:

Examples: newton meter or newton-meter  In the case of watt hour the space may be omitted, thus: Examples: watthour  2. Quotient . Use the word “per” and not a solidus: Examples: meter per second, not meter/second 3. Powers. Use the modifier “squared” or “cubed” placed after the unit name: Examples: meter per second squared In case of area or volume, a modifier may be placed before the unit name: Examples: square millimeters, cubic meter, watt per square meter  4. Symbols. To avoid ambiguity in complicated expressions, unit symbols are preferred over unit names.

Unit symbols The symbol for a compound unit that is the product of two or more units is indicated by either a raised dot, which is preferred, or by a space; thus, for newton meter  Examples: N•m or N m For limited character sets where the raised dot is not possible, use a space. In the case of kW•h, kilowatthour (a non-SI unit), the raised dot is often omitted, as is the space; thus, kWh. The symbol for a quotient of two or more units is indicated in one of the following ways: Examples: m/s or m•s-1 or m s Do not use more than one solidus in the same expression unless parentheses are inserted to avoid ambiguity. Examples: J/(mol•K) or J•mol-1•K-1 or (J/mol)/K, but not J/mol/K

Mixtures Do not mix symbols and unit names in the same expression. Examples: joules per kilogram or J/kg Do not write: joules/kilogram nor joules/kg nor joules•kg-1 Attachments to unit symbols  Attachment of letters to a unit symbol as a means of giving information about the nature of the quantity under  consideration is incorrect. Thus, do not use MWe, Vac, VAC, kJt, “megawatt electrical (power),” “volts ac,” nor kilojoules thermal (energy).” If the context leaves any doubt as to what is meant, qualify the name of the quantity appropriately. For  example, “ … an electric power of 1.4 MW.” For the same reason, do not attempt to construct SI equi valents of the abbreviations “psia” (pounds per square inch, absolute) and “psig,” which are often used to distinguish between absolute and gage pressure. Use instead “ … at a gage pressure of 13 kPa” or “ … at an absolute pressure of 13 kPa.” Where space is limited, such as on gages, nameplates, graph labels, and in table headings, the use of a modifier in parentheses, such as “kPa (gage),” “kPa (absolute),” or “V (ac),” is permitted.

Rules for writing SI prefixes In general, use the SI prefixes to indicate orders of magnitude. Thus, one can eliminate zeros (i.e., 12 300 m becomes 12.3 km) and leading zeros in decimal numbers (i.e., 0.001 23 µm becomes 1.23 nm). SI prefixes, therefore, provide a convenient alternative to powers-of-ten notation preferred in computation (i.e., 12.3 x 10 3 m becomes 12.3 km). Never use prefix alone.  A common unit-multiple is preferable even when some of the numerical values may require up to five or six digits before the decimal point. Examples: mm for dimensions on engineering drawings MPa for stress, except in very weak materials, for which kPa may be more convenient GPa for modulus of elasticity in most materials, except elastomers kg/m3 for mass density In a table of values for the same quantity, or in a discussion of such values within a given context, the same unit multiple should be used for all items even when some of the numerical values may require up to five or six digits before the decimal point. Mixing prefixes should be avoided unless the difference in size is extreme. Examples: 40 mm wide and 1500 mm long, not 40 mm wide and 1.5 m long; but 1500 meters of 2-mm diameter wire. Two units should not be used for one quantity. Examples: 3.5 m, not 3 m 50 cm or 3 m 500 mm; 13.58 L, not 13 L 580 mL Slang. A prefix should not be used without a unit. Examples: kilogram, not kilo; 10 kilometer run or 10 km run, not 10 K run. Roman numerals. Do not use M to indicate thousands (as in MCF for thousands of cubic feet or in MCM for thousands of  circular mills) nor MM to indicate millions, nor C to indicate hundreds, etc., because of conflicts with the SI prefixes.

Selection When expressing a quantity by a numerical value and a unit, give preference to a prefix that yields a numerical value between 0.1 and 1000. For simplicity, give preference to prefixes representing 1000 raised to a positive or negative integral power. However, the following factors may justify deviation from these prefixes: 1. In expressing area and volume, the prefixes hecto, deka, deci and centi may be required; for example, cubic decimeter, square hectometer, cubic centimeter. 2. In tables of values of the same quantity, or in a discussion of such values within a given context, it is preferable to use the same unit multiple throughout. 3. For certain quantities in particular applications, one particular multiple or submultiple is often used. For example, the millimeter is used for linear dimensions in engineering drawings even when the values lie far outside the range of 0.1 mm to 1000 mm; the centimeter is usually used for body measurements and clothing sizes. Prefixes in compound units  A compound unit is a derived unit that is expressed in terms of two or more units, rather than by a single special name. Ordinarily, only one prefix should be used in forming a multiple or submultiple of a compound unit. Normally the prefix should be attached to a unit in the numerator. An exception to this is when the kilogram occurs in the denominator. Examples: kV/m is usually preferable to V/mm MJ/kg is usually preferable to kJ/g kg/m3 is usually preferable to g/cm3 (NOTE – 1000 kg/m3 = 1 kg/dm3 = 1 g/cm3) Compound prefixes Do not use prefixes formed by the juxtaposition of two or more SI prefixes. Examples: 1.3 nm, not 1.3 mµm 2.4 pF, not 2.4 µµF If a value is required outside the range covered by the prefixes, express it by using a power of ten applied to the unit. Examples: 2 MJ = 2 x 10 6 J Powers of units  An exponent attached to a symbol containing a prefix indicates that the multiple or submultiple of the unit (the unit with its prefix) is raised to the power expressed by the exponent. Examples: 1 cm3 = (10-2 m)3 = 10-6 m3 2.5 ns-1 = 2.5(10-9 s)-1 = 2.5 x 109 s-1 7 mm2/s = 7(10-3 m)2/s = 7 x 10 -6 m2/s

Prefixes defined as powers of two In the computer field the SI prefixes kilo, mega, giga, etc. have sometimes been defined as powers of two. That is, kilo has been used to mean 1024 (i.e., 2 10), mega has been used to mean 1048 576 (i.e., 2 20), etc. This practice frequently leads to confusion and is deprecated.

Numbers Decimal marker  In the USA, the decimal marker is a dot on the line. When writing numbers less than one, write a zero before the decimal marker. Outside the USA, the comma is widely used as the decimal marker. In some applications, therefore, the common practice in the USA of using a comma to separate digits into groups of three (as in 23,478; EU use 23.478) may cause ambiguity. To avoid this potential source of confusion, recommended international practice calls for separating the digits into groups of three, counting from the decimal marker toward the left and the right, and using a thin, fixed space to separate the groups. In numbers of four digits on either side of the decimal marker the space is usually not necessary, except for uniformity in tables. Examples: 2.141 596 73 722 0.1334 Where this practice is followed, the width of the space should be constant even if, as is often the case in printing, justified spacing is used between words. In certain special applications, such as in engineering drawings and financial statements, the practice of inserting spaces to separate groups of numbers is not customary. Decimal notation is preferred with metric measurements, but simple fractions are acceptable (except on engineering drawings), such as those where the denominator is 2, 3 or 4. Examples: 0.5 g, 1.75 kg and 0.7 L are preferred; ½ g, is acceptable (except on engineering drawings) Nonsignificant zeros are normally not used. Examples: 25 25.0 not  EXCEPTION – Uniformity of inscription on drawings with limit dimensions.

Examples: 25.00

25 not 

24.46 24.46 Hyphens are used when a quantity is placed in an adjectival sense. Examples: A 3-meter pole … The length is 3 meters.  A 35-mm film … The width is 35 mm. Billion . Because billion means a thousand million in the USA but a million million in most other countries, avoid the term and similar terms for large numbers in international communications. How the terms billion, trill ion, etc. relate throughout the world is well outlined at the following site: http://www.jimloy.com/math/billion.htm. Examples: Multiplication factor

Prefix

Symbol

Term USA

Other countries

1 000 000 000 000=10 12

tera

T

trillion

billion

1 000 000 000=109

giga

G

billion

milliard

Quantities expressed as pure numbers Certain so-called dimensionless quantities, as for example refractive index, relative permeability, relative mass density, or  the friction factor, are defined as the ratio of two compatible quantities. Such quantities have a dimensional product – or  dimension – equal to 1 and are therefore expressed by pure numbers. The coherent SI unit is then the ratio of two identical SI units and may be expressed by the number one (for example, m/m = 1). More generally, a quantity of dimension one may be expressed by the ratio of units (for example, mm/m = 10 -3). The number one is generally not written out explicitly when a quantity of dimension one is expressed numerically. The percent symbol (%) may be used for the number 0.01. Avoid, however, the abbreviations ppm for parts per million and ppb for parts per billion. Because the names for numbers one billion and larger are not uniform worldwide, do not use terms such as parts per billion and parts per trillion. When expressing the values of quantities of dimension one, the meaning has to be clear. Expressions like "The mass fraction of Pt in the sample is 90% (or 0.9),” “the volume fraction of CO 2 in the sample is 1.2 x 10 -6,” or “the amount-ofsubstance fraction Pb in the sample is 2.7 x 10 -3,” are permissible; but they would not be permissible if the words “mass”, “volume,” and “amount of substance,” respectively, were not in the three expressions. These three fractions can also be expressed as 0.9 kg/kg, 1.2 cm 3/m3, and 2.7 mmol/mol, respectively, which are more understandable and, therefore, preferred.

History Development of the International System of Units (SI) The decimal system of units was conceived in the 16 th century, when there was a great confusion and a jumble of units of  weights and measures. It was not until 1790, however, that the French National Assembly requested the French Academy of Sciences to work out a system of units suitable for adoption by the entire world. This system was based on the meter as a unit of length. The mass of a cubic centimeter of water, the gram, was adopted as a practical measure to benefit industry and commerce. Physicists soon realized the system’s advantages, and it was adopted also in scientific and technical circles. The importance of the regulation of weights and measures was recognized in Article 1, Section 8, when the United States Constitution was written in 1787. The metric system was legalized in this country in 1866. In 1893, the international meter and kilogram became the fundamental standards of l ength and mass in the United States, both for metric and customary weights and measures. Meanwhile, international standardization began with an 1870 meeting of 17 nations in Paris that lead to the May 20, 1875 Convention du Mètre and the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris. A General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) was also constituted to handle all international matters concerning the metric system. The CGPM meets at least every six years in Paris and controls the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, which in turn preserves the metric standards, compares national standards with them, and conducts research to establish new standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) represents the United States in these activities. The metric system of 1875 provide a set of units for the measurement of length, area, volume, capacity, and mass. Measurement of additional quantities required for science and commerce has necessitated development of additional fundamental and derived units. Numerous other systems based on the meter and gram have been used. A unit of time was added to produce the centimeter-gram-second (CGS) system, adopted in 1881 by the International Electrical Congress. About the year 1900, practical measurements in metric units began to be based on the meter-kilogram-second (MKS) system. In 1935, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) acted favorably on a proposal originally made by Professor Giovanni Giorgi in 1901 and recommended that the MKS system of mechanics be linked with the electromagnetic system of units by adoption of one of the units-ampere, coulomb, ohm, or volt-for a fourth base unit. Subsequently the ampere, the unit of electric current, was selected as a base unit, thus defining the MKSA system. The 10th CGPM in 1954 adopted a rationalized and coherent system of units based on the four MKSA units, plus the Kelvin as the unit of temperature and the candela as the unit of luminous intensity. The 11 th CGPM in 1960 formally gave it the full title, International System of Units, for which the abbreviation is “SI” in all languages. Thirty-six countries, including the United States, participated in this conference. The 12th CGPM in 1964 made some refinements, and the 13 th CGPM in 1967 redefined the second, renamed the unit of temperature as the kelvin (K), and revised the definition of the candela. The 14th CGPM in 1971 added a seventh base unit, the mole, and approved the pascal (Pa) as a special name for the SI unit of pressure or stress, the newton per square meter, and the siemens (S) as a special name for the unit of electric conductance, the recipocal ohm or the ampere per volt. The 15th CGPM in 1975 added prefixes for 10 18 and 1015, exa (E) and peta (P) respectively, and approved two special names: the gray (Gy) as a special name for the SI unit of absorbed dose, the joule per kilogram; and the becquerel (Bq) as a special name for the SI unit of activity of a radionuclide, one per second. Because of the experimental difficulties in realizing a Planck radiator at high temperatures and the new possibilities offered by radiometry, i.e., the measurement of optical radiation power, the 16 th CGPM in 1979 adopted a new definition of the SI base unit candela. It also adopted a special name sievert (Sv) for the SI unit of dose equivalent in the field of  radioprotection. In order to increase the precision of realization of the SI base unit meter, the definition based upon the wavelength of a krypton-86 radiation was replaced by one based on the speed of light by the 17 th CGPM in 1983. The 19th CGPM in 1991 added the prefix zetta (Z) for 10 21, zepto (z) for 10 -21, yotta (Y) for 10 24, and yocto (y) for 10 -24. When SI was established by the 11 th CGPM in 1960, it had three classes of units; base units, derived units, and supplementary units. The class of supplementary units contained two units: the radian (rad) for plane angle and the steradian (sr) for solid angle (see Table 3). However, at the time of the introduction of the International System, the 11 th CGPM left open the question of the nature of these supplementary units. Considering that plane angle is generally expressed as the ratio between two lengths and a solid angle as the ratio between an area and the square of a length, in 1980 the CIPM (the International Committee for Weights and Measures of the CGPM) specified that in the International System the supplementary units radian and steradian are dimensionless derived units that may be used or omitted in expressing the values of physical quantities. This implies that the quantities plane angle and solid angle are considered dimensionless derived quantities. Because of this interpretation, the 20 th CGPM in 1995 eliminated supplementary units as a separate class in SI. Since then, SI consists of only two classes of units: base units and derived units, with the radian and steradian classified as derived units. The option of using them or not using them in expressions for other SI derived units, as is convenient, remain unchanged,

The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) has i ts headquarter near Paris, in the grounds of the Pavillon de Breteuil (parc de Saint-Cloud), placed at its disposal by the French Government; its upkeep is financed jointly by the member nations of the Convention du Mètre. In October 1995, 48 nations were members of this Convention: Argentina (Republic of), Australia, Austria, B elgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea (Democratic People’s Republic of), Korea (Republic of), Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Singapore, Slovak Republic, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, the United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela. The task of BIPM is to ensure worldwide unification of physical measurements; it is responsible for  • Establishing the fundamental standards and scales for measurement of the principal physical quantities and maintaining the international prototypes; • Carrying out comparisons of national and international standards; • Ensuring the coordination of corresponding measuring techniques; • Carrying out and coordinating the determinations relating to the fundamental physical constants that are involved in the above-mentioned activities. The BIPM operates under the exclusive supervision of the International Committee for Weight and Measures (CIPM, Comité, International des Poids et Mesures), which i tself comes under the authority of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures). The General Conference consists of delegates from all the member nations of the Convention du Mètre meets at present every four years. At each meeting it receives the Report of the International Committee on the work accomplished, and it is responsible for  • Discussing and instigating the arrangements required to ensure the propagation and improvement of the International System of Units (SI, Système International d’Unités), which is the modern form of the metric system; • Confirming the results of new fundamental metrological determinations and the various scientific resolutions of  international scope; • Adopting the important decisions concerning the organization and development of the BIPM.

STANDARD CONDITIONS AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS STANDARD CONDITIONS

Standard gravity acceleration g = 9.80665 m/s2 = 32.1740 ft/s 2  Absolute temperature (Thermodynamic temperature) K (kelvin) = (oC + 273.15) = (Celsius degrees + 273.15 exactly)

MISCELLANEOUS PRESSURE BASES International standard atmosphere = 0.101325 MPa (megapascal) = 1.01325 bar  = 1.01325 105 N/m2 = 1.0332 kgf/cm2 = 14.697 lbf/in2. 1 technical atmospheric pressure1 = 1 at = 0.98067 bar  = 1 kgf/cm2 = 1 kp/cm2 = 14.223 lbf/in2 = 735.6 mm Hg = 28.96 in Hg absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + recorded pressure ata = at + at ϋ (gauge) atϋ = atmospheric overpressure (Germany) NOTE 1. The technical atmospheric pressure is defined in the German standard DIN 1314 as 1 kg-force/cm 2, and it approximates the barometric pressure at sea level.

Definition of SI Base Units Translation of the original French definitions of the seven base units of the International System are given in the following item 1 through 7. 1. meter: The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. (Adopted by the 17th CGPM in 1983.) 2. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. (Adopted by the 1st and 3rd CGPMs in 1889 and 1901.) 3. second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom. (Adopted by the 13 th CGPM in 1967.) 4. ampere: The ampere is that constant current that, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed one meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10 -7 newtons per meter of length. (Adopted by the 9 th CGPM in 1948.) 5. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. (Adopted by the 13 th CGPM in 1967.) NOTE-It follows from this definition that the temperature of the triple point of water is 273.16 K (0.01 oC). The freezing point of water at standard atmospheric pressure is approximately 0.01 K below the triple point of water. 6. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entries as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. (Adopted by the 14 th CGPM in 1971.) When the mole is used, the elementary entries must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. 7. candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. (Adopted by the 16th CGPM in 1979.) The metric system is covered in national standards as shown in Table 2-10.

TABLE 2-10 SI SYSTEM STANDARDS Global USA Japan Germany France UK Italy Canada Australia

ISO ANSI JIS DIN NF BS UNI CSA AS

1000 SI 10 Z8203 1301 X02-004 3763 10003 Z234.2 1000

RELATED ISO STANDARDS TC 12 - Quantities and units

ISO 80000-1:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 1: General ISO 80000-2:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 2: Mathematical si gns and symbols to be used in the natural sciences and technology ISO 80000-3:2006 Quantities and units -- Part 3: Space and time ISO 80000-4:2006 Quantities and units -- Part 4: Mechanics ISO 80000-5:2007 Quantities and units -- Part 5: Thermodynamics IEC 80000-6:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 6: Electromagnetism ISO 80000-7:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 7: Light ISO 80000-8:2007 Quantities and units -- Part 8: Acoustics ISO 80000-9:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 9: Physical chemistry and molecular physics ISO 80000-10:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics ISO 80000-11:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 11: C haracteristic numbers ISO 80000-12:2009 Quantities and units -- Part 12: Solid state physics IEC 80000-13:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 13: Information science and technology IEC 80000-14:2008 Quantities and units -- Part 14: Telebiometrics related to human physiology IEC/NP 80003-1 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 1: Modalities ISO/CD 80003-2 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 2: Physics ISO/CD 80003-3 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 3: Chemistry IEC/NP 80003-4 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 4: Biology IEC/NP 80003-5 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 5: Culturology IEC/NP 80003-6 Physiological quantities and their units -- Part 6: Psychology National USA

 ANMC Metric Editorial Guide, 1993 Fifth Edition  ANSI/IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2010 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System  ANSI/IEEE Std 260.1-1993 American National Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units)  AS 1000 Metric (SI) System (Australia)  ASTM E 29-93a, Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications BIPM. 1991 Le Systeme International d’Unites (SI), 6 th edition. (This publication is in two parts: the official French text followed by an English-language translation.) BS 3763 Metric (SI) System (UK) CSA Z234.2 Metric (SI) System (Canada) DIN 1301 Metric (SI) System (Germany) JIS Z8203 Metric (SI) System (Japan) NF X02-004 Metric (SI) System (France) NIST Special Publication 304, 1991 Edition, The Modernized Metric System – International System of Units. NIST Special Publication 330, 1991 Edition, The International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). NIST Special Publication 814, 1992 Edition, Interpretation of SI for the United States and Metric Conversion Policy for  Federal Agencies. NIST Technical Note 1265, Guidelines for Realizing the International Temperature Scale of 990 (ITS-90). UNI 10003 Metric (SI) System (Italy)

RELATED PUBLICATIONS ISO STANDARDS HANDBOOK Quantities and units

SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other unit s, general principles concerning quantities, units and symbols. Individual standards dealing with quantities in space and time, periodic phenomena, mechanics, heat, electricity and magnetism, electromagnetic radiation, chemistry, molecular physics, nuclear physics, etc. 1993 3rd Ed 345 p ISBN 92-67-10185-4

Chapter 3 Engineering Drawing Practice SUMMARY The following are some suggestions for rationalizing and reducing cost in the drawing practice area. Metric. Prepare drawings with metric dimensions only. Inch. Do not change existing inch-dimensioned drawings unless necessary. Show linear dimensions in inches and decimals on inch drawings. Do not use feet and fractions. Use of Symbols. The internationally recognized symbols shown in Fig. 3-1 are recommended used whenever practical. Symbols need no translations and take minimal drawing space. Computer Drafting. Computer drafting is recommended. A number of excellent CAE/CAD/CAM computer software are available now, which will save time and reduce costly errors.

GENERAL INFORMATION ON ENGINEERING DRAWINGS INTRODUCTION The material presented in this chapter is intended to serve as a general guide in finding national and international standards on the subject of Engineering Drawing. It is of great importance for multinational companies to use internationally recognized drawing practices. Where a machine is initially designed and manufactured in one country, and at a future date must be produced in another nation, the company will avoid substantial extra expense by producing the machine from the initial drawings.

ISO PAPER SIZES (ISO 216) The familiar letter-paper size, 8.5 x 11 in., used in the USA, still captures a large percentage of the world market. The ISO paper size, A4, is principally used in Europe and in most of the emerging nations, and is estimated to represent an increasing portion of the world usage of letter-size paper. Some of the considerations made before including the ISO paper sizes in ISO 216 were as follows. In many countries, far more sizes of paper are used than are really necessary. Many of them came into existence under  conditions different from those prevailing today, while the origin of others was due to chance. Consequently, they do not fulfill the present need for consistency between the sizes of paper and printed matter for various purposes, nor do they meet the many requirements for a coherent relationship between the sizes of paper, printed or not, papermaking, printing and converting machinery and equipment, and storage and filing equipment. The purpose of the ISO standard is to improve the present position by providing a rationally designed ISO system of trimmed sizes which can bring about a reduction in the number of sizes and create more rational, clear, and consistent ranges. This will simplify and cheapen ordering, production, use, dispatch, and storage, and will also provide a sound basis for standardization in related fields.

NOTES: 1. International and national dimensioning and tolerancing standards. GLOBAL ISO 1101,2692,5458,5459,7083 USA

ANSI Y14.5M

JAPAN

JIS B0021

GERMANY

DIN 7184

FRANCE

NF E04-121

UK

BS 308-PART 3

ITALY

UNI 7226

CANADA

CSA B78.2

 AUSTRALIA

AS 1100.201

2.The ISO symbols are specified in the above national standards. The Canadian standard CSA B78.2 shows the three machining symbols not yet adopted by ISO. 3. Rule No. 1. Where no geometric tolerance is specified, the size tolerances control the geometric form of a feature, as well as its size.

FIG 3-1 COMPARISON OF SYMBOLS (ANSI Y14.5M)

Chapter 4

Preferred Numbers SUMMARY The preferred numbering system has played a major role in the development of metric standards. This is a geometrical series of numbers adopted worldwide. Its first known application was in the 1870’s by Charles Renard, a French army captain who reduced the different diameters of rope for military balloons from 425 to 17. The R5, R10 and R20 series refers to the Renard 5 (first-choice sizes 60 % increments), Renard 10 (second-choice sizes 25 % increments) and Renard 20 (third-choice sizes 12 % increments) series of preferred numbers standardized in ISO 3. Preferred sizes are shown in ANSI B4.2 and ISO 497. You might want to extend the preferred metric size range, which, is shown from 4 to 40, simply by multiplying or dividing the numbers shown in Table 4-1 by 10 or multiples of 10. The preferred metric sizes are used for nominal sizes in countries where the metric system has been in u se for several years. Here is how the preferred metric nominal sizes were developed and how these chosen sizes reflect preferred metric standard sizes for threaded fasteners, steel plates, sheets, bars, etc already in use throughout the world. How do the preferred metric sizes relate to the inch sizes and the preferred numbers are shown in Table 4-1.

TABLE 4-1 PREFERRED SIZES (ANSI B4.2) Preferred Size mm (ISO 497)

Preferred Size Inch

Preferred Numbers (ISO 3)

R5’

R10’

R20’

mm

Fractions

Decimals

R5

R10

R20

4

4

4

3.97

5/32

0.156

4

4

4

4.5

4.37

11/64

0.172

5

5 5.5

4.76 5.56

3/16 7/32

0.188 0.219

6

6

6.35

1/4

0.25

8

7 8

7.14 7.94

9/32 5/16

0.281 0.313

9

8.73

11/32

0.344

10

10 11

9.53 11.11

3/8 7/16

0.375 0.438

12

12

12.7

1/2

0.5

14

14.29

9/16

0.563

16

16 18

15.88 17.46

5/8 11/16

0.625 0.688

20

20 22

19.05 22.23

3/4 7/8

0.75 0.875

25

25

25.4

1

28

28.58

1 1/8

1.125

30

30.16

1 3/16

1.188

35

34.93

1 3/8

1.375

40

39.69

1 9/16

1.563

6

10

16

25

30 40

40

GO

STOP

4.5

6.3

5

5 5.6

6.3

6.3

8

7.1 8 9

10

10

10 11.2

12.5

12.5 14

16

25

16

16 18

20

20 22.4

25

25 28

31.5

31.5 35.5

40

40

CAUTION

40

Chapter 5 Surface Texture SUMMARY The internationally adopted system of measuring surface texture is to use the roughness average parameter designated Ra (Table 5-1). TABLE 5-1 ROUGHNESS NUMBERS (ISO 1302) Nominal

micrometers:

microinches: value of Ra ISO Roughness number:

50

25

12.5

6.3

3.2

1.6

0.8

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.05

0.025

2000

1000

500

250

125

63

32

16

8

4

2

1

N12

N11

N10

N9

N8

N7

N6

N5

N4

N3

N2

N1

In order to choose the optimum roughness average level, consider tolerance required as shown in Chapter 6 and Table 5-3. Cost or machining time increases with finer surfaces as shown in Fig. 5-3.

SURFACE TEXTURE VS. PRODUCTION COSTS  A typical relationship of surface texture and production time (cost) is shown in Fig. 5-3. The chart, Fig. 5-3, shows a series of  curves displaying production time in relation to Ra values for the range of common machining processes, and is based on research carried out on machine tools from 1 to 10 years old. The chart, however, is not intended to be used for making comparisons between different processes. Results obtained from common production processes in terms of Ra values (micrometers) are shown in Table 5-4.

SYMBOLS USED FOR INDICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE The basic surface texture symbol, as in Fig. 5-1A, consists of two legs of unequal length inclined at approximately 60 deg. to the line representing the considered surface. Machining of the surface is optional. A horizontal bar, as in Fig. 5-1B, indicates that removal of material by machining is required. A circle, as in Fig. 5-1C, indicates that removal of material by machining is not permitted, and Fig. 5-1D indicates the position of the surface-texture specifications (listed below) in the symbol. a = roughness value Ra (CLA) or in grade numbers N1 through N12 (see Table 5-1). Maximum (a 1) and minimum (a2) surface roughness limits (if required) are shown here. b = production method, treatment or coating c = sampling length (see Table 5-7) d = direction of lay (see Table 5-8) e = machining allowance f = other roughness values (in brackets, as in Fig. 5-1D).

FIG. 5-1 SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS (ISO 1302)  A. Machining of surface is optional; B. Machining of surface is required;

C. Machining of surface is not permitted; and D. Position of specifications in the symbol (ISO 1302).

NOTE: The symbols in “D” deviate slightly from the ANSI B46.1 standard.

Use of the N Series of Roughness Numbers 1 Instead of the micrometer values, roughness numbers, N1 to N12, maybe quoted on drawings. The use of the “N” series of  roughness numbers is recommended to avoid possible misinterpretation on drawings that are apt to be internationally exchanged. 1

The roughness numbers in the N Series are not recognized by ANSI B46.

Chapter 6 The ISO System of Limits and Fits Tolerances and Deviations SUMMARY* The ISO System of Limits and Fits is a coordinated system of hole and shaft tolerances for engineering and manufacturing used for cutting tools, material stock, gages, etc. If held to these tolerances, cutting tools, material stock, and gages are generally available throughout the world. The hole basis fits have four preferred hole tolerances (H11, H9, H8, and H7); the shaft basis fits have four preferred shaft tolerances (h11, h9, h7, and h6) as shown in Table 6-1. The above shaft tolerances are now covered in the new ANSI B32.1002005 standard. Select the basic size from Table 4-1 and one of the ten fits from Table 6-1 and read or cut and paste limit dimensions and clearances (interferences) from Tables 6-2 through 6-6 or CD. Now also available on-line at the site shown below. Tolerance Zones for holes are shown in Fig. 6-1 and for shafts in Fig. 6-2. NOTE *Complete ISO System of Limits and Fits is now stored a CD KOK ISOTOLTM Computer Tolerancing Software. The CD is now available from ANSI, GO  metricUSATM .org, Inc . or on the sites:www.GOmetricUSA.org or www.kok.com/order.htm.

TABLE 6-1 DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED FITS (ANSI B4.2) ISO SYMBOL Hole

DESCRIPTION

Shaft

Basis

Basis

H11/c11

C11/h11

Loose running fit for wide commercial tolerances or allowances on external members.

H9/d9

D9/h9

Clearance

Free running fit not for use where accuracy is essential, but good for large

More Clearance

temperature variations, high running speeds, or heavy journal pressures. H8/f7

F8/h7

Fits

Close running fit for running on accurate machines and for accurate location at moderate speeds and journal pressures.

H7/g6

G7/h6

Sliding fit not intended to run freely, but to move and turn freely and locate accurately.

H7/h6

H7/h6

Locational clearance fit provides snug fit for locating stationary parts; but can be freely assembled and disassembled.

Transition

H7/k6

K7/h6

Locational transition fit for accurate location, a compromise between clearance and interference.

Fits

H7/n6

N7/h6

Locational transition fit for more accurate location where greater interference is permissible.

1

H7/p6

P7/h6

Locational interference fit for parts requiring rigidity and alignment with prime accuracy of location but without special bore pressure requirements.

Interference

H7/s6

S7/h6

Medium drive fit for ordinary steel parts or shrink fits on light sections, the tightest fit usable with cast iron.

Fits

H7/u6

U7/h6

Force fit suitable for parts which can be highly stressed or for shrink fits

where the heavy pressing forces required are impractical. Transition fit for basic sizes in range from 0 through 3 mm.

1

More Interference

TABLE 6-2 PREFERRED HOLE BASIS CLEARANCE FITS (ANSI B4.2) mm

BASIC SIZE

LOOSE

FREE

CLOSE

RUNNING

RUNNING

RUNNING

HOLE SHAFT

6.991

0.000

8.015

7.995

0.029

8.015

8.000

0.024

0.013

8.000

7.986

0.005

8.000

7.991

0.000

0.050

9.015

8.995

0.029

9.015

9.000

0.024

8.972

0.013

9.000

8.986

0.005

9.000

8.991

0.000

10.022

9.987

0.050

10.015

9.995

0.029

10.015

10.000

0.024

0.040

10.000

9.972

0.013

10.000

9.986

0.005

10.000

9.991

0.000

10.950

0.136

11.027

10.984

0.061

11.018

10.994

0.035

11.018

11.000

0.029

11.000

10.907

0.050

11.000

10.966

0.016

11.000

10.983

0.006

11.000

10.989

0.000

0.315

12.043

11.950

0.136

12.027

11.984

0.061

12.018

11.994

0.035

12.018

12.000

0.029

11.795

0.095

12.000

11.907

0.050

12.000

11.966

0.016

12.000

11.983

0.006

12.000

11.989

0.000

12.905

0.315

13.043

12.950

0.136

13.027

12.984

0.061

13.018

12.994

0.035

13.018

13.000

0.029

13.000

12.795

0.095

13.000

12.907

0.050

13.000

12.966

0.016

13.000

12.983

0.006

13.000

12.989

0.000

MAX

14.110

13.905

0.315

14.043

13.950

0.136

14.027

13.984

0.061

14.018

13.994

0.035

14.018

14.000

0.029

MIN

14.000

13.795

0.095

14.000

13.907

0.050

14.000

13.966

0.016

14.000

13.983

0.006

14.000

13-989

0.000

MAX

15.110

14.905

0.315

15.043

14.950

0.136

15.027

14.984

0.061

15.018

14.994

0.035

15.018

15.000

0.029

MIN

15.000

14.795

0.095

15.000

14.907

0.050

15.000

14.966

0.016

15.000

14.983

0.006

15.000

14.989

0.000

MAX

16.110

15.905

0.315

16.043

15.950

0.136

16.027

15.984

0.061

16.018

15.994

0.035

16.018

16.000

0.029

MIN

16.000

15.795

0.095

16.000

15.907

0.050

16.000

15.966

0.016

16.000

15.983

0.006

16.000

15.989

0.000

MAX

17.110

16.905

0.315

17.043

16.950

0.136

17.027

16.984

0.061

17.018

16.994

0.035

17.018

17.000

0.029

MIN

17.000

16.795

0.095

17.000

16.907

0.050

17.000

16.966

0.016

17.000

16.983

0.006

17.000

16.989

0.000

MAX

18.110

17.905

0.315

18.043

17.950

0.136

18.027

17.984

0.061

18.018

17.994

0.035

18.018

18.000

0.029

MIN

18.000

17.795

0.095

18.000

17.907

0.050

18.000

17.966

0.016

18.000

17.983

0.006

18.000

17.989

0.000

MAX

19.130

18.890

0.370

19.052

18.935

0.169

19.033

18.980

0.074

19.021

18.993

0.041

19.021

19.000

0.034

MIN

19.000

18.760

0.110

19.000

18.883

0.065

19.000

18.959

0.020

19.000

18.980

0.007

19.000

18.987

0.000

MAX

20.130

19.890

0.370

20.052

19.935

0.169

20.033

19.980

0.074

20.021

19.993

0.041

20.021

20.000

0.034

MIN

20.000

19.760

0.110

20.000

19.883

0.065

20.000

19.959

0.020

20.000

19.980

0.007

20.000

19.987

0.000

MAX

21.130

20.890

0.370

21.052

20.935

0.169

21.033

20.980

0.074

21.021

20.993

0.041

21.021

21.000

0.034

MIN

21.000

20.760

0.110

21.000

20.883

0.065

21.000

20.959

0.020

21.000

20.980

0.007

21.000

20.987

0.000

MAX

22.130

21.890

0.370

22.052

21.935

0.169

22.033

21.980

0.074

22.021

21.993

0.041

22.021

22.000

0.034

MIN

22.000

21.760

0.110

22.000

21.883

0.065

22.000

21.959

0.020

22.000

21.980

0.007

22.000

21.987

0.000

MAX

23.130

22.890

0.370

23.052

22.935

0.169

23.033

22.980

0.074

23.021

22.993

0.041

23.021

23.000

0.034

MIN

23.000

22.760

0.110

23.000

22.883

0.065

23.000

22.959

0.020

23.000

22.980

0.007

23.000

22.987

0.000

MAX

24.130

23.890

0.370

24.052

23.935

0.169

24.033

23.980

0.074

24.021

23.993

0.041

24.021

24.000

0.034

24.000 23.760 0.110 24.000 23.883 0.065 24.000 23.959 0.020 24.000 23.980 0.007 24.000 MIN NOTES: 1. Select nominal sizes to preference rating as follows: F = First Choice, S = Second Choice, T = Third Choice. 2. ANSI B4.2 lists limit dimensions for nominal sizes marked "F" (First Choice) only. A cost penalty for material stock, tooling and gages is anticipated for sizes marked with "S" (Second Choice) and "T" (Third Choice).

23.987

0.000

F16 T17 S18 T19 F20 T21 S22 T23 T24

6.960

0.112

7.022

6.987

0.050

7.015

6.995

MIN

7.000

6.830

0.080

7.000

6.924

0.040

7.000

6.972

0.013

7.000

MAX

8.090

7.920

0.260

8.036

7.960

0.112

8.022

7.987

0.050

MIN

8.000

7.830

MAX

9.090

8.920

0.080

8.000

7.924

0.040

8.000

7.972

0.260

9.036

8.960

0.112

9.022

8.987

MIN

9.000

8.830

0.080

9.000

8.924

0.040

9.000

MAX

10.090

9.920

0.260

10.036

9.960

0.112

MIN

10.000

9.830

0.080

10.000

9.924

MAX

11.110

10.905

0.315

11.043

MIN

11.000

10.795

0.095

MAX

12.110

11.905

MIN

12.000

MAX

13.110

MIN

DIFF

7.000

T15

7.036

g6

f7

HOLE SHAFT

0.005

S14

0.260

H7

H8

DIFF

6.986

T13

6.920

SHAFT

0.024

F12

7.090

HOLE

7.000

S11

MAX

DIFF

7.015

F10

d9

HOLE SHAFT

0.029

S9

H9

DIFF

CLEARANCE h6

F8

c11

HOLE SHAFT

LOCATIONAL

H7

S7

H11

DIFF

SLIDING

TABLE 6-3 PREFERRED HOLE BASIS TRANSITION AND INTERFERENCE FITS (ANSI B4.2) mm LOCATIONAL TRANSN LOCATIONAL TRANSN LOCATIONAL INTERF BASIC SIZE S7 F8 S9

HOLE SHAFT H7

k6

MAX

7.015

7.010

MIN

7.000

MAX

DIFF

HOLE SHAFT H7

n6

0.014

7.015

7.019

7.001

-0.010

7.000

8.015

8.010

0.014

MIN

8.000

8.001

MAX

5.015

DIFF

HOLE SHAFT H7

p6

0.005

7.015

7.024

7.010

-0.019

7.000

8.015

8.019

0.005

-0.010

8.000

8.010

9.010

0.014

9.015

9.019

DIFF

MEDIUM DRIVE HOLE SHAFT H7

s6

0.000

7.015

7.032

7.015

-0.024

7.000

8.015

8.024

0.000

-0.019

8.000

8.015

0.005

9.015

DIFF

FORCE HOLE SHAFT

DIFF

H7

u6

-0.008

7.015

7.037

-0.013

7.023

-0.032

7.000

7.028

-0.037

8.015

8.032

-0.008

8.015

8.037

-0.013

-0.024

8.000

8.023

-0.032

8.000

8.028

-0.037

9.024

0.000

9.015

9.032

-0.008

9.015

9.037

-0.013

MIN

9.000

9.001

-0.010

9.000

9.010

-0.019

9.000

9.015

-0.024

9.000

9.023

-0.032

9.000

9.028

-0.037

MAX

10.015

10.010

0.014

10.015

10.019

0.005

10.015

10.024

0.000

10.015

10.032

-0.008

10.015

10.037

-0.013

MIN

10.000

10.001

-0.010

10.000

10.010

-0.019

10.000

10.015

-0.024

10.000

10.023

-0.032

10.000

10.028

-0.037

MAX

11.018

11.012

0.017

11.018

11.023

0.006

11.018

11.029

0.000

11.018

11.039

-0.010

11.018

11.044

-0.015

MIN

11.000

11.001

-0.012

11.000

11.012

-0.023

11.000

11.018

-0.029

11.000

11.028

-0.039

11.000

11.033

-0.044

F12

MAX

12.018

12.012

0.017

12.018

12.023

0.006

12.018

12.029

0.000

12.018

12.039

-0.010

12.018

12.044

-0.015

MIN

12.000

12.001

-0.012

12.000

12.012

-0.023

12.000

12.018

-0.029

12.000

12.028

-0.039

12.000

12.033

-0.044

T13

MAX

13.018

13.012

0.017

13.018

13.023

0.006

13.018

13.029

0.000

13.018

13.039

-0.010

13.018

13.044

-0.015

MIN

13.000

13.001

-0.012

13.000

13.012

-0.023

13.000

13.018

-0.029

13.000

13.028

-0.039

13.000

13.033

-0.044

MAX

14.018

14.012

0.017

14.018

14.023

0.006

14.018

14.029

0.000

14.018

14.039

-0.010

14.018

14.044

-0.015

MIN

14.000

14.001

-0.012

14.000

14.012

-0.023

14.000

14.018

-0.029

14.000

14.028

-0.039

14.000

14.033

-0.044

MAX

15.018

15.012

0.017

15.018

15.023

0.006

15.018

15.029

0.000

15.018

15.039

-0.010

15.018

15.044

-0.015

MIN

15.000

15.001

-0.012

15.000

15.012

-0.023

15.000

15.018

-0.029

15.000

15.028

-0.039

15.000

15.033

-0.044

MAX

16.018

16.012

0.017

16.018

16.029

0.006

16.018

16.029

0.000

16.018

16.039

-0.010

16.018

16.044

-0.015

MIN

16.000

16.001

-0.012

16.000

16.012

-0.023

16.000

16.018

-0.029

16.000

16.028

-0.039

16.000

16.033

-0.044

MAX

17.018

17.012

0.017

17.018

17.023

0.006

17.018

17.029

0.000

17.018

17.039

-0.010

17.018

17.044

-0.015

MIN

17.000

17.001

-0.012

17.000

17.012

-0.023

17.000

17.018

-0.029

17.000

17.028

-0.039

17.000

17.033

-0.044

MAX

18.018

18.012

0.017

18.018

18.023

0.006

18.018

18.029

0.000

18.018

18.039

-0.010

18.018

18.044

-0.015

MIN

18.000

18.001

-0.012

18.000

18.012

-0.023

18.000

18.018

-0.029

18.000

18.028

-0.039

18.000

18.033

-0.044

MAX

19.021

19.015

0.019

19.021

19.028

0.006

19.021

19.035

-0.001

19.021

19.048

0.014

19.021

19.054

-0.020

MIN

19.000

19.002

-0.015

19.000

19.015

-0.028

19.000

19.022

-0.035

19.000

19.035

-0.048

19.000

19.041

-0.054

MAX

20.021

20.015

0.019

20.021

20.028

0.006

20.021

20.035

-0.001

20.021

20.048

0.014

20.021

20.054

-0.020

MIN

20.000

20.002

-0.015

20.000

20.015

-0.028

20.000

20.022

-0.035

20.000

20.035

-0.048

20.000

20.041

-0.054

MAX

21.021

21.015

0.019

21.021

21.028

0.006

21.021

21.035

-0.001

21.021

21.048

0.014

21.021

21.054

-0.020

MIN

21.000

21.002

-0.015

21.000

21.015

-0.028

21.000

21.022

-0.035

21.000

21.035

-0.048

21.000

21.041

-0.054

MAX

22.021

22.015

0.019

22.021

22.028

0.006

22.021

22.035

-0.001

22.021

22.048

0.014

22.021

22.054

-0.020

MIN

22.000

22.002

-0.015

22.000

22.015

-0.028

22.000

22.022

-0.035

22.000

22.035

-0.048

22.000

22.041

-0.054

MAX

23.021

23.015

0.019

23.021

23.028

0.006

23.021

23.035

-0.001

23.021

23.048

0.014

23.021

23.054

-0.020

MIN

23.000

23.002

-0.015

23.000

23.015

-0.028

23.000

23.022

-0.035

23.000

23.035

-0.048

23.000

23.041

-0.054

MAX

24.021

24.015

0.019

24.021

24.028

0.006

24.021

24.035

-0.001

24.021

24.048

0.014

24.021

24.054

-0.020

24.000 24.002 -0.015 24.000 24.015 -0.028 24.000 24.022 -0.035 24.000 24.035 -0.048 MIN NOTES: 1. Select nominal sizes to preference rating as follows: F = First Choice, S = Second Choice, T = Third Choice. 2. ANSI B4.2 lists limit dimensions for nominal sizes marked "F" (First Choice) only. A cost penalty for material stock, tooling and gages is anticipated for sizes marked with "S" (Second Choice) and "T" (Third Choice).

24.000

24.041

-0.054

F10 S11

S14 T15 F16 T17 S18 T19 F20 T21 S22 T23 T24

TABLE 6-4 PREFERRED SHAFT BASIS CLEARANCE FITS (ANSI B4.2) mm BASIC SIZE

LOOSE RUNNING HOLE SHAFT

7.000

6.991

0.000

8.020

8.000

0.029

8.015

8.000

0.024

0.013

8.005

7.991

0.005

8.000

7.991

0.000

9.000

0.050

9.020

9.000

0.029

9.015

9.000

0.024

9.013

8.985

0.013

9.005

8.991

0.005

9.000

8.991

0.000

0.112

10.035

10.000

0.050

10.020

10.000

0.029

10.015

10.000

0.024

9.964

0.040

10.013

9.985

0.013

10.005

9.991

0.005

10.000

9.991

0.000

11.093

11.000

0.136

11.043

11.000

0.061

11.024

11.000

0.035

11.018

11.000

0.029

11.050

10.957

0.050

11.016

10.982

0.016

11.006

10.989

0.006

11.000

10.989

0.000

0.315

12.093

12.000

0.136

12.043

12.000

0.061

12.024

12.000

0.035

12.018

12.000

0.029

0.095

12.050

11.957

0.050

12.016

11.982

0.016

12.006

11.989

0.006

12.000

11.989

0.000

13.000

0.315

13.093

13.000

0.136

13.043

13.000

0.061

13.024

13.000

0.035

13.018

13.000

0.029

13.095

12.890

0.095

13.050

12.957

0.050

13.016

12.982

0.016

13.006

12.989

0.006

13.000

12.989

0.000

MAX

14.205

14.000

0.315

14.093

14.000

0.136

14.043

14.000

0.061

14.024

14.000

0.035

14.018

14.000

0.029

MIN

14.095

13.890

0.095

14.050

13.957

0.050

14.016

13.982

0.016

14.006

13.989

0.006

14.000

13.989

0.000

MAX

15.205

15.000

0.315

15.093

15.000

0.136

15.043

15.000

0.061

15.024

15.000

0.035

15.018

15.000

0.029

MIN

15.095

14.890

0.095

15.050

14.957

0.050

15.016

14.982

0.016

15.006

14.989

0.006

15.000

14.989

0.000

MAX

16.205

16.000

0.315

16.093

16.000

0.136

16.043

16.000

0.061

16.024

16.000

0.035

16.018

16.000

0.029

MIN

16.095

15.890

0.095

16.050

15.957

0.050

16.016

15.982

0.016

16.006

15.989

0.006

16.000

15.989

0.000

MAX

17.205

17.000

0.315

17.093

17.000

0.136

17.043

17.000

0.061

17.024

17.000

0.035

17.018

17.000

0.029

MIN

17.095

16.890

0.095

17.050

16.957

0.050

17.016

16.982

0.016

17.006

16.989

0.006

17.000

16.989

0.000

MAX

18.205

18.000

0.315

18.093

18.000

0.136

18.043

18.000

0.061

18.024

18.000

0.035

18.018

18.000

0.029

MIN

18.095

17.890

0.095

18.050

17.957

0.050

18.016

17.982

0.016

18.006

17.989

0.006

18.000

17.989

0.000

MAX

19.240

19.000

0.370

19.117

19.000

0.169

19.053

19.000

0.074

19.028

19.000

0.041

19.021

19.000

0.034

MIN

19.110

18.870

0.110

19.065

18.948

0.065

19.020

18.979

0.020

19.007

18.987

0.007

19.000

18.987

0.000

MAX

20.240

20.000

0.370

20.117

20.000

0.169

20.053

20.000

0.074

20.028

20.000

0.041

20.021

20.000

0.034

MIN

20.110

19.870

0.110

20.065

19.948

0.065

20.020

19.979

0.020

20.007

19.987

0.007

20.000

19.987

0.000

MAX

21.240

21.000

0.370

21.117

21.000

0.169

21.053

21.000

0.074

21.028

21.000

0.041

21.021

21.000

0.034

MIN

21.110

20.870

0.110

21.065

20.948

0.065

21.020

20.979

0.020

21.007

20.987

0.007

21.000

20.987

0.000

MAX

22.240

22.000

0.370

22.117

22.000

0.169

22.053

22.000

0.074

22.028

22.000

0.041

22.021

22.000

0.034

MIN

22.110

21.870

0.110

22.065

21.948

0.065

22.020

21.979

0.020

22.007

21.987

0.007

22.000

21.987

0.000

MAX

23.240

23.000

0.370

23.117

23.000

0.169

23.053

23.000

0.074

23.028

23.000

0.041

23.021

23.000

0.034

MIN

23.110

22.870

0.110

23.065

22:948

0.065

23.020

22.979

0.020

23.007

22.987

0.007

23.000

22.987

0.000

MAX

24.240

24.000

0.370

24.117

24.000

0.169

24.053

24.000

0.074

24.028

24.000

0.041

24.021

24.000

0.034

24.110 23.870 0.110 24.065 23.948 0.065 24.020 23.979 0.020 24.007 23.987 0.007 MIN NOTES: 1. Select nominal sizes to preference rating as follows: F = First Choice, S = Second Choice, T = Third Choice. 2. ANSI B4.2 lists limit dimensions for nominal sizes marked "F" (First Choice) only. A cost penalty for material stock, tooling and gages is anticipated for sizes marked with "S" (Second Choice) and "T" (Third Choice).

24.000

23.987

0.000

T15 F16 T17 S18 T19 F20 T21 S22 T23 T24

MAX

7.170

7.000

0.260

7.076

7.000

0.112

7.035

7.000

0.050

7.020

7.000

MIN

7.080

6.910

0.080

7.040

6.964

0.040

7.013

6.985

0.013

7.005

MAX

8.170

8.000

0.260

8.076

8.000

0.112

8.035

8.000

0.050

MIN

8.080

7.910

0.080

8.040

7.964

0.040

8.013

7.985

MAX

9.170

9.000

0.260

9.076

9.000

0.112

9.035

MIN

9.080

8.910

0.080

9.040

8.964

0.040

MAX

10.170

10.000

0.260

10.076

10.000

MIN

10.080

9.910

0.080

10.040

MAX

11.205

11.000

0.315

MIN

11.095

10.890

0.095

MAX

12.205

12.000

MIN

12.095

11.890

MAX

13.205

MIN

DIFF

0.005

S14

h6

HOLE SHAFT

6.991

T13

G7

DIFF

0.024

F12

h7

HOLE SHAFT

7.000

S11

F8

DIFF

7.015

F10

h9

HOLE SHAFT

LOC CLEARANCE

0.029

S9

D9

DIFF

SLIDING

h6

F8

h11

HOLE SHAFT

CLOSE RUNNING

H7

S7

C11

DIFF

FREE RUNNING

TABLE 6-5 PREFERRED SHAFT BASIS TRANSITION AND INTERFERENCE FITS (ANSI B4.2) mm BASIC SIZE

LOCATIONAL TRANSN LOCATIONAL TRANSN LOCATIONAL INTERF HOLE SHAFT

DIFF

K7

h6 7.000

0.014

HOLE SHAFT N7

h6

6.996

7.000

DIFF

HOLE SHAFT

DIFF

P7

h6

0.005

6.991

7.000

0.000

MEDIUM DRIVE HOLE SHAFT S7

h6

6.983

7.000

DIFF

FORCE HOLE SHAFT U7

h6

-0.008

6.978

7.000

DIFF

S7

MAX

7.005

MIN

6.990

6.991

-0.010

6.981

6.991

-0.019

6.976

6.991

-0.024

6.968

6.991

-0.032

6.963

6.991

-0.037

F8

MAX

8.005

8.000

0.014

7.996

8.000

0.005

7.991

8.000

0.000

7.983

8.000

-0.008

7.978

8.000

-0.013

MIN

7.990

7.991

-0.010

7.981

7.991

-0.019

7.976

7.991

-0.024

7.968

7.991

-0.032

7.963

7.991

-0.037

MAX MIN

9.005

9.000

0.014

8.996

9.000

0.005

8.991

9.000

0.000

8.983

9.000

-0.008

8.978

9.000

-0.013

8.990

8.991

-0.010

8.981

8.991

-0.019

8.976

8.991

-0.024

8.968

8.991

-0.032

8.963

8.991

-0.037

MAX

10.005

10.000

0.014

9.996

10.000

0.005

9.991

10.000

0.000

9.983

10.000

-0.008

9.978

10.000

-0.013

MIN

9.990

9.991

-0.010

9.981

9.991

-0.019

9.976

9.991

-0.024

9.968

9.991

-0.032

9.963

9.991

-0.037

MAX

11.006

11.000

0.017

10.995

11.000

0.006

10.989

11.000

0.000

10.979

11.000

-0.010

10.974

11.000

-0.015

MIN

10.988

10.989

-0.012

10.977

10.989

-0.023

10.971

10.989

-0.029

10.961

10.989

-0.039

10.956

10.989

-0.044

MAX

12.006

12.000

0.017

11.995

12.000

0.006

11.989

12.000

0.000

11.979

12.000

-0.010

11.974

12.000

-0.015

MIN

11.988

11.989

-0.012

11.977

11.989

-0.023

11.971

11.989

-0.029

11.961

11.989

-0.039

11.956

11.989

-0.044

MAX

13.006

13.000

0.017

12.995

13.000

0.006

12.989

13.000

0.000

12.979

13.000

-0.010

12.974

13.000

-0.015

MIN

12.988

12.989

-0.012

12.977

12.989

-0.023

12.971

12.989

-0.029

12.961

12.989

-0.039

12.956

12.989

-0.044

MAX

14.006

14.000

0.017

13.995

14.000

0.006

13.989

14.000

0.000

13.979

14.000

-0.010

13.974

14.000

0.015

MIN

13.988

13.989

-0.012

13.977

13.989

-0.023

13.971

13.989

-0.029

13.961

13.989

-0.039

13.956

13.989

-0.044

MAX

15.006

15.000

0.017

14.995

15.000

0.006

14.989

15.000

0.000

14.979

15.000

-0.010

14.974

15.000

-0.015

MIN

14.988

14.989

-0.012

14.977

14.989

-0.023

14.971

14.989

-0.029

14.961

14.989

-0.039

14.956

14.989

-0.044

MAX

16.006

16.000

0.017

15.995

16.000

0.006

15.989

16.000

0.000

15.979

16.000

-0.010

15.974

16.000

-0.015

MIN

15.988

15.989

-0.012

15.977

15.989

-0.023

15.971

15.989

-0.029

15.961

15.989

-0.039

15.956

15.989

-0.044

MAX

17.006

17.000

0.017

16.995

17.000

0.006

16.989

17.000

0.000

16.979

17.000

-0.010

16.974

17.000

-0.015

MIN

16.988

16.989

-0.012

16.977

16.989

-0.023

16.971

16.989

-0.029

16.961

16.989

-0.039

16.956

16.989

-0.044

MAX

18.006

18.000

0.017

17.995

18.000

0.006

17.989

18.000

0.000

17.979

18.000

-0.010

17.974

18.000

-0.015

MIN

17.988

17.989

-0.012

17.977

17.989

-0.023

17.971

17.989

-0.029

17.961

17.989

-0.039

17.956

17.989

-0.044

MAX

19.006

19.000

0.019

18.993

19.000

0.006

18.986

19.000

-0.001

18.973

19.000

-0.014

18.967

19.000

-0.020

MIN

18.985

18.987

-0.015

18.972

18.987

-0.028

18.965

18.987

-0.035

18.952

18.987

-0.048

18.946

18.987

-0.054

S9 F10 S11 F12 T13 S14 T15 F16 T17 S18 T19 F20 T21 S22 T23 T24

-0.013

MAX

20.006

20.000

0.019

19.993

20.000

0.006

19.986

20.000

-0.001

19.973

20.000

-0.014

19.967

20.000

-0.020

MIN

19.985

19.987

-0.015

19.972

19.987

-0.028

19.965

19.987

-0.035

19.952

19.987

-0.048

19.946

19.987

-0.054

MAX

21.006

21.000

0.019

20.993

21.000

0.006

20.986

21.000

-0.001

20.973

21.000

-0.014

20.967

21.000

-0.020

MIN

20.985

20.987

-0.015

20.972

20.987

-0.028

20.965

20.987

-0.035

20.952

20.987

-0.048

20.946

20.987

-0.054

MAX

22.006

22.000

0.019

21.993

22.000

0.006

21.986

22.000

-0.001

21.973

22.000

-0.014

21.967

22.000

-0.020

MIN

21.985

21.987

-0.015

21.972

21.987

-0.028

21.965

21.987

-0.035

21.952

21.987

-0.048

21.946

21.987

-0.054

MAX

23.006

23.000

0.019

22.993

23.000

0.006

22.986

23.000

-0.001

22.973

23.000

-0.014

22.967

23.000

-0.020

MIN

22.985

22.987

-0.015

22.972

22.987

-0.028

22.965

22.987

-0.035

22.952

22.987

-0.048

22.946

22.987

-0.054

MAX

24.006

24.000

0.019

23.993

24.000

0.006

23.986

24.000

-0.001

23.973

24.000

-0.014

23.967

24.000

-0.020

MIN

23.985

23.987

-0.015

23.972

23.987

-0.028

23.965

23.987

-0.035

23.952

23.987

-0.048

23.946

23.987

-0.054

NOTES: 1. Select nominal sizes to preference rating as follows: F = First Choice, S = Second Choice, T = Third Choice. 2. ANSI B4.2 lists limit dimensions for nominal sizes marked "F" (First Choice) only. A cost penalty for material stock, tooling and gages is anticipated for sizes marked with "S" (Second Choice) and "T" (Third Choice).

C8  A9  A10  A11  A12  A13  A14

B9 B10 B11 B12 B13 B14

See Table No. 6 6-

D7

E7

F6 F7

D8

E8

F8

G5 G6 G7

H1 JS1 H2 JS2 H3 JS3 H4 JS4 H5 JS5 H6 J6 JS6 H7 J7 JS7

G8

H8 J8

C9 D9 E9 F9 G9 H9 C10 D10 E10 F10 G10 H10 C11 D11 E11 F11 H11 C12 D12 E12 H12 C13 H13 H14 H15 H16 7

8

9

10

JS8

K5 K6 K7

M5 M6 M7

N5 N6 N7

P5 P6 P7

R5 R6 R7

S5 S6 S7

T5 T6 T7

U5 U6 U7

V5 V6 V7

X5 X6 X7

Y5 Z5 Y6 Z6 Y7 Z7

K8

MS

N8

P8

R8

S8

T8

U8

V8

XS

Y8

Z8

JS9 K9 M9 N9 Y9 R9 S9 T9 U9 V9 X9 Y9 Z9 JS10 K10 M10 N10 P10 R10 S10 T10 U10 V10 X10 Y10 Z10 JS11 JS12 JS13 JS14 JS15 JS16 9

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Legend: See Note to FIG. 6-2 below

FIG. 6-1 TOLERANCE ZONES FOR INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (ANSI B4.2)

f5

a9 a10 a11 a12 a13 a14

d7 c8 d8 b9 c9 d9 b10 c10 d10 b11 c11 d11 b12 c12 d12 b13 c13 b14

See Table No. 18 6-

19

g4

h1 h2 h3 h4

g5

h5

e6 f6 e7 f7 e8 f8 e9 f9 e10 f10 e11

g6 g7 g8 g9

20

21

j5

js1 js2 js3 js4

k4

m4

n4

p4

r4

s4

t4

u4

v4

x4

y4

z4

js5

k5

m5

n5

p5

r5

s5

t5

u5

v5

x5

y5

z5

k6 k7 k8 k9

m6 m7 m8 m9

n6 n7 n8 n9

p6 p7 p8 p9

r6 r7 r8 r9

s6 s7 s8 s9

t6 t7 t8 t9

u6 u7 u8 u9

v6 v7 v8 v9

x6 x7 x8 x9

y6 y7 y8 y9

z6 z7 z8 z9

h6  j6 js6 h7  j7 js7 h8 js8 h9  js9 h10 js10 h11  js11 h12 js12 h13 js13 h14 js14 h15 js15 h16 js16 22

21

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

Legend: First choice tolerance zones are printed in bold (ANSI B4.2 preferred) Second choice tolerance zones framed (ISO 1829 selected) Third choice tolerance zones open

FIG. 6-2 TOLERANCE ZONES FOR EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (ANSI B4.2)

TABLE 6-6 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (A14 ... A9, B14 ...B9) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

A14

A13

A12

A11

A10

A9

B14

B13

B12

B11

B10

B9

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER

0 3 3 6 6 10 10

+0.520 +0.270 +0.570 +0.270 +0.640 +0.280 +0.720

+0.410 +0.270 +0.450 +0.270 +0.500 +0.280 +0.560

+0.370 +0.270 +0.390 +0.270 +0.430 +0.280 +0.470

+0.330 +0.270 +0.345 +0.270 +0.370 +0.280 +0.400

+0.310 +0.270 +0.318 +0.270 +0.338 +0.280 +0.360

+0.295 +0.270 +0.300 +0.270 +0.316 +0.280 +0.338

+0.390 +0.140 +0.440 +0.140 +0.510 +0.150 +0.580

+0.280 +0.140 +0.320 +0.140 +0.370 +0.150 +0.420

0.240 +0.140 +0.260 +0.140 +0.300 +0.150 +0.330

+0.200 +0.140 +0.215 +0.140 +0.240 +0.150 +0.260

+0.180 +0.140 +0.188 +0.140 +0.208 +0.150 +0.220

0.165 +0.140 +0.170 +0.140 +0.186 +0.150 +0.193

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER

14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160

+0.290 +0.720 +0.290 +0.820 +0.300 +0.820 +0.300 +0.930 +0.310 +0.940 +0.320 +1.080 +0.340 +1.100 +0.360 +1.250 +0.380 1.280 +0.410 +1.460 +0.460 +1.520 +0.520

+0.290 +0.560 +0.290 +0.630 +0.300 +0.630 +0.300 +0.700 +0.310 +0.710 +0.320 +0.800 +0.340 +0.820 +0.360 +0.920 +0.380 +0.950 +0.410 +1.090 +0.460 +1.150 +0.520

+0.290 +0.470 +0.290 +0.510 +0.300 +0.510 +0.300 +0.560 +0.310 +0.570 +0.320 +0.640 +0.340 +0.660 +0.360 +0.730 +0.380 +0.760 +0.410 +0.860 +0.460 +0.920 +0.520

+0.290 +0.400 +0.290 +0.430 +0.300 +0.430 +0.300 +0.470 +0.310 +0.480 +0.320 +0.530 +0.340 +0.550 +0.360 +0.600 +0.380 +0.630 +0.410 +0.710 +0.460 +0.770 +0.520

+0.290 +0.360 +0.290 +0.384 +0.300 +0.384 +0.300 +0.410 +0.310 +0.420 +0.320 +0.460 +0.340 +0.480 +0.360 +0.520 +0.380 +0.550 +0.410 +0.620 +0.460 +0.680 +0.520

+0.290 +0.333 +0.290 +0.352 +0.300 +0.352 +0.300 +0.372 +0.310 +0.382 +0.320 +0.414 +0.340 +0.434 +0.360 +0.467 +0.380 +0.497 +0.410 +0.560 +0.460 +0.620 +0.520

+0.150 +0.580 +0.150 +0.680 +0.160 +0.680 +0.160 +0.790 +0.170 +0.800 +0.180 +0.930 +0.190 +0.940 +0.200 +1.090 +0.220 +1.110 +0.240 +1.260 +0.260 +1.280 +0.280

+0.150 +0.420 +0.150 +0.490 +0.160 +0.490 +0.160 +0.560 +0.170 +0.570 +0.180 +0.650 +0.190 +0.660 +0.200 +0.760 +0.220 +0.780 +0.240 +0.890 +0.260 +0.910 +0.280

+0.150 +0.330 +0.150 +0.370 +0.160 +0.370 +0.160 +0.420 +0.170 +0.430 +0.180 +0.490 +0.190 +0.500 +0.200 +0.570 +0.220 +0.590 +0.240 +0.660 +0.260 +0.680 +0.280

+0.150 +0.260 +0.150 +0.290 +0.160 +0.290 +0.160 +0.330 +0.170 +0.340 +0.180 +0.380 +0.190 +0.390 +0.200 +0.440 +0.220 +0.460 +0.240 +0.510 +0.260 +0.530 +0.280

+0.150 0.220 +0.150 +0.244 +0.160 +0.244 +0.160 +0.270 +0.170 +0.280 +0.180 +0.310 +0.190 +0.320 +0.200 +0.360 +0.220 +0.380 +0.240 +0.420 +0.260 +0.440 +0.280

+0.150 +0.193 +0.150 +0.212 +0.160 +0.212 +0.160 +0.232 +0.170 +0.242 +0.180 +0.264 +0.190 +0.274 +0.200 +0.307 +0.220 +0.327 +0.240 +0.360 +0.260 +0.380 +0.280

+1.580

+1.210

+0.980

+0.830

+0.740

+0.680

+1.310

+0.940

+0.710

+0.560

+0.470

+0.410

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

+0.580 +1.810 +0.660 +1.890 +0.740 +1.970 +0.820 +2.220 +0.920 +2.350 +1.050 +2.600 +1.200 +2.750 +1.350 +3.050 +1.500 +3.200 +1.650

+0.580 +1.380 +0.660 +1.460 +0.740 +1.540 +0.820 +1.730 +0.920 +1.860 +1.050 +2.090 +1.200 +2.240 +1.350 +2.470 +1.500 +2.620 +1.650

+0.580 +1.120 +0.660 +1.200 +0.740 +1.280 +0.820 +1.440 +0.920 +1.570 +1.050 +1.770 +1.200 +1.920 +1.350 +2.130 +1.500 +2.280 +1.650

+0.580 +0.950 +0.660 +1.030 +0.740 +1.110 +0.820 +1.240 +0.920 +1.370 +1.050 +1.560 +1.200 +1.710 +1.350 +1.900 +1.500 +2.050 +1.650

+0.580 +0.845 +0.660 +0.925 +0.740 +1.005 +0.820 +1.130 +0.920 +1.260 +1.050 +1.430 +1.200 +1.580 +1.350 +1.750 +1.500 +1.900 +1.650

+0.580 +0.775 +0.660 +0.855 +0.740 +0.935 +0.820 +1.050 +0.920 +1.180 +1.050 +1.340 +1.200 +1.490 +1.350 +1.655 +1.500 +1.805 +1.650

+0.310 +1.490 +0.340 +1.530 +0.380 +1.570 +0.420 +1.780 +0.480 +1.840 +0.540 +2.000 +0.600 +2.080 +0.680 +2.310 +0.760 +2.390 +0.840

+0.310 +1.060 +0.340 +1.100 +0.380 +1.140 +0.420 +1.290 +0.480 +1.350 +0.540 +1.490 +0.600 +1.570 +0.680 +1.730 +0.760 +1.810 +0.840

+0.310 +0.800 +0.340 +0.840 +0.380 +0.880 +0.420 +1.000 +0.480 +1.060 +0.540 +1.170 +0.600 +1.250 +0.680 +1.390 +0.760 +1.470 +0.840

+0.310 +0.630 +0.340 +0.670 +0.380 +0.710 +0.420 +0.800 +0.480 +0.860 +0.540 +0.960 +0.600 +1.040 +0.680 +1.160 +0.760 +1.240 +0.840

+0.310 +0.525 +0.340 +0.565 +0.380 +0.605 +0.420 +0.690 +0.480 +0.750 +0.540 +0.830 +0.600 +0.910 +0.680 +1.010 +0.760 +1.090 +0.840

+0.310 +0.455 +0.340 +0.495 +0.380 +0.535 +0.420 +0.610 +0.480 +0.670 +0.540 +0.740 +0.600 +0.820 +0.680 +0.915 +0.760 +0.995 +0.840

TABLE 6-7 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (C13... C8, D12 ... D7) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

C13

C12

C11

C10

C9

C8

D12

D11

D10

D9

D8

D7

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

0 3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140

0.200 0.060 +0.250 +0.070 +0.300 +0.080 +0.365 +0.095 +0.365 +0.095 +0.440 +0.110 +0.440 +0.110 +0.510 +0.120 +0.520 +0.130 +0.600 +0.140 +0.610 +0.150 0.710 +0.170 +0.720 +0.180 0.830 +0.200

0.160 0.060 +0.190 +0.070 +0.230 +0.080 +0.275 +0.095 +0.275 +0.095 0.320 +0.110 0.320 +0.110 +0.370 +0.120 +0.380 +0.130 +0.440 +0.140 0.450 +0.150 0.520 +0.170 +0.530 +0.180 +0.600 +0.200

0.120 0.060 +0.145 +0.070 0.170 +0.080 +0.205 +0.095 +0.205 +0.095 +0.240 +0.110 +0.240 +0.110 +0.280 +0.120 +0.290 +0.130 +0.330 +0.140 +0.340 +0.150 +0.390 +0.170 +0.400 +0.180 +0.450 +0.200

0.100 0.060 0.118 +0.070 +0.138 +0.080 +0.165 +0.095 +0.165 +0.095 +0.194 +0.110 +0.194 +0.110 0.220 +0.120 0.230 +0.130 0.260 +0.140 0.270 +0.150 +0.310 +0.170 0.320 +0.180 0.360 +0.200

0.085 0.060 0.100 +0.070 +0.116 +0.080 0.138 +0.095 0.138 +0.095 +0.162 +0.110 +0.162 +0.110 0.182 +0.120 +0.192 +0.130 +0.214 +0.140 +0.224 +0.150 +0.257 +0.170 0.267 +0.180 +0.300 +0.200

0.074 0.060 0.088 +0.070 0.102 +0.080 0.122 +0.095 0.122 +0.095 +0.143 +0.110 +0.143 +0.110 0.159 +0.120 0.169 +0.130 0.186 +0.140 0.196 +0.150 0.224 +0.170 0.234 +0.180 0.263 +0.200

0.120 0.020 0.150 +0.030 +0.190 +0.040 0.230 +0.050 0.230 +0.050 0.275 +0.065 0.275 +0.065 +0.330 +0.080 +0.330 +0.080 +0.400 +0.100 +0.400 +0.100 0.470 +0.120 0.470 +0.120 +0.545 +0.145

0.080 0.020 0.105 +0.030 +0.130 +0.040 0.160 +0.050 0.160 +0.050 +0.195 +0.065 +0.195 +0.065 0.240 +0.080 0.240 +0.080 +0.290 +0.100 +0.290 +0.100 +0.340 +0.120 +0.340 +0.120 0.395 +0.145

0.060 0.020 0.078 +0.030 +0.098 +0.040 0.120 +0.050 0.120 +0.050 0.149 +0.065 0.149 +0.065 +0.180 +0.080 +0.180 +0.080 +0.220 +0.100 +0.220 +0.100 +0.260 +0.120 +0.260 +0.120 +0.305 +0.145

0.045 0.020 +0.060 +0.030 +0.076 +0.040 0.093 +0.050 0.093 +0.050 +0.117 +0.065 +0.117 +0.065 +0.142 +0.080 +0.142 +0.080 +0.174 +0.100 +0.174 +0.100 +0.207 +0.120 +0.207 +0.120 +0.245 +0.145

0.034 0.020 +0.048 +0.030 +0.062 +0.040 +0.077 +0.050 +0.077 +0.050 +0.098 +0.065 +0.098 +0.065 +0.119 +0.080 +0.119 +0.080 0.146 +0.100 0.146 +0.100 +0.174 +0.120 +0.174 +0.120 +0.208 +0.145

0.030 0.020 +0.042 +0.030 +0.055 +0.040 +0.068 +0.050 +0.068 +0.050 +0.086 +0.065 +0.086 +0.065 +0.105 +0.080 +0.105 +0.080 +0.130 +0.100 +0.130 +0.100 +0.155 +0.120 +0.155 +0.120 +0.185 +0.145

OVER

140

+0.840

+0.610

0.460

+0.370

+0.310

0.273

+0.545

0.395

+0.305

+0.245

+0.208

+0.185

TO

160

+0.210

+0.210

+0.210

+0.210

+0.210

+0.210

+0.145

+0.145

+0.145

+0.145

+0.145

+0.145

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

+0.860 +0.230 +0.960 +0.240

+0.630 +0.230 +0.700 +0.240

+0.480 +0.230 +0.530 +0.240

+0.390 +0.230 +0.425 +0.240

+0.330 +0.230 +0.355 +0.240

+0.293 +0.230 +0.312 +0.240

+0.545 +0.145 +0.630 +0.170

+0.395 +0.145 +0.460 +0.170

+0.305 +0.145 +0.355 +0.170

+0.245 +0.145 +0.285 +0.170

+0.208 +0.145 +0.242 +0.170

+0.185 +0.145 +0.216 +0.170

+0.980 +0.260 +1.000 +0.280 +1.110 +0.300 +1.140 +0.330 +1.250 +0.360 +1.290 +0.400 +1.410 +0.440 +1.450 +0.480

+0.720 +0.260 +0.740 +0.280 +0.820 +0.300 +0.850 +0.330 +0.930 +0.360 +0.970 +0.400 +1.070 +0.440 +1.110 +0.480

+0.550 +0.260 +0.570 +0.280 +0.620 +0.300 +0.650 +0.330 +0.720 +0.360 +0.760 +0.400 +0.840 +0.440 +0.880 +0.480

+0.445 +0.260 +0.465 +0.280 +0.510 +0.300 +0.540 +0.330 +0.590 +0.360 +0.630 +0.400 +0.690 +0.440 +0.730 +0.480

+0.375 +0.260 +0.395 +0.280 +0.430 +0.300 +0.460 +0.330 +0.500 +0.360 +0.540 +0.400 +0.595 +0.440 +0.635 +0.480

+0.332 +0.260 +0.352 +0.280 +0.381 +0.300 +0.411 +0.330 +0.449 +0.360 +0.489 +0.400 +0.537 +0.440 +0.577 +0.480

+0.630 +0.170 +0.630 +0.170 0.710 +0.190 +0.710 +0.190 +0.780 +0.210 +0.780 +0.210 +0.860 +0.230 +0.860 +0.230

+0.460 +0.170 +0.460 +0.170 +0.510 +0.190 +0.510 +0.190 +0.570 +0.210 +0.570 +0.210 +0.630 +0.230 +0.630 +0.230

+0.355 +0.170 +0.355 +0.170 +0.400 +0.190 +0.400 +0.190 +0.440 +0.210 +0.440 +0.210 +0.480 +0.230 +0.480 +0.230

+0.285 +0.170 +0.285 +0.170 +0.320 +0.190 +0.320 +0.190 +0.350 +0.210 +0.350 +0.210 +0.385 +0.230 +0.385 +0.230

+0.242 +0.170 +0.242 +0.170 +0.271 +0.190 +0.271 +0.190 +0.299 +0.210 +0.299 +0.210 +0.327 +0.230 +0.327 +0.230

+0.216 +0.170 +0.216 +0.170 +0.242 +0.190 +0.242 +0.190 +0.267 +0.210 +0.267 +0.210 +0.293 +0.230 +0.293 +0.230

TABLE 6-8 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (E12 ... E7, F11 ... F6) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER

0 3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30

E12 +0.114 +0.014 0.140

E11 0.074 +0.014 +0.095

E10 0.054 +0.014 +0.068

E9 0.039 +0.014 +0.050

E8 0.028 +0.014 0.038

E7 0.024 +0.014 0.032

F11 0.066 +0.006 0.085

F10 0.046 +0.006 +0.058

F9 0.031 +0.006 0.040

F8 0.020 +0.006 +0.028

F7 0.016 +0.006 0.022

F6 +0.012 +0.006 +0.018

+0.020 +0.175 0.025 0.212 +0.032 +0.212 +0.032 0.250 +0.040 0.250 +0.040 +0.300

+0.020 0.115 0.025 0.142 +0.032 +0.142 +0.032 +0.170 +0.040 +0.170 +0.040 +0.210

+0.020 0.083 0.025 0.102 +0.032 0.102 +0.032 +0.124 +0.040 +0.124 +0.040 0.150

+0.020 0.061 0.025 0.075 +0.032 +0.075 +0.032 +0.092 +0.040 +0.092 +0.040 0.112

+0.020 0.047 0.025 0.059 +0.032 +0.059 +0.032 +0.073 +0.040 +0.073 +0.040 +0.089

+0.020 +0.040 0.025 +0.050 +0.032 +0.050 +0.032 .061 +0.040 .061 +0.040 +0.075

+0.010 0.103 +0.013 0.126 +0.016 0.126 +0.016 0.150 +0.020 0.150 +0.020 0.185

+0.010 0.071 +0.013 +0.086 +0.016 +0.086 +0.016 +0.104 +0.020 +0.104 +0.020 0.125

+0.010 0.049 +0.013 0.059 +0.016 0.059 +0.016 0.072 +0.020 0.072 +0.020 +0.087

+0.010 0.035 +0.013 +0.043 +0.016 +0.043 +0.016 +0.053 +0.020 +0.053 +0.020 +0.064

+0.010 0.028 +0.013 0.034 +0.016 0.034 +0.016 0.041 +0.020 0.041 +0.020 0.050

+0.010 +0.022 +0.013 +0.027 +0.016 +0.027 +0.016 0.033 +0.020 0.033 +0.020 +0.041

TO OVER TO OVER TO

40 40 50 50 65

+0.050 +0.300 +0.050 +0.360 +0.060

+0.050 +0.210 +0.050 +0.250 +0.060

+0.050 0.150 +0.050 +0.180 +0.060

+0.050 0.112 +0.050 0.134 +0.060

+0.050 +0.089 +0.050 0.106 +0.060

+0.050 +0.075 +0.050 0.090 +0.060

+0.025 0.185 +0.025 0.220 +0.030

+0.025 0.125 +0.025 +0.150 +0.030

+0.025 +0.087 +0.025 0.104 +0.030

+0.025 +0.064 +0.025 +0.076 +0.030

+0.025 0.050 +0.025 0.060 +0.030

+0.025 +0.041 +0.025 +0.049 +0.030

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160

+0.360 +0.060 +0.422 +0.072 +0.422 +0.072 +0.485 +0.085 +0.485 +0.085

+0.250 +0.060 +0.292 +0.072 +0.292 +0.072 +0.335 +0.085 +0.335 +0.085

+0.180 +0.060 +0.212 +0.072 +0.212 +0.072 0.245 +0.085 0.245 +0.085

0.134 +0.060 +0.159 +0.072 +0.159 +0.072 0.185 +0.085 0.185 +0.085

0.106 +0.060 +0.126 +0.072 +0.126 +0.072 0.148 +0.085 0.148 +0.085

0.090 +0.060 +0.107 +0.072 +0.107 +0.072 +0.125 +0.085 +0.125 +0.085

0.220 +0.030 0.256 +0.036 0.256 +0.036 0.293 +0.043 0.293 +0.043

+0.150 +0.030 +0.176 +0.036 +0.176 +0.036 0.203 +0.043 0.203 +0.043

0.104 +0.030 0.123 +0.036 0.123 +0.036 +0.143 +0.043 +0.143 +0.043

+0.076 +0.030 +0.090 +0.036 +0.090 +0.036 0.106 +0.043 0.106 +0.043

0.060 +0.030 0.071 +0.036 0.071 +0.036 +0.083 +0.043 +0.083 +0.043

+0.049 +0.030 0.058 +0.036 +0.058 +0.036 +0.068 +0.043 +0.068 +0.043

OVER

160

+0.485

+0.335

0.245

0.185

0.148

+0.125

0.293

0.203

+0.143

0.106

+0.083

+0.068

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280

+0.085 0.560 +0.100 0.560 +0.100 0.560 +0.100 +0.630 +0.110

+0.085 0.390 +0.100 0.390 +0.100 0.390 +0.100 0.430 +0.110

+0.085 +0.285 +0.100 +0.285 +0.100 +0.285 +0.100 +0.320 +0.110

+0.085 +0.215 +0.100 +0.215 +0.100 +0.215 +0.100 +0.240 +0.110

+0.085 +0.172 +0.100 +0.172 +0.100 +0.172 +0.100 +0.191 +0.110

+0.085 +0.146 +0.100 +0.146 +0.100 +0.146 +0.100 +0.162 +0.110

+0.043 0.340 +0.050 0.340 +0.050 0.340 +0.050 0.376 +0.056

+0.043 +0.235 +0.050 +0.235 +0.050 +0.235 +0.050 0.266 +0.056

+0.043 0.165 +0.050 0.165 +0.050 0.165 +0.050 0.186 +0.056

+0.043 +0.122 +0.050 +0.122 +0.050 +0.122 +0.050 +0.137 +0.056

+0.043 0.096 +0.050 0.096 +0.050 0.096 +0.050 0.108 +0.056

+0.043 +0.079 +0.050 +0.079 +0.050 +0.079 +0.050 +0.088 +0.056

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

280 315 315 355 355 400

+0.630 +0.110 +0.695 +0.125 +0.695 +0.125

0.430 +0.110 +0.485 +0.125 +0.485 +0.125

+0.320 +0.110 +0.355 +0.125 +0.355 +0.125

+0.240 +0.110 0.265 +0.125 0.265 +0.125

+0.191 +0.110 0.214 +0.125 0.214 +0.125

+0.162 +0.110 0.182 +0.125 0.182 +0.125

0.376 +0.056 0.422 +0.062 0.422 +0.062

0.266 +0.056 +0.292 +0.062 +0.292 +0.062

0.186 +0.056 0.202 +0.062 0.202 +0.062

+0.137 +0.056 +0.151 +0.062 +0.151 +0.062

+0.108 +0.056 +0.119 +0.062 +0.119 +0.062

+0.088 +0.056 +0.098 +0.062 +0.098 +0.062

OVER TO OVER TO

400 450 450 500

+0.765 +0.135 +0.765 +0.135

+0.535 +0.135 +0.535 +0.135

0.385 +0.135 0.385 +0.135

0.290 +0.135 0.290 +0.135

0.232 +0.135 0.232 +0.135

+0.198 +0.135 +0.198 +0.135

+0.468 +0.068 +0.468 +0.068

+0.318 +0.068 +0.318 +0.068

0.223 +0.068 0.223 +0.068

+0.165 +0.068 +0.165 +0.068

+0.131 +0.068 +0.131 +0.068

+0.108 +0.068 +0.108 +0.068

TABLE 6-9 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (G10 ... G5, J8 . . . J6) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

0 3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18

G10 0.042 +0.002 +0.052 +0.004 +0.063 +0.005 +0.076 +0.006 +0.076 +0.006

G9 0.027 +0.002 +0.034 +0.004 +0.041 +0.005 +0.049 +0.006 +0.049 +0.006

G8 +0.016 +0.002 +0.022 +0.004 +0.027 +0.005 +0.033 +0.006 +0.033 +0.006

G7 +0.012 +0.002 +0.016 +0.004 +0.020 +0.005 +0.024 +0.006 +0.024 +0.006

G6 +0.008 +0.002 +0.012 +0.004 +0.014 +0.005 0.017 +0.006 0.017 +0.006

G5 +0.006 +0.002 +0.009 +0.004 +0.011 +0.005 +0.014 +0.006 +0.014 +0.006

J8 +0.006 -0.008 0.010 -0.008 +0.012 -0.010 0.015 -0.012 0.015 -0.012

J7 +0.004 -0.006 +0.006 -0.006 +0.008 -0.007 0.010 -0.008 0.010 -0.008

J6 +0.002 -0.004 +0.005 -0.003 +0.005 -0.004 +0.006 -0.005 +0.006 -0.005

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER

18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140

+0.091 +0.007 +0.091 +0.007 +0.109 +0.009 +0.109 +0.009 +0.130 +0.010 +0.130 +0.010 +0.152 +0.012 +0.152 +0.012 +0.174 +0.014 +0.174

+0.059 +0.007 +0.059 +0.007 +0.071 +0.009 +0.071 +0.009 +0.084 +0.010 +0.084 +0.010 +0.099 +0.012 +0.099 +0.012 +0.114 +0.014 +0.114

+0.040 +0.007 +0.040 +0.007 +0.048 +0.009 +0.048 +0.009 +0.056 +0.010 +0.056 +0.010 +0.066 +0.012 +0.066 +0.012 +0.077 +0.014 +0.077

+0.028 +0.007 +0.028 +0.007 +0.034 +0.009 +0.034 +0.009 +0.040 +0.010 +0.040 +0.010 +0.047 +0.012 +0.047 +0.012 +0.054 +0.014 +0.054

+0.020 +0.007 +0.020 +0.007 +0.025 +0.009 +0.025 +0.009 0.029 +0.010 +0.029 +0.010 +0.034 +0.012 +0.034 +0.012 +0.039 +0.014 +0.039

+0.016 +0.007 +0.016 +0.007 +0.020 +0.009 +0.020 +0.009 +0.023 +0.010 +0.023 +0.010 +0.027 +0.012 +0.027 +0.012 +0.032 +0.014 +0.032

+0.020 -0.013 +0.020 -0.013 0.024 -0.015 0.024 -0.015 +0.028 -0.018 +0.028 -0.018 0.034 -0.020 0.034 -0.020 0.041 -0.022 0.041

+0.012 -0.009 +0.012 -0.009 0.014 -0.011 0.014 -0.011 0.018 -0.012 0.018 -0.012 0.022 -0.013 0.022 -0.013 0.026 -0.014 0.026

+0.008 -0.005 +0.008 -0.005 0.010 -0.006 0.010 -0.006 0.013 -0.006 0.013 -0.006 0.016 -0.006 0.016 -0.006 +0.018 -0.007 +0.018

TO

160

+0.014

+0.014

+0.014

+0.014

+0.014

+0.014

-0.022

-0.014

-0.007

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER

160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280

+0.174 +0.014 +0.200 +0.015 +0.200 +0.015 +0.200 +0.015 +0.227 +0.017 +0.227

+0.114 +0.014 +0.130 +0.015 +0.130 +0.015 +0.130 +0.015 +0.147 +0.017 +0.147

+0.077 +0.014 +0.087 +0.015 +0.087 +0.015 +0.087 +0.015 +0.098 +0.017 +0.098

+0.054 +0.014 +0.061 +0.015 +0.061 +0.015 +0.061 +0.015 +0.069 +0.017 +0.069

+0.039 +0.014 +0.044 +0.015 +0.044 +0.015 +0.044 +0.015 +0.049 +0.017 +0.049

+0.032 +0.014 +0.035 +0.015 +0.035 +0.015 +0.035 +0.015 +0.040 +0.017 +0.040

0.041 -0.022 0.047 -0.025 0.047 -0.025 0.047 -0.025 0.055 -0.026 0.055

0.026 -0.014 0.030 -0.016 0.030 -0.016 0.030 -0.016 +0.036 -0.016 +0.036

+0.018 -0.007 +0.022 -0.007 +0.022 -0.007 +0.022 -0.007 0.025 -0.007 0.025

TO OVER TO OVER

315 315 355 355

+0.017 +0.248 +0.018 +0.248

+0.017 +0.158 +0.018 +0.158

+0.017 +0.107 +0.018 +0.107

+0.017 +0.075 +0.018 +0.075

+0.017 +0.054 +0.018 +0.054

+0.017 +0.043 +0.018 +0.043

-0.026 0.060 -0.029 0.060

-0.016 0.039 -0.018 0.039

-0.007 0.029 -0.007 0.029

TO OVER TO OVER TO

400 400 450 450 500

+0.018 +0.270 +0.020 +0.270 +0.020

+0.018 +0.175 +0.020 +0.175 +0.020

+0.018 +0.117 +0.020 +0.117 +0.020

+0.018 +0.083 +0.020 +0.083 +0.020

+0.018 +0.060 +0.020 +0.060 +0.020

+0.018 +0.047 +0.020 +0.047 +0.020

-0.029 0.066 -0.031 0.066 -0.031

-0.018 +0.043 -0.020 +0.043 -0.020

-0.007 +0.033 -0.007 +0.033 -0.007

TABLE 6-10 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (H16 ... H1) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER 0 TO 3 OVER 3 TO 6 OVER 6 TO 10 OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

H16

H15

H14

H13

H12

H11

H10

H9

H8

H7

H6

H5

H4

H3

H2

0.600

0.400

0.250

0.140

0.100

0. 060

0.040

0.025

0. 014

0.010

0.006

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0.0008

H1

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

0.750

0.480

0.300

0.180

0.120

0. 075

0.048

0.030

0. 018

0.012

0.008

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.0010

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

0.900

0.580

0.360

0.220

0.150

0. 090

0.058

0.036

0. 022

0.015

0.009

0.006

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.0010

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

1.100

0.700

0.430

0.270

0.180

0. 110

0.070

0.043

0. 027

0.018

0.011

0.008

0.005

0.003

0.002

0.0012

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

1.100

0.700

0.430

0.270

0.180

0. 110

0.070

0.043

0. 027

0.018

0.011

0.008

0.005

0.003

0.002

0.0012

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

1.300

0.840

0.520

0.330

0.210

0. 130

0.084

0.052

0. 033

0.021

0.013

0.009

0.006

0.004

0.003

0.0015

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

1.300

0.840

0.520

0.330

0.210

0. 130

0.084

0.052

0. 033

0.021

0.013

0.009

0.006

0.004

0.003

0.0015

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

1.600

1.000

0.620

0.390

0.250

0. 160

0.100

0.062

0. 039

0.025

0.016

0.011

0.007

0.004

0.003

0.0015

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

1.600

1.000

0.620

0.390

0.250

0. 160

0.100

0.062

0. 039

0.025

0.016

0.011

0.007

0.004

0.003

0.0015

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

1.900

1.200

0.740

0.460

0.300

0. 190

0.120

0.074

0. 046

0.030

0.019

0.013

0.008

0.005

0.003

0.0020

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

1.900

1.200

0.740

0.460

0.300

0. 190

0.120

0.074

0. 046

0.030

0.019

0.013

0.008

0.005

0.003

0.0020

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

2.200

1.400

0.870

0.540

0.350

0. 220

0.140

0.087

0. 054

0.035

0.022

0.015

0.010

0.006

0.004

0.0025

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

2.200

1.400

0.870

0.540

0.350

0. 220

0.140

0.087

0. 054

0.035

0.022

0.015

0.010

0.006

0.004

0.0025

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

2.500

1.600

1.000

0.630

0.400

0. 250

0.160

0.100

0. 063

0.040

0.025

0.018

0.012

0.008

0.005

0.0035

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

2.500

1.600

1.000

0.630

0.400

0. 250

0.160

0.100

0. 063

0.040

0.025

0.018

0.012

0.008

0.005

0.0035

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

2.500

1.600

1.000

0.630

0.400

0. 250

0.160

0.100

0. 063

0.040

0.025

0.018

0.012

0.008

0.005

0.0035

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

2.900

1.850

1.150

0.720

0.460

0. 290

0.185

0.115

0. 072

0.046

0.029

0.020

0.014

0.010

0.007

0.0045

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

2.900

1.850

1.150

0.720

0.460

0. 290

0.185

0.115

0. 072

0.046

0.029

0.020

0.014

0.010

0.007

0.0045

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0. 000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

2.900

1.850

1.150

0.720

0.460

0. 290

0.185

0.115

0. 072

0.046

0.029

0.020

0.014

0.010

0.007

0.0045

0.000 3.200

0.000 2.100

0.000 1.300

0.000 0.810

0.000 0.520

0. 000 0.320

0.000 0.210

0.000 0.130

0. 000 0.081

0.000 0.052

0.000 0.032

0.000 0.023

0.000 0.016

0.000 0.012

0.000 0.008

0.0000 0.006

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.200

2.100

1.300

0.810

0.520

0.320

0.210

0.130

0.081

0.052

0.032

0.023

0.016

0.012

0.008

0.006

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.600

2.300

1.400

0.890

0.570

0.360

0.230

0.140

0.089

0.057

0.036

0.025

0.018

0.013

0.009

0.007

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

3.600

2.300

1.400

0.890

0.570

0.360

0.230

0.140

0.089

0.057

0.036

0.025

0.018

0.013

0.009

0.007

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

4.000

2.500

1.550

0.970

0.630

0.400

0.250

0.155

0.097

0.063

0.040

0.027

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.008

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

4.000

2.500

1.550

0.970

0.630

0.400

0.250

0.155

0.097

0.063

0.040

0.027

0.020

0.015

0.010

0.008

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

TABLE 6-11 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (JS16...JS1) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

JS16

JS15

JS14

JS13

JS12

JS11

JS10

JS9

JS8

JS7

JS6

0.300 0.200 0.125 0.070 0.050 0.030 0.020 0.013 0.007 0.0050 0.0030 OVER 0 -0.300 -0.200 -0.125 -0.070 -0.050 -0.030 -0.020 -0.013 -0.007 -0.0050 -0.0030 TO 3 0.375 0.240 0.150 0.090 0.060 0.038 0.024 0.015 0.009 0.0060 0.0040 OVER 3 -0.375 -0.240 -0.150 -0.090 -0.060 -0.038 -0.024 -0.015 -0.009 -0.0060 -0.0040 TO 6 0.450 0.290 0.180 0.110 0.075 0.045 0.029 0.018 0.011 0.0075 0.0045 OVER 6 -0.450 -0.290 -0.180 -0.110 -0.075 -0.045 -0.029 -0.018 -0.011 -0.0075 -0.0045 TO 10 0.550 0.350 0.215 0.135 0.090 0.055 0.035 0.022 0.014 0.0090 0.0055 OVER 10 -0.550 -0.350 -0.215 -0.135 -0.090 -0.055 -0.035 -0.022 -0.014 -0.0090 -0.0055 TO 14 0.550 0.350 0.215 0.135 0.090 0.055 0.035 0.022 0.014 0.0090 0.0055 OVER 14 -0.550 -0.350 -0.215 -0.135 -0.090 -0.055 -0.035 -0.022 -0.014 -0.0090 -0.0055 TO 18 0.650 0.420 0.260 0.165 0.105 0.065 0.042 0.026 0.017 0.0105 0.0065 OVER 18 -0.650 -0.420 -0.260 -0.165 -0.105 -0.065 -0.042 -0.026 -0.017 -0.0105 -0.0065 TO 24 0.650 0.420 0.260 0.165 0.105 0.065 0.042 0.026 0.017 0.0105 0.0065 OVER 24 -0.650 -0.420 -0.260 -0.165 -0.105 -0.065 -0.042 -0.026 -0.017 -0.0105 -0.0065 TO 30 0.800 0.500 0.310 0.195 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.031 0.020 0.0125 0.0080 OVER 30 -0.800 -0.500 -0.310 -0.195 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.031 -0.020 -0.0125 -0.0080 TO 40 0.800 0.500 0.310 0.195 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.031 0.020 0.0125 0.0080 OVER 40 -0.800 -0.500 -0.310 -0.195 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.031 -0.020 -0.0125 -0.0080 TO 50 0.950 0.600 0.370 0.230 0.150 0.095 0.060 0.037 0.023 0.0150 0.0095 OVER 50 -0.950 -0.600 -0.370 -0.230 -0.150 -0.095 -0.060 -0.037 -0.023 -0.0150 -0.0095 TO 65 0.950 0.600 0.370 0.230 0.150 0.095 0.060 0.037 0.023 0.0150 0.0095 OVER 65 -0.950 -0.600 -0.370 -0.230 -0.150 -0.095 -0.060 -0.037 -0.023 -0.0150 -0.0095 TO 80 1.100 0.700 0.435 0.270 0.175 0.110 0.070 0.044 0.027 0.0175 0.0110 OVER 80 -1.100 -0.700 -0.435 -0.270 -0.175 -0.110 -0.070 -0.044 -0.027 -0.0175 -0.0110 TO 100 1.100 0.700 0.435 0.270 0.175 0.110 0.070 0.044 0.027 0.0175 0.0110 OVER 100 -1.100 -0.700 -0.435 -0.270 -0.175 -0.110 -0.070 -0.044 -0.027 -0.0175 -0.0110 TO 120 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.032 0.0200 0.0125 OVER 120 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.032 -0.0200 -0.0125 TO 140 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.032 0.0200 0.0125 OVER 140 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.032 -0.0200 -0.0125 TO 160 1.250 0.800 0.500 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.080 0.050 0.032 0.0200 0.0125 OVER 160 -1.250 -0.800 -0.500 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.080 -0.050 -0.032 -0.0200 -0.0125 TO 180 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.093 0.058 0.036 0.0230 0.0145 OVER 180 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.093 -0.058 -0.036 -0.0230 -0.0145 TO 200 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.093 0.058 0.036 0.0230 0.0145 OVER 200 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.093 -0.058 -0.036 -0.0230 -0.0145 TO 225 1.450 0.925 0.575 0.360 0.230 0.145 0.093 0.058 0.036 0.0230 0.0145 OVER 225 -1.450 -0.925 -0.575 -0.360 -0.230 -0.145 -0.093 -0.058 -0.036 -0.0230 -0.0145 TO 250 1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.105 0.065 0.041 0.0260 0.0160 OVER 250 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.105 -0.065 -0.041 -0.0260 -0.0160 TO 280 1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.105 0.065 0.041 0.0260 0.0160 OVER 280 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.105 -0.065 -0.041 -0.0260 -0.0160 TO 315 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.115 0.070 0.045 0.0285 0.0180 OVER 315 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.115 -0.070 -0.045 -0.0285 -0.0180 TO 355 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.115 0.070 0.045 0.0285 0.0180 OVER 355 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.115 -0.070 -0.045 -0.0285 -0.0180 TO 400 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.078 0.049 0.0315 0.0200 OVER 400 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.078 -0.049 -0.0315 -0.0200 TO 450 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.125 0.078 0.049 0.0315 0.0200 OVER 450 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.125 -0.078 -0.049 -0.0315 -0.0200 TO 500 NOTE: Some js deviations in the grades 7 to 11 have been rounded off to 1/2(IT - 0.001) when IT values is odd.

JS5

JS4

JS3

JS2

JS1

0.0020

0.0015

0.0010

0.00060

0.00040

-0.0020

-0.0015

-0.0010

-0.00060

-0.00040

0.0025

0.0020

0.0013

0.00075

0.00050

-0.0025

-0.0020

-0.0013

-0.00075

-0.00050

0.0030 -0.0030

0.0020

0.0013

0.00075

0.00050

-0.0020

-0.0013

-0.00075

-0.00050

0.0040 -0.0040 0.0040

0.0025

0.0015

0.00100

0.00060

-0.0025

-0.0015

-0.00100

-0.00060

0.0025

0.0015

0.00100

0.00060

-0.0040

-0.0025

-0.0015

-0.00100

-0.00060

0.0045

0.0030

0.0020

0.00125

0.00075

-0.0045

-0.0030

-0.0020

-0.00125

-0.00075

0.0045

0.0030

0.0020

0.00125

0.00075

-0.0045

-0.0030

-0.0020

-0.00125

-0.00075

0.0055

0.0035

0.0020

0.00125

0.00075

-0.0055

-0.0035

-0.0020

-0.00125

-0.00075

0.0055 -0.0055

0.0035

0.0020

0.00125

0.00075

-0.0035

-0.0020

-0.00125

-0.00075

0.0065

0.0040

0.0025

0.00150

0.00100

-0.0065

-0.0040

-0.0025

-0.00150

-0.00100

0.0065

0.0040

0.0025

0.00150

0.00100

-0.0065

-0.0040

-0.0025

-0.00150

-0.00100

0.0075

0.0050

0.0030

0.00200

0.00125

-0.0075 0.0075

-0.0050

-0.0030

-0.00200

-0.00125

0.0050

0.0030

0.00200

0.00125

-0.0075 0.0090 -0.0090 0.0090

-0.0050

-0.0030

-0.00200

-0.00125

0.0060

0.0040

0.00250

0.00175

-0.0090

-0.0060

-0.0040

-0.00250

-0.00175

0.0090 -0.0090 0.0100

0.0060

0.0040

0.00250

0.00175

-0.0060

-0.0040

-0.00250

-0.00175

0.0070

0.0050

0.00350

0.00225

-0.0100

-0.0070

-0.0050

-0.00350

-0.00225

0.0060

0.0040

0.00250

0.00175

-0.0060

-0.0040

-0.00250

-0.00175

0.0100

0.0070

0.0050

0.00350

0.00225

-0.0100 0.0100 -0.0100 0.0115

-0.0070

-0.0050

-0.00350

-0.00225

0.0080

0.0060

0.0040

0.0030

-0.0115

-0.0080

-0.0060

-0.0040

-0.0030

0.0115 -0.0115

0.0080

0.0060

0.0040

0.0030

-0.0080

-0.0060

-0.0040

-0.0030

0.0125 -0.0125

0.0090

0.0065

0.0045

0.0035

-0.0090

-0.0065

-0.0045

-0.0035

0.0070

0.0050

0.00350

0.00225

-0.0070

-0.0050

-0.00350

-0.00225

0.0125

0.0090

0.0065

0.0045

0.0035

-0.0125 0.0135 -0.0135 0.0135

-0.0090

-0.0065

-0.0045

-0.0035

0.0100

0.0075

0.0050

0.0040

-0.0135

-0.0100

-0.0075

-0.0050

-0.0040

0.0100

0.0075

0.0050

0.0040

-0.0100

-0.0075

-0.0050

-0.0040

TABLE 6-12 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (K10 ... K5, M10 ... M5) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER TO

0 3

OVER TO

K10 0.000 -0.040

K9 0.000 -0.025

K8 0.000 -0.014

K7 0.000 -0.010

K6 0.000 -0.006

K5 0.000 -0.004

M10 -0.002 -0.042

M9 -0.002 -0.027

M8 -0.002 -0.016

3

+0.005

+0.003

6

-0.013

-0.009

+0.002

0.000

-0.004

-0.004

-0.006

-0.005

-0.052

-0.034

OVER

6

+0.006

+0.005

+0.002

+0.001

-0.006

TO

10

-0.016

-0.010

-0.007

-0.005

OVER TO

10

+0.008

+0.006

+0.002

14

-0.019

-0.012

-0.009

OVER

14

+0.008

+0.006

TO

18

-0.019

M5 -0.002 -0.006

M7 -0.002 -0.012

M6 -0.002 -0.008

+0.002

0.000

-0.001

-0.003

-0.016

-0.012

-0.009

-0.008

-0.006

+0.001

0.000

-0.003

-0.004

-0.064

-0.042

-0.021

-0.015

-0.012

-0.010

+0.002

-0.007

-0.007

+0.002

0.000

-0.004

-0.004

-0.006

-0.077

-0.050

-0.025

-0.018

-0.015

-0.012

+0.002

+0.002

-0.007

-0.007

+0.002

0.000

-0.004

-0.004

-0.012

-0.009

-0.006

-0.077

-0.050

-0.025

-0.018

-0.015

-0.012

+0.010

+0.006

+0.002

+0.001

-0.008

-0.008

+0.004

0.000

-0.004

-0.005

AREA NOT

-0.023 +0.010 -0.023 +0.012 -0.027

-0.015 +0.006 -0.015 +0.007 -0.018

-0.011 +0.002 -0.011 +0.003 -0.013

-0.008 +0.001 -0.008 +0.002 -0.009

-0.092 -0.008 -0.092 -0.009 -0.109

-0.060 -0.008 -0.060 -0.009 -0.071

-0.029 +0.004 -0.029 +0.005 -0.034

-0.021 0.000 -0.021 0.000 -0.025

-0.017 -0.004 -0.017 -0.004 -0.020

-0.014 -0.005 -0.014 -0.005 -0.016

DEFINED

+0.012

+0.007

+0.003

+0.002

-0.009

-0.009

+0.005

0.000

-0.004

-0.005

OVER

18

TO OVER TO OVER TO

24 24 30 30 40

OVER

40

TO

50

-0.027

-0.018

-0.013

-0.009

-0.109

-0.071

-0.034

-0.025

-0.020

-0.016

OVER

50

+0.014

+0.009

+0.004

+0.003

-0.011

-0.011

+0.005

0.000

-0.005

-0.006

NUMERICAL VALUES FOR TOLERANCE ZONES IN THIS

TO

65

-0.032

-0.021

-0.015

-0.010

-0.131

-0.085

-0.041

-0.030

-0.024

-0.019

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER

65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140

+0.014 -0.032 +0.016 -0.038 +0.016 -0.038 +0.020 -0.043 +0.020

+0.009 -0.021 +0.010 -0.025 +0.010 -0.025 +0.012 -0.028 +0.012

+0.004 -0.015 +0.004 -0.018 +0.004 -0.018 +0.004 -0.021 +0.004

+0.003 -0.010 +0.002 -0.013 +0.002 -0.013 +0.003 -0.015 +0.003

-0.011 -0.131 -0.013 -0.153 -0.013 -0.153 -0.015 -0.175 -0.015

-0.011 -0.085 -0.013 -0.100 -0.013 -0.100 -0.015 -0.115 -0.015

+0.005 -0.041 +0.006 -0.048 +0.006 -0.048 +0.008 -0.055 +0.008

0.000 -0.030 0.000 -0.035 0.000 -0.035 0.000 -0.040 0.000

-0.005 -0.024 -0.006 -0.028 -0.006 -0.028 -0.008 -0.033 -0.008

-0.006 -0.019 -0.008 -0.023 -0.008 -0.023 -0.009 -0.027 -0.009

TO

160

-0.043

-0.028

-0.021

-0.015

-0.175

-0.115

-0.055

-0.040

-0.033

-0.027

OVER

160

+0.020

+0.012

+0.004

+0.003

-0.015

-0.015

+0.008

0.000

-0.008

-0.009

TO

180

-0.043

-0.028

-0.021

-0.015

-0.175

-0.115

-0.055

-0.040

-0.033

-0.027

OVER TO OVER

180 200 200

+0.022 -0.050 +0.022

+0.013 -0.033 +0.013

+0.005 -0.024 +0.005

+0.002 -0.018 +0.002

-0.017 -0.202 -0.017

-0.017 -0.132 -0.017

+0.009 -0.063 +0.009

0.000 -0.046 0.000

-0.008 -0.037 -0.008

-0.011 -0.031 -0.011

TO

225

-0.050

-0.033

-0.024

-0.018

-0.202

-0.132

-0.063

-0.046

-0.037

-0.031

OVER

225

+0.022

+0.013

+0.005

+0.002

-0.017

-0.017

+0.009

0.000

-0.008

-0.011

TO

250

-0.050

-0.033

-0.024

-0.018

-0.202

-0.132

-0.063

-0.046

-0.037

-0.031

OVER

250

+0.025

+0.016

+0.005

+0.003

-0.020

-0.020

+0.009

0.000

-0.009

-0.013

TO

280

-0.056

-0.036

-0.027

-0.020

-0.230

-0.150

-0.072

-0.052

-0.041

-0.036

OVER

280

+0.025

+0.016

+0.005

+0.003

-0.020

-0.020

+0.009

0.000

-0.009

-0.013

TO

315

-0.056

-0.036

-0.027

-0.020

-0.230

-0.150

-0.072

-0.052

-0.041

-0.036

OVER

315

+0.028

+0.017

+0.007

+0.003

-0.021

-0.021

+0.011

0.000

-0.010

-0.014

TO

355

-0.061

-0.040

-0.029

-0.022

-0.251

-0.161

-0.078

-0.057

-0.046

-0.039

OVER

355

+0.028

+0.017

+0.007

+0.003

-0.021

-0.021

+0.011

0.000

-0.010

-0.014

TO

400

-0.061

-0.040

-0.029

-0.022

-0.251

-0.161

-0.078

-0.057

-0.046

-0.039

OVER

400

+0.029

+0.018

+0.008

+0.002

-0.023

-0.023

+0.011

0.000

-0.010

-0.016

TO

450

-0.068

-0.045

-0.032

-0.025

-0.273

-0.178

-0.086

-0.063

-0.050

-0.043

OVER

450

+0.029

+0.018

+0.008

+0.002

-0.023

-0.023

+0.011

0.000

-0.010

-0.016

TO

500

-0.068

-0.045

-0.032

-0.025

-0.273

-0.178

-0.086

-0.063

-0.050

-0.043

TABLE 6-13 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (N10 ... N5, P10 ... P5) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER TO OVER TO OVER

0 3 3 6 6

N10 -0.004 -0.044 0.000 -0.048 0.000

N9 -0.004 -0.029 0.000 -0.030 0.000

N8 -0.004 -0.018 -0.002 -0.020 -0.003

N7 -0.004 -0.014 -0.004 -0.016 -0.004

N6 -0.004 -0.010 -0.005 -0.013 -0.007

N5 -0.004 -0.008 -0.007 -0.012 -0.008

P10 -0.006 -0.046 -0.012 -0.060 -0.015

P9 -0.006 -0.031 -0.012 -0.042 -0.015

P8 -0.006 -0.020 -0.012 -0.030 -0.015

P7 -0.006 -0.016 -0.008 -0.020 -0.009

P6 -0.006 -0.012 -0.009 -0.017 -0.012

P5 -0.006 -0.010 -0.011 -0.016 -0.013

TO

10

-0.058

-0.036

-0.025

-0.019

-0.016

-0.014

-0.073

-0.051

-0.037

-0.024

-0.021

-0.019

OVER

10

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER

14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30

0.000 -0.070 0.000 -0.070 0.000 -0.084 0.000 -0.084 0.000

0.000 -0.043 0.000 -0.043 0.000 -0.052 0.000 -0.052 0.000

-0.003 -0.030 -0.003 -0.030 -0.003 -0.036 -0.003 -0.036 -0.003

-0.005 -0.023 -0.005 -0.023 -0.007 -0.028 -0.007 -0.028 -0.008

-0.009 -0.020 -0.009 -0.020 -0.011 -0.024 -0.011 -0.024 -0.012

-0.009 -0.017 -0.009 -0.017 -0.012 -0.021 -0.012 -0.021 -0.013

-0.018 -0.088 -0.018 -0.088 -0.022 -0.106 -0.022 -0.106 -0.026

-0.018 -0.061 -0.018 -0.061 -0.022 -0.074 -0.022 -0.074 -0.026

-0.018 -0.045 -0.018 -0.045 -0.022 -0.055 -0.022 -0.055 -0.026

-0.011 -0.029 -0.011 -0.029 -0.014 -0.035 -0.014 -0.035 -0.017

-0.015 -0.026 -0.015 -0.026 -0.018 -0.031 -0.018 -0.031 -0.021

-0.015 -0.023 -0.015 -0.023 -0.019 -0.028 -0.019 -0.028 -0.022

TO

40

-0.100

-0.062

-0.042

-0.033

-0.028

-0.024

-0.126

-0.088

-0.065

-0.042

-0.037

-0.033

OVER

10

0.000

0.000

-0.003

-0.008

-0.012

-0.013

-0.026

-0.026

-0.026

-0.017

-0.021

-0.022

TO

50

-0.100

-0.062

-0.042

-0.033

-0.028

-0.024

-0.126

-0.088

-0.065

-0.042

-0.037

-0.033

OVER

50

0.000

0.000

-0.004

-0.009

-0.014

-0.015

-0.032

-0.032

-0.032

-0.021

-0.026

-0.027

TO

65

-0.120

-0.074

-0.050

-0.039

-0.033

-0.028

-0.152

-0.106

-0.078

-0.051

-0.045

-0.040

OVER

65

0.000

0.000

-0.004

-0.009

-0.014

-0.015

-0.032

-0.032

-0.032

-0.021

-0.026

-0.027

TO OVER TO OVER TO

80 80 100 100 120

-0.120 0.000 -0.140 0.000 -0.140

-0.074 0.000 -0.087 0.000 -0.087

-0.050 -0.004 -0.058 -0.004 -0.058

-0.039 -0.010 -0.045 -0.010 -0.045

-0.033 -0.016 -0.038 -0.016 -0.038

-0.028 -0.018 -0.033 -0.018 -0.033

-0.152 -0.037 -0.177 -0.037 -0.177

-0.106 -0.037 -0.124 -0.037 -0.124

-0.078 -0.037 -0.091 -0.037 -0.091

-0.051 -0.024 -0.059 -0.024 -0.059

-0.045 -0.030 -0.052 -0.030 -0.052

-0.040 -0.032 -0.047 -0.032 -0.047

OVER

120

0.000

0.000

-0.004

-0.012

-0.020

-0.021

-0.043

-0.043

-0.043

-0.028

-0.036

-0.037

TO

140

-0.160

-0.100

-0.067

-0.052

-0.045

-0.039

-0.203

-0.143

-0.106

-0.068

-0.061

-0.055

OVER

140

0.000

0.000

-0.004

-0.012

-0.020

-0.021

-0.043

-0.043

-0.043

-0.028

-0.036

-0.037

TO

160

-0.160

-0.100

-0.067

-0.052

-0.045

-0.039

-0.203

-0.143

-0.106

-0.068

-0.061

-0.055

OVER

160

0.000

0.000

-0.004

-0.012

-0.020

-0.021

-0.043

-0.043

-0.043

-0.028

-0.036

-0.037

TO

180

-0.160

-0.100

-0.067

-0.052

-0.045

-0.039

-0.203

-0.143

-0.106

-0.068

-0.061

-0.055

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

0.000 -0.185 0.000 -0.185 0.000 -0.185 0.000 -0.210 0.000 -0.210 0.000 -0.230 0.000 -0.230 0.000 -0.250 0.000 -0.250

0.000 -0.115 0.000 -0.115 0.000 -0.115 0.000 -0.130 0.000 -0.130 0.000 -0.140 0.000 -0.140 0.000 -0.155 0.000 -0.155

-0.005 -0.077 -0.005 -0.077 -0.005 -0.077 -0.005 -0.086 -0.005 -0.086 -0.005 -0.094 -0.005 -0.094 -0.006 -0.103 -0.006 -0.103

-0.014 -0.060 -0.014 -0.060 -0.014 -0.060 -0.014 -0.066 -0.014 -0.066 -0.016 -0.073 -0.016 -0.073 -0.017 -0.080 -0.017 -0.080

-0.022 -0.051 -0.022 -0.051 -0.022 -0.051 -0.025 -0.057 -0.025 -0.057 -0.026 -0.062 -0.026 -0.062 -0.027 -0.067 -0.027 -0.067

-0.025 -0.045 -0.025 -0.045 -0.025 -0.045 -0.027 -0.050 -0.027 -0.050 -0.030 -0.055 -0.030 -0.055 -0.033 -0.060 -0.033 -0.060

-0.050 -0.235 -0.050 -0.235 -0.050 -0.235 -0.056 -0.266 -0.056 -0.266 -0.062 -0.292 -0.062 -0.292 -0.068 -0.318 -0.068 -0.318

-0.050 -0.165 -0.050 -0.165 -0.050 -0.165 -0.056 -0.186 -0.056 -0.186 -0.062 -0.202 -0.062 -0.202 -0.068 -0.223 -0.068 -0.223

-0.050 -0.122 -0.050 -0.122 -0.050 -0.122 -0.056 -0.137 -0.056 -0.137 -0.062 -0.151 -0.062 -0.151 -0.068 -0.165 -0.068 -0.165

-0.033 -0.079 -0.033 -0.079 -0.033 -0.079 -0.036 -0.088 -0.036 -0.088 -0.041 -0.098 -0.041 -0.098 -0.045 -0.108 -0.045 -0.108

-0.041 -0.070 -0.041 -0.070 -0.041 -0.070 -0.047 -0.079 -0.047 -0.079 -0.051 -0.087 -0.051 -0.087 -0.055 -0.095 -0.055 -0.095

-0.044 -0.064 -0.044 -0.064 -0.044 -0.064 -0.049 -0.072 -0.049 -0.072 -0.055 -0.080 -0.055 -0.080 -0.061 -0.088 -0.061 -0.088

TABLE 6-14 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (R10 ... R5, S10 ... S5) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER

0 3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

R10 -0.010 -0.050 -0.015 -0.063 -0.019 -0.077 -0.023 -0.093 -0.023 -0.093 -0.028 -0.112 -0.028 -0.112 -0.034 -0.134 -0.034

R9 -0.010 -0.035 -0.015 -0.045 -0.019 -0.055 -0.023 -0.066 -0.023 -0.066 -0.028 -0.080 -0.028 -0.080 -0.034 -0.096 -0.034

R8 -0.010 -0.024 -0.015 -0.033 -0.019 -0.041 -0.023 -0.050 -0.023 -0.050 -0.028 -0.061 -0.028 -0.061 -0.034 -0.073 -0.034

R7 -0.010 -0.020 -0.011 -0.023 -0.013 -0.028 -0.016 -0.034 -0.016 -0.034 -0.020 -0.041 -0.020 -0.041 -0.025 -0.050 -0.025

R6 -0.010 -0.016 -0.012 -0.020 -0.016 -0.025 -0.020 -0.031 -0.020 -0.031 -0.024 -0.037 -0.024 -0.037 -0.029 -0.045 -0.029

R5 -0.010 -0.014 -0.014 -0.019 -0.017 -0.023 -0.020 -0.028 -0.020 -0.028 -0.025 -0.034 -0.025 -0.034 -0.030 -0.041 -0.030

S10 -0.014 -0.054 -0.019 -0.067 -0.023 -0.081 -0.028 -0.098 -0.028 -0.098 -0.035 -0.119 -0.035 -0.119 -0.043 -0.143 -0.043

S9 -0.014 -0.039 -0.019 -0.049 -0.023 -0.059 -0.028 -0.071 -0.028 -0.071 -0.035 -0.087 -0.035 -0.087 -0.043 -0.105 -0.043

S8 -0.014 -0.028 -0.019 -0.037 -0.023 -0.045 -0.028 -0.055 -0.028 -0.055 -0.035 -0.068 -0.035 -0.068 -0.043 -0.082 -0.043

S7 -0.014 -0.024 -0.015 -0.027 -0.017 -0.032 -0.021 -0.039 -0.021 -0.039 -0.027 -0.048 -0.027 -0.048 -0.034 -0.059 -0.034

S6 -0.014 -0.020 -0.016 -0.024 -0.020 -0.029 -0.025 -0.036 -0.025 -0.036 -0.031 -0.044 -0.031 -0.044 -0.038 -0.054 -0.038

S5 -0.014 -0.018 -0.018 -0.023 -0.021 -0.027 -0.025 -0.033 -0.025 -0.033 -0.032 -0.041 -0.032 -0.041 -0.039 -0.050 -0.039

-0.134 -0.041 -0.161 -0.043 -0.163 -0.051 -0.191 -0.054 -0.194 -0.063 -0.223 -0.065 -0.225 -0.068 -0.228 -0.077 -0.262 -0.080 -0.265 -0.084 -0.269 -0.094 -0.304 -0.098

-0.096 -0.041 -0.115 -0.043 -0.117 -0.051 -0.138 -0.054 -0.141 -0.063 -0.163 -0.065 -0.165 -0.068 -0.168 -0.077 -0.192 -0.080 -0.195 -0.084 -0.199 -0.094 -0.224 -0.098

-0.073 -0.041 -0.087 -0.043 -0.089 -0.051 -0.105 -0.054 -0.108 -0.063 -0.126 -0.065 -0.128 -0.068 -0.131 -0.077 -0.149 -0.080 -0.152 -0.084 -0.156 -0.094 -0.175 -0.098

-0.050 -0.030 -0.060 -0.032 -0.062 -0.038 -0.073 -0.041 -0.076 -0.048 -0.088 -0.050 -0.090 -0.053 -0.093 -0.060 -0.106 -0.063 -0.109 -0.067 -0.113 -0.074 -0.126 -0.078

-0.045 -0.035 -0.054 -0.037 -0.056 -0.044 -0.066 -0.047 -0.069 -0.056 -0.081 -0.058 -0.083 -0.061 -0.086 -0.068 -0.097 -0.071 -0.100 -0.075 -0.104 -0.085 -0.117 -0.089

-0.041 -0.036 -0.049 -0.038 -0.051 -0.046 -0.061 -0.049 -0.064 -0.057 -0.075 -0.059 -0.077 -0.062 -0.080 -0.071 -0.091 -0.074 -0.094 -0.078 -0.098 -0.087 -0.110 -0.091

-0.143 -0.053 -0.173 -0.059 -0.179 -0.071 -0.211 -0.079 -0.219 -0.092 -0.252 -0.100 -0.260 -0.108 -0.268 -0.122 -0.307 -0.130 -0.315 -0.140 -0.325 -0.158 -0.368 -0.170

-0.105 -0.053 -0.127 -0.059 -0.133 -0.071 -0.158 -0.079 -0.166 -0.092 -0.192 -0.100 -0.200 -0.108 -0.208 -0.122 -0.237 -0.130 -0.245 -0.140 -0.255 -0.158 -0.288 -0.170

-0.082 -0.053 -0.099 -0.059 -0.105 -0.071 -0.125 -0.079 -0.133 -0.092 -0.155 -0.100 -0.163 -0.108 -0.171 -0.122 -0.194 -0.130 -0.202 -0.140 -0.212 -0.158 -0.239 -0.170

-0.059 -0.042 -0.072 -0.048 -0.078 -0.058 -0.093 -0.066 -0.101 -0.077 -0.117 -0.085 -0.125 -0.093 -0.133 -0.105 -0.151 -0.113 -0.159 -0.123 -0.169 -0.138 -0.190 -0.150

-0.054 -0.047 -0.066 -0.053 -0.072 -0.064 -0.086 -0.072 -0.094 -0.085 -0.110 -0.093 -0.118 -0.101 -0.126 -0.113 -0.142 -0.121 -0.150 -0.131 -0.160 -0.149 -0.181 -0.161

-0.050 -0.048 -0.061 -0.054 -0.067 -0.066 -0.081 -0.074 -0.089 -0.086 -0.104 -0.094 -0.112 -0.102 -0.120 -0.116 -0.136 -0.124 -0.144 -0.134 -0.154 -0.151 -0.174 -0.163

-0.308 -0.108 -0.338 -0.114 -0.344 -0.126 -0.376 -0.132 -0.382

-0.228 -0.108 -0.248 -0.114 -0.254 -0.126 -0.281 -0.132 -0.287

-0.179 -0.108 -0.197 -0.114 -0.203 -0.126 -0.223 -0.132 -0.229

-0.130 -0.087 -0.144 -0.093 -0.150 -0.103 -0.166 -0.109 -0.172

-0.121 -0.097 -0.133 -0.103 -0.139 -0.113 -0.153 -0.119 -0.159

-0.114 -0.101 -0.126 -0.107 -0.132 -0.119 -0.146 -0.125 -0.152

-0.380 -0.190 -0.420 -0.208 -0.438 -0.232 -0.482 -0.252 -0.502

-0.300 -0.190 -0.330 -0.208 -0.348 -0.232 -0.387 -0.252 -0.407

-0.251 -0.190 -0.279 -0.208 -0.297 -0.232 -0.329 -0.252 -0.349

-0.202 -0.169 -0.226 -0.187 -0.244 -0.209 -0.272 -0.229 -0.292

-0.193 -0.179 -0.215 -0.197 -0.233 -0.219 -0.259 -0.239 -0.279

-0.186 -0.183 -0.208 -0.201 -0.226 -0.225 -0.252 -0.245 -0.272

TABLE 6-15 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (T10 ... T5, U10... U5) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

T10

T9

T8

T7

T6

T5

U10

U9

U8

U7

U6

U5

OVER

0

-0.018

-0.018

-0.018

-0.018

-0.018

-0.018

TO

3

-0.058

-0.043

-0.032

-0.028

-0.024

-0.022

OVER

3

-0.023

-0.023

-0.023

-0.019

-0.020

-0.022

TO

6

-0.071

-0.053

-0.041

-0.031

-0.028

-0.027

OVER

6

NUMERICAL VALUES FOR

-0.028

-0.028

-0.028

-0.022

-0.025

-0.026

TO

10

TOLERANCE ZONES IN

-0.086

-0.064

-0.050

-0.037

-0.034

-0.032

OVER

10

THIS AREA NOT DEFINED

-0.033

-0.033

-0.033

-0.026

-0.030

-0.030

TO

14

-0.103

-0.076

-0.060

-0.044

-0.041

-0.038

OVER

14

-0.033

-0.033

-0.033

-0.026

-0.030

-0.030

TO

18

-0.103

-0.076

-0.060

-0.044

-0.041

-0.038

OVER

18

-0.041

-0.041

-0.041

-0.033

-0.037

-0.038

TO

24

-0.125

-0.093

-0.074

-0.054

0.050

-0.047

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

-0.048 -0.132 -0.060 -0.160 -0.070 -0.170 -0.087 -0.207 -0.102 -0.222 -0.124 -0.264 -0.144 -0.284 -0.170 -0.330 -0.190 -0.350 -0.210 -0.370 -0.236 -0.421 -0.258 -0.443 -0.284 -0.469 -0.315 -0.525 -0.350 -0.560 -0.390 -0.620 -0.435 -0.665 -0.490 -0.740 -0.540 -0.790

-0.048 -0.100 -0.060 -0.122 -0.070 -0.132 -0.087 -0.161 -0.102 -0.176 -0.124 -0.211 -0.144 -0.231 -0.170 -0.270 -0.190 -0.290 -0.210 -0.310 -0.236 -0.351 -0.258 -0.373 -0.284 -0.399 -0.315 -0.445 -0.350 -0.480 -0.390 -0.530 -0.435 -0.575 -0.490 -0.645 -0.540 -0.695

-0.048 -0.081 -0.060 -0.099 -0.070 -0.109 -0.087 -0.133 -0.102 -0.148 -0.124 -0.178 -0.144 -0.198 -0.170 -0.233 -0.190 -0.253 -0.210 -0.273 -0.236 -0.308 -0.258 -0.330 -0.284 -0.356 -0.315 -0.396 -0.350 -0.431 -0.390 -0.479 -0.435 -0.524 -0.490 -0.587 -0.540 -0.637

-0.040 -0.061 -0.051 -0.076 -0.061 -0.086 -0.076 -0.106 -0.091 -0.121 -0.111 -0.146 -0.131 -0.166 -0.155 -0.195 -0.175 -0.215 -0.195 -0.235 -0.219 -0.265 -0.241 -0.287 -0.267 -0.313 -0.295 -0.347 -0.330 -0.382 -0.369 -0.426 -0.414 -0.471 -0.467 -0.530 -0.517 -0.580

-0.044 -0.057 -0.055 -0.071 -0.065 -0.081 -0.081 -0.100 -0.096 -0.115 -0.117 -0.139 -0.137 -0.159 -0.163 -0.188 -0.183 -0.208 -0.203 -0.228 -0.227 -0.256 -0.249 -0.278 -0.275 -0.304 -0.306 -0.338 -0.341 -0.373 -0.379 -0.415 -0.424 -0.460 -0.477 -0.517 -0.527 -0.567

-0.045 -0.054 -0.056 -0.067 -0.066 -0.077 -0.082 -0.095 -0.097 -0.110 -0.119 -0.134 -0.139 -0.154 -0.164 -0.182 -0.184 -0.202 -0.204 -0.222 -0.230 -0.250 -0.252 -0.272 -0.278 -0.298 -0.308 -0.331 -0.343 -0.366 -0.383 -0.408 -0.428 -0.453 -0.483 -0.510 -0.533 -0.560

-0.041 -0.125 -0.048 -0.148 -0.054 -0.154 -0.066 -0.186 -0.075 -0.195 -0.091 -0.231 -0.104 -0.244 -0.122 -0.282 -0.134 -0.294 -0.146 -0.306 -0.166 -0.351 -0.180 -0.365 -0.196 -0.381 -0.218 -0.428 -0.240 -0.450 -0.268 -0.498 -0.294 -0.524 -0.330 -0.580 -0.360 -0.610

-0.041 -0.093 -0.048 -0.110 -0.054 -0.116 -0.066 -0.140 -0.075 -0.149 -0.091 -0.178 -0.104 -0.191 -0.122 -0.222 -0.134 -0.234 -0.146 -0.246 -0.166 -0.281 -0.180 -0.295 -0.196 -0.311 -0.218 -0.348 -0.240 -0.370 -0.268 -0.408 -0.294 -0.434 -0.330 -0.485 -0.360 -0.515

-0.041 -0.074 -0.048 -0.087 -0.054 -0.093 -0.066 -0.112 -0.075 -0.121 -0.091 -0.145 -0.104 -0.158 -0.122 -0.185 -0.134 -0.197 -0.146 -0.209 -0.166 -0.238 -0.180 -0.252 -0.196 -0.268 -0.218 -0.299 -0.240 -0.321 -0.268 -0.357 -0.294 -0.383 -0.330 -0.427 -0.360 -0.457

-0.033 -0.054 -0.039 -0.064 -0.045 -0.070 -0.055 -0.085 -0.064 -0.094 -0.078 -0.113 -0.091 -0.126 -0.107 -0.147 -0.119 -0.159 -0.131 -0.171 -0.149 -0.195 -0.163 -0.209 -0.179 -0.225 -0.198 -0.250 -0.220 -0.272 -0.247 -0.304 -0.273 -0.330 -0.307 -0.370 -0.337 -0.400

-0.037 -0.050 -0.043 -0.059 -0.049 -0.065 -0.060 -0.079 -0.069 -0.088 -0.084 -0.106 -0.097 -0.119 -0.115 -0.140 -0.127 -0.152 -0.139 -0.164 -0.157 -0.186 -0.171 -0.200 -0.187 -0.216 -0.209 -0.241 -0.231 -0.263 -0.257 -0.293 -0.283 -0.319 -0.317 -0.357 -0.347 -0.387

-0.038 -0.047 -0.044 -0.055 -0.050 -0.061 -0.061 -0.074 -0.070 -0.088 -0.086 -0.101 -0.099 -0.114 -0.116 -0.134 -0.128 -0.146 -0.140 -0.158 -0.160 -0.180 -0.174 -0.194 -0.190 -0.210 -0.211 -0.234 -0.233 -0.256 -0.261 -0.286 -0.287 -0.312 -0.323 -0.350 -0.353 -0.380

TABLE 6-16 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (V10 ... V5, X10 ... X5) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

V10

V9

V8

V7

V6

V5

X10

X9

X8

X7

X6

X5

OVER

0

-0.020

-0.020

-0.020

-0.020

-0.020

-0.020

TO

3

-0.060

-0.045

-0.034

-0.030

-0.026

-0.024

OVER

3

-0.028

-0.028

-0.028

-0.024

-0.025

-0.027

TO

6

-0.076

-0.058

-0.046

-0.036

-0.033

-0.032

OVER

6

-0.034

-0.034

-0.034

-0.028

-0.031

-0.032

TO

10

-0.092

-0.070

-0.056

-0.043

-0.040

-0.038

OVER

10

-0.040

-0.040

-0.040

-0.033

-0.037

-0.037

TO

14

-0.110

-0.083

-0.067

-0.051

-0.048

-0.045

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140

-0.039 -0.109 -0.047 -0.131 -0.055 -0.139 -0.068 -0.168 -0.081 -0.181 -0.102 -0.222 -0.120 -0.240 -0.146 -0.286 -0.172 -0.312 -0.202 -0.362

-0.039 -0.082 -0.047 -0.099 -0.055 -0.107 -0.068 -0.130 -0.081 -0.143 -0.102 -0.176 -0.120 -0.194 -0.146 -0.233 -0.172 -0.259 -0.202 -0.302

-0.039 -0.066 -0.047 -0.080 -0.055 -0.088 -0.068 -0.107 -0.081 -0.120 -0.102 -0.148 -0.120 -0.166 -0.146 -0.200 -0.172 -0.226 -0.202 -0.265

-0.032 -0.050 -0.039 -0.060 -0.047 -0.068 -0.059 -0.084 -0.072 -0.097 -0.091 -0.121 -0.109 -0.139 -0.133 -0.168 -0.159 -0.194 -0.187 -0.227

-0.036 -0.047 -0.043 -0.056 -0.051 -0.064 -0.063 -0.079 -0.076 -0.092 -0.096 -0.115 -0.114 -0.133 -0.139 -0.161 -0.165 -0.187 -0.195 -0.220

-0.036 -0.044 -0.044 -0.053 -0.052 -0.061 -0.064 -0.075 -0.077 -0.088 -0.097 -0.110 -0.115 -0.128 -0.141 -0.156 -0.167 -0.182 -0.196 -0.214

-0.045 -0.115 -0.054 -0.138 -0.064 -0.148 -0.080 -0.180 -0.097 -0.197 -0.122 -0.242 -0.146 -0.266 -0.178 -0.318 -0.210 -0.350 -0.248 -0.408

-0.045 -0.088 -0.054 -0.106 -0.064 -0.116 -0.080 -0.142 -0.097 -0.159 -0.122 -0.196 -0.146 -0.220 -0.178 -0.265 -0.210 -0.297 -0.248 -0.348

-0.045 -0.072 -0.054 -0.087 -0.064 -0.097 -0.080 -0.119 -0.097 -0.136 -0.122 -0.168 -0.146 -0.192 -0.178 -0.232 -0.210 -0.264 -0.248 -0.311

-0.038 -0.056 -0.046 -0.067 -0.056 -0.077 -0.071 -0.096 -0.088 -0.113 -0.111 -0.141 -0.135 -0.165 -0.165 -0.200 -0.197 -0.232 -0.233 -0.273

-0.042 -0.053 -0.050 -0.063 -0.060 -0.073 -0.075 -0.091 -0.092 -0.108 -0.116 -0.135 -0.140 -0.159 -0.171 -0.193 -0.203 -0.225 -0.241 -0.266

-0.042 -0.050 -0.051 -0.060 -0.061 -0.070 -0.076 -0.087 -0.093 -0.104 -0.117 -0.130 -0.141 -0.154 -0.173 -0.188 -0.205 -0.220 -0.242 -0.260

OVER

140

-0.228

-0.228

-0.228

-0.213

-0.221

-0.222

-0.280

-0.280

-0.280

-0.265

-0.273

-0.274

TO

160

-0.388

-0.328

-0.291

-0.253

-0.246

-0.240

-0.440

-0.380

-0.343

-0.305

-0.298

-0.292

OVER

160

-0.252

-0.252

-0.252

-0.237

-0.245

-0.246

-0.310

-0.310

-0.310

-0.295

-0.303

-0.304

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

-0.412 -0.284 -0.469 -0.310 -0.495 -0.340 -0.525 -0.385 -0.595 -0.425 -0.635 -0.475 -0.705 -0.530 -0.760 -0.595 -0.845 -0.660 -0.910

-0.352 -0.284 -0.399 -0.310 -0.425 -0.340 -0.455 -0.385 -0.515 -0.425 -0.555 -0.475 -0.615 -0.530 -0.670 -0.595 -0.750 -0.660 -0.815

-0.315 -0.284 -0.356 -0.310 -0.382 -0.340 -0.412 -0.385 -0.466 -0.425 -0.506 -0.475 -0.564 -0.530 -0.619 -0.595 -0.692 -0.660 -0.757

-0.277 -0.267 -0.313 -0.293 -0.339 -0.323 -0.369 -0.365 -0.417 -0.405 -0.457 -0.454 -0.511 -0.509 -0.566 -0.572 -0.635 -0.637 -0.700

-0.270 -0.275 -0.304 -0.301 -0.330 -0.331 -0.360 -0.376 -0.408 -0.416 -0.448 -0.464 -0.500 -0.519 -0.555 -0.582 -0.622 -0.647 -0.687

-0.264 -0.278 -0.298 -0.304 -0.324 -0.334 -0.354 -0.378 -0.401 -0.418 -0.441 -0.468 -0.493 -0.523 -0.548 -0.588 -0.615 -0.653 -0.680

-0.470 -0.350 -0.535 -0.385 -0.570 -0.425 -0.610 -0.475 -0.685 -0.525 -0.735 -0.590 -0.820 -0.660 -0.890 -0.740 -0.990 -0.820 -1.070

-0.410 -0.350 -0.465 -0.385 -0.500 -0.425 -0.540 -0.475 -0.605 -0.525 -0.655 -0.590 -0.730 -0.660 -0.800 -0.740 -0.895 -0.820 -0.975

-0.373 -0.350 -0.422 -0.385 -0.457 -0.425 -0.497 -0.475 -0.556 -0.525 -0.606 -0.590 -0.679 -0.660 -0.749 -0.740 -0.837 -0.820 -0.917

-0.335 -0.333 -0.379 -0.368 -0.414 -0.408 -0.454 -0.455 -0.507 -0.505 -0.557 -0.569 -0.626 -0.639 -0.696 -0.717 -0.780 -0.797 -0.860

-0.328 -0.341 -0.370 -0.376 -0.405 -0.416 -0.445 -0.466 -0.498 -0.516 -0.548 -0.579 -0.615 -0.649 -0.685 -0.727 -0.767 -0.807 -0.847

-0.322 -0.344 -0.364 -0.379 -0.399 -0.419 -0.439 -0.468 -0.491 -0.518 -0.541 -0.583 -0.608 -0.653 -0.678 -0.733 -0.760 -0.813 -0.840

NUMERICAL VALUES FOR TOLERANCE ZONES IN THIS AREA NOT DEFINED.

TABLE 6-17 TOLERANCE ZONES - INTERNAL DIMENSIONS (HOLES) (Y10 ... Y5, Z10 ... Z5) (ANSI B4.2) mm Z10

Z9

Z8

Z7

Z6

Z5

OVER

SIZE 0

Y10

-0.026

-0.026

-0.026

-0.026

-0.026

-0.026

TO

3

-0.066

-0.051

-0.040

-0.036

-0.032

-0.030

OVER

3

-0.035

-0.035

-0.035

-0.031

-0.032

-0.034

-0.083

-0.065

-0.053

-0.043

-0.040

-0.039

-0.042

-0.042

-0.042

-0.036

-0.039

-0.040

-0.100

-0.078

-0.064

-0.051

-0.048

-0.046

-0.050

-0.050

-0.050

-0.043

-0.047

-0.047

TO

6

OVER

6

Y9

Y8

Y7

Y6

Y5

NUMERICAL VALUES FOR TOLERANCE ZONES IN

TO

10

OVER

10

TO

14

-0.120

-0.093

-0.077

-0.061

-0.058

-0.055

OVER

14

-0.060

-0.060

-0.060

-0.053

-0.057

-0.057

TO

18

-0.130

-0.103

-0.087

-0.071

-0.068

-0.065

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160

-0.063 -0.147 -0.075 -0.159 -0.094 -0.194 -0.114 -0.214 -0.144 -0.264 -0.174 -0.294 -0.214 -0.354 -0.254 -0.394 -0.300 -0.460 -0.340 -0.500

-0.063 -0.115 -0.075 -0.127 -0.094 -0.156 -0.114 -0.176 -0.144 -0.218 -0.174 -0.248 -0.214 -0.301 -0.254 -0.341 -0.300 -0.400 -0.340 -0.440

-0.063 -0.096 -0.075 -0.108 -0.094 -0.133 -0.114 -0.153 -0.144 -0.190 -0.174 -0.220 -0.214 -0.268 -0.254 -0.308 -0.300 -0.363 -0.340 -0.403

-0.055 -0.076 -0.067 -0.088 -0.085 -0.110 -0.105 -0.130 -0.133 -0.163 -0.163 -0.193 -0.201 -0.236 -0.241 -0.276 -0.285 -0.325 -0.325 -0.365

-0.059 -0.072 -0.071 -0.084 -0.089 -0.105 -0.109 -0.125 -0.138 -0.157 -0.168 -0.187 -0.207 -0.229 -0.247 -0.269 -0.293 -0.318 -0.333 -0.358

-0.060 -0.069 -0.072 -0.081 -0.090 -0.101 -0.110 -0.121 -0.139 -0.152 -0.169 -0.182 -0.209 -0.224 -0.249 -0.264 -0.294 -0.312 -0.334 -0.352

-0.073 -0.157 -0.088 -0.172 -0.112 -0.212 -0.136 -0.236 -0.172 -0.292 -0.210 -0.330 -0.258 -0.398 -0.310 -0.450 -0.365 -0.525 -0.415 -0.575

-0.073 -0.125 -0.088 -0.140 -0.112 -0.174 -0.136 -0.198 -0.172 -0.246 -0.210 -0.284 -0.258 -0.345 -0.310 -0.397 -0.365 -0.465 -0.415 -0.515

-0.073 -0.106 -0.088 -0.121 -0.112 -0.151 -0.136 -0.175 -0.172 -0.218 -0.210 -0.256 -0.258 -0.312 -0.310 -0.364 -0.365 -0.428 -0.415 -0.478

-0.065 -0.086 -0.080 -0.101 -0.103 -0.128 -0.127 -0.152 -0.161 -0.191 -0.199 -0.229 -0.245 -0.280 -0.297 -0.332 -0.350 -0.390 -0.400 -0.440

-0.069 -0.082 -0.084 -0.097 -0.107 -0.123 -0.131 -0.147 -0.166 -0.185 -0.204 -0.223 -0.251 -0.273 -0.303 -0.325 -0.358 -0.383 -0.408 -0.433

-0.070 -0.079 -0.085 -0.094 -0.108 -0.119 -0.132 -0.143 -0.167 -0.180 -0.205 -0.218 -0.253 -0.268 -0.305 -0.320 -0.359 -0.377 -0.409 -0.427

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

-0.380 -0.540 -0.425 -0.610 -0.470 -0.655 -0.520 -0.705 -0.580 -0.790 -0.650 -0.860 -0.730 -0.960 -0.820 -1.050 -0.920 -1.170 -1.000 -1.250

-0.380 -0.480 -0.425 -0.540 -0.470 -0.585 -0.520 -0.635 -0.580 -0.710 -0.650 -0.780 -0.730 -0.870 -0.820 -0.960 -0.920 -1.075 -1.000 -1.155

-0.380 -0.443 -0.425 -0.497 -0.470 -0.542 -0.520 -0.592 -0.580 -0.661 -0.650 -0.731 -0.730 -0.819 -0.820 -0.909 -0.920 -1.017 -1.000 -1.097

-0.365 -0.405 -0.408 -0.454 -0.453 -0.499 -0.503 -0.549 -0.560 -0.612 -0.630 -0.682 -0.709 -0.766 -0.799 -0.856 -0.897 -0.960 -0.977 -1.040

-0.373 -0.398 -0.416 -0.445 -0.461 -0.490 -0.511 -0.540 -0.571 -0.603 -0.641 -0.673 -0.719 -0.755 -0.809 -0.845 -0.907 -0.947 -0.987 -1.027

-0.374 -0.392 -0.419 -0.439 -0.464 -0.484 -0.514 -0.534 -0.573 -0.596 -0.643 -0.666 -0.723 -0.748 -0.813 -0.838 -0.913 -0.940 -0.993 -1.020

-0.465 -0.625 -0.520 -0.705 -0.575 -0.760 -0.640 -0.825 -0.710 -0.920 -0.790 -1.000 -0.900 -1.130 -1.000 -1.230 -1.100 -1.350 -1.250 -1.500

-0.465 -0.565 -0.520 -0.635 -0.575 -0.690 -0.640 -0.755 -0.710 -0.840 -0.790 -0.920 -0.900 -1.040 -1.000 -1.140 -1.100 -1.255 -1.250 -1.405

-0.465 -0.528 -0.520 -0.592 -0.575 -0.647 -0.640 -0.712 -0.710 -0.791 -0.790 -0.871 -0.900 -0.989 -1.000 -1.089 -1.100 -1.197 -1.250 -1.347

-0.450 -0.490 -0.503 -0.549 -0.558 -0.604 -0.623 -0.669 -0.690 -0.742 -0.770 -0.822 -0.879 -0.936 -0.979 -1.036 -1.077 -1.140 -1.227 -1.290

-0.458 -0.483 -0.511 -0.540 -0.566 -0.595 -0.631 -0.660 -0.701 -0.733 -0.781 -0.813 -0.889 -0.925 -0.989 -1.025 -1.087 -1.127 -1.237 -1.277

-0.459 -0.477 -0.514 -0.534 -0.569 -0.589 -0.634 -0.654 -0.703 -0.726 -0.783 -0.806 -0.893 -0.918 -0.993 -1.018 -1.093 -1.120 -1.243 -1.270

THIS AREA NOT DEFINED.

TABLE 6-18 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (a14 ... a9, b14 ... b9) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER 0

a14 -0.270

a13 -0.270

a12 -0.270

a11 -0.270

a10 -0.270

a9 -0.270

b14 -0.140

b13 -0.140

b12 -0.140

b11 -0.140

b10 -0.140

b9 -0.140

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160

-0.520 -0.270 -0.570 -0.280 -0.640 -0.290 -0.720 -0.290 -0.720 -0.300 -0.820 -0.300 -0.820 -0.310 -0.930 -0.320 -0.940 -0.340 -1.080 -0.360 -1.100 -0.380 -1.250 -0.410 -1.280 -0.460 -1.460 -0.520 -1.520

-0.410 -0.270 -0.450 -0.280 -0.500 -0.290 -0.560 -0.290 -0.560 -0.300 -0.630 -0.300 -0.630 -0.310 -0.700 -0.320 -0.710 -0.340 -0.800 -0.360 -0.820 -0.380 -0.920 -0.410 -0.950 -0.460 -1.090 -0.520 -1.150

-0.370 -0.270 -0.390 -0.280 -0.430 -0.290 -0.470 -0.290 -0.470 -0.300 -0.510 -0.300 -0.510 -0.310 -0.560 -0.320 -0.570 -0.340 -0.640 -0.360 -0.660 -0.380 -0.730 -0.410 -0.760 -0.460 -0.860 -0.520 -0.920

-0.330 -0.270 -0.345 -0.280 -0.370 -0.290 -0.400 -0.290 -0.400 -0.300 -0.430 -0.300 -0.430 -0.310 -0.470 -0.320 -0.480 -0.340 -0.530 -0.360 -0.550 -0.380 -0.600 -0.410 -0.630 -0.460 -0.710 -0.520 -0.770

-0.310 -0.270 -0.318 -0.280 -0.338 -0.290 -0.360 -0.290 -0.360 -0.300 -0.384 -0.300 -0.384 -0.310 -0.410 -0.320 -0.420 -0.340 -0.460 -0.360 -0.480 -0.380 -0.520 -0.410 -0.550 -0.460 -0.620 -0.520 -0.680

-0.295 -0.270 -0.300 -0.280 -0.316 -0.290 -0.333 -0.290 -0.333 -0.300 -0.352 -0.300 -0.352 -0.310 -0.372 -0.320 -0.382 -0.340 -0.414 -0.360 -0.434 -0.380 -0.467 -0.410 -0.497 -0.460 -0.560 -0.520 -0.620

-0.390 -0.140 -0.440 -0.150 -0.510 -0.150 -0.580 -0.150 -0.580 -0.160 -0.680 -0.160 -0.680 -0.170 -0.790 -0.180 -0.800 -0.190 -0.930 -0.200 -0.940 -0.220 -1.090 -0.240 -1.110 -0.260 -1.260 -0.280 -1.280

-0.280 -0.140 -0.320 -0.150 -0.370 -0.150 -0.420 -0.150 -0.420 -0.160 -0.490 -0.160 -0.490 -0.170 -0.560 -0.180 -0.570 -0.190 -0.650 -0.200 -0.660 -0.220 -0.760 -0.240 -0.780 -0.260 -0.890 -0.280 -0.910

-0.240 -0.140 -0.260 -0.150 -0.300 -0.150 -0.330 -0.150 -0.330 -0.160 -0.370 -0.160 -0.370 -0.170 -0.420 -0.180 -0.430 -0.190 -0.490 -0.200 -0.500 -0.220 -0.570 -0.240 -0.590 -0.260 -0.660 -0.280 -0.680

-0.200 -0.140 -0.215 -0.150 -0.240 -0.150 -0.260 -0.150 -0.260 -0.160 -0.290 -0.160 -0.290 -0.170 -0.330 -0.180 -0.340 -0.190 -0.380 -0.200 -0.390 -0.220 -0.440 -0.240 -0.460 -0.260 -0.510 -0.280 -0.530

-0.180 -0.140 -0.188 -0.150 -0.208 -0.150 -0.220 -0.150 -0.220 -0.160 -0.244 -0.160 -0.244 -0.170 -0.270 -0.180 -0.280 -0.190 -0.310 -0.200 -0.320 -0.220 -0.360 -0.240 -0.380 -0.260 -0.420 -0.280 -0.440

-0.165 -0.140 -0.170 -0.150 -0.186 -0.150 -0.193 -0.150 -0.193 -0.160 -0.212 -0.160 -0.212 -0.170 -0.232 -0.180 -0.242 -0.190 -0.264 -0.200 -0.274 -0.220 -0.307 -0.240 -0.327 -0.260 -0.360 -0.280 -0.380

OVER TO OVER TO

160 180 180 200

-0.580 -1.580 -0.660 -1.810

-0.580 -1.210 -0.660 -1.380

-0.580 -0.980 -0.660 -1.120

-0.580 -0.830 -0.660 -0.950

-0.580 -0.740 -0.660 -0.845

-0.580 -0.680 -0.660 -0.775

-0.310 -1.310 -0.340 -1.490

-0.310 -0.940 -0.340 -1.060

-0.310 -0.710 -0.340 -0.800

-0.310 -0.560 -0.340 -0.630

-0.310 -0.470 -0.340 -0.525

-0.310 -0.410 -0.340 -0.455

OVER

200

-0.740

-0.740

-0.740

-0.740

-0.740

-0.740

-0.380

-0.380

-0.380

-0.380

-0.380

-0.380

TO

225

-1.890

-1.460

-1.200

-1.030

-0.925

-0.855

-1.530

-1.100

-0.840

-0.670

-0.565

-0.495

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

225 250 250 280 280 315

-0.820 -1.970 -0.920 -2.220 -1.050 -2.350

-0.820 -1.540 -0.920 -1.730 -1.050 -1.860

-0.820 -1.280 -0.920 -1.440 -1.050 -1.570

-0.820 -1.110 -0.920 -1.240 -1.050 -1.370

-0.820 -1.005 -0.920 -1.130 -1.050 -1.260

-0.820 -0.935 -0.920 -1.050 -1.050 -1.180

-0.420 -1.570 -0.480 -1.780 -0.540 -1.840

-0.420 -1.140 -0.480 -1.290 -0.540 -1.350

-0.420 -0.880 -0.480 -1.000 -0.540 -1.060

-0.420 -0.710 -0.480 -0.800 -0.540 -0.860

-0.420 -0.605 -0.480 -0.690 -0.540 -0.750

-0.420 -0.535 -0.480 -0.610 -0.540 -0.670

OVER

315

-1.200

-1.200

-1.200

-1.200

-1.200

-1.200

-0.600

-0.600

-0.600

-0.600

-0.600

-0.600

TO

355

-2.600

-2.090

-1.770

-1.560

-1.430

-1.340

-2.000

-1.490

-1.170

-0.960

-0.830

-0.740

OVER

355

-1.350

-1.350

-1.350

-1.350

-1.350

-1.350

-0.680

-0.680

-0.680

-0.680

-0.680

-0.680

TO

400

-2.750

-2.240

-1.920

-1.710

-1.580

-1.490

-2.080

-1.570

-1.250

-1.040

-0.910

-0.820

OVER

400

-1.500

-1.500

-1.500

-1.500

-1.500

-1.500

-0.760

-0.760

-0.760

-0.760

-0.760

-0.760

TO

450

-3.050

-2.470

-2.130

-1.900

-1.750

-1.655

-2.310

-1.730

-1.390

-1.160

-1.010

-0.915

OVER

450

-1.650

-1.650

-1.650

-1.650

-1.650

-1.650

-0.840

-0.840

-0.840

-0.840

-0.840

-0.840

TO

500

-3.200

-2.620

-2.280

-2.050

-1.900

-1.805

-2.390

-1.810

-1.470

-1.240

-1.090

-0.995

TABLE 6-19 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (c13 ... c8, d12 ... d7) (ANSI B4.2) mm

SIZE OVER

c13

c12

c11

c10

c9

c8

d12

d11

d10

d9

d8

d7

-0.060

-0.060

-0.060

-0.060

-0.060

-0.060

-0.020

-0.020

-0.020

-0.020

-0.020

-0.020

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18

-0.200 -0.070 -0.250 -0.080 -0.300 -0.095 -0.365 -0.095 -0.365

-0.160 -0.070 -0.190 -0.080 -0.230 -0.095 -0.275 -0.095 -0.275

-0.120 -0.070 -0.145 -0.080 -0.170 -0.095 -0.205 -0.095 -0.205

-0.100 -0.070 -0.118 -0.080 -0.138 -0.095 -0.165 -0.095 -0.165

-0.085 -0.070 -0.100 -0.080 -0.116 -0.095 -0.138 -0.095 -0.138

-0.074 -0.070 -0.088 -0.080 -0.102 -0.095 -0.122 -0.095 -0.122

-0.120 -0.030 -0.150 -0.040 -0.190 -0.050 -0.230 -0.050 -0.230

-0.080 -0.030 -0.105 -0.040 -0.130 -0.050 -0.160 -0.050 -0.160

-0.060 -0.030 -0.078 -0.040 -0.098 -0.050 -0.120 -0.050 -0.120

-0.045 -0.030 -0.060 -0.040 -0.076 -0.050 -0.093 -0.050 -0.093

-0.034 -0.030 -0.048 -0.040 -0.062 -0.050 -0.077 -0.050 -0.077

-0.030 -0.030 -0.042 -0.040 -0.055 -0.050 -0.068 -0.050 -0.068

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160

-0.110 -0.440 -0.110 -0.440 -0.120 -0.510 -0.130 -0.520 -0.140 -0.600 -0.150 -0.610 -0.170 -0.710 -0.180 -0.720 -0.200 -0.830 -0.210 -0.840

-0.110 -0.320 -0.110 -0.320 -0.120 -0.370 -0.130 -0.380 -0.140 -0.440 -0.150 -0.450 -0.170 -0.520 -0.180 -0.530 -0.200 -0.600 -0.210 -0.610

-0.110 -0.240 -0.110 -0.240 -0.120 -0.280 -0.130 -0.290 -0.140 -0.330 -0.150 -0.340 -0.170 -0.390 -0.180 -0.400 -0.200 -0.450 -0.210 -0.460

-0.110 -0.194 -0.110 -0.194 -0.120 -0.220 -0.130 -0.230 -0.140 -0.260 -0.150 -0.270 -0.170 -0.310 -0.180 -0.320 -0.200 -0.360 -0.210 -0.370

-0.110 -0.162 -0.110 -0.162 -0.120 -0.182 -0.130 -0.192 -0.140 -0.214 -0.150 -0.224 -0.170 -0.257 -0.180 -0.267 -0.200 -0.300 -0.210 -0.310

-0.110 -0.143 -0.110 -0.143 -0.120 -0.159 -0.130 -0.169 -0.140 -0.186 -0.150 -0.196 -0.170 -0.224 -0.180 -0.234 -0.200 -0.263 -0.210 -0.273

-0.065 -0.275 -0.065 -0.275 -0.080 -0.330 -0.080 -0.330 -0.100 -0.400 -0.100 -0.400 -0.120 -0.470 -0.120 -0.470 -0.145 -0.545 -0.145 -0.545

-0.065 -0.195 -0.065 -0.195 -0.080 -0.240 -0.080 -0.240 -0.100 -0.290 -0.100 -0.290 -0.120 -0.340 -0.120 -0.340 -0.145 -0.395 -0.145 -0.395

-0.065 -0.149 -0.065 -0.149 -0.080 -0.180 -0.080 -0.180 -0.100 -0.220 -0.100 -0.220 -0.120 -0.260 -0.120 -0.260 -0.145 -0.305 -0.145 -0.305

-0.065 -0.117 -0.065 -0.117 -0.080 -0.142 -0.080 -0.142 -0.100 -0.174 -0.100 -0.174 -0.120 -0.207 -0.120 -0.207 -0.145 -0.245 -0.145 -0.245

-0.065 -0.098 -0.065 -0.098 -0.080 -0.119 -0.080 -0.119 -0.100 -0.146 -0.100 -0.146 -0.120 -0.174 -0.120 -0.174 -0.145 -0.208 -0.145 -0.208

-0.065 -0.086 -0.065 -0.086 -0.080 -0.105 -0.080 -0.105 -0.100 -0.130 -0.100 -0.130 -0.120 -0.155 -0.120 -0.155 -0.145 -0.185 -0.145 -0.185

OVER

160

-0.230

-0.230

-0.230

-0.230

-0.230

-0.230

-0.145

-0.145

-0.145

-0.145

-0.145

-0.145

TO OVER TO

180 180 200

-0.860

-0.630

-0.480

-0.390

-0.330

-0.293

-0.545

-0.395

-0.305

-0.245

-0.208

-0.185

-0.240 -0.960

-0.240 -0.700

-0.240 -0.530

-0.240 -0.425

-0.240 -0.355

-0.240 -0.312

-0.170 -0.630

-0.170 -0.460

-0.170 -0.355

-0.170 -0.285

-0.170 -0.242

-0.170 -0.216

OVER

200

-0.260

-0.260

-0.260

-0.260

-0.260

-0.260

-0.170

-0.170

-0.170

-0.170

-0.170

-0.170

TO OVER TO

225 225 250

-0.980 -0.280 -1.000

-0.720 -0.280 -0.740

-0.550 -0.280 -0.570

-0.445 -0.280 -0.465

-0.375 -0.280 -0.395

-0.332 -0.280 -0.352

-0.630 -0.170 -0.630

-0.460 -0.170 -0.460

-0.355 -0.170 -0.355

-0.285 -0.170 -0.285

-0.242 -0.170 -0.242

-0.216 -0.170 -0.216

OVER

250

-0.300

-0.300

-0.300

-0.300

-0.300

-0.300

-0.190

-0.190

-0.190

-0.190

-0.190

-0.190

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

-1.110 -0.330 -1.140 -0.360 -1.250 -0.400 -1.290 -0.440 -1.410 -0.480 -1.450

-0.820 -0.330 -0.850 -0.360 -0.930 -0.400 -0.970 -0.440 -1.070 -0.480 -1.110

-0.620 -0.330 -0.650 -0.360 -0.720 -0.400 -0.760 -0.440 -0.840 -0.480 -0.880

-0.510 -0.330 -0.540 -0.360 -0.590 -0.400 -0.630 -0.440 -0.690 -0.480 -0.730

-0.430 -0.330 -0.460 -0.360 -0.500 -0.400 -0.540 -0.440 -0.595 -0.480 -0.635

-0.381 -0.330 -0.411 -0.360 -0.449 -0.400 -0.489 -0.440 -0.537 -0.480 -0.577

-0.710 -0.190 -0.710 -0.210 -0.780 -0.210 -0.780 -0.230 -0.860 -0.230 -0.860

-0.510 -0.190 -0.510 -0.210 -0.570 -0.210 -0.570 -0.230 -0.630 -0.230 -0.630

-0.400 -0.190 -0.400 -0.210 -0.440 -0.210 -0.440 -0.230 -0.480 -0.230 -0.480

-0.320 -0.190 -0.320 -0.210 -0.350 -0.210 -0.350 -0.230 -0.385 -0.230 -0.385

-0.271 -0.190 -0.271 -0.210 -0.299 -0.210 -0.299 -0.230 -0.327 -0.230 -0.327

-0.242 -0.190 -0.242 -0.210 -0.267 -0.210 -0.267 -0.230 -0.293 -0.230 -0.293

TABLE 6-20 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (e11 ... e6, f10 ... f5) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

0 3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

e11

e10

e9

e8

e7

e6

f10

f9

f8

f7

f6

f5

-0.014 -0.074 -0.020 -0.095 -0.025 -0.115 -0.032 -0.142 -0.032 -0.142 -0.040 -0.170 -0.040 -0.170 -0.050 -0.210 -0.050 -0.210 -0.060 -0.250 -0.060 -0.250 -0.072 -0.292 -0.072 -0.292 -0.085 -0.335 -0.085 -0.335 -0.085 -0.335 -0.100 -0.390 -0.100 -0.390 -0.100 -0.390 -0.110 -0.430 -0.110 -0.430 -0.125 -0.485 -0.125 -0.485 -0.135 -0.535 -0.135 -0.535

-0.014 -0.054 -0.020 -0.068 -0.025 -0.083 -0.032 -0.102 -0.032 -0.102 -0.040 -0.124 -0.040 -0.124 -0.050 -0.150 -0.050 -0.150 -0.060 -0.180 -0.060 -0.180 -0.072 -0.212 -0.072 -0.212 -0.085 -0.245 -0.085 -0.245 -0.085 -0.245 -0.100 -0.285 -0.100 -0.285 -0.100 -0.285 -0.110 -0.320 -0.110 -0.320 -0.125 -0.355 -0.125 -0.355 -0.135 -0.385 -0.135 -0.385

-0.014 -0.039 -0.020 -0.050 -0.025 -0.061 -0.032 -0.075 -0.032 -0.075 -0.040 -0.092 -0.040 -0.092 -0.050 -0.112 -0.050 -0.112 -0.060 -0.134 -0.060 -0.134 -0.072 -0.159 -0.072 -0.159 -0.085 -0.185 -0.085 -0.185 -0.085 -0.185 -0.100 -0.215 -0.100 -0.215 -0.100 -0.215 -0.110 -0.240 -0.110 -0.240 -0.125 -0.265 -0.125 -0.265 -0.135 -0.290 -0.135 -0.290

-0.014 -0.028 -0.020 -0.038 -0.025 -0.047 -0.032 -0.059 -0.032 -0.059 -0.040 -0.073 -0.040 -0.073 -0.050 -0.089 -0.050 -0.089 -0.060 -0.106 -0.060 -0.106 -0.072 -0.126 -0.072 -0.126 -0.085 -0.148 -0.085 -0.148 -0.085 -0.148 -0.100 -0.172 -0.100 -0.172 -0.100 -0.172 -0.110 -0.191 -0.110 -0.191 -0.125 -0.214 -0.125 -0.214 -0.135 -0.232 -0.135 -0.232

-0.014 -0.024 -0.020 -0.032 -0.025 -0.040 -0.032 -0.050 -0.032 -0.050 -0.040 -0.061 -0.040 -0.061 -0.050 -0.075 -0.050 -0.075 -0.060 -0.090 -0.060 -0.090 -0.072 -0.107 -0.072 -0.107 -0.085 -0.125 -0.085 -0.125 -0.085 -0.125 -0.100 -0.146 -0.100 -0.146 -0.100 -0.146 -0.110 -0.162 -0.110 -0.162 -0.125 -0.182 -0.125 -0.182 -0.135 -0.198 -0.135 -0.198

-0.014 -0.020 -0.020 -0.028 -0.025 -0.034 -0.032 -0.043 -0.032 -0.043 -0.040 -0.053 -0.040 -0.053 -0.050 -0.066 -0.050 -0.066 -0.060 -0.079 -0.060 -0.079 -0.072 -0.094 -0.072 -0.094 -0.085 -0.110 -0.085 -0.110 -0.085 -0.110 -0.100 -0.129 -0.100 -0.129 -0.100 -0.129 -0.110 -0.142 -0.110 -0.142 -0.125 -0.161 -0.125 -0.161 -0.135 -0.175 -0.135 -0.175

-0.006 -0.046 -0.010 -0.058 -0.013 -0.071 -0.016 -0.086 -0.016 -0.086 -0.020 -0.104 -0.020 -0.104 -0.025 -0.125 -0.025 -0.125 -0.030 -0.150 -0.030 -0.150 -0.036 -0.176 -0.036 -0.176 -0.043 -0.203 -0.043 -0.203 -0.043 -0.203 -0.050 -0.235 -0.050 -0.235 -0.050 -0.235 -0.056 -0.266 -0.056 -0.266 -0.062 -0.292 -0.062 -0.292 -0.068 -0.318 -0.068 -0.318

-0.006 -0.031 -0.010 -0.040 -0.013 -0.049 -0.016 -0.059 -0.016 -0.059 -0.020 -0.072 -0.020 -0.072 -0.025 -0.087 -0.025 -0.087 -0.030 -0.104 -0.030 -0.104 -0.036 -0.123 -0.036 -0.123 -0.043 -0.143 -0.043 -0.143 -0.043 -0.143 -0.050 -0.165 -0.050 -0.165 -0.050 -0.165 -0.056 -0.186 -0.056 -0.186 -0.062 -0.202 -0.062 -0.202 -0.068 -0.223 -0.068 -0.223

-0.006 -0.020 -0.010 -0.028 -0.013 -0.035 -0.016 -0.043 -0.016 -0.043 -0.020 -0.053 -0.020 -0.053 -0.025 -0.064 -0.025 -0.064 -0.030 -0.076 -0.030 -0.076 -0.036 -0.090 -0.036 -0.090 -0.043 -0.106 -0.043 -0.106 -0.043 -0.106 -0.050 -0.122 -0.050 -0.122 -0.050 -0.122 -0.056 -0.137 -0.056 -0.137 -0.062 -0.151 -0.062 -0.151 -0.068 -0.165 -0.068 -0.165

-0.006 -0.016 -0.010 -0.022 -0.013 -0.028 -0.016 -0.034 -0.016 -0.034 -0.020 -0.041 -0.020 -0.041 -0.025 -0.050 -0.025 -0.050 -0.030 -0.060 -0.030 -0.060 -0.036 -0.071 -0.036 -0.071 -0.043 -0.083 -0.043 -0.083 -0.043 -0.083 -0.050 -0.096 -0.050 -0.096 -0.050 -0.096 -0.056 -0.108 -0.056 -0.108 -0.062 -0.119 -0.062 -0.119 -0.068 -0.131 -0.068 -0.131

-0.006 -0.012 -0.010 -0.018 -0.013 -0.022 -0.016 -0.027 -0.016 -0.027 -0.020 -0.033 -0.020 -0.033 -0.025 -0.041 -0.025 -0.041 -0.030 -0.049 -0.030 -0.049 -0.036 -0.058 -0.036 -0.058 -0.043 -0.068 -0.043 -0.068 -0.043 -0.068 -0.050 -0.079 -0.050 -0.079 -0.050 -0.079 -0.056 -0.088 -0.056 -0.088 -0.062 -0.098 -0.062 -0.098 -0.068 -0.108 -0.068 -0.108

-0.006 -0.010 -0.010 -0.015 -0.013 -0.019 -0.016 -0.024 -0.016 -0.024 -0.020 -0.029 -0.020 -0.029 -0.025 -0.036 -0.025 -0.036 -0.030 -0.043 -0.030 -0.043 -0.036 -0.051 -0.036 -0.051 -0.043 -0.061 -0.043 -0.061 -0.043 -0.061 -0.050 -0.070 -0.050 -0.070 -0.050 -0.070 -0.056 -0.079 -0.056 -0.079 -0.062 -0.087 -0.062 -0.087 -0.068 -0.095 -0.068 -0.095

TABLE 6-21 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (g9 ... g4, j7 ... j5) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

0 3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

g9 -0.002 -0.027 -0.004 -0.034 -0.005 -0.041 -0.006 -0.049 -0.006 -0.049 -0.007 -0.059 -0.007 -0.059 -0.009 -0.071 -0.009 -0.071 -0.010 -0.084 -0.010 -0.084 -0.012 -0.099 -0.012 -0.099 -0.014 -0.114 -0.014 -0.114 -0.014 -0.114 -0.015 -0.130 -0.015 -0.130 -0.015 -0.130 -0.017 -0.147 -0.017 -0.147 -0.018 -0.158 -0.018 -0.158 -0.020 -0.175 -0.020 -0.175

g8 -0.002 -0.016 -0.004 -0.022 -0.005 -0.027 -0.006 -0.033 -0.006 -0.033 -0.007 -0.040 -0.007 -0.040 -0.009 -0.048 -0.009 -0.048 -0.010 -0.056 -0.010 -0.056 -0.012 -0.066 -0.012 -0.066 -0.014 -0.077 -0.014 -0.077 -0.014 -0.077 -0.015 -0.087 -0.015 -0.087 -0.015 -0.087 -0.017 -0.098 -0.017 -0.098 -0.018 -0.107 -0.018 -0.107 -0.020 -0.117 -0.020 -0.117

g7 -0.002 -0.012 -0.004 -0.016 -0.005 -0.020 -0.006 -0.024 -0.006 -0.024 -0.007 -0.028 -0.007 -0.028 -0.009 -0.034 -0.009 -0.034 -0.010 -0.040 -0.010 -0.040 -0.012 -0.047 -0.012 -0.047 -0.014 -0.054 -0.014 -0.054 -0.014 -0.054 -0.015 -0.061 -0.015 -0.061 -0.015 -0.061 -0.017 -0.069 -0.017 -0.069 -0.018 -0.075 -0.018 -0.075 -0.020 -0.083 -0.020 -0.083

g6 -0.002 -0.008 -0.004 -0.012 -0.005 -0.014 -0.006 -0.017 -0.006 -0.017 -0.007 -0.020 -0.007 -0.020 -0.009 -0.025 -0.009 -0.025 -0.010 -0.029 -0.010 -0.029 -0.012 -0.034 -0.012 -0.034 -0.014 -0.039 -0.014 -0.039 -0.014 -0.039 -0.015 -0.044 -0.015 -0.044 -0.015 -0.044 -0.017 -0.049 -0.017 -0.049 -0.018 -0.054 -0.018 -0.054 -0.020 -0.060 -0.020 -0.060

g5 -0.002 -0.006 -0.004 -0.009 -0.005 -0.011 -0.006 -0.014 -0.006 -0.014 -0.007 -0.016 -0.007 -0.016 -0.009 -0.020 -0.009 -0.020 -0.010 -0.023 -0.010 -0.023 -0.012 -0.027 -0.012 -0.027 -0.014 -0.032 -0.014 -0.032 -0.014 -0.032 -0.015 -0.035 -0.015 -0.035 -0.015 -0.035 -0.017 -0.040 -0.017 -0.040 -0.018 -0.043 -0.018 -0.043 -0.020 -0.047 -0.020 -0.047

g4 -0.002 -0.005 -0.004 -0.008 -0.005 -0.009 -0.006 -0.011 -0.006 -0.011 -0.007 -0.013 -0.007 -0.013 -0.009 -0.016 -0.009 -0.016 -0.010 -0.018 -0.010 -0.018 -0.012 -0.022 -0.012 -0.022 -0.014 -0.026 -0.014 -0.026 -0.014 -0.026 -0.015 -0.029 -0.015 -0.029 -0.015 -0.029 -0.017 -0.033 -0.017 -0.033 -0.018 -0.036 -0.018 -0.036 -0.020 -0.040 -0.020 -0.040

j7 0.006 -0.004 0.008 -0.004 0.010 -0.005 0.012 -0.006 0.012 -0.006 0.013 -0.008 0.013 -0.008 0.015 -0.010 0.015 -0.010 0.018 -0.012 0.018 -0.012 0.020 -0.015 0.020 -0.015 0.022 -0.018 0.022 -0.018 0.022 -0.018 0.025 -0.021 0.025 -0.021 0.025 -0.021 0.026 -0.026 0.026 -0.026 0.029 -0.028 0.029 -0.028 0.031 -0.032 0.031 -0.032

j6 0.004 -0.002 0.006 -0.002 0.007 -0.002 0.008 -0.003 0.008 -0.003 0.009 -0.004 0.009 -0.004 0.011 -0.005 0.011 -0.005 0.012 -0.007 0.012 -0.007 0.013 -0.009 0.013 -0.009 0.014 -0.011 0.014 -0.011 0.014 -0.011 0.016 -0.013 0.016 -0.013 0.016 -0.013 0.016 -0.016 0.016 -0.016 0.018 -0.018 0.018 -0.018 0.020 -0.020 0.020 -0.020

j5 0.002 -0.002 0.003 -0.002 0.004 -0.002 0.005 -0.003 0.005 -0.003 0.005 -0.004 0.005 -0.004 0.006 -0.005 0.006 -0.005 0.006 -0.007 0.006 -0.007 0.006 -0.009 0.006 -0.009 0.007 -0.011 0.007 -0.011 0.007 -0.011 0.007 -0.013 0.007 -0.013 0.007 -0.013 0.007 -0.016 0.007 -0.016 0.007 -0.018 0.007 -0.018 0.007 -0.020 0.007 -0.020

TABLE 6-22 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (h16 ... h1) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

0 3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

h16

h15

h14

h13

h12

h11

h10

h9

h8

h7

h6

h5

h4

0.000 -0.600

0.000 -0.400

0.000 -0.250

0.000 -0.140

0.000 -0.100

0.000 -0.060

0.000 -0.040

0.000 -0.025

0.000 -0.014

0.000 -0.010

0.000 -0.006

0.000 -0.004

0.000 -0.003

h3 0.000 -0.002

h2

h1

0.0000 0.0000 -0.0012 -0.0008

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-0.750

-0.480

-0.300

-0.180

-0.120

-0.075

-0.048

-0.030

-0.018

-0.012

-0.008

-0.005

-0.004

-0.003

-0.0015 -0.0010

0.0000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-0.900

-0.580

-0.360

-0.220

-0.150

-0.090

-0.058

-0.036

-0.022

-0.015

-0.009

-0.006

-0.004

-0.003

-0.0015 -0.0010

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-1.100

-0.700

-0.430

-0.270

-0.180

-0.110

-0.070

-0.043

-0.027

-0.018

-0.011

-0.008

-0.005

-0.003

-0.0020 -0.0012

0.0000 0.0000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-1.100

-0.700

-0.430

-0.270

-0.180

-0.110

-0.070

-0.043

-0.027

-0.018

-0.011

-0.008

-0.005

-0.003

-0.0020 -0.0012

0.0000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-1.300 0.000

-0.840 0.000

-0.520 0.000

-0.330 0.000

-0.210 0.000

-0.130 0.000

-0.084 0.000

-0.052 0.000

-0.033 0.000

-0.021 0.000

-0.013 0.000

-0.009 0.000

-0.006 0.000

-0.004 0.000

-0.0025 -0.0015 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000

-1.300 0.000 -1.600

-0.840 0.000 -1.000

-0.520 0.000 -0.620

-0.330 0.000 -0.390

-0.210 0.000 -0.250

-0.130 0.000 -0.160

-0.084 0.000 -0.100

-0.052 0.000 -0.062

-0.033 0.000 -0.039

-0.021 0.000 -0.025

-0.013 0.000 -0.016

-0.009 0.000 -0.011

-0.006 0.000 -0.007

-0.004 0.000 -0.004

-0.0025 -0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0025 -0.0015

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-1.600 0.000

-1.000 0.000

-0.620 0.000

-0.390 0.000

-0.250 0.000

-0.160 0.000

-0.100 0.000

-0.062 0.000

-0.039 0.000

-0.025 0.000

-0.016 0.000

-0.011 0.000

-0.007 0.000

-0.004 0.000

-0.0025 -0.0015 0.0000 0.0000

0.0000

-1.900 0.000

-1.200 0.000

-0.740 0.000

-0.460 0.000

-0.300 0.000

-0.190 0.000

-0.120 0.000

-0.074 0.000

-0.046 0.000

-0.030 0.000

-0.019 0.000

-0.013 0.000

-0.008 0.000

-0.005 0.000

-0.0030 -0.0020 0.0000 0.0000

-1.900

-1.200

-0.740

-0.460

-0.300

-0.190

-0.120

-0.074

-0.046

-0.030

-0.019

-0.013

-0.008

-0.005

-0.0030 -0.0020

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-2.200 0.000 -2.200

-1.400 0.000 -1.400

-0.870 0.000 -0.870

-0.540 0.000 -0.540

-0.350 0.000 -0.350

-0.220 0.000 -0.220

-0.140 0.000 -0.140

-0.087 0.000 -0.087

-0.054 0.000 -0.054

-0.035 0.000 -0.035

-0.022 0.000 -0.022

-0.015 0.000 -0.015

-0.010 0.000 -0.010

-0.006 0.000 -0.006

-0.0040 -0.0025 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0040 -0.0025

0.000 -2.500 0.000

0.000 -1.600 0.000

0.000 -1.000 0.000

0.000 -0.630 0.000

0.000 -0.400 0.000

0.000 -0.250 0.000

0.000 -0.160 0.000

0.000 -0.100 0.000

0.000 -0.063 0.000

0.000 -0.040 0.000

0.000 -0.025 0.000

0.000 -0.018 0.000

0.000 -0.012 0.000

0.000 -0.008 0.000

0.0000 0.0000 -0.0050 -0.0035 0.0000 0.0000

-2.500

-1.600

-1.000

-0.630

-0.400

-0.250

-0.160

-0.100

-0.063

-0.040

-0.025

-0.018

-0.012

-0.008

-0.0050 -0.0035

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-2.500

-1.600

-1.000

-0.630

-0.400

-0.250

-0.160

-0.100

-0.063

-0.040

-0.025

-0.018

-0.012

-0.008

-0.0050 -0.0035

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-2.900 0.000 -2.900

-1.850 0.000 -1.850

-1.150 0.000 -1.150

-0.720 0.000 -0.720

-0.460 0.000 -0.460

-0.290 0.000 -0.290

-0.185 0.000 -0.185

-0.115 0.000 -0.115

-0.072 0.000 -0.072

-0.046 0.000 -0.046

-0.029 0.000 -0.029

-0.020 0.000 -0.020

-0.014 0.000 -0.014

-0.010 0.000 -0.010

-0.0070 -0.0045 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0070 -0.0045

0.000 -2.900

0.000 -1.850

0.000 -1.150

0.000 -0.720

0.000 -0.460

0.000 -0.290

0.000 -0.185

0.000 -0.115

0.000 -0.072

0.000 -0.046

0.000 -0.029

0.000 -0.020

0.000 -0.014

0.000 -0.010

0.0000 0.0000 -0.0070 -0.0045

0.0000

0.0000 0.0000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-3.200

-2.100

-1.300

-0.810

-0.520

-0.320

-0.210

-0.130

-0.081

-0.052

-0.032

-0.023

-0.016

-0.012

-0.0080 -0.0060

0.0000

0.000 -3.200

0.000 -2.100

0.000 -1.300

0.000 -0.810

0.000 -0.520

0.000 -0.320

0.000 -0.210

0.000 -0.130

0.000 -0.081

0.000 -0.052

0.000 -0.032

0.000 -0.023

0.000 -0.016

0.000 -0.012

0.0000 0.0000 -0.0080 -0.0060

0.000 -3.600

0.000 -2.300

0.000 -1.400

0.000 -0.890

0.000 -0.570

0.000 -0.360

0.000 -0.230

0.000 -0.140

0.000 -0.089

0.000 -0.057

0.000 -0.036

0.000 -0.025

0.000 -0.018

0.000 -0.013

0.0000 0.0000 -0.0090 -0.0070

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.0000

-3.600 0.000 -4.000

-2.300 0.000 -2.500

-1.400 0.000 -1.550

-0.890 0.000 -0.970

-0.570 0.000 -0.630

-0.360 0.000 -0.400

-0.230 0.000 -0.250

-0.140 0.000 -0.155

-0.089 0.000 -0.097

-0.057 0.000 -0.063

-0.036 0.000 -0.040

-0.025 0.000 -0.027

-0.018 0.000 -0.020

-0.013 0.000 -0.015

-0.0090 -0.0070 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0100 -0.0080

0.0000

0.000 -4.000

0.000 -2.500

0.000 -1.550

0.000 -0.970

0.000 -0.630

0.000 -0.400

0.000 -0.250

0.000 -0.155

0.000 -0.097

0.000 -0.063

0.000 -0.040

0.000 -0.027

0.000 -0.020

0.000 -0.015

0.0000 0.0000 -0.0100 -0.0080

TABLE 6-23 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (js16 ... js1) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER

js16

js15

js14

js13

js12

js11

js10

js9

js8

js7

js6

js5

0

0.300

0.200

0.125

0.070

0.050

0.030

0.0200

0.0125

0.0070

0.0050

0.0030

0.0020

js4

js3

js2

js1

0.0015

0.00100

0.00060

0.00040

TO

3

-0.300

-0.200

-0.125

-0.070

-0.050

-0.030

-0.0200

-0.0125

-0.0070 -0.0050

-0.0030

-0.0020 -0.0015

-0.00100

-0.00060

-0.00040

OVER TO OVER

3 6 6

0.375

0.240

0.150

0.090

0.060

0.0375

0.0240

0.0150

0.0090

0.0060

0.0040

0.0025

0.0020

0.00125

0.00075

0.00050

-0.375

-0.240

-0.150

-0.090

-0.060

-0.0375

-0.0240

-0.0150

-0.0090 -0.0060

-0.0040

-0.0025 -0.0020

-0.00125

-0.00075

-0.00050

0.450

0.290

0.180

0.110

0.075

0.045

0.0290

0.0180

0.0110

0.0075

0.0045

0.0030

0.0020

0.00125

0.00075

0.00050

TO OVER TO

10 10 14

-0.450

-0.290

-0.180

-0.110

-0.075

-0.045

-0.0290

-0.0180

-0.0110 -0.0075

-0.0045

-0.0030 -0.0020

-0.00125

-0.00075

-0.00050

0.550

0.350

0.215

0.135

0.090

0.055

0.0350

0.0215

0.0135

0.0090

0.0055

0.0040

0.0025

0.00150

0.00100

0.00060

-0.550

-0.350

-0.215

-0.135

-0.090

-0.055

-0.0350

-0.0215

-0.0135 -0.0090

-0.0055

-0.0040

-0.0025

-0.00150

-0.00100

-0.00060

OVER

14

0.550

0.350

0.215

0.135

0.090

0.055

0.0350

0.0215

0.0135

0.0090

0.0055

0.0040

0.0025

0.00150

0.00100

0.00060

TO

18

-0.550

-0.350

-0.215

-0.135

-0.090

-0.055

-0.0350

-0.0215

-0.0135 -0.0090

-0.0055

-0.0040 -0.0025

-0.00150

-0.00100

-0.00060

OVER

18

0.650

0.420

0.260

0.165

0.105

0.065

0.0420

0.0260

0.0165

0.0105

0.0065

0.0045

0.0030

0.00200

0.00125

0.00075

TO OVER

24 24

-0.650

-0.420

-0.260

-0.165

-0.105

-0.065

-0.0420

-0.0260

-0.0165 -0.0105

-0.0065

-0.0045 -0.0030

-0.00200

-0.00125

-0.00075

0.650

0.420

0.260

0.165

0.105

0.065

0.0420

0.0260

0.0165

0.0105

0.0065

0.0045

0.0030

0.00200

0.00125

0.00075

TO

30

-0.650

-0.420

-0.260

-0.165

-0.105

-0.065

-0.0420

-0.0260

-0.0165 -0.0105

-0.0065

-0.0045 -0.0030

-0.00200

-0.00125

-0.00075

OVER

30

0.800

0.500

0.310

0.195

0.125

0.080

0.0500

0.0310

0.0195

0.0125

0.0080

0.0055

0.0035

0.00200

0.00125

0.00075

TO

40

-0.800

-0.500

-0.310

-0.195

-0.125

-0.080

-0.0500

-0.0310

-0.0195 -0.0125

-0.0080

-0.0055 -0.0035

-0.00200

-0.00125

-0.00075

OVER TO

40 50

0.800

0.500

0.310

0.195

0.125

0.080

0.0500

0.0310

0.0195

0.0125

0.0080

0.0055

0.0035

0.00200

0.00125

0.00075

-0.800

-0.500

-0.310

-0.195

-0.125

-0.080

-0.0500

-0.0310

-0.0195 -0.0125

-0.0080

-0.0055 -0.0035

-0.00200

-0.00125

-0.00075

OVER

50

0.950

0.600

0.370

0.230

0.150

0.095

0.0600

0.0370

0.0230

0.0150

0.0095

0.0065

0.0040

0.00250

0.00150

0.00100

TO

65

-0.950

-0.600

-0.370

-0.230

-0.150

-0.095

-0.0600

-0.0370

-0.0230 -0.0150

-0.0095

-0.0065 -0.0040

-0.00250

-0.00150

-0.00100

OVER

65

0.950

0.600

0.370

0.230

0.150

0.095

0.0600

0.0370

0.0230

0.0150

0.0095

0.0065

0.0040

0.00250

0.00150

0.00100

TO

80

-0.950

-0.600

-0.370

-0.230

-0.150

-0.095

-0.0600

-0.0370

-0.0230 -0.0150

-0.0095

-0.0065 -0.0040

-0.00250

-0.00150

-0.00100

OVER TO OVER

80 100 100

1.100

0.700

0.435

0.270

0.175

0.110

0.0700

0.0435

0.0270

0.0175

0.0110

0.0075

0.0050

0.00300

0.00200

0.00125

-1.100

-0.700

-0.435

-0.270

-0.175

-0.110

-0.0700

-0.0435

-0.0270 -0.0175

-0.0110

-0.0075 -0.0050

-0.00300

-0.00200

-0.00125

1.100

0.700

0.435

0.270

0.175

0.110

0.0700

0.0435

0.0270

0.0175

0.0110

0.0075

0.0050

0.00300

0.00200

0.00125

TO

120

-1.100

-0.700

-0.435

-0.270

-0.175

-0.110

-0.0700

-0.0435

-0.0270 -0.0175

-0.0110

-0.0075 -0.0050

-0.00300

-0.00200

-0.00125

OVER TO OVER TO OVER

120 140 140 160 160

1.250

0.800

0.500

0.315

0.200

0.125

0.0800

0.0500

0.0315

0.0200

0.0125

0.0090

0.0060

0.00400

0.00250

0.00175

-1.250

-0.800

-0.500

-0.315

-0.200

-0.125

-0.0800

-0.0500

-0.0315 -0.0200

-0.0125

-0.0090 -0.0060

-0.00400

-0.00250

-0.00175

1.250

0.800

0.500

0.315

0.200

0.125

0.0800

0.0500

0.0315

0.0200

0.0125

0.0090

0.0060

0.00400

0.00250

0.00175

-1.250

-0.800

-0.500

-0.315

-0.200

-0.125

-0.0800

-0.0500

-0.0315 -0.0200

-0.0125

-0.0090 -0.0060

-0.00400

-0.00250

-0.00175

1.250

0.800

0.500

0.315

0.200

0.125

0.0800

0.0500

0.0315

0.0200

0.0125

0.0090

0.0060

0.00400

0.00250

0.00175

-0.800

-0.500

-0.315

-0.200

-0.125

-0.0800

-0.0500

-0.0315 -0.0200

-0.0125

-0.0090 -0.0060

-0.00400

-0.00250

-0.00175

TO

180

-1.250

OVER

180

1.450

0.925

0.575

0.360

0.230

0.145

0.0925

0.0575

0.0360

0.0230

0.0145

0.0100

0.0070

0.00500

0.00350

0.00225

TO OVER TO OVER

200 200 225 225

-1.450

-0.925

-0.575

-0.360

-0.230

-0.145

-0.0925

-0.0575

-0.0360 -0.0230

-0.0145

-0.0100 -0.0070

-0.00500

-0.00350

-0.00225

1.450

0.925

0.575

0.360

0.230

0.145

0.0925

0.0575

0.0360

0.0230

0.0145

0.0100

0.0070

0.00500

0.00350

0.00225

-1.450

-0.925

-0.575

-0.360

-0.230

-0.145

-0.0925

-0.0575

-0.0360 -0.0230

-0.0145

-0.0100 -0.0070

-0.00500

-0.00350

-0.00225

1.450

0.925

0.575

0.360

0.230

0.145

0.0925

0.0575

0.0360

0.0230

0.0145

0.0100

0.0070

0.00500

0.00350

0.00225

TO

250

-1.450

-0.925

-0.575

-0.360

-0.230

-0.145

-0.0925

-0.0575

-0.0360 -0.0230

-0.0145

-0.0100 -0.0070

-0.00500

-0.00350

-0.00225

0.0115

0.0080

0.00600

0.00400

0.00300

-0.0115 -0.0080

-0.00600

-0.00400

-0.00300

0.0115

0.0080

0.00600

0.00400

0.00300

-0.0115

-0.0080

-0.00600

-0.00400

-0.00300

0.0125

0.0090

0.00650

0.00450

0.00350

-0.0125 -0.0090

-0.00650

-0.00450

-0.00350

1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.1050 0.0650 0.0405 0.0260 0.0160 OVER 250 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.1050 -0.0650 -0.0405 -0.0260 -0.0160 TO 280 1.600 1.050 0.650 0.405 0.260 0.160 0.1050 0.0650 0.0405 0.0260 0.0160 OVER 280 -1.600 -1.050 -0.650 -0.405 -0.260 -0.160 -0.1050 -0.0650 -0.0405 -0.0260 -0.0160 TO 315 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.1150 0.0700 0.0445 0.0285 0.0180 OVER 315 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.1150 -0.0700 -0.0445 -0.0285 -0.0180 TO 355 1.800 1.150 0.700 0.445 0.285 0.180 0.1150 0.0700 0.0445 0.0285 0.0180 OVER 355 -1.800 -1.150 -0.700 -0.445 -0.285 -0.180 -0.1150 -0.0700 -0.0445 -0.0285 -0.0180 TO 400 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.1250 0.0775 0.0485 0.0315 0.0200 OVER 400 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.1250 -0.0775 -0.0485 -0.0315 -0.0200 TO 450 2.000 1.250 0.775 0.485 0.315 0.200 0.1250 0.0775 0.0485 0.0315 0.0200 OVER 450 -2.000 -1.250 -0.775 -0.485 -0.315 -0.200 -0.1250 -0.0775 -0.0485 -0.0315 -0.0200 TO 500 NOTE: Some js deviations in the grades 7 to 11 have been rounded off to 1/2(IT - 0.001) when IT values is odd.

0.0125

0.0090

0.00650

0.00450

0.00350

-0.0125 -0.0090

-0.00650

-0.00450

-0.00350

0.0135

0.0100

0.00750

0.00500

0.00400

-0.0135 -0.0100

-0.00750

-0.00500

-0.00400

0.0135

0.0100

0.00750

0.00500

0.00400

-0.0135 -0.0100

-0.00750

-0.00500

-0.00400

TABLE 6-24 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (k9 ... k4, m9 ... m4) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

k9

k8

k7

k6

k5

k4

m9

m8

m7

m6

m5

m4

OVER

0

0.025

0.014

0.010

0.006

0.004

0.003

0.027

0.016

0.012

0.008

0.006

0.005

TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

0.000 0.030 0.000 0.036 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.052 0.000 0.052 0.000 0.062 0.000 0.062 0.000 0.074 0.000 0.074 0.000 0.087 0.000 0.087 0.000 0.100 0.000 0.100 0.000 0.100 0.000 0.115 0.000 0.115 0.000 0.115 0.000 0.130 0.000 0.130 0.000 0.140 0.000 0.140 0.000 0.155 0.000 0.155 0.000

0.000 0.018 0.000 0.022 0.000 0.027 0.000 0.027 0.000 0.033 0.000 0.033 0.000 0.039 0.000 0.039 0.000 0.046 0.000 0.046 0.000 0.054 0.000 0.054 0.000 0.063 0.000 0.063 0.000 0.063 0.000 0.072 0.000 0.072 0.000 0.072 0.000 0.081 0.000 0.081 0.000 0.089 0.000 0.089 0.000 0.097 0.000 0.097 0.000

0.000 0.013 0.001 0.016 0.001 0.019 0.001 0.019 0.001 0.023 0.002 0.023 0.002 0.027 0.002 0.027 0.002 0.032 0.002 0.032 0.002 0.038 0.003 0.038 0.003 0.043 0.003 0.043 0.003 0.043 0.003 0.050 0.004 0.050 0.004 0.050 0.004 0.056 0.004 0.056 0.004 0.061 0.004 0.061 0.004 0.068 0.005 0.068 0.005

0.000 0.009 0.001 0.010 0.001 0.012 0.001 0.012 0.001 0.015 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.018 0.002 0.018 0.002 0.021 0.002 0.021 0.002 0.025 0.003 0.025 0.003 0.028 0.003 0.028 0.003 0.028 0.003 0.033 0.004 0.033 0.004 0.033 0.004 0.036 0.004 0.036 0.004 0.040 0.004 0.040 0.004 0.045 0.005 0.045 0.005

0.000 0.006 0.001 0.007 0.001 0.009 0.001 0.009 0.001 0.011 0.002 0.011 0.002 0.013 0.002 0.013 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.018 0.003 0.018 0.003 0.021 0.003 0.021 0.003 0.021 0.003 0.024 0.004 0.024 0.004 0.024 0.004 0.027 0.004 0.027 0.004 0.029 0.004 0.029 0.004 0.032 0.005 0.032 0.005

0.000 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.008 0.002 0.008 0.002 0.009 0.002 0.009 0.002 0.010 0.002 0.010 0.002 0.013 0.003 0.013 0.003 0.015 0.003 0.015 0.003 0.015 0.003 0.018 0.004 0.018 0.004 0.018 0.004 0.020 0.004 0.020 0.004 0.022 0.004 0.022 0.004 0.025 0.005 0.025 0.005

0.002 0.034 0.004 0.042 0.006 0.050 0.007 0.050 0.007 0.060 0.008 0.060 0.008 0.071 0.009 0.071 0.009 0.085 0.011 0.085 0.011 0.100 0.013 0.100 0.013 0.115 0.015 0.115 0.015 0.115 0.015 0.132 0.017 0.132 0.017 0.132 0.017 0.150 0.020 0.150 0.020 0.161 0.021 0.161 0.021 0.178 0.023 0.178 0.023

0.002 0.022 0.004 0.028 0.006 0.034 0.007 0.034 0.007 0.041 0.008 0.041 0.008 0.048 0.009 0.048 0.009 0.057 0.011 0.057 0.011 0.067 0.013 0.067 0.013 0.078 0.015 0.078 0.015 0.078 0.015 0.089 0.017 0.089 0.017 0.089 0.017 0.101 0.020 0.101 0.020 0.110 0.021 0.110 0.021 0.120 0.023 0.120 0.023

0.002 0.016 0.004 0.021 0.006 0.025 0.007 0.025 0.007 0.029 0.008 0.029 0.008 0.034 0.009 0.034 0.009 0.041 0.011 0.041 0.011 0.048 0.013 0.048 0.013 0.055 0.015 0.055 0.015 0.055 0.015 0.063 0.017 0.063 0.017 0.063 0.017 0.072 0.020 0.072 0.020 0.078 0.021 0.078 0.021 0.086 0.023 0.086 0.023

0.002 0.012 0.004 0.015 0.006 0.018 0.007 0.018 0.007 0.021 0.008 0.021 0.008 0.025 0.009 0.025 0.009 0.030 0.011 0.030 0.011 0.035 0.013 0.035 0.013 0.040 0.015 0.040 0.015 0.040 0.015 0.046 0.017 0.046 0.017 0.046 0.017 0.052 0.020 0.052 0.020 0.057 0.021 0.057 0.021 0.063 0.023 0.063 0.023

0.002 0.009 0.004 0.012 0.006 0.015 0.007 0.015 0.007 0.017 0.008 0.017 0.008 0.020 0.009 0.020 0.009 0.024 0.011 0.024 0.011 0.028 0.013 0.028 0.013 0.033 0.015 0.033 0.015 0.033 0.015 0.037 0.017 0.037 0.017 0.037 0.017 0.043 0.020 0.043 0.020 0.046 0.021 0.046 0.021 0.050 0.023 0.050 0.023

0.002 0.008 0.004 0.010 0.006 0.012 0.007 0.012 0.007 0.014 0.008 0.014 0.008 0.016 0.009 0.016 0.009 0.019 0.011 0.019 0.011 0.023 0.013 0.023 0.013 0.027 0.015 0.027 0.015 0.027 0.015 0.031 0.017 0.031 0.017 0.031 0.017 0.036 0.020 0.036 0.020 0.039 0.021 0.039 0.021 0.043 0.023 0.043 0.023

TABLE 6-25 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (n9 ... n4, p9 ... p4) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

n9

n8

n7

n6

n5

n4

p9

p8

p7

p6

p5

p4

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

0 3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80

0.029 0.004 0.038 0.008 0.046 0.010 0.055 0.012 0.055 0.012 0.067 0.015 0.067 0.015 0.079 0.017 0.079 0.017 0.094 0.020 0.094 0.020

0.018 0.004 0.026 0.008 0.032 0.010 0.039 0.012 0.039 0.012 0.048 0.015 0.048 0.015 0.056 0.017 0.056 0.017 0.066 0.020 0.066 0.020

0.014 0.004 0.020 0.008 0.025 0.010 0.030 0.012 0.030 0.012 0.036 0.015 0.036 0.015 0.042 0.017 0.042 0.017 0.050 0.020 0.050 0.020

0.010 0.004 0.016 0.008 0.019 0.010 0.023 0.012 0.023 0.012 0.028 0.015 0.028 0.015 0.033 0.017 0.033 0.017 0.039 0.020 0.039 0.020

0.008 0.004 0.013 0.008 0.016 0.010 0.020 0.012 0.020 0.012 0.024 0.015 0.024 0.015 0.028 0.017 0.028 0.017 0.033 0.020 0.033 0.020

0.007 0.004 0.012 0.008 0.014 0.010 0.017 0.012 0.017 0.012 0.021 0.015 0.021 0.015 0.024 0.017 0.024 0.017 0.028 0.020 0.028 0.020

0.031 0.006 0.042 0.012 0.051 0.015 0.061 0.018 0.061 0.018 0.074 0.022 0.074 0.022 0.088 0.026 0.088 0.026 0.106 0.032 0.106 0.032

0.020 0.006 0.030 0.012 0.037 0.015 0.045 0.018 0.045 0.018 0.055 0.022 0.055 0.022 0.065 0.026 0.065 0.026 0.078 0.032 0.078 0.032

0.016 0.006 0.024 0.012 0.030 0.015 0.036 0.018 0.036 0.018 0.043 0.022 0.043 0.022 0.051 0.026 0.051 0.026 0.062 0.032 0.062 0.032

0.012 0.006 0.020 0.012 0.024 0.015 0.029 0.018 0.029 0.018 0.035 0.022 0.035 0.022 0.042 0.026 0.042 0.026 0.051 0.032 0.051 0.032

0.010 0.006 0.017 0.012 0.021 0.015 0.026 0.018 0.026 0.018 0.031 0.022 0.031 0.022 0.037 0.026 0.037 0.026 0.045 0.032 0.045 0.032

0.009 0.006 0.016 0.012 0.019 0.015 0.023 0.018 0.023 0.018 0.028 0.022 0.028 0.022 0.033 0.026 0.033 0.026 0.040 0.032 0.040 0.032

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

0.110 0.023 0.110 0.023 0.127 0.027 0.127 0.027 0.127 0.027 0.146 0.031 0.146 0.031 0.146 0.031 0.164 0.034 0.164 0.034 0.177 0.037 0.177 0.037 0.195 0.040 0.195 0.040

0.077 0.023 0.077 0.023 0.090 0.027 0.090 0.027 0.090 0.027 0.103 0.031 0.103 0.031 0.103 0.031 0.115 0.034 0.115 0.034 0.126 0.037 0.126 0.037 0.137 0.040 0.137 0.040

0.058 0.023 0.058 0.023 0.067 0.027 0.067 0.027 0.067 0.027 0.077 0.031 0.077 0.031 0.077 0.031 0.086 0.034 0.086 0.034 0.094 0.037 0.094 0.037 0.103 0.040 0.103 0.040

0.045 0.023 0.045 0.023 0.052 0.027 0.052 0.027 0.052 0.027 0.060 0.031 0.060 0.031 0.060 0.031 0.066 0.034 0.066 0.034 0.073 0.037 0.073 0.037 0.080 0.040 0.080 0.040

0.038 0.023 0.038 0.023 0.045 0.027 0.045 0.027 0.045 0.027 0.051 0.031 0.051 0.031 0.051 0.031 0.057 0.034 0.057 0.034 0.062 0.037 0.062 0.037 0.067 0.040 0.067 0.040

0.033 0.023 0.033 0.023 0.039 0.027 0.039 0.027 0.039 0.027 0.045 0.031 0.045 0.031 0.045 0.031 0.050 0.034 0.050 0.034 0.055 0.037 0.055 0.037 0.060 0.040 0.060 0.040

0.124 0.037 0.124 0.037 0.143 0.043 0.143 0.043 0.143 0.043 0.165 0.050 0.165 0.050 0.165 0.050 0.186 0.056 0.186 0.056 0.202 0.062 0.202 0.062 0.223 0.068 0.223 0.068

0.091 0.037 0.091 0.037 0.106 0.043 0.106 0.043 0.106 0.043 0.122 0.050 0.122 0.050 0.122 0.050 0.137 0.056 0.137 0.056 0.151 0.062 0.151 0.062 0.165 0.068 0.165 0.068

0.072 0.037 0.072 0.037 0.083 0.043 0.083 0.043 0.083 0.043 0.096 0.050 0.096 0.050 0.096 0.050 0.108 0.056 0.108 0.056 0.119 0.062 0.119 0.062 0.131 0.068 0.131 0.068

0.059 0.037 0.059 0.037 0.068 0.043 0.068 0.043 0.068 0.043 0.079 0.050 0.079 0.050 0.079 0.050 0.088 0.056 0.088 0.056 0.098 0.062 0.098 0.062 0.108 0.068 0.108 0.068

0.052 0.037 0.052 0.037 0.061 0.043 0.061 0.043 0.061 0.043 0.070 0.050 0.070 0.050 0.070 0.050 0.079 0.056 0.079 0.056 0.087 0.062 0.087 0.062 0.095 0.068 0.095 0.068

0.047 0.037 0.047 0.037 0.055 0.043 0.055 0.043 0.055 0.043 0.064 0.050 0.064 0.050 0.064 0.050 0.072 0.056 0.072 0.056 0.080 0.062 0.080 0.062 0.088 0.068 0.088 0.068

TABLE 6-26 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (r9 ... r4, s9 ... s4) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE OVER 0 TO 3 OVER 3 TO 6 OVER 6 TO 10 OVER 10 TO 14 OVER 14 TO 18 OVER 18 TO 24 OVER 24 TO 30 OVER 30 TO 40 OVER 40 TO 50 OVER 50 TO 65 OVER 65 TO 80 OVER 80 TO 100 OVER 100 TO 120 OVER 120 TO 140 OVER 140 TO 160 OVER 160 TO 180 OVER 180 TO 200 OVER 200 TO 225 OVER 225 TO 250 OVER 250 TO 280 OVER 280 TO 315 OVER 315 TO 355 OVER 355 TO 400 OVER 400 TO 450 OVER 450 TO 500

r9 0.035 0.010 0.045 0.015 0.055 0.019 0.066 0.023 0.066 0.023 0.080 0.028 0.080 0.028 0.096 0.034 0.096 0.034 0.115 0.041 0.117 0.043 0.138 0.051 0.141 0.054 0.163 0.063 0.165 0.065 0.168 0.068 0.192 0.077 0.195 0.080 0.199 0.084 0.224 0.094 0.228 0.098 0.248 0.108 0.254 0.114 0.281 0.126 0.287 0.132

r8 0.024 0.010 0.033 0.015 0.041 0.019 0.050 0.023 0.050 0.023 0.061 0.028 0.061 0.028 0.073 0.034 0.073 0.034 0.087 0.041 0.089 0.043 0.105 0.051 0.108 0.054 0.126 0.063 0.128 0.065 0.131 0.068 0.149 0.077 0.152 0.080 0.156 0.084 0.175 0.094 0.179 0.098 0.197 0.108 0.203 0.114 0.223 0.126 0.229 0.132

r7 0.020 0.010 0.027 0.015 0.034 0.019 0.041 0.023 0.041 0.023 0.049 0.028 0.049 0.028 0.059 0.034 0.059 0.034 0.071 0.041 0.073 0.043 0.086 0.051 0.089 0.054 0.103 0.063 0.105 0.065 0.108 0.068 0.123 0.077 0.126 0.080 0.130 0.084 0.146 0.094 0.150 0.098 0.165 0.108 0.171 0.114 0.189 0.126 0.195 0.132

r6 0.016 0.010 0.023 0.015 0.028 0.019 0.034 0.023 0.034 0.023 0.041 0.028 0.041 0.028 0.050 0.034 0.050 0.034 0.060 0.041 0.062 0.043 0.073 0.051 0.076 0.054 0.088 0.063 0.090 0.065 0.093 0.068 0.106 0.077 0.109 0.080 0.113 0.084 0.126 0.094 0.130 0.098 0.144 0.108 0.150 0.114 0.166 0.126 0.172 0.132

r5 0.014 0.010 0.020 0.015 0.025 0.019 0.031 0.023 0.031 0.023 0.037 0.028 0.037 0.028 0.045 0.034 0.045 0.034 0.054 0.041 0.056 0.043 0.066 0.051 0.069 0.054 0.081 0.063 0.083 0.065 0.086 0.068 0.097 0.077 0.100 0.080 0.104 0.084 0.117 0.094 0.121 0.098 0.133 0.108 0.139 0.114 0.153 0.126 0.159 0.132

r4 0.013 0.010 0.019 0.015 0.023 0.019 0.028 0.023 0.028 0.023 0.034 0.028 0.034 0.028 0.041 0.034 0.041 0.034 0.049 0.041 0.051 0.043 0.061 0.051 0.064 0.054 0.075 0.063 0.077 0.065 0.080 0.068 0.091 0.077 0.094 0.080 0.098 0.084 0.110 0.094 0.114 0.098 0.126 0.108 0.132 0.114 0.146 0.126 0.152 0.132

s9 0.039 0.014 0.049 0.019 0.059 0.023 0.071 0.028 0.071 0.028 0.087 0.035 0.087 0.035 0.105 0.043 0.105 0.043 0.127 0.053 0.133 0.059 0.158 0.071 0.166 0.079 0.192 0.092 0.200 0.100 0.208 0.108 0.237 0.122 0.245 0.130 0.255 0.140 0.288 0.158 0.300 0.170 0.330 0.190 0.348 0.208 0.387 0.232 0.407 0.252

s8 0.028 0.014 0.037 0.019 0.045 0.023 0.055 0.028 0.055 0.028 0.068 0.035 0.068 0.035 0.082 0.043 0.082 0.043 0.099 0.053 0.105 0.059 0.125 0.071 0.133 0.079 0.155 0.092 0.163 0.100 0.171 0.108 0.194 0.122 0.202 0.130 0.212 0.140 0.239 0.158 0.251 0.170 0.279 0.190 0.297 0.208 0.329 0.232 0.349 0.252

s7 0.024 0.014 0.031 0.019 0.038 0.023 0.046 0.028 0.046 0.028 0.056 0.035 0.056 0.035 0.068 0.043 0.068 0.043 0.083 0.053 0.089 0.059 0.106 0.071 0.114 0.079 0.132 0.092 0.140 0.100 0.148 0.108 0.168 0.122 0.176 0.130 0.186 0.140 0.210 0.158 0.222 0.170 0.247 0.190 0.265 0.208 0.295 0.232 0.315 0.252

s6 0.020 0.014 0.027 0.019 0.032 0.023 0.039 0.028 0.039 0.028 0.048 0.035 0.048 0.035 0.059 0.043 0.059 0.043 0.072 0.053 0.078 0.059 0.093 0.071 0.101 0.079 0.117 0.092 0.125 0.100 0.133 0.108 0.151 0.122 0.159 0.130 0.169 0.140 0.190 0.158 0.202 0.170 0.226 0.190 0.244 0.208 0.272 0.232 0.292 0.252

s5 0.018 0.014 0.024 0.019 0.029 0.023 0.036 0.028 0.036 0.028 0.044 0.035 0.044 0.035 0.540 0.043 0.540 0.043 0.066 0.053 0.072 0.059 0.086 0.071 0.094 0.079 0.110 0.092 0.118 0.100 0.126 0.108 0.142 0.122 0.150 0.130 0.160 0.140 0.181 0.158 0.193 0.170 0.215 0.190 0.233 0.208 0.259 0.232 0.279 0.252

s4 0.017 0.014 0.023 0.019 0.027 0.023 0.033 0.028 0.033 0.028 0.041 0.035 0.041 0.035 0.050 0.043 0.050 0.043 0.061 0.053 0.067 0.059 0.081 0.071 0.089 0.079 0.104 0.092 0.112 0.100 0.120 0.108 0.136 0.122 0.144 0.130 0.154 0.140 0.174 0.158 0.186 0.170 0.208 0.190 0.226 0.208 0.252 0.232 0.272 0.252

TABLE 6-27 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (t9 ... t4, u9 ... u4) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

t9

t8

t7

t6

t5

t4

u9

u8

u7

u6

u5

u4

OVER

0

0.043

0.032

0.028

0.024

0.022

0.021

TO

3

0.018

0.018

0.018

0.018

0.018

0.018

OVER

3

0.053

0.041

0.035

0.031

0.028

0.027

TO

6

0.023

0.023

0.023

0.023

0.023

0.023

0.064

0.050

0.043

0.037

0.034

0.032

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.076

0.060

0.051

0.044

0.041

0.038

0.033

0.033

0.033

0.033

0.033

0.033

NUMERICAL VALUES FOR

OVER

6

TO

10

OVER

10

TO

14

OVER

14

0.076

0.060

0.051

0.044

0.041

0.038

TO

18

0.033

0.033

0.033

0.033

0.033

0.033

OVER

18

0.093

0.074

0.062

0.054

0.050

0.047

TO

24

0.041

0.041

0.041

0.041

0.041

0.041

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160 160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 450 500

0.100 0.048 0.122 0.060 0.132 0.070 0.161 0.087 0.176 0.102 0.211 0.124 0.231 0.144 0.270 0.170 0.290 0.190 0.310 0.210 0.351 0.236 0.373 0.258 0.399 0.284 0.445 0.315 0.480 0.350 0.530 0.390 0.575 0.435 0.645 0.490 0.695 0.540

0.081 0.048 0.099 0.060 0.109 0.070 0.133 0.087 0.148 0.102 0.178 0.124 0.198 0.144 0.233 0.170 0.253 0.190 0.273 0.210 0.308 0.236 0.330 0.258 0.356 0.284 0.396 0.315 0.431 0.350 0.479 0.390 0.524 0.435 0.587 0.490 0.637 0.540

0.069 0.048 0.085 0.060 0.095 0.070 0.117 0.087 0.132 0.102 0.159 0.124 0.179 0.144 0.210 0.170 0.230 0.190 0.250 0.210 0.282 0.236 0.304 0.258 0.330 0.284 0.367 0.315 0.402 0.350 0.447 0.390 0.492 0.435 0.553 0.490 0.603 0.540

0.061 0.048 0.076 0.060 0.086 0.070 0.106 0.087 0.121 0.102 0.146 0.124 0.166 0.144 0.195 0.170 0.215 0.190 0.235 0.210 0.265 0.236 0.287 0.258 0.313 0.284 0.347 0.315 0.382 0.350 0.426 0.390 0.471 0.435 0.530 0.490 0.580 0.540

0.057 0.048 0.071 0.060 0.081 0.070 0.100 0.087 0.115 0.102 0.139 0.124 0.159 0.144 0.188 0.170 0.208 0.190 0.228 0.210 0.256 0.236 0.278 0.258 0.304 0.284 0.338 0.315 0.373 0.350 0.415 0.390 0.460 0.435 0.517 0.490 0.567 0.540

0.054 0.048 0.067 0.060 0.077 0.070 0.095 0.087 0.110 0.102 0.134 0.124 0.154 0.144 0.182 0.170 0.202 0.190 0.222 0.210 0.250 0.236 0.272 0.258 0.298 0.284 0.331 0.315 0.366 0.350 0.408 0.390 0.453 0.435 0.510 0.490 0.560 0.540

TOLERANCE ZONES IN THIS AREA NOT DEFINED.

0.093 0.041 0.110 0.048 0.116 0.054 0.140 0.066 0.149 0.075 0.178 0.091 0.191 0.104 0.222 0.122 0.234 0.134 0.246 0.146 0.281 0.166 0.295 0.180 0.311 0.196 0.348 0.218 0.370 0.240 0.408 0.268 0.434 0.294 0.485 0.330 0.515 0.360

0.074 0.041 0.087 0.048 0.093 0.054 0.112 0.066 0.121 0.075 0.145 0.091 0.158 0.104 0.185 0.122 0.197 0.134 0.209 0.146 0.238 0.166 0.252 0.180 0.268 0.196 0.299 0.218 0.321 0.240 0.357 0.268 0.383 0.294 0.427 0.330 0.457 0.360

0.062 0.041 0.073 0.048 0.079 0.054 0.096 0.066 0.105 0.075 0.126 0.091 0.139 0.104 0.162 0.122 0.174 0.134 0.186 0.146 0.212 0.166 0.226 0.180 0.242 0.196 0.270 0.218 0.292 0.240 0.325 0.268 0.351 0.294 0.393 0.330 0.423 0.360

0.054 0.041 0.064 0.048 0.070 0.054 0.085 0.066 0.094 0.075 0.113 0.091 0.126 0.104 0.147 0.122 0.159 0.134 0.171 0.146 0.195 0.166 0.209 0.180 0.225 0.196 0.250 0.218 0.272 0.240 0.304 0.268 0.330 0.294 0.370 0.330 0.400 0.360

0.050 0.041 0.059 0.048 0.065 0.054 0.079 0.066 0.088 0.075 0.106 0.091 0.119 0.104 0.140 0.122 0.152 0.134 0.164 0.146 0.186 0.166 0.200 0.180 0.216 0.196 0.241 0.218 0.263 0.240 0.293 0.268 0.319 0.294 0.357 0.330 0.387 0.360

0.047 0.041 0.055 0.048 0.061 0.054 0.074 0.066 0.083 0.075 0.101 0.091 0.114 0.104 0.134 0.122 0.146 0.134 0.158 0.146 0.180 0.166 0.194 0.180 0.210 0.196 0.234 0.218 0.256 0.240 0.286 0.268 0.312 0.294 0.350 0.330 0.380 0.360

TABLE 6-28 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (v9 ... v4, x9 ... x4) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

v9

v8

v7

v6

v5

v4

x9

x8

x7

x6

x5

x4

OVER

0

0.045

0.034

0.030

0.026

0.024

0.023

TO

3

0.020

0.020

0.020

0.020

0.020

0.020

OVER

3

0.058

0.046

0.040

0.036

0.033

0.032

TO

6

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

0.028

OVER

6

0.070

0.056

0.049

0.043

0.040

0.038

TO

10

0.034

0.034

0.034

0.034

0.034

0.034

OVER

10

0.083

0.067

0.058

0.051

0.048

0.045

TO

14

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

0.040

OVER

14

TO

18

OVER

18

NUMERICAL VALUES FOR TOLERANCE ZONES IN THIS AREA NOT DEFINED.

TO

400

OVER

400

TO

450

OVER

450

0.082 0.039 0.099 0.047 0.107 0.055 0.130 0.068 0.143 0.081 0.176 0.102 0.194 0.120 0.233 0.146 0.259 0.172 0.302 0.202 0.328 0.228 0.352 0.252 0.399 0.284 0.425 0.310 0.455 0.340 0.515 0.385 0.555 0.425 0.615 0.475 0.670 0.530 0.750 0.595 0.815

TO

500

0.660

TO

24

OVER

24

TO

30

OVER

30

TO

40

OVER

40

TO

50

OVER

50

TO

65

OVER

65

TO

80

OVER

80

TO

100

OVER

100

TO

120

OVER

120

TO

140

OVER

140

TO

160

OVER

160

TO

180

OVER

180

TO

200

OVER

200

TO

225

OVER

225

TO

250

OVER

250

TO

280

OVER

280

TO

315

OVER

315

TO

355

OVER

355

0.066 0.039 0.080 0.047 0.088 0.055 0.107 0.068 0.120 0.081 0.148 0.102 0.166 0.120 0.200 0.146 0.226 0.172 0.265 0.202 0.291 0.228 0.315 0.252 0.356 0.284 0.382 0.310 0.412 0.340 0.466 0.385 0.506 0.425 0.564 0.475 0.619 0.530 0.692 0.595 0.757

0.057 0.039 0.068 0.047 0.076 0.055 0.093 0.068 0.106 0.081 0.132 0.102 0.150 0.120 0.181 0.146 0.207 0.172 0.242 0.202 0.268 0.228 0.292 0.252 0.330 0.284 0.356 0.310 0.386 0.340 0.437 0.385 0.477 0.425 0.532 0.475 0.587 0.530 0.658 0.595 0.723

0.050 0.039 0.060 0.047 0.068 0.055 0.084 0.068 0.097 0.081 0.121 0.102 0.139 0.120 0.168 0.146 0.194 0.172 0.227 0.202 0.253 0.228 0.277 0.252 0.313 0.284 0.339 0.310 0.369 0.340 0.417 0.385 0.457 0.425 0.511 0.475 0.566 0.530 0.635 0.595 0.700

0.047 0.039 0.056 0.047 0.064 0.055 0.079 0.068 0.092 0.081 0.115 0.102 0.133 0.120 0.161 0.146 0.187 0.172 0.220 0.202 0.246 0.228 0.270 0.252 0.304 0.284 0.330 0.310 0.360 0.340 0.408 0.385 0.448 0.425 0.500 0.475 0.555 0.530 0.622 0.595 0.687

0.044 0.039 0.053 0.047 0.061 0.055 0.075 0.068 0.088 0.081 0.110 0.102 0.128 0.120 0.156 0.146 0.182 0.172 0.214 0.202 0.240 0.228 0.264 0.252 0.298 0.284 0.324 0.310 0.354 0.340 0.401 0.385 0.441 0.425 0.493 0.475 0.548 0.530 0.615 0.595 0.680

0.088 0.045 0.106 0.054 0.116 0.064 0.142 0.080 0.159 0.097 0.196 0.122 0.220 0.146 0.265 0.178 0.297 0.210 0.348 0.248 0.380 0.280 0.410 0.310 0.465 0.350 0.500 0.385 0.540 0.425 0.605 0.475 0.655 0.525 0.730 0.590 0.800 0.660 0.895 0.740 0.975

0.072 0.045 0.087 0.054 0.097 0.064 0.119 0.080 0.136 0.097 0.168 0.122 0.192 0.146 0.232 0.178 0.264 0.210 0.311 0.248 0.343 0.280 0.373 0.310 0.422 0.350 0.457 0.385 0.497 0.425 0.556 0.475 0.606 0.525 0.679 0.590 0.749 0.660 0.837 0.740 0.917

0.063 0.045 0.075 0.054 0.085 0.064 0.105 0.080 0.122 0.097 0.152 0.122 0.176 0.146 0.213 0.178 0.245 0.210 0.288 0.248 0.320 0.280 0.350 0.310 0.396 0.350 0.431 0.385 0.471 0.425 0.527 0.475 0.577 0.525 0.647 0.590 0.717 0.660 0.803 0.740 0.883

0.056 0.045 0.067 0.054 0.077 0.064 0.096 0.080 0.113 0.097 0.141 0.122 0.165 0.146 0.200 0.178 0.232 0.210 0.273 0.248 0.305 0.280 0.335 0.310 0.379 0.350 0.414 0.385 0.454 0.425 0.507 0.475 0.557 0.525 0.626 0.590 0.696 0.660 0.780 0.740 0.860

0.053 0.045 0.063 0.054 0.073 0.064 0.091 0.080 0.108 0.097 0.135 0.122 0.159 0.146 0.193 0.178 0.225 0.210 0.266 0.248 0.298 0.280 0.328 0.310 0.370 0.350 0.405 0.385 0.445 0.425 0.498 0.475 0.548 0.525 0.615 0.590 0.685 0.660 0.767 0.740 0.847

0.050 0.045 0.060 0.054 0.070 0.064 0.087 0.080 0.104 0.097 0.130 0.122 0.154 0.146 0.188 0.178 0.220 0.210 0.260 0.248 0.292 0.280 0.322 0.310 0.364 0.350 0.399 0.385 0.439 0.425 0.491 0.475 0.541 0.525 0.608 0.590 0.678 0.660 0.760 0.740 0.840

0.660

0.660

0.660

0.660

0.660

0.820

0.820

0.820

0.820

0.820

0.820

TABLE 6-29 TOLERANCE ZONES - EXTERNAL DIMENSIONS (SHAFTS) (y9 ... y4, z9 ... z4) (ANSI B4.2) mm SIZE

y9

y8

y7

y6

y5

y4

z9

z8

z7

z6

z5

z4

0.040 0.026 0.053 0.035 0.064 0.042 0.077 0.050 0.087 0.060 0.106 0.073 0.121 0.088 0.151 0.112 0.175 0.136 0.218 0.172 0.256 0.210 0.312 0.258 0.364 0.310 0.428 0.365 0.478 0.415

0.036 0.026 0.047 0.035 0.057 0.042 0.068 0.050 0.078 0.060 0.094 0.073 0.109 0.088 0.137 0.112 0.161 0.136 0.202 0.172 0.240 0.210 0.293 0.258 0.345 0.310 0.405 0.365 0.455 0.415

0.032 0.026 0.043 0.035 0.051 0.042 0.061 0.050 0.071 0.060 0.086 0.073 0.101 0.088 0.128 0.112 0.152 0.136 0.191 0.172 0.229 0.210 0.280 0.258 0.332 0.310 0.390 0.365 0.440 0.415

0.030 0.026 0.040 0.035 0.048 0.042 0.058 0.050 0.068 0.060 0.082 0.073 0.097 0.088 0.123 0.112 0.147 0.136 0.185 0.172 0.223 0.210 0.273 0.258 0.325 0.310 0.383 0.365 0.433 0.415

0.029 0.026 0.039 0.035 0.046 0.042 0.055 0.050 0.065 0.060 0.079 0.073 0.094 0.088 0.119 0.112 0.143 0.136 0.180 0.172 0.218 0.210 0.268 0.258 0.320 0.310 0.377 0.365 0.427 0.415

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO

0 3 3 6 6 10 10 14 14 18 18 24 24 30 30 40 40 50 50 65 65 80 80 100 100 120 120 140 140 160

0.115 0.063 0.127 0.075 0.156 0.094 0.176 0.114 0.218 0.144 0.248 0.174 0.301 0.214 0.341 0.254 0.400 0.300 0.440 0.340

0.096 0.063 0.108 0.075 0.133 0.094 0.153 0.114 0.190 0.144 0.220 0.174 0.268 0.214 0.308 0.254 0.363 0.300 0.403 0.340

0.084 0.063 0.096 0.075 0.119 0.094 0.139 0.114 0.174 0.144 0.204 0.174 0.249 0.214 0.289 0.254 0.340 0.300 0.380 0.340

0.076 0.063 0.088 0.075 0.110 0.094 0.130 0.114 0.163 0.144 0.193 0.174 0.236 0.214 0.276 0.254 0.325 0.300 0.365 0.340

0.072 0.063 0.084 0.075 0.105 0.094 0.125 0.114 0.157 0.144 0.187 0.174 0.229 0.214 0.269 0.254 0.318 0.300 0.358 0.340

0.069 0.063 0.081 0.075 0.101 0.094 0.121 0.114 0.152 0.144 0.182 0.174 0.224 0.214 0.264 0.254 0.312 0.300 0.352 0.340

0.051 0.026 0.065 0.035 0.078 0.042 0.093 0.050 0.103 0.060 0.125 0.073 0.140 0.088 0.174 0.112 0.198 0.136 0.246 0.172 0.284 0.210 0.345 0.258 0.397 0.310 0.465 0.365 0.515 0.415

OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER TO OVER

160 180 180 200 200 225 225 250 250 280 280 315 315 355 355 400 400 450 456

0.480 0.380 0.540 0.425 0.585 0.470 0.635 0.520 0.710 0.580 0.780 0.650 0.870 0.730 0.960 0.820 1.075 0.920 1.155

0.443 0.380 0.497 0.425 0.542 0.470 0.592 0.520 0.661 0.580 0.731 0.650 0.819 0.730 0.909 0.820 1.017 0.920 1.097

0.420 0.380 0.471 0.425 0.516 0.470 0.566 0.520 0.632 0.580 0.702 0.650 0.787 0.730 0.877 0.820 0.983 0.920 1.063

0.405 0.380 0.454 0.425 0.499 0.470 0.549 0.520 0.612 0.580 0.682 0.650 0.766 0.730 0.856 0.820 0.960 0.920 1.040

0.398 0.380 0.445 0.425 0.490 0.470 0.540 0.520 0.603 0.580 0.673 0.650 0.755 0.730 0.845 0.820 0.947 0.920 1.027

0.392 0.380 0.439 0.425 0.484 0.470 0.534 0.520 0.596 0.580 0.666 0.650 0.748 0.730 0.838 0.820 0.940 0.920 1.020

0.565 0.465 0.635 0.520 0.690 0.575 0.755 0.640 0.840 0.710 0.920 0.790 1.040 0.900 1.140 1.000 1.255 1.100 1.405

0.528 0.465 0.592 0.520 0.647 0.575 0.712 0.640 0.791 0.710 0.871 0.790 0.989 0.900 1.089 1.000 1.197 1.100 1.347

0.505 0.465 0.566 0.520 0.621 0.575 0.686 0.640 0.762 0.710 0.842 0.790 0.957 0.900 1.057 1.000 1.163 1.100 1.313

0.490 0.465 0.549 0.520 0.604 0.575 0.669 0.640 0.742 0.710 0.822 0.790 0.936 0.900 1.036 1.000 1.140 1.100 1.290

0.483 0.465 0.540 0.520 0.595 0.575 0.660 0.640 0.733 0.710 0.813 0.790 0.925 0.900 1.025 1.000 1.127 1.100 1.277

0.477 0.465 0.534 0.520 0.589 0.575 0.654 0.640 0.726 0.710 0.806 0.790 0.918 0.900 1.018 1.000 1.120 1.100 1.270

TO

500

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.000

1.250

1.250

1.250

1.250

1.250

1.250

NUMERICAL VALUES FOR TOLERANCE ZONES IN THIS AREA NOT DEFINED.

FIG. 6-3 ILLUSTRATIONS OF DEFINITIONS

INTRODUCTION The ISO System of Limits and Fits (referred to as the ISO system) is covered in national standards throughout the world, as shown by the following list: Global USA Japan Germany France UK Italy  Australia

ISO 286 ANSI B4.2 JIS B0401 DIN 7160//61 NF E 02-100-122 BSI 4500 UNI 6388 AS 1654

HISTORY OF THE ISO SYSTEM The present ISO system is based on the ISA System of Limits and Fits published in ISA Bulletin 25 (1940), and on comments included in the Draft Final Report of ISA Committee 3, December 1935. The unification of the various national systems of limits and fits was one of the essential tasks discussed at the initial conference of the ISA in New York, in April, 1926. The same year  the Secretariat of ISA Committee 3, Limits and Fits, was entrusted to the Germany Standardizing Association, and needless to say, the system was all metric from the start.

USAGE The ISO System of Limits and Fits is now in extensive use in Europe.  An increasing number of drawings issued throughout the world specify the tolerances with the ISO symbols only. The ISO system for tolerances and gages is fully covered in ANSI B4.2 and B4.4M. Cutting tools, material stock, and gages held to ISO tolerances are available in many major industrial countries. It is recommended that a similar specification in USA standards be provided if the worldwide manufacture of products is a defined goal.

BASES

0

0

Temperature. The standard reference temperature for industrial length measurement is 20 C (68 F).

DEFINITIONS The most important terms relating to limits and fits are as shown in Fig. 6-3. The terms are defined below. basic size — the size to which limits or deviations are assigned. The basic size is the same for both members of a fit. It is designated by the number 40 in 40H7. deviation — the algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic size upper deviation — the algebraical difference between the maximum limit of size and the corresponding basic size lower deviation — the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and the corresponding basic size fundamental deviation — the one of the two deviations closest to the basic size. It is designated by the letter H in 40H7 tolerance — the difference between the maximum and minimum size limits on a part tolerance zone — a zone representing the tolerance and its position in relation to the basic size international tolerance grade (IT) — a group of tolerances which vary depending on the basic size, but which provide the same relative level of accuracy within a given grade. It is designated by the number 7 in 40H7 (IT7). hole basis — the system of fits where the minimum hole size is basic. The fundamental deviation for a hole basis system is “H”. shaft basis — the system of fits where the maximum shaft size is basic. The fundamental deviation for a shaft basis system is “h”. clearance fit — the relationship between assembled parts when clearance occurs under all tolerance conditions interference fit — the relationship between assembled parts when interference occurs under all tolerance conditions transition — the relationship between assembled parts when either a clearance or interference fit can result depending on the tolerance conditions of the mating parts

DESCRIPTION OF TOLERANCE DESIGNATION  An “International Tolerance grade” establishes the magnitude of the tolerance zone or the amount of part size variation allowed for internal and external dimensions alike (see Fig. 6-3). Tolerances are expressed in “grade number,” which are consistent with International Tolerance grades identified by the prefix IT, i.e., “IT6,” “IT11,” etc. A smaller grade number provides a smaller tolerance zone.  A fundamental deviation establishes the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the basic size (see Fig. 6-3). Fundamental deviations are expressed by “tolerance position letters.” Capital letters are used for internal dimensions, and lower  case or small letters are used for external dimensions. Symbols By combining the IT grade number and the tolerance position letter, the tolerance symbol is established which identifies the actual maximum and minimum limits of the part. The toleranced sizes are thus defined by the basic size of the part followed by a symbol composed of a letter and a number.

 A fit is indicated by the basic size common to both components, followed by a symbol corresponding to each component, the internal part symbol preceding the external part symbol.

Some methods of designating tolerances on drawings gages, etc. are shown in the following three examples. (a) 40H8 (b) 40H8(40.039/40.000) (c) 40.039/40.000(40H8) NOTE: Values in parentheses indicate reference only.

BILATERAL TOLERANCE SYSTEM The ISO system of limits and fits has a full range of bilateral (two-sided) tolerances designated js and JS. The two symmetrical deviations are ± IT/2 (one half of the International Tolerances grade).

UNILATERAL TOLERANCE SYSTEM The ISO system of limits and fits, with all its possible combinations, includes two unilateral (one-sided) tolerancing methods that are in common use. One tolerancing practice is based on a nominal hole (H, hole basis), the other on a nominal shaft (h, shaft basis). The ISO system has been in use in Germany for over 60 years, and standards for selected fits have influenced the European market for metric standard material sizes, measuring tools, couplings, collars, bearings, etc.

HOLE-BASIS OR SHAFT-BASIS FITS The nominal H, hole-basis fit and h, shaft-basis fit tolerancing systems are both used, depending on each specific application. The hole-basis system is used with stepped shaft designs. Standard gages for checking the hole-basis fits cost less than those required for checking shaft-basis fits. In designs where a uniform-diameter shaft is used it is advantageous to employ the shaftbasis system. For example, in the case of driving shafts, a single shaft may have to accommodate a variety of accessories — such as couplings, bearings, collars, etc. Steel products toleranced to the shaft-basis system are supplied in a number of steel grades and finishes throughout Europe. Both types of fits might be used on the same design.

PREFERRED FITS  ANSI B4.2 specifies the ten hole and shaft basis fits as shown in Table 6-1 and as illustrated in Fig. 6-4. Each of the ten hole basis fits corresponds to a shaft basis fit with equal clearances for the same nominal size.

FIG. 6-4 PREFERRED HOLE BASIS FITS (ANSI B4.2) The ten hole-basis preferred fits use the following tolerances: Hole: Shaft:

H7, H8, H9, H11 c11, d9, f7, g6, h6, k6, n6, p6, s6, u6

It might be desirable for a user to standardize on three, or even two, of the above hole tolerances. The shaft tolerances might also be reduced to fit the requirements of certain types of products. The ten shaft-basis preferred fits use the following tolerances: Hole: C11, D9, F8, G7, H7, K7, N7, P7, S7, U7 Shaft: h6, h7, h9, h11 Note that many steel products shown in Chapter 10 are produced worldwide to the shaft tolerances shown above. The new  ANSI B32.100 standard specifies the above four shaft tolerances. An illustration of the ten shaft fits is shown in Fig. 6-5.

FIG. 6-5 PREFERRED SHAFT BASIS FITS (ANSI B4.2)

PRACTICAL USE OF IT GRADES The machining process shown in Fig. 6-6 can, under normal conditions, produce the IT grades indicated. Practical usage of  the various IT tolerance grades is shown in Fig. 6-7. Numerical values for IT grades from IT1 through IT18 for basic series up to 3150 mm are shown in Table 6-30.

FIG. 6-6 MACHINING PROCESSES (ANSI B4.2)

FIG. 6-7 PRACTICAL USE OF INTERNATIONAL TOLERANCE GRADES (ANSI B4.2)

NON-TOLERANCED DIMENSIONS The ISO system of limits and fits can be used on a great number of applications from the finest tolerances to the coarsest. The tolerances are increasing with the nominal size in the ISO system. It is common practice in those countries that have used the ISO system to apply a somewhat related system to the non-toleranced dimensions on a drawing. It is now part of ISO 2768-1. The tolerances are dependent on the nominal sizes and are shown in the following table.

TABLE 6-30 INTERNATIONAL TOLERANCE GRADES FOR BASIS SIZES UP TO 3150 mm AND IT GRADES FROM IT1 THROUGH IT18 (ISO 286) Basic size mm

International tolerance (IT) grades IT1

IT2

IT3

IT4

IT5

Up to Above and including

IT6

IT7

IT8

IT9

IT10

IT11

IT12

IT13

IT14

IT15

IT16

IT17

IT18

Tolerances micrometers

millimeters

-

3

0.8

1.2

2

3

4

6

10

14

25

40

60

0.1

0.14

0.25

0.4

0.6

1

1.4

3

6

1

1.5

2.5

4

5

8

12

18

30

48

75

0.12

0.18

0.3

0.48

0.75

1.2

1.8

6

10

1

1.5

2.5

4

6

9

15

22

36

58

90

0.15

0.22

0.36

0.58

0.9

1.5

2.2

10

18

1.2

2

3

5

8

11

18

27

43

70

110

0.18

0.27

0.43

0.7

1.1

1.8

2.7

18

30

1.5

2.5

4

6

9

13

21

33

52

84

130

0.21

0.33

0.52

0.84

1.3

2.1

3.3

30

50

1.5

2.5

4

7

11

16

25

39

62

100

160

0.25

0.39

0.62

1

1.6

2.5

3.9

50

80

2

3

5

8

13

19

30

46

74

120

190

0.3

0.46

0.74

1.2

1.9

3

4.6

80

120

2.5

4

6

10

15

22

35

54

87

140

220

0.35

0.54

0.87

1.4

2.2

3.5

5.4

120

180

3.5

5

8

12

18

25

40

63

100

160

250

0.4

0.63

1

1.6

2.5

14

6.3

180

250

4.5

7

10

14

20

29

46

72

115

185

290

0.46

0.72

1.15

1.85

2.9

4.6

7.2

250

315

6

8

12

16

23

32

52

81

130

210

320

0.52

0.81

1.3

2.1

3.2

5.2

8.1

315

400

7

9

13

18

25

36

57

89

140

230

360

0.57

0.89

1.4

2.3

3.6

5.7

8.9

400

500

8

10

15

20

27

40

63

97

155

250

400

0.63

0.97

1.55

2.5

4

6.3

9.7

500

630

9

11

16

22

32

44

70

110

175

280

440

0.7

1.1

1.75

2.8

4.4

7

11

630

800

10

13

18

25

36

50

80

125

200

320

500

0.8

1.25

2

3.2

5

8

12.5

B00

1000

11

15

21

28

40

56

90

140

230

360

560

0.9

1.4

2.3

3.6

5.6

9

14

1000

1250

13

18

24

33

47

66

105

165

260

420

660

1.05

1.65

2.6

4.2

6.6

10.5

16.5

1250

1600

15

21

29

39

55

78

125

195

310

500

780

1.25

1.95

3.1

5

7.8

12.5

19.5

1600

2000

18

25

35

46

65

92

150

230

370

600

920

1.5

2.3

3.7

6

9.2

15

23

2000

2500

22

30

41

55

78

110

175

280

440

700

1100

1.75

2.8

4.4

7

11

17.5

28

2500

3150

26

36

50

68

96

135

210

330

540

860

1350

2.1

3.3

5.4

8.6

13.5

21

33

NOTES: 1. Values for international tolerance grades IT01 and IT0 for basic sizes less than or equal to 500 mm are given in ISO 286-1, annex A, table 5. 2. Values for international tolerance grades IT1 to IT5 (incl) for basic sizes over 500 mm are included for experimental use. 3. International tolerance grades IT14 to IT18 (incl) shall not be used for basic sizes less than or equal to 1 mm.

TABLE 6-31 GENERAL TOLERANCE - LINEAR DIMENSIONS (ISO 2768-1) mm

Tolerance class

Permissible deviations for basic size range over 1

over

over

over

over

over

over 

0.5

3

6

30

120

400

1000

2000

up to 3

up to 6

up to 30

up to 120

up to 400

up to 1000

up to 2000

up to 4000

fine

± 0.05

± 0.05

± 0.1

± 0.15

± 0.2

± 0.3

± 0.5

-

m

medium

± 0.1

± 0.1

± 0.2

± 0.3

± 0.5

± 0.8

± 1.2

±2

c

coarse

± 0.2

± 0.3

± 0.5

± 0.8

± 1.2

±2

±3

±4

v

very coarse

-

± 0.5

±1

± 1.5

± 2.5

±4

±6

±8

Designation

Description

f

1. For nominal sizes below 0,5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s).

TOLERANCES ON ANGLES The nominal size for an angle is the length (in mm) of the short leg. Tolerances shown in Table 6-31 apply to the fine, medium, and coarse, and very coarse series specified in ISO 2768-1. Radii and chamfer tolerances are shown in Table 6-32 and angular tolerances are given in Table 6-33.

TABLE 6-32 GENERAL TOLERANCE - RADII AND CHAMFERS (ISO 2768-1) mm Permissible deviations for basic size range

Tolerance class Description

Designation

f

fine

m

medium

c

coarse

v

very coarse

1

0.5 up to 3

over 3 up to 6

over 6

± 0.2

± 0.5

±1

± 0.4

±1

±2

NOTE: 1. For nominal sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations shall be indicated adjacent to the relevant nominal size(s).

TABLE 6-33 GENERAL TOLERANCE - ANGLES (ISO 2768-1) Permissible deviations for ranges of lengths, in millimeters, of the shorter side of the angle concerned

Tolerance class Description

Designation

up to 10

over 10 up to 50

over 50 up to 120

over 120 up to 400

f

fine

m

medium

c v

over 400

± 1°

± 0°30'

± 0°20'

± 0 10'

o

± 0°5'

coarse

± 1°30'

± 1°

± 0°30'

± 0°15'

± 0°10'

very coarse

± 3°

± 2°

±1°

± 0°30'

± 0°20'

RELATED ISO STANDARDS 17.040.10 Limits and fits ISO 286-1: 2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes -- Part 1: Basis of tolerances, deviations and fits ISO 286-2: 2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- ISO code system for tolerances on linear sizes -- Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance classes and limit deviations for holes and shafts ISO 1101:2004 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out ISO 1101 (Draft) Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out ISO 1938-1: 2012 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Dimensional measuring equipment -- Part 1: Plain limit gauges of linear size ISO 2768-1:1989 General tolerances -- Part 1: Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications ISO 2768-2:1989 General tolerances -- Part 2: Geometrical tolerances for features without individual tolerance indications ISO 5458:1998 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Positional tolerancing ISO 5459: 2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Geometrical tolerancing -- Datums and datum systems ISO 8062:1994 Castings -- System of dimensional tolerances and machining allowances ISO 8062-1:2007 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts -- Part 1: Vocabulary ISO/PRF TS 8062-2 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts -- Part 2: Rules ISO 8062-3:2007 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts -- Part 3: General dimensional and geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for castings. ISO 8062-3:2007/Cor 1:2009 ISO 13920:1996 Welding -- General tolerances for welded constructions -- Dimensions for lengths and angles -- Shape and position ISO 14405-1:2010 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional tolerancing -- Part 1: Linear sizes ISO 14405-2:2011 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) -- Dimensional tolerancing -- Part 2: Dimensions other than linear sizes

ISO HANDBOOKS ISO Standards Handbook - Limits, fits and surface properties This handbook contains a comprehensive collection of ISO standards for: general limits and fits; limits and fits for screw threads; limits and fits nd for gears and involute splines; properties of surfaces. Standards on relevant terminology complete the collection. Year of publication:1999 2 Edition. ISBN 92-67-10293-1. This book is also shown after Chapter 5.

Chapter 7 The ISO System of Limits and Fits Inspection of Workpieces SUMMARY* This chapter specifies gages to ISO 1938 Part 1: Plain limit gages of linear size for use with the ISO System of Limits and Fits in ANSI B4.2. The new standard used to be the old Recommendation published in 1971, and GO, NOGO gages made to this standard are available for preferred sizes throughout Europe. This new standard is based on the old recommendation and was finalized in 2012 by TC 213/WG6 hosted by NIST. The standard specifies specific location and limits for the gagemakers tolerances, wear allowances, measurement uncertainties and form controls. This chapter specifies the most important metrological and design characteristics of plain limit gages of linear size and defines the different types of plain limit gages used to prove conformance with linear dimensional specification associated to linear size. It also defines the design characteristics and the metrological characteristics for these limit gages as well as the new or wear limits state Maximum Permissible Errors (MPEs) for these characteristics. The ISO 1938-1 standard also describes the use of limit gages and it covers linear sizes up to 500 mm. It is recommended to specify preferred metric sizes and tolerance zones as shown in Chapter 6 in order to minimize the cost of  tooling and gages. By doing so, a matrix of standard plug and ring (snap) GO and NOGO gages may become off-the-shelf  available inspection tooling similar to what we see in countries having used the ISO Limits and Fits for more than 70 years.

Chapter 8 Screw Threads SUMMARY The change to the metric system in screw threads gives us a unique opportunity to rationalize the screw thread and fastener  sizes. For example, the six first choice thread sizes shown in Table 8-1 are recommended to replace the 61 other thread sizes listed. The first choice sizes are according to the R5’ series of preferred sizes shown in Table 4-1. Less savings will be achieved if you select the twelve ISO (green) first choice sizes shown or the 14 ANSI (bold) first choice sizes. The cost reduction becomes substantial when you figure thousands of dollars savings for each unique fastener size that can be eliminated from the product design. TABLE 8-1 PREFERRED THREAD SIZES ISO 262 Metric (mm)

Unified Inch

Coarse

(1)

Coarse

R5’ M2.5

R10’

R20’

Fine

Inch

2.51

#3-48

#3-56

2.8

#4-40

#4-48

3.2

#5-40

#5-44

3.5

#6-32

#6-40

4.2

#8-32

#8-36

4.8

#10-24

#10-32

5.5

#12-24

#12-28

6.3

1/4-20

1/4-28

M8x1

7.9

5/16-18

5/16-24

M10x1.25

9.5

3/8-16

3/8-24

10.9

7/16-14

7/16-20

M12x1.25

12.7

1/2-13

1/2-20

M14x1.5

14.3

9/16-12

9/16-18

M16x1.5

15.9

5/8-11

5/8-18

M20x1.5

19.1

3/4-10

3/4-16

M22x1.5

22.2

7/8-9

7/8-14

M24x2

25.4

1-8

1-12

M27x2

28.6

1 1/8-7

1 1/8-12

M30x2

31.8

1 1/4-7

1 1/4-12

M3.5 (2)

M4 M4.5 (3)

M5 M6 M8

M12 M14 (2)

M16 M18 (3)

M20 M22 (3)

M18x1.5

M24 M27 (3)

M30 GO

Fine

mm

M3

M10

Coarse

CAUTION

STOP

NOTES: 1. The Metric Coarse Thread designation shown in this table is according to ISO. ANSI standards may specify the thread pitch for both coarse and fine thread pitches. 2. ANSI B1.13M shows the ISO preference rating. 3. Not recommended to be used in the USA.

The metric coarse thread pitch is slightly smaller (finer) compared to the customary unified coarse thread pitch. For example; the metric coarse thread M8 has the thread pitch 1.25 mm and the inch thread 5/16-18 has the thread pitch 1.41 mm.

Chapter 9

Fasteners SUMMARY Rationalization — The change to the metric system opens up a tremendous opportunity for USA industry to rationalize on fewer metric fastener sizes used in new products. For preferred metric thread sizes, see Table 8-1 and Table 9-1 for fastener  length. Apply the preferred metric sizes shown in Table 4-1 to the fastener length to the extent practical. (Except for the length 250 mm where either 240 or 260 mm sh ould be specified.) Rationalization on fewer standard parts released for  production could save your company large sums of money. Each unique standard p art creates additional cost in documentation, spare parts, handling, purchasing, quality assurance, inventory, etc., and for many large companies the cost runs into several thousand dollars and more.

INTRODUCTION

1

The national standards for fasteners are shown in a World Metric Fastener Standards Index, which follows, and the comparison of standards on metric screw threads around the world can be found in Table 8-2. A comprehensive description of the existing ISO fasteners will be given later in this chapter. The following index provides an illustration of each type of fastener with its name in English (E), German (G), French (F), and Italian (I). The applicable national standard number is shown with references as to where to find specific information. 1

For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p. 12.

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR FASTENERS HOW TO ORDER METRIC HARDWARE An Order Check List. The proper designation of metric bolts, screws, and nuts should include the following information: 1. General product description such as: bolts, hex cap screws, tapping screws, machine screws, nuts, slotted nuts, rivets, etc., and material if other than steel. Refer to the world index for the fastener  name in the required language. 2. The letter M is used for a product with ISO metric screw threads followed by the thread pitch. The designations are as follows:  ANSI: M10 X 1.5 10 mm nominal diameter ISO metric screw thread with standard 1.5 mm coarse thread pitch. ISO: M10 10 mm nominal diameter ISO metric screw thread with standard 1.5 mm coarse thread pitch. M10 X 1.25 10 mm nominal diameter ISO metric screw thread with standard 1.25 mm fine thread pitch. 3. Thread fit designation. Refer to Chapter 8, p. 141 for thread fit details.  ANSI: M12 X 1.75 - Designates standard thread fit 6H/6g approximately equal to SAE class 2 fit. 6H/6g M12 x 1.75 - Designates close thread fit — 6H/4g6g approximately equal to SAE class 3 fit. 6H/4g6g The medium thread fit is customary in most countries, and need not be specified when ordering fasteners to a specific standard. 4. The length designation is shown in millimeters. Refer to Table 9-1 for the preferred fastener lengths. 5. The standard thread length conforms to ISO recommendations worldwide, and no special call-out for  thread length is required (Table 9-3). 6. National standards reference. The threaded fasteners details are defined in industry or national the standards, and a reference to the desired standards must be made when ordering fasteners outside of USA. 7. The strength grade which applies to steel products only, must be specified. See p. 187 for details on strength properties. 8. The surface protection (if required) should be in accordance with company practice or other standards.

WORLD METRIC FASTENER STANDARDS INDEX STANDARD N0. 1

ISO 4014-4016

FIGURE

NAME (E) HEX HEAD CAP SCREW

USA ANSI B18.2.3.1M JAPAN JIS B1180 GERMANY DIN 931, 960 FRANCE NF E27-311 UK BS 3692 ITALY UNI 5737, 5738  AUSTRAL AS 1110 N0. 2

ISO 4017, 4018 USA ANSI B18.2.3.1M JAPAN JIS

GERMANY DIN 933, 961 FRANCE NF E27-310 UK BS

4190 (BOLTS)

ITALY UNI 5739, 5740  AUSTRAL AS NO. 3

1111 (BOLTS)

ISO 272.0000 USA ANSI B18.2.3.1M JAPAN JIS B1186

GERMANY DIN 6914 FRANCE NF E27-711 UK BS 4395 ITALY UNI 5712  AUSTRAL AS 1252 NO. 4

ISO 8677 USA ANSI B18.5.2.1M JAPAN JIS B1171

GERMANY DIN 603 FRANCE NF E27-350 UK BS 4933 ITALY UNI 5731. 5732  AUSTRAL AS 1390 NO. 5

ISO 5713 USA ANSI B18.5.1 JAPAN JIS B1179

GERMANY DIN 608 FRANCE NF E27-354 UK BS 4933 ITALY UNI 5735, 6104  AUSTRAL AS

REFERENCE FOR DETAILS SEE TABLE 9-31 (CAP SCREW)

(G) SECHSKANTSCHRAUBE

TABLE 9-32 (FORMED SCR)

MIT SHAFT

TABLE 9-34 (BOLT)

(F) VIS A TETE

NOTE: THE ISO

HEXAGONALE

DESIGNATES PRODUCTS

(I) VITE A TESTA

PARTIALLY THREADED

ESAGONALE

AS BOLTS.

(E) HEX HEAD CAP SCREW

FOR DETAILS SEE

THREADED TO HEAD

TABLE 9-31

(G) SECHSKANTSCHRAUBE

NOTE: THE ISO DESIGNATES

MIT GEWINDE BIS KOPF

PRODUCTS THREADED TO

(F) VIS A TETE HEXAGONALE FILETEE HEAD AS SCREWS JUSQU'A PROXIMITE DE LA TETE (I) VITE A TESTA ESAGONALE (E) HEX HEAD BOLT WITH LARGE

FOR DETAILS SEE

HEAD (HIGH STRENGTH STRUCTURAL)

TABLE 9-33 (HEAVY SCREW)

(G) SECHSKANTSCHRAUBE MIT GROSSER SCHLUSSELWEITE

TABLE 9-35 (HEAVY BOLT)

(F) VIS A TETE HEXAGONALE LARGE, A COLERETTE

TABLE 9-36

(I) VITE A TESTA

(HEAVY STRUCTURAL BOLT)

ESAGONALE LARGO (E) ROUND HEAD SQUARE NECK

FOR DETAILS SEE

BOLT (CARRIAGE BOLT)

TABLE 9-39 (SHORT NECK)

(G) FLACHRUNDSCHRAUBE MIT VIERKANTANSATZ

TABLE 9-40 (LONG NECK)

(F) VIS A TETE BOMBEE A COLLET CARRE

TABLE 9-41 (LARGE HEAD)

(I) VITE A TESTA TONDO LARGO CON QUARDRA SOTTOTESTA (E) ROUND HEAD COUNTERSUNK

FOR DETAILS SEE

SQUARE NECK BOLT (PLOW BOLT)

TABLE 9-43

(G) SENKSCHRAUBE MIT VIERKANTANSATZ (F) VIS A TETE FRAISEE COLLET CARRE (I) VITE A TESTA SVASATA CON QUADRA SOTTOTESTA

TABLE 9-31 HEX CAP SCREWS (ANSI B18.2.3.1M) SAMPLE TABLE

D

DS

Nominal

Body

Screw Dia and Thread

S

E

Width

Width

Across

Across

Flats

Corners

Diameter 

K

KW Wrenching

C

DW

Washer

Washer 

Face

Face

Thickness

Dia

Head Height Height

Pitch

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Max

Min

Min

Max

Min

Min

M5 x 0.8 M6 x 1 M8 x 1.125 M10 x 1.5 M10 x 1.5 M12 x 1.75 M 14 x 2

5 6 8

4.82 5.82 7.78

0.5 0.5 0.6

0.2 0.2 0.3

6.63

6.17

4.5

0.6

0.3

11.73 13.73

8.79 11.05 14.38 16.64 17.77 20.03 23.35

2.4 2.8 3.7

12 14

9.24 11.55 15.01 17.32 18.48 20.78 24.25

3.35 3.85 5.1

9.78

7.78 9.78 12.73 14.73 15.73 17.73 20.67

3.65 4.15 5.5

10

8 10 13 15 16* 18 21

7.76 9.09

7.24 8.51

5.2 6.2

0.6 0.6

0.3 0.3

7 8.9 11.6 13.6 14.6 16.6 19.6

M 16 x 2

16

15.73

24

23.67

27.71

26.75

10.32

9.68

7

0.8

0.4

22.49

M20 x 2.5

20

19.67

30

29.16

34.64

32.95

12.88

12.12

8.8

0.8

0.4

27.7

M24 x 3 M30 x 3.5 M36 x 4 M42 x 4.5 M48 x 5

24 30 36 42 48

23.67 29.67 35.61 41.38 47.38

36 46 55 65 75

35 45 53.8 62.9 72.6

41.57 53.12 63.51 75.06 86.6

39.55 50.85 60.79 71.71 82.76

15.44 19.48 23.38 26.97 31.07

14.56 17.92 21.62 25.03 28.93

10.5 13.1 15.8 18.2 21

0.8 0.8 0.8 1 1

0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5

33.2 42.7 51.1 59.8 69

1 1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

78.1 87.2 96.3 105.4 119.2 133

M56 x 5.5 56 55.26 85 82.2 98.15 93.71 36.2 33.8 24.5 M64 x 6 64 63.26 95 91.8 109.7 104.65 41.32 38.68 28 M72 x 6 72 71.26 105 101.4 121.24 115.6 46.45 43.55 31.5 M80 x 6 80 79.26 115 111 132.72 126.54 51.58 48.42 35 M90 x 6 90 89.13 130 125.5 150.11 143.07 57.74 54.26 39.2 M100 x 6 100 99.13 145 140 167.43 159.6 63.9 60.1 43.4 *M10 x 1.5 with 16 mm WAF will be supplied unless the ISO 15 mm WAF is specified. NOTES: 1. Parts made to this standard are interchangeable with parts made to ISO 4014, product grade A. 2. Standard strength property classes are: 5.8, 9.8, and 10.9 (see Table 9-4). 3. Designation example: Hex cap screw, M6 x 1 x 40, class 9.8, zinc plated. 4. See general data on p. 230 or referenced standard.

Chapter 10 Steel Material Data1 SUMMARY Rationalization - The change to metric steel sizes opens up a tremendous opportunity for USA industry to rationalize on fewer  steel sheet, plate, wire, bar, tube and section sizes. Some companies have shown remarkably good results when rationalizing, steel plates, for example, from 19 inch sizes to 8 metric sizes. Again, the use of the preferred metric sizes shown in Table 4-1 is the key tool to use. The preference ratings - F for first choice, S for second choice, and T for third choice - are used in the referenced standards to promote usage of fewer sizes. Little rationalization of sizes is achieved in a company if one freely selects from all first-choice sizes listed in the steel tables. 1

The World Ferrous Materials Index is given on p. 470 of this chapter.

INTRODUCTION The American National Standards Institute issued American National Standard ANSI B32.100 Preferred Metric Sizes for Flat, Round, Square, Rectangular, and Hexagonal Metric Products. References to the following proposed and approved standards, which are in complete agreement with the applicable ISO standards, are also included.  ANSI B32.200 Preferred Metric Sizes for Round, Square, and Rectangular Tubular Metal Products Other Than Pipe, and the  ANSI B32.300 Preferred Metric Sizes for Equal and Unequal Leg Angles, T- and Channel-Sections, IPN- and Wide FlangeBeams Structural Steel. Major steel-producing countries, such as Japan, Germany, France, and Italy, have produced steel material dimensioned to 2 metric modules for a number of years. The national standards for steel sizes reflect the available commercial sizes in the above countries. The European countries just listed have developed coordinated EURONORM steel standards issued by the European Coal and Steel Community. Since 1955, approximately 100 EURONORM standards have been published in German, French, Italian, and Dutch. These standards are available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6 D-1000 Berlin 30, Germany. A number of these EURONORM standards have now been modified and published as new ISO or EN standards. 2

For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p.12.

description of tables — The steel material dimension tables list standard metric sizes produced in major countries already using the metric system. The ISO and ANSI standards are also shown.

Linear dimensions, section areas, and mass per length or area are shown in SI units. The left column in the tables marked ISO, ANSI, or DIN indicates the preference rating in the standard from which the metric sizes are chosen. On the right side of the tables, national standards for the applicable products are listed with their specified preference rating. The tolerances in the tables are given in millimeters, and they are either ISO, EURONORM, or national standard tolerances selected from the ISO system of limits and fits. Steel materials produced to the latter tolerances are standard in all major  countries including USA (ANSI B32.100).  All conversions and calculations are processed by a computer with the data shown rounded off to the nearest number in each case. The computer exponential E-format was selected to cover a wide range of steel sizes and at the same time to present an accuracy to three significant digits for all numbers shown. The maximum error range is from 0.5 to 0.05%. Some typical examples of the use of E-format are as follows: Computer Listing Decimal Value -1 0.427E - 01 = 0.427 x 10 = 0.0427 0 0.628E + 00 = 0.628 x 10 = 0.628 1 0.243E + 01 = 0.243x 10 = 2.43 3 0.962E + 03 = 0.962 x 10 = 962 3

The standard density for steel used in ISO and national standards outside Canada and the USA is 1 m steel, which has a 3 7850 kg mass. The standard density factor for steel in the USA is 0.2833 lb/in , and it differs from the ISO standard by approximately 0.1%. The mass per unit shown in the steel material tables is calculated using the ISO density factor. The conversion factor 2.767990E + 04 was used to compute the pou nd per cubic inch equivalent. One cubic meter steel has 7842 kg mass using the USA density factor and 7850 kg mass with the ISO factor.

WORLD SHEET METAL STANDARDS Thicknesses. The following discussion is intended to assist the designer in his or her choice of metric sheet metal sizes and qualities anywhere in the world. Standard thicknesses for hot-rolled steel sheets are shown in Table 10-1A and for cold-reduced sheets in Table 10-2A.  ANSI B32.100 is a recently released standard drafted by the author, and it is recommended the first choices shown in the USA column be chosen if possible. Use the Preferred Sizes in Table 4-1 p. 75 when selecting among all the third choices shown in the material tables. Most of the above thicknesses are available worldwide. Material. A worldwide comparison of the designations used for hot-rolled and cold-rolled steels is shown in Tables 10-42A and B. The ISO, EURONORM, and national standards for each product are also given for easy reference to further details. Make the material selection from Table 10-42A for hot-rolled and Table 10-42B for cold-rolled steel sheets. Note the ISO standard number where the desired steel grade is specified, and use it to find the appropriate ISO tolerance for the product. When steel is specified to other national standards, specify tolerances and steel grades as shown in that standard. Tolerances. The tolerances for sheet metal are specified in a number of ISO standards and shown in Tables 10-1B through 1H for hot-rolled and in Tables 10-2B through 2E for cold-rolled material. The specific ISO standard number where the tolerances are specified are shown with the table title in parenthesis. Coatings. Select the desired ISO coating grade from the Tables 10-42E through 10-42K or the national standard used to specify the steel sheet product. Order Example. For hot-rolled steel sheets the desired thickness is selected from Table 10-1A, ISO standard number and qualities from Table 10-42A, tolerances from Table 10-1B th rough 10-1H, and coating from Table 10-42E through 10-42K. A typical example of designation of steel sheet 2 mm thick X 1200 mm wide X 2440 mm long to steel grade HR235, class D (D = CS Special Killed) and tolerance ± 0.17 mm, as specified in ISO 4995, is as follows: “International Standard 4995, hot-rolled steel sheet, structural quality, grade HR235 class D, 2 x 1200 X 2440 mm, 40000 kg, for part No. 2345, roof support, mill edge, furnish report of mechanical properties, maximum lift 4000 kg.” For cold-rolled steel sheets, the desired thickness is selected from Table 10-2A, ISO standard number and material qualities from Table 10-42B, tolerances from Table 10-2B through 2E, and coating from Table 10-42E through 42K. A typical example of  designation of cold-rolled steel sheet 1 mm thick X 700 mm wide and 1800 mm long to the steel grade CR220 class B (rimmed or nonrimmed) and tolerance ± 0.09 mm, as specified in the ISO standard, is as follows: “International Standard 4997, coldrolled steel sheet, structural quality, grade CR220 class B, 1 X 700 X 1800 mm, 40 000 kg, for part No. 3456, seat frame — unexposed, furnish report of mechanical properties, maximum lift 4000 kg.”

WORLD STEEL PLATE STANDARDS Thicknesses. The standard steel plate thicknesses in most of the major steel-producing countries are shown in Table 10-3A.  Although some differences exist in the various material standards, the first-choice sizes in the ANSI B32.100 standard should be available worldwide. You will note the few thicknesses considered first choice in the German DIN 1543 standard.

TABLE 10-1A HOT-ROLLED STEEL SHEET AND STRIP THICKNESSES (ANSI B32.100)

SIZE

USA

AUSTRAL

JAPAN

FRANCE

UK

GERMANY ITALY

ANSI

D

MASS

ANSI

AS

JIS

NF

BS

DIN

B32.100

mm

kg/m

B32. 32.100 100

1594 1594

G31 G3193

A4646-501 501

1449 1449

1016 016

F

1

7.85

F

F

F

F

F

1.25F

F

2

T

1.1

8.63

T

S

S

1.2

9.42

S

F

F

T

1.4

11.0

T

S

F

T

1.5

11.8

T

F

1.6

12.6

F

T

1.7

13.7

T

T

1.8

14.1

T

S

2

15.7

S

F

F

F

T

2.2

17.3

T, 2.3T

S

2.3F

2.25F

F

2.5

19.6

F

F

F

F F

F

F F

F S

F

F F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

12.5F

T

2.8

22.0

T

S

F, 2.6S

S

3

23.5

S

F

2.9S

T

3.2

25.1

T

T

3.5

27.5

T

T

3.8

29.8

T

F

4

31.4

F

F

F

F

4.2

33.0

T

4.5

35.3

T

S

F

F

F S

F 3.6F

4.8

37.7

S

5

39.2

S

F

F

4.75F

T

5.5

43.2

T

S

5.6F 5.6F

F

6

47.1

F

F

F

F

T

7

54.9

T

S

F, 6.3F

F

S

8

62.8

S

F

F

F

T

9

70.6

T

S

F

F

10

78.5

F

F

F

T 11 86.3 T F S 12 94.2 S F NOTES: 3 1. Mass is calculated on the basis basis of density of steel of 7.85 kg/dm kg/dm .

2. The size is national standard as indicated; indicated; F = First Choice; S = Second Second Choice; T = Third Choice; Number = Other Size. 3. Tolerances are shown shown in Tables 10-1B-10-1H. 10-1B-10-1H.

UNI F

Chapter 11 Nonferrous Material SUMMARY Only copper and aluminum products are covered in this chapter. Major industrial countries, such as Japan, Germany, France, 1 and Italy, have produced nonferrous material dimensioned to metric modules for a number of years, and the material standards for nonferrous sizes reflect the available commercial sizes in these countries. The American National Standards Institute issued American National Standards B32.100-2005 for preferred metric sizes for  flat, round, square, rectangular, and hexagonal metal products. The preferred metric sizes were the result of the informational input of representatives from industries and professional societies, as well as the experience of other countries where the metric system has been in use.

DESCRIPTION OF TABLES The nonferrous material dimension tables given in this chapter list standard metric sizes produced in major countries using the metric system. Linear dimensions, section areas, and mass per length of area are shown both in SI units and in customary inch units in the left-hand portions of each table. The left-most columns in the tables, which are headed in vertical fashion by ISO,  ANSI, DIN, DIN, or BS, indicates indicates the preference rating rating in the appropriate appropriate standard from which which the metric sizes are chosen. In the right-hand portions of the tables, national standards for the applicable products are listed with their specified preference ratings. Tolerances shown in the right-hand portions of the tables are in millimeters, and are listed by column under a heading noting the original standard. Most of the tolerances are specified within the ISO system of limits and fits which is covered in national product standards throughout the world.  All conversions and calculations calculations were processed by a computer, and the data shown are rounded off to the nearest number in each case. The computer exponential “E” format (see Table 2-2) was selected in order to cover a wide range of sizes and at the same time present a three-significant-digit three-significant-digit accuracy for all numbers shown. The maximum error range is from 0.5% to 0.05%. The standard density for copper used is 8900 kg mass per cubic meter, and for aluminum, 2700 kg mass per cubic meter. The density is not constant, a nd varies with added alloying materials.

WORLD STANDARDS FOR NONFERROUS PLATE AND SHEET Table 11-1. Cold Rolled Copper and Copper Alloy Sheets (ANSI B32.100). The nominal thicknesses in the range from 0.1 to 10 mm have been based on the ANSI B32.100 standard, and the tolerances shown are based on DIN 1751 for cold rolled copper sheets. Table 11-2. Cold Rolled Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Sheets (ANSI B32.100). Aluminum sheets are shown in sizes ranging from 0.25 to 15 mm thicknesses with preference ratings as specified in ANSI B32.100. The tolerances shown are for  aluminum sheets of Material Group I in DIN 1783, which is applicable for most aluminum sheet products. Table 11-3. Cold Rolled Copper and Copper Alloy Plates (ANSI B32.100). Copper plates in thicknesses from 3 to 50 mm are shown in Table 11-3, and the selection of sizes has been based on ANSI B32.100. The tolerances listed are those specified in the Japanese Standard JIS H3111 for oxygen-free copper sheets and plates. Table 11-4. Hot Rolled Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Plates (ANSI B32.100). Hot-rolled aluminum plates in thicknesses from 5 to 100 mm have been selected from ANSI B32.100, and some tolerances from DIN 59600 for sheets and rounds made of  hot rolled aluminum are also shown.

TABLE 10-1A HOT-ROLLED STEEL SHEET AND STRIP THICKNESSES (ANSI B32.100)

SIZE

USA

AUSTRAL

JAPAN

FRANCE

UK

GERMANY ITALY

ANSI

D

MASS

ANSI

AS

JIS

NF

BS

DIN

B32.100

mm

kg/m

B32. 32.100 100

1594 1594

G31 G3193

A4646-501 501

1449 1449

1016 016

F

1

7.85

F

F

F

F

F

1.25F

F

2

T

1.1

8.63

T

S

S

1.2

9.42

S

F

F

T

1.4

11.0

T

S

F

T

1.5

11.8

T

F

1.6

12.6

F

T

1.7

13.7

T

T

1.8

14.1

T

S

2

15.7

S

F

F

F

T

2.2

17.3

T, 2.3T

S

2.3F

2.25F

F

2.5

19.6

F

F

F

F F

F

F F

F S

F

F F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

12.5F

T

2.8

22.0

T

S

F, 2.6S

S

3

23.5

S

F

2.9S

T

3.2

25.1

T

T

3.5

27.5

T

T

3.8

29.8

T

F

4

31.4

F

F

F

F

4.2

33.0

T

4.5

35.3

T

S

F

F

F S

F 3.6F

4.8

37.7

S

5

39.2

S

F

F

4.75F

T

5.5

43.2

T

S

5.6F 5.6F

F

6

47.1

F

F

F

F

T

7

54.9

T

S

F, 6.3F

F

S

8

62.8

S

F

F

F

T

9

70.6

T

S

F

F

10

78.5

F

F

F

T 11 86.3 T F S 12 94.2 S F NOTES: 3 1. Mass is calculated on the basis basis of density of steel of 7.85 kg/dm kg/dm .

2. The size is national standard as indicated; indicated; F = First Choice; S = Second Second Choice; T = Third Choice; Number = Other Size. 3. Tolerances are shown shown in Tables 10-1B-10-1H. 10-1B-10-1H.

UNI F

Chapter 12 Bearings SUMMARY Roller bearings have been subject to extensive world standardization efforts. Ball and cylindrical roller bearings are the most prevalent bearing types in countries using the metric system. The secretariat for the Technical Committee ISO/TC4 Rolling Bearings is held by Sweden. Its first recommendation, R15 for radial bearings boundary dimensions, was issued in 1955, and 1 the second edition of this important standard received worldwide approval in 1968. The largest ball and cylindrical roller bearing manufacturing companies in the world have adhered to the ISO recommendation, so that today a number of bearing types, produced by different manufacturing companies, can be interchanged. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), representing the USA position on an international level, and the American Bearing Manufacturers Association, Inc. (ABMA), are responsible for rolling element bearing standardization in the USA These standards are published as ANSI/ABMA standards and are available from either of the above organizations.  ANSI/ABMA 20 describes metric design radial ball, cylindrical roller, and spherical roller bearings conforming to the basic boundary plans, which contain radial bearing parameters from the following international standards: • ISO 15 (boundary dimensions) • ISO 464 (snap rings and grooves) • ISO 492 (tolerances) • ISO 582 (chamfer dimensions) • ISO 5753 (radial clearances) Thrust bearings of ball cylindrical roller, and spherical roller types are specified in ANSI/ABMA 24.1, which covers thrust bearing parameters from the following international standards: • ISO 104 (boundary dimensions) • ISO 199 (thrust ball bearing tolerances) • ISO 582 (for chamfer dimensions)  A commitment to the customary inch measuring system has caused slow progress in the world standardization of such bearing types as needle and tapered roller bearings. The secretariat for ISO/TC123 - Plain Bearings is held by Russia, where several standards have been issued on the subject, as shown on p. 539. self-aligning bushings would fall in the category of TC 123. However, the Russians have no interest in this matter. Self-aligning bushings will be covered by TC4/SC7. Subcommittee 7 is handled by Germany. Self-aligning bushings are now covered in the three-part standard ISO 6124, as shown on p. 542. 1

For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p.12.

TABLE 12-5A WORLD BALL AND THRUST BEARING STANDARDS DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS - SINGLE ROW mm STANDARDS

FIGURE

ISO 15 USA

 ANSI/ABMA 20

DIMENSIONS BEARING TYPE BC - DIMENSION SERIES 10 DESIGNATION d

D

B

r DESIGNATION d

D

B

r 

JAPAN

JIS B1521

10 BC10

10

26

8

0.3

60 BC10

60

95

18

1.1

GERMANY

DIN 625

12 BC10

12

28

8

0.3

65 BC10

65

100

18

1.1

FRANCE

NF E22-300

15 BC10

15

32

9

0.3

70 BC10

70

110

20

1.1

UK

BS 292

17 BC10

17

35 10 0.3

75 BC10

75

115

20

1.1

ITALY

UNI 4473

20 BC10

20

42 12 0.6

80 BC10

80

125 22

1.1

25 BC10

25

47 12 0.6

85 BC10

85

130

22

1.1

30 BC10

30

55 13

1

90 BC10

90

140

24

1.5

NOTES:

35 BC10

35

62 14

1

95 BC10

95

145

24

1.5

1. Bearing codes are according to the previous

40 BC10

40

68 15

1

100 BC10

100 150

24

1.5

ISO/R300 standard and ANSI/ABMA 20.

45 BC10

45

75 16

1

105 BC10

105 160

26

2

2. The radii shown are r s min as specified in ISO 15.

50 BC10

50

80 16

1

110 BC10

110 170

28

2

55 BC10

55

90 18 1.1

120 BC10

120 180

28

2

AUSTRALIA AS

Chapter 13

Mechanical Power Transmission Systems SUMMARY

1

The purpose of this section is to describe world standards for the most commonly used power source in industry — the electric motor — and some of the important power transmission components, such as transmission chains and sprockets, endless belt drives, metric module gearing, splines and serrations, and keys and keyways. Some standards for these items have been based on the metric measuring system, and the others on the customary inch system. The main differences will be pointed out in this chapter to facilitate worldwide interchangeability of parts. A number of ISO and IEC standards have been issued on the subject, and some of the most important standards, as well as the ISO technical committee organizing the technical work behind each standard, are listed at the end of the chapter. Note that the technical committees are designated by the letters TC, followed by the appropriate committee number. Information presented in ISO and IEC standards and draft proposals have been included, but since they are subject to change, care should be exercised with some of the material presented. 1

For information about the term “standard” as used i n this book, please see p.12.

ELECTRIC MOTORS INTRODUCTION The material presented in this chapter is intended to give a brief introduction into standards related to the usage of electric motors; IEC has published several important standards on this subject and is active in developing standards for rotating electrical machines through its IEC/TC2 working groups and committees.

ROTATING SPEEDS North America uses alternating electrical current with 60 Hz frequency, but most of the world uses 50 Hz power supply. The synchronous rotating speed for induction motors is calculated by using the following formula: F 120 (rpm) n = --------------p

frequency 120 (rpm) --------------------------number of poles

(13-1)

Electric motors (other than dc) rotate with speeds depending on the frequency of the power supply, and the most commonly used output speeds produced for industry are shown in Table 13-1.

POWER OUTPUT RATINGS The nominal power outputs in kilowatts (kW) are specified in IEC 72-1 and shown in Table 13-2 for output ratings from 0.06 to 250 kW. Preferred output powers for larger electric motors in a size range from 280 to 1000 kW are specified in IEC 72-1.

TABLE 13-1 NOMINAL SYNCHRONOUS OUTPUT SPEEDS (rpm) FOR MOTORS OPERATING ON A 50 Hz OR 60 Hz ac SUPPLY SPEED (rpm) POLES

50 Hz

60 Hz

2

3000

3600

4

1500

1800

6

1000

1200

8

750

900

10

600

720

Chapter 14 Fluid Power Systems and Components SUMMARY Fluid power systems are those that transmit and control power through the use of a pressurized fluid (liquid or gas) within an 1 enclosed circuit. Fluid power includes the technologies of hydraulics, pneumatics, and fluid logic. The world standards presented in this chapter deal, for the most part, with hydraulic fluid power systems and components. The National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) (see Table 1-1) administers the secretariat of the ISO TC 131 on fluid power, and a number of standards have been approved and published. The ISO standards presented in this chapter conform, with some exceptions, to the national standards and industry practices in all major industrial countries. 1

For information about the term “standard” as used in this book, please see p. 12.

NOMINAL PRESSURES

2

The recommended SI units for hydraulic pressure is the pascal (1 Pa = 1 N/mm ). The bar was widely used throughout Europe and 1 MPa equals 10 bar and 1 kPa equals 10 mbar (millibar). To bring practical units for volumetric flow in line with theoretical 3 calculations, the cubic meter per second (m /s) or liter per second (L/s) is recommended for use instead of the cubic meter and liter per minute (simplifications of power calculations). ISO 2944 recommended pressures for fluid power are shown in Table 14-1.

TABLE 14-1 NOMINAL PRESSURES-GAGE PRESSURES IN kPa AND MPa1 (ISO 2944) kPa (kilopascal)

MPa (megapascal)

1

10

100

1

10

(1.25

(12.5)

(125)

(1.25)

(12.5)

1.6

16

160

1.6

16

(2)

(20)

(200)

(2)

20

2.5

25

250

2.5

25

(3.15)

(31.5)

(315)

(3.15)

31.5

4

40

400

4

40

(5)

(50)

(500)

(5)

50

6.3

63

630

6.3

63

(8)

(80)

(800)

(8)

80

NOTES: 1. Non-preferred values are in parenthesis. 2. 1 kPa (kilopascal) = 10 mbar = 0.145 psi. 3. 1 MPa (megapascal) = 145 psi.

100

Chapter 15 Manufacturing Engineering

SUMMARY The introduction of metric drill sizes to manufacturing creates an opportunity to rationalize the number of drills used. Table 15-1 shows some preferred metric drill sizes, together with the customary inch fraction, number, and letter sizes. The table shows all sizes in decimal millimeter or inch, and it makes it convenient to phase out non-preferred inch sizes.

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS DRILL SIZE mm INCH 0.1 NO.97

DECIMALS mm INCH 0.15

0.0039

DRILL SIZE mm INCH 0.7

DECIMALS mm INCH

0.0059

NO.70

0.71

0.028

NO.69

0.74

0.0292

0.0276

NO.96

0.16

0.0063

NO.95

0.17

0.0067

NO.94

0.18

0.0071

NO.93

0.19

0.0075

NO.68

0.79

0.031

NO.92

0.2

0.0079

1/32

0.8

0.0313

0.0079

0.2

0.0295

0.75

0.0315

0.8

NO.91

0.21

0.0083

NO.67

0.81

0.032

NO.90

0.22

0.0087

NO.66

0.84

0.033

NO.89

0.23

0.0091

NO.88

0.24

0.0095

NO.87

0.25

0.01

NO.86

0.27

0.0105

NO.85

0.28

0.011

NO.84

0.29

0.0115

0.0335

0.85 NO.65

0.89

0.0354

0.9 NO.64

0.91

0.036

NO.63

0.94

0.037

0.0118

0.3 NO.83

0.3

0.012

NO.82

0.32

0.0125

NO.62

0.97

0.038

NO.61

0.99

0.039

NO.81

0.33

0.013

NO.80

0.34

0.0135

0.0374

0.95

0.0394

1 0.35

0.0138

NO.60

1.02

0.04

NO.59

1.04

0.041

NO.79

0.37

0.0145

1/64

0.4

0.0156 0.0413

1.05 0.4 NO.78

0.41

0.0158

NO.58

1.07

0.042

0.016

NO.57

1.09

0.043

0.0177

0.45 NO.77

0.46

0.018

NO.76

0.51

0.02

NO.75

0.53

0.021 0.0217

0.55 NO.74

0.57

NO.73

0.61

0.024

NO.72

0.64

0.025 0.0256

0.65 NO.71

STOP

0.66

0.026

CAUTION

0.0453 NO.56

1.18

0.0465

3/64

1.19

0.0469 0.0472

1.2 1.25 1.3

0.0225 0.0236

0.6

0.0433

1.1 1.15

0.0197

0.5

GO

0.035

0.0492 0.0512 NO.55

1.32

0.0531

1.35 NO.54

1.4 1.45 1.5 GO

0.052

1.4

0.055 0.0551 0.0571 0.0591

STOP

CAUTION

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D) DRILL SIZE mm INCH NO.53

DECIMALS mm INCH

DRILL SIZE mm INCH

1.51

2.45

0.0595

DECIMALS mm INCH 0.0965

NO.40

2.49

0.098

0.061

1.55 1/16

1.59

0.0625 0.063

1.6 NO.52

1.61

0.0984

2.5 NO.39

2.53

0.0995

NO.38

2.58

0.1015

0.0635 0.1024

2.6 0.065

1.65 1.7

NO.37

2.64

0.104

0.0669 NO.51

1.7

1.75 NO.50

0.067

NO.36

2.71

0.1065

0.0689

7/64

2.78

0.1094

0.07

NO.35

2.79

0.11

1.78

0.0709

1.8 1.85 NO.49

1.85

NO.48

1.93

NO.34

2.82

0.111

0.073

NO.33

2.87

0.113

1/64

1.98

0.0781

NO.47

1.99

0.0785

0.1142

2.9

0.076 0.0768

1.95

0.1102

2.8

0.0728

0.0748

1.9

0.1063

2.7

NO.32

2.95

0.116 0.1181

3 NO.31

3.05

0.12 0.122

3.1 0.0787

2 2.05

3.18

0.125

0.0807 NO.46

2.06

0.081

NO.45

2.08

0.082 0.0827

2.1 2.15

0.0846 NO.44

2.18

NO.43

2.26

NO.30

NO.29

0.136 0.1378

3.5

0.1405

0.089

9/64

3.57

0.1406

0.0935

3/32

2.38

0.0938

0.1417

3.6 NO.27

3.66

0.144 0.1457

3.7

0.0945

STOP

3.45

3.57

2.37

2.44

0.1339

NO.28

NO.42

NO.41

0.1285 0.1299

3.3 3.4

0.0925

2.4

3.26

0.0886

0.0906

2.3 2.35

0.126

3.2

0.086 0.0866

2.2 2.25

GO

1/8

NO.26

3.73

0.147

NO.25

3.8

0.1495

0.096

CAUTION

GO

STOP

CAUTION

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D) DRILL SIZE mm INCH

DECIMALS mm INCH

DRILL SIZE mm INCH

0.1496

13/64

5.16

0.2031

0.152

NO.6

5.18

0.204

3.8 NO.24

3.86

0.1535

3.9 NO.23

3.91

0.154

5/32

3.97

0.1562

NO.22

3.99

0.157

DECIMALS mm INCH

0.2047

5.2 NO.5

5.22

0.2087

5.3 NO.4

5.31

0.209

0.1575

4 NO.21

4.04

0.159

NO.20

4.09

0.161 0.1614

4.1 4.2 4.22

0.2126

5.4 NO.3

5.41

7/32

5.56

0.1693 NO.18

4.31

0.1695

11/64

4.37

0.1719

NO.17

4.39

0.173 0.1732

4.4 NO.16

4.5

4.5 NO.15

0.2205 NO.2

0.2244

5.7 NO.1

5.8

0.2283

5.9

0.2323 0.234

0.18

15/64

5.95

0.2344

0.182

NO.13

4.7

0.185

0.2362

6 B

0.185 3/16

4.76

0.1875

NO.12

4.8

0.189

6.15

NO.10

4.91

0.1935

NO.9

4.98

0.196

0.2441 D

6.25

0.248 1/4

6.35

0.25

E

6.35

0.25 0.252

6.4 6.5

0.2559 F

0.1968 5.05

6.53

NO.8

STOP

5.11

0.257 0.2598

G

6.63

0.261

0.199 0.2638

6.7 5.1

0.246

6.3

6.6 NO.8

0.242

0.191 0.1929

5

0.238 0.2402

6.2

0.189

4.9

6.05

6.1 C

4.85

0.228

5.94

4.62

NO.11

5.79

A

NO.14

4.8

0.221

0.1772

0.1811

4.7

5.61

0.177

4.57

4.6

0.2188

0.166

5.6 4.3

0.213 0.2165

5.5

0.1654 NO.19

GO

0.2055

0.2008

17/64

6.75

0.2656

0.201

H

6.76

0.266

CAUTION

GO

STOP

CAUTION

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D) DRILL SIZE mm INCH

DECIMALS mm INCH

DRILL SIZE mm INCH

0.2677

11/32

6.8 6.9

0.2717 I

6.91

J

7.04

0.277

8.73

0.3438 0.3465

8.8

0.272 0.2756

7

DECIMALS mm INCH

S

8.84

0.348 0.3504

8.9 9

0.3543

T

9.09

0.358

0.2795

7.1 K 9/32

7.14 7.14

0.281 0.2812 0.2835

7.2 7.3

0.2874 L

0.2913

7.4 M

7.49

23/64

0.295

19/64

7.54

N

7.67

0.3661 9.35

0.368 0.3701

9.4 9.5

0.374

3/8 V

9.53

0.375

9.58

0.377

0.2969 0.2992

7.6

0.3594 0.3622

U

0.2953

7.5

9.13

9.2 9.3

0.29

7.37

0.3583

9.1

0.302

0.378

9.6 9.7 9.8

0.3819 0.3858

W

9.8

0.386

0.3031

7.7 7.8 7.9

0.3071 0.311 5//16

7.94

0.3898

9.9 25/64

9.92

0.3906

0.3125 0.3937

10 0.315

8 O

8.03

X

10.08

0.316 0.4016

10.2 0.3189

8.1 8.2

 Y

10.26

0.404

0.3228 P

0.323

8.2

21/64

8.33

0.4058

10.3 13/32 Z

0.3268

8.3

10.32

0.4062

10.49

0.413

0.3281 0.4134

10.5 0.3307

8.4 Q

8.43

27/64

8.61

STOP

0.4331

7/16

11.11

0.4375

0.339 0.3425

8.7

0.4219 0.4252

10.8 11

0.3386 R

10.72

0.332 0.3346

8.5 8.6

GO

0.397

CAUTION

0.4409

11.2 11.5 GO

0.4528

STOP

CAUTION

TABLE 15-1 DRILL SIZES WITH DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS (CONT'D) DRILL SIZE mm INCH 29/64

DECIMALS mm INCH

DRILL SIZE mm INCH

11.51

18.5

0.4531 0.4646

11.8 15/32

11.91

DECIMALS mm INCH 0.7284

47/64

18.65

0.7344

0.4688 0.748

19 12 12.2 31/64

12.3

0.4724

3//4

19.05

0.75

0.4803

49/64

19.45

0.7656

0.4844 0.7677

19.5 0.4921

12.5 1//2

12.7

25/32

19.84

0.5 0.7874

20 0.5118

13 33/64

13.1

0.5156

17/32

13.5

0.5313

51/64

20.24

0.7969 0.8071

20.5 13/16

20.64

0.8125

0.5315

13.5 35/64

13.89

0.5469

9//16

14.29

0.8268

21

0.5512

14

53/64

21.03

0.8281

27/32

21.43

0.8438

0.5625 0.8465

21.5 0.5709

14.5 37/64

14.68

55/64

21.83

0.5906

15

0.8594

0.5781 0.8661

22 19/32

15.08

0.5938

39/64

15.48

0.6094

7//8

22.23

0.875 0.8858

22.5 57/64

22.62

0.8906

0.6102

15.5 5//8

15.88

0.625

41/64

16.27

0.9055

23

0.6299

16

29/32

23.02

0.9062

59/64

23.42

0.9219

0.6406 0.9252

23.5 0.6496

16.5 21/32

16.67

15/16

23.81

0.6693

17

0.9375

0.6562 0.9449

24 43/64

17.07

0.6719

11//16

17.46

0.6875

61/64

24.21

0.9531 0.9646

24.5 31/32

24.61

0.9688

0.689

17.5 45/64

17.86

0.7031

23/32

STOP

18.26

0.9842

25

0.7087

18 GO

0.7812

63/64

25

0.9844

1

25.4

1

0.7188

CAUTION

GO

STOP

CAUTION

Chapter 16 Quality Management and Environmental Management Systems (ISO 9000 and ISO 14000) SUMMARY ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 The ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 families are among ISO's most widely known and successful standards ever. ISO 9000 Quality Management System (QMS) has become an international reference for quality requirements in business to business dealings, and ISO 14000 Environmental Management System (EMS) looks set to achieve at least as much, if not more, in helping organizations to meet their  environmental challenges. The ISO 9000:2000 QMS is replacing the 1994 standards as follows; ISO 9000:2000, entitled Fundamentals and Vocabulary, describes the fundamentals of a QMS and specifies the terminology for a QMS. It was developed on the basis of previous standards: ISO 8402:1994, Vocabulary, and lS0 9000-1:1994, Selection and Use. ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements specifies requirements for a QMS where an organization needs to demonstrate its ability to provide products that meet customer requirements and applicable regulatory requirements and aims to enhance customer satisfaction. The three quality assurance requirement standards ISO 9001:1994, ISO 9002:1994, and ISO 9003:1994 are replaced by a single quality management system requirement standard, ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements. ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems - Guidelines for performance improvements, QMS, Guidelines for performance improvement, which replaces ISO 9004-1:1994, provides guidelines for both the effectiveness and efficiency of the QMS. The aim of  this standard is the improvement of the performance of an organization and the satisfaction of customers and other interested parties. ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems - Guidelines for performance improvements, although considerably rewritten, was developed using the format and structure of ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements. ISO 9000 is concerned with "quality management". This means what the organization does to enhance customer satisfaction by meeting customer and applicable regulatory requirements and continually to improve its performance in this regard. ISO 14000 is primarily concerned with "environmental management". This means what the organization does to minimize harmful effects on the environment caused by its activities, and continually to improve its environmental performance. Worldwide equivalents of the ISO 9000:2000 series standards are shown in Table 16-1A for the eight major industrial countries and in Table 16-1B for 79 countries to the ISO 9000:2000 series standards. The ISO 14000 EMS includes standards as follows; ISO launched the new technical committee, ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, in 1993.

TABLE 16-1A WORLDWIDE EQUIVALENCE OF THE ISO 9000: SERIES OF STANDARDS 1

2

ISO 9000 : 2005

ISO 9001 : 2008

USA

 ANSI/ASQ Q9000

ANSI/ASQ Q9001

ANSI/ASQ Q9004

Japan

JIS Z9900

JIS Z9901

JIS Z9904

Germany

DIN EN ISO 9000

DIN EN ISO 9001

France

NF EN ISO 9000

UK Italy Canada Australia NOTES: 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

ISO 9004 : 2009

3

GLOBAL

ISO 10012 : 2003

4

ISO 19011 : 2011

5

ANSI/ASQ Q10012

ANSI/ASQ QE19011

DIN EN ISO 9004

DIN EN ISO 10012

DIN EN ISO19011

NF EN ISO 9001

NF EN ISO 9004

NF EN ISO 10012

NF EN ISO19011

BS EN ISO 9000 UNI EN ISO 9000

BS EN ISO 9001 UNI EN ISO 9001

BS EN ISO 9004 UNI EN ISO 9004

BS EN ISO 10012 UNI EN ISO 10012

BS EN ISO19011 UNI EN ISO19011

CAN/CSA ISO 9000

CAN/CSA ISO 9001

CAN/CSA ISO 9004

CAN/CSA ISO 10012

CAN/CSA ISO 19011

 AS/NZS ISO 9000

AS/NZS ISO 9001

AS/NZS ISO 9004

AS/NZS ISO 10012

AS/NZS ISO 19011

ISO 9000: 2005 Quality management systems — Fundamentals and vocabulary. This standard replaces the former standards ISO 8402 and ISO 9000-1. ISO 9001: 2008 Quality management systems — Requirements. This standard replaces the former standards ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003. ISO 9004: 2009 Quality management systems — Guidelines for performance improvements. This standard replaces the former standard ISO 9004-1. ISO 10012: 2003 Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and measurement equipment. This standard replaces the former  standards ISO 10012-1 and ISO 10012-2. ISO 19011: 2011 Guidelines for quality and/or environmental management systems auditing. Replaces ISO 10011-1,-2, -3, ISO 14010, ISO 14011, and ISO 14012. The European Union (EU) publish standards identified by the prefix EN. COPANT = Pan American Standards Commission. The countries listed in Table 16-1B adopted the ISO 9000:1987 series standards. Now there are more than twice as many countries adopting the ISO 9000 series standards.

Chapter 17 Conversion Factors and Program SUMMARY The conversion factors shown in Table 17-1 will satisfy most of your requirements – their accuracy is within 0.2%. Less frequently used rounded conversion factors are shown in Table 17-2. Accurate conversion factors are shown in Table 17-3. Multiplication factors shown with an asterisk “*” are exact, others are rounded to the nearest seventh significant digit in accordance with the ANSI SI 10 standard. There are two conversion programs as follows: (1) Conversion Program (ANSI factors) and (2) Global Conversion Program . The Conversion Program can use accurate (Table 17-3) or rounded conversion factors, and you may take the simple steps as follows; 1.

Select Type of Conversion: inch-metric, metric-inch, inch-inch or metric-metric.

2.

Select Class: length, area, volume, mass, etc.

3.

Select Unit: From: in, ft, yd, etc. To: mm, m, km, etc.

4.

Select number of decimal places shown in output: From 0 to 6.

5.

Enter Value to be converted and click on Convert.

6.

Read or copy Result.

For more exact results click on Search Accurate Conversion Factor List, and search entries by typing the first few letters in the conversion you are looking for.  After you click on that name, the program will enter preferred metric unit and conversion factor. Follow steps 4 through 6 shown above.

TABLE 17-1 CONVERSION FACTORS (ROUNDED) QUANTITY

1

METRIC UNIT

2

3

CONVERSION

mm

in

mm = in x 25.4

m

ft

m = ft x 0.305

mi

km = mi x 1.61

mm

in2

mm2 = in2 x 645

m

2

ft2

m2 = ft2 x 0.0929

2

acre

hm2 = acre x 0.405

mi2

km2 = mi2 x 2.59

mL(cm )

tsp (1/3 tbs)

mL = tsp x 4.93

mL

in3

mL = in3 x 16.4

galUSA

L = gal x 3.79

Length

km 2

Area

hm (ha) 2

km

3

Volume

INCH UNIT

3

L(dm )

L = galImp x 4.55 3

kL (m )

yd3

kL = yd3 x 0.765

g

oz

g = oz x 28.3

kg

lb tonshort (2000 lb) tonlong (2240 lb)

kg = lb x 0.454 Mg = tonshort x 0.907 Mg = tonlong x 1.106

Mass

Mg (t = 1000 kg) o

o

F

K

o

F

K = (oF-32)/1.8 + 273

K

o

C

K = oC + 273

m/s

ft/s

m/s = ft/s x 0.305

km/h

mi/h

km/h = mi/h x 1.61

C

Temperature Speed

o

C = (oF-32)/1.8

NOTES; 1. The word QUANTITY means a measurable attribute of a phenomenon or of matter in this publication. 2. METRIC UNITS for Length, Area, Volume, etc are shown in Chapter 2. 3. Other INCH UNITS are shown in Table 17-2. 4. Select any of the 400 conversion factors (ANSI SI 10) shown in Table 17-3 and use for special conversions. Use Conversion Program . 5. Inch Units in Metric* such as;

Length - one inch = 25 mm (25.4 mm exactly); one foot = 300 mm; one yard = 1 m; one chain = 20 m; one furlong = 200 m;

¼ mile = 400 m; ½ mile = 800 m; one mile = 1600 m;

2

2

Area - one square foot = 0.1 m ; one acre = 4000 m ; Volume – one spice measure = 1 mL;

one teaspoon = 5 mL; one tablespoon = 15 mL; one fluid ounce = 30 mL; ½ cup = 125 mL; one cup = 0.25 L; one pint = 0.5 L; one fifth gallon = 0.75 L;

one quart = 1 L; one gallon = 4 L;

Mass - one pound = 500 g; one ton = 1 Mg (1000 kg).

TABLE 17-2 OTHER CONVERSION FACTORS (ROUNDED) Length Units 1 foot = 1 yard =

Mass Units

12 in = 3 ft =

0.305 m 0.914 m

1 ounceavoirdupois = 1 pound =

438 gr = 16 oz =

28.3 g 454 g

5280 ft = 0.001 in =

1.61 km 25.4 µm.

1 tonshort = 1 tonlong =

2000 lb = 2240 lb =

0.907 Mg 1.106 Mg

0.000001 in =

25.4 nm

1 grain =

1/7000 lb =

64.8 mg

0.0138 in = 1/72 in =

0.351 mm 0.353 mm

1 carat = 1 scruple =

3.09 gr = 20 gr =

200 mg 1.30 g

1200/3937 m = 7.92 in =

0.3048006 m 0.201 m

1 pennyweight = 1 dram =

24 gr = 27.34 gr =

1.56 g 1.77 g

1 rod = 1 chain =

16.5 ft = 25 link = 66 ft = 100 link =

5.03 m 20.1 m

1 dramapo = 1 ouncetroy =

60 gr = 480 gr =

3.89 g 31.1 g

1 furlong = 1 fathom =

660 ft =10 chain = 6 ft =

201 m 1.83 m

1 poundtroy = 1 stone =

12 oztroy = 14 lb =

373 g 6.35 kg

600 ft =

183 m

1 slug =

32.2 lb =

14.6 kg

6076 ft =

1.85 km

1 hundredweight =

100 lb =

45.4 kg

1 milestat = 1 mil = 1 microinch = 1 pointprinters = 1 pointcomputer  = 1 footsurvey = 1 link =

1 cable length = 1 milenaut =

Area Units 2

1 in = 2

1 ft = 2

1 yd = 1 square (roofing) 1 acre = 2

Temperature Units 2

o

645 mm 2

144 in = 9 ft

2

1 deg Fahrenheit = 1 deg Rankine = 1/1.8 K (kelvin) or  C 2

o

0.0929 m 2

=

100 ft = 2

43560 ft =

1 mi =

640 acres =

1 township =

2

36 mi =

9.29 m

2

4047 m

1 in = 1 ozUSA fluid =

255 K

o

32 F =

0 C=

273 K

o

o

283 K

o

293 K

o

303 K

-17.8 C = o

50 F =

2

68 F =

2

o

10 C =

o

2.59 km

93.2 km

20 C =

86 F =

30 C =

o

o

104 F =

40 C =

o

16.4 mL

233 K

o

0 F=

2

Volume Units 3

-40 C =

o

0.836 m

2

o

-40 F =

313 K

o

212 F =

100 C =

373 K

2 tbs = 8 dramfluid =

29.6 mL

1 cup =

8 ozUSA fluid =

0.237 L

linear;

1 pintUSA fluid =

16 ozUSA fluid =

0.473 L

1 foot/sec =

1 quartUSA fluid =

32 ozUSA fluid =

0.946 L

1 mile/hour =

1.47 ft/s =

1.61 km/h

1 galUSA

128 ozUSA fluid

3.79 L

1 knot minaut/h =

1.69 ft/s =

1.85 km/h

3

1 ft = 3

1 yard

3

1728 in = 3

Velocity Units

28.3 L

angular; 3

27 ft =

0.765 kL or m

1 drop =

1 RPM (r/min) = 1 deg/min =

0.291 mrad/s 0.0175 rad/s

12 dp =

0.986 mL

1 deg/sec =

1 teaspoon =

60 dp =

4.93 mL

frequency

1 tablespoon =

3 tsp =

14.8 mL

1 cycle/min =

4 ozUSA fluid =

118 mL

1 pintUSA dry =

0.551 L

linear;

3

1.10 L

1 foot/sec =

2

1 quartUSA dry =

67.2 in =

1 galUSA dry =

269 in =

3

4.40 L

1 in/sec =

1 peck =

2 galUSA dry =

8.81 L

angular;

1 bushel =

8 galUSA dry =

35.2 L

1 degree/sec =

1 galIMP =

277 in =

3

4.55 L

gravity;

31.5 galUSA =

119 L

1 g  (on Earth) =

1 barreloil = 1 cord ft =

42 galUSA = 3 16 ft =

159 L 0.453 kL

1 pound force =

1 cord =

8 cord ft =

3.62 kL

1 ounce force =

1 barrelexc oil =

1 tonregister  = 1 acre ft =

3

100 ft

43560 ft

3

1/60 c/s =

1/60 Hz

Acceleration Units

3

33.6 in =

1/60 1/s

0.0821 mL

1 babyspoon =

1 gill =

0.305 m/s

2

0.305 m/s

2

2

0.0254 m/s

2

2

0.0175 rad/s 2

32.2 ft/s =

2

9.81 m/s

Force Unit

2.83 kL

1 poundal =

1233 kL

4.45 N 0.278 N 2

1 lb ft/s

0.138 N

1 kip =

1000 lbf =

4.45 kN

1 tonshort force =

2000 lbf  =

8.90 kN

TABLE 17-2 OTHER CONVERSION FACTORS (CONT’D)(ROUNDED) Force Unit (CONT'D) 1 dyne = 1 kilogram force = 1 tonmetric force = 1 newton

Density Unit

1 kilopond =

0.01 mN 9.81 N

mass; 3 1 lb/ft =

1000 kgf  =

9.81 kN

1 lb/in =

27.7 Mg/m

1N=

1 kg•m/s

1 lb/gal =

120 kg/m

3

2

1.36 N•m

1 lbf  x in = 1 ozf  x in = 1 kgf  x m =

0.113 N•m 7.06 mN•m 9.81 N•m Pressure Unit 1 psi =

2

1 lbf /ft = 1 atmint =

2

14.697 lbf /in =

3.38 kPa

1 inch H2O =

0.249 kPa

1 mm Hg =

1 torr =

1 mm H2O =

98.1 kPa 133 Pa

Stress Unit 1 psi =

2

1 ksi =

1 lbf /in = 1 kip/in =

11.3 kW/m

2

2

2

41.8 kW/m

2

2

1 W/in =

1.55 kW/m

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Unit o

o

1/ F =

1.8/ C =

Thermal Conductivity Unit 1 Btu in/(h•ft

2 o

0.144 W/(m•K)

o

1.73 W/(m•K)

•

F) =

1 Btu/(h•ft• F) =

Fuel Consumption Unit 235 L/(100 km)

6.89 kPa

1 mi/gal =

0.425 km/L

6.89 MPa

1 lb/(hp•h) =

SFC =

0.169mg/J

1 gal/(hp•h) =

SFC =

1.41 µL/J

energy;

1 g/(kW•h) = 1.36 N •m =

1 Btu =

1.8/K

1 mi/gal =

Work Unit

1 lbf  x ft =

2

9.81 Pa

2

3

157 N/m 3 271 kN/m 3 9.81 kN/m

1 cal/(cm •sec) =

1 inch Hg =

1 at =

3

1 lbf /ft = 3 1 lbf /in = 3 1 kgf /dm = power;

47.9 Pa 101.325 kPa

3

1 Mg/m

gravity force;

1 Btu/(ft •sec) =

100 kPa

1 kgf /cm =

3

1 g/cm =

6.89 kPa

1 bar =

2

3

1 kg/dm =

1 lbf  x ft =

1 lbf /in =

3

3

Torque Unit

2

3

16 kg/m

Elasticity Unit

1.36 J 1.055 kJ

0.278 µg/J

linear;

1 calheat =

4.19 J

1 lbf /in =

175 N/m

1 Calnutrition =

4.19 kJ

1 lbf /ft =

14.6 N/m

1 kgf  x m =

9.81 J

torsion;

0.1 µJ

1 lbf •ft/rad =

1.36 N•m/rad

3.6 MJ

1 kgf •m/rad =

9.81 N•m/rad

1 erg =

1 dyne•cm =

1 kilowatt x hour = heat capacity;

Flow Unit

1 Btu/lb = 1 cal/g =

1 kcal/kg =

2.33 kJ/kg

volume;

4.19 kJ/kg

1 GPM =

specific heat capacity; o

1 Btu/(lb• F) =

1 gal/min = 3

1 CFM = 4.19 kJ/(kg•K)

Power Unit

1 ft /min =

1 gal/h =

63.1 mL/s 0.472 L/s 1.05 mL/s

mass;

1 lbf  x ft/sec =

1.36 W

1 lb/min =

7.56 g/s

1 lbf  x ft/min =

22.6 mW

1 lb/sec =

0.454 kg/s

1 hpcust = 1 hpmetric = 1 Btu/h =

550 lbf •ft/s = 75 kgf •m/s =

1 tonrefrig =

0.746 kW 0.735 kW 0.293 W 3.52 kW

Time Unit 1 minute (min) = 1 hour (h) = 1 day (d) =

60 s 3600 s 86 400 s Angle Unit

o

1 degree ( ) = 1 min (') = 1 sec (") =

0.0175 rad 0.291 mrad 4.84 µrad

Mass Moment of Inertia Unit 2

1 lb•ft = 2 1 lb•in =

2

42.1 g•m 2 0.293 g•m

Area Moment of Inertia Unit Second, Polar; 4 4 1 in = 416 000 mm 4 4 1 cm = 10 000 mm First, Section modulus; 3 3 1 in = 16 400 mm 3 3 1 cm = 1 000 mm Surface Tension Unit 1 lbf /ft = 14.6 N/m

Conversion Factors (ACCURATE)  Accurate conversion factors are shown in Table 17-3. Multiplication factors shown with an asterisk “*” are exact, others are rounded to the nearest seventh significant digit in accordance with the ANSI SI 10 standard. The computer E format is used to indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For examples of how to use the E format, see Table 2-7.

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from

to

Multiply by

abampere abcoulomb abfarad abhenry abmho abohm abvolt acre foot (USA survey) acre (USA survey) ampere hour are (dam2) angstrom astronomical unit atmosphere (standard) atmosphere (technical = 1 kgf /cm2)

ampere(A) coulomb (C) farad (F) henry (H) siemens (S) ohm (Ω) volt (V) meter 3 (m3) meter 2 (m2) coulomb (C) meter 2 (m2) meter (m) meter (m) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa)

1.000 000*E+01 1.000 000*E+01 1.000 000*E+09 1.000 000*E-09 1.000 000*E+09 1.000 000*E-09 1.000 000*E-08 1.233 5 E+03 4.046 873 E+03 (1) 3.600 000*E+03 1.000 000*E+02 1.000 000*E-10 1.495 979 E+11 (2) 1.013 25*E+05 9.806 65*E+04

bar barn barrel (for petroleum, 42 gal) biot (see also abampere) board foot British thermal unit (International Table) British thermal unit (mean) British thermal unit (thermochemical) British thermal unit (39 oF) British thermal unit (59 oF) British thermal unit (60 oF) Btu (International Table) ft/h •ft2 •oF (k, thermal conductivity) Btu (thermochemical) ft/h •ft2•oF (k, thermal conductivity) Btu (International Table) in/h •ft2•oF (k, thermal conductivity) Btu (thermochemical) in/h•ft2•oF (k, thermal conductivity) Btu (International Table) in/s •ft2 •oF (k, thermal conductivity) Btu (thermochemical) in/s•ft2•oF (k, thermal conductivity) 3 Btu per cubic foot (Btu/ft )

pascal (Pa) meter 2 (m2) meter 3 (m3) ampere (A) meter 3 (m3) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J)

1.000 000*E+05 1.000 000*E-28 1.589 873 E-01 1.000 000*E+01 (3) 1.055 056 E+03 (4) 1.055 87 E+03 1.054 350 E+03 1.059 67 E+03 1.054 80 E+03 1.054 68 E+03

watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K)

1.730 735 E+00 (4)

watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K)

1.729 577 E+00 (4)

watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K)

1.442 279 E-01 (4)

watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K)

1.441 314 E-01 (4)

watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K)

5.192 204 E+02 (4)

watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K) 3 joule per cubic meter (J/m )

5.188 732 E+02 (4) 3.725 895 E+04 (4)

Btu (International Table)/h Btu (thermochemical)/h Btu (thermochemical)/min (thermochemical)/min Btu (International Table)/s Btu (International Table)/ft 2 Btu (thermochemical)/ft (thermochemical)/ft2 Btu (thermochemical)/ft (thermochemical)/ft2 Btu (thermochemical)/ft (thermochemical)/ft2•min Btu (thermochemical)/ft (thermochemical)/ft2•s Btu (thermochemical)/in (thermochemical)/in2•s Btu (International Table)/h •ft2•oF (C, thermal conductance)

watt (W) watt (W) watt (W) watt (W) joule per meter 2 (J/m2) joule per meter 2 (J/m2) watt per meter 2 (W/m2) watt per meter 2 (W/m2) watt per meter 2 (W/m2) watt per meter 2 (W/m2)

2.930 711 E-01 (4) 2.928 751 E-01 (4) 1.757 250 E+01 (4) 1.054 350 E+03 (4) 1.135 653 E+04 (4) 1.134 893 E+04 (4) 3.152 481 E+00 (4) 1.891 489 E+02 (4) 1.134 893 E+04 (4) 1.634 246 E+06 (4)

watt per meter 2 kelvin (W/m2•K)

5.678 263 E+00 (4)

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from Btu (thermochemical)/h•ft2•oF (C, thermal conductance) Btu (International Table)/s•ft2•oF Btu (thermochemical)/s•ft2•oF Btu (International Table)/lb Btu (thermochemical)/lb Btu (International Table)/lb•oF (c, heat capacity) Btu (thermochemical)/lb (thermochemical)/lb•oF (c, heat capacity) bushel (USA dry) caliber (inch) calorie (International Table) calorie (mean) calorie (thermochemical) calorie (15oC) calorie (20oC) calorie (kilogram, International Table) calorie (kilogram, mean) calorie (kilogram, thermochemical) cal (thermochemical)/cm (thermochemical)/cm2 cal (International Table)/g cal (thermochemical)/g (thermochemical)/g cal (International Table)/g •oC

to

Multiply by

watt per meter 2 kelvin (W/m2•K) watt per meter 2 kelvin (W/m2•K) watt per meter 2 kelvin (W/m2•K) joule per kilogram (J/kg) joule per kilogram (J/kg)

5.674 466 E+00 (4) 2.044 175 E+04 (4) 2.042 808 E+04 (4) 2.326 000*E+03 (4) 2.324 444 E+03 (4)

joule per kilogram kelvin(J/kg•K)

4.186 800*E+03 (4)

joule per kilogram kelvin(J/kg•K) meter 3 (m3) meter (m) meter (m) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) joule per meter 2(J/m2) joule per kilogram (J/kg) joule per kilogram (J/kg) joule per kilogram kelvin (J/kg•K)

4.184 000 E+03 (4) 3.523 907 E-02 (5) 2.540 000*E-02 4.186 800*E+00 (4) 4.190 02 E+00 (4) 4.184 000*E+00 (4) 4.185 80 E+00 (4) 4.181 90 E+00 (4) 4.186 800*E+03 (4) 4.190 02 E+03 (4) 4.184 000*E+03 (4) 4.184 000*E+04 (4) 4.186 800*E+03 (4) 4.184 000*E+03 (4) 4.186 800*E+03 (4)

cal (thermochemical)/g•oC

joule per kilogram kelvin (J/kg•K)

4.184 000*E+03 (4)

cal (thermochemical)/min (thermochemical)/min cal (thermochemical)/s (thermochemical)/s cal (thermochemical)/cm (thermochemical)/cm2•min cal (thermochemical)/cm (thermochemical)/cm2•s cal (thermochemical)/cm (thermochemical)/cm•s•oC carat (metric) centimeter of mercury (0oC) centimeter of water (4 oC) centipoise

watt (W) watt (W) watt per meter 2 (W/m2) watt per meter 2 (W/m2) watt per meter kelvin (W/m•K) kilogram (kg) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) pascal second (Pa•s)

6.973 333 E-02 (4) 4.184 000*E+00 (4) 6.973 333 E+02 (4) 4.184 000*E+04 (4) 4.184 000*E+02 (4) 2.000 000*E-04 1.333 22 E+03 9.806 38 E+01 1.000 000*E-03

centistokes circular mil clo cup curie day (mean solar) day (sidereal) degree (angle) degree Celsius degree centigrade degree Fahrenheit degree Fahrenheit degree Rankine o F•h•ft2/Btu (International Table) (R, thermal resistance) o F•h•ft2/Btu (thermochemical) (R, thermal resistance)

meter 2 per second (m2/s) meter 2 (m2) kelvin meter 2 per watt (K•m2/W) meter 3 (m3) becquerel (Bq) seconds (s) seconds (s) radian (rad) kelvin (K) degree Celsius kelvin (K) kelvin (K)

1.000 000*E-06 5.067 075 E-10 2.003 712 E-01 2.365 882 E-04 3.700 000*E+10 8.640 000 E+04 8.616 409 E+04 1.745 329 E-02 tK = tC + 273.15 tC = (tF - 32)/1.8 tK = (tF + 459.67)/1.8 tK = tR/1.8

kelvin meter 2 per watt (K•m2/W)

1.761 102 E-01

kelvin meter 2 per watt (K•m2/W)

1.762 280 E-01

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from denier dyne dyne•cm dyne/cm2 electronvolt EMU of capacitance EMU of current EMU of electric potential EMU of inductance EMU of resistance ESU of capacitance ESU of current ESU of electric potential ESU of inductance ESU of resistance erg erg/cm2•s erg/s faraday (based on carbon-12) faraday (chemical) faraday (physical) fathom fermi (femtometer) fluid ounce (USA) foot foot (USA survey) 1 foot of water (39.2oF) ft2 ft2/h (thermal diffusivity) ft2/s ft3 (volume; section modulus) ft3/min ft3/s ft4 (moment of section) ft/h ft/min ft/s ft/s 2 footcandle footlambert ft•lbf ft•lbf/h ft•lbf/min ft•lbf/s ft•poundal free fall, standard (g  ( g ) gal gallon (Canadian liquid) gallon (UK liquid) gallon (USA dry) gallon (USA liquid)

to kilogram per meter (kg/m) newton(N) newton meter (N•m) pascal (Pa) joule (J) farad (F) ampere(A) volt (V) henry (H) ohm (Ω) farad (F) ampere(A) volt (V) henry (H) ohm (Ω) joule (J) watt per meter 2 (W/m2) watt (W) coulomb (C) coulomb (C) coulomb (C) meter (m) meter (m) meter 3 (m3) meter (m) meter (m) pascal (Pa) meter 2 (m2) meter 2 per second (m2/s) meter 2 per second (m2/s) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 per second (m3/s) meter 3 per second (m3/s) meter 4 (m4) meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) meter per second2 (m/s2) lux (lx) candela per meter 2 (cd/m2) joule (J) watt (W) watt (W) watt (W) joule (J) meter per second2 (m/s2) meter per second2 (m/s2) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 (m3)

Multiply by 1.111 111 E-07 1.000 000*E-05 1.000 000*E-07 1.000 000*E-01 1.602 19 E-19 1.000 000*E+09 1.000 000*E+01 1.000 000*E-08 1.000 000*E-09 1.000 000*E-09 1.112 650 E-12 3.335 6 E-10 2.997 9 E+02 8.987 554 E+11 8.987 554 E+11 1.000 000*E-07 1.000 000*E-03 1.000 000*E-07 9.648 70 E+04 9.649 57 E+04 9.652 19 E+04 1.828 8 E+00 1.000 000*E-15 2.957 353 E-05 3.048 000*E-01 3.048 006 E-01 2.988 98 E+03 9.290 304*E-02 2.580 640*E-05 9.290 304*E-02 2.831 685 E-02 4.719 474 E-04 2.831 685 E-02 8.630 975 E-03 (6) 8.466 667 E-05 5.080 00*E-03 3.048 000*E-01 3.048 000*E-01 1.076 391 E+01 3.426 259 E+00 1.355 818 E+00 3.766 161 E-04 2.259 697 E-02 1.355 818 E+00 4.214 011 E-02 9.806 650*E+00 1.000 000*E-02 4.546 090 E-03 4.546 092 E-03 4.404 884 E-03 3.785 412 E-03

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from gal (USA liquid)/day gal (USA liquid)/min gal (USA liquid)/hp •h (SFC, specific fuel consumption) gamma gauss gilbert gill (UK) gill (USA) grad grad grain (1/7000 lb avoirdupois) grain (lb avoirdupois/7000)/gal (USA liquid) gram g/cm3 gram-force/cm2 hectare horsepower (550 ft•lbf /s)

to meter 3 per second (m3/s) meter 3 per second (m3/s)

Multiply by 4.381 264 E-08 6.309 020 E-05

meter 3 per joule (m3/J) tesla (T) tesla (T) ampere(A) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 (m3) degree (angular) radian (rad) kilogram (kg)

1.410 089 E-09 1.000 000*E-09 1.000 000*E-04 7.957 747 E-01 1.420 654 E-04 1.182 941 E-04 9.000 000*E-01 1.570 796 E-02 6.479 891*E-05

kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram (kg) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) pascal (Pa) meter 2 (m2) watt (W)

1.711 806 E-02 1.000 000*E-03 1.000 000*E+03 9.806 650*E+01 1.000 000*E+04 7.456 999 E+02

horsepower (boiler) horsepower (electric) horsepower (metric 75 kgf •m/s)

watt (W) watt (W) watt (W)

9.809 50 E+03 7.460 000*E+02 7.354 99 E+02

horsepower (water) horsepower (UK) hour (mean solar) hour (sidereal) hundredweight (long) hundredweight (short) inch inch of mercury (32oF) inch of mercury (60oF) inch of water (39.2oF) inch of water (60oF) in2 in3 (volume; section modulus) in3/min

watt (W) watt (W) second (s) second (s) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) meter (m) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) meter 2 (m2) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 per second (m3/s)

7.460 43 E+02 7.457 0 E+02 3.600 000 E+03 3.590 170 E+03 5.080 235 E+01 4.535 924 E+01 2.540 000*E-02 3.386 38 E+03 3.376 85 E+03 2.490 82 E+02 2.488 4 E+02 6.451 600*E-04 1.638 706 E-05 (7) 2.731 177 E-07

in4 (moment of section) in/s in/s 2 kayser kelvin kilocalorie (International Table) kilocalorie (mean) kilocalorie (thermochemical) kilocalorie (thermochemical)/min kilocalorie (thermochemical)/s kilogram-force (kgf )

meter 4 (m4) meter per second (m/s) meter per second2 (m/s2) 1 per meter (1/m) degree Celsius joule (J) joule (J) joule (J) watt (W) watt (W) newton(N)

4.162 314 E-07 (6) 2.540 000*E-02 2.540 000*E-02 1.000 000*E+02 tC = tK - 273.15 4.186 800*E+03 4.190 02 E+03 4.184 000*E+03 6.973 333 E+01 4.184 000*E+03 9.806 650*E+00

kgf •m

newton meter (N•m)

9.806 650*E+00

kgf •s2/m (mass)

kilogram (kg)

9.806 650*E+00

kgf /cm2

pascal (Pa)

9.806 650*E+04

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from kgf /m2

to pascal (Pa)

Multiply by 9.806 650*E+00

kgf /mm2

pascal (Pa)

9.806 650*E+06

km/h kilopond kW•h kip (1000 lbf )

meter per second (m/s) newton(N) joule (J) newton(N)

2.777 778 E-01 9.806 650*E+00 3.600 000*E+06 4.448 222 E+03

kip/in2 (ksi) knot (international) lambert lambert langley league light year liter maxwell mho microinch micron mil mile (international) mile (statute) mile (USA survey)1 mile (international nautical) mile (UK nautical) mile (USA nautical) mi2 (international) mi2 (USA survey)1 mi/h (international) mi/h (international) mi/min (international) mi/s (international) millibar millimeter of mercury (0 oC) minute (angle) minute (mean solar) minute (sidereal) month (mean calendar) oersted ohm centimeter  ohm circular-mil per foot ounce (avoirdupois) ounce (troy or apothecary) ounce (UK fluid) ounce (USA fluid) ounce-force ozf •in

pascal (Pa) meter per second (m/s) candela per meter 2 (cd/m2) candela per meter 2 (cd/m2) joule per meter 2(J/m2) meter (m) meter (m) meter 3 (m3) weber (Wb) siemens (S) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter (m) meter 2 (m2) meter 2 (m2) meter per second (m/s) kilometer per hour (km/h) meter per second (m/s) meter per second (m/s) pascal (Pa) pascal (Pa) radian (rad) second (s) second (s) second (s) ampere per meter (A/m) ohm meter (Ω•m) ohm millimeter 2 per meter  (Ω•mm2/m) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 (m3) newton(N) newton meter (N•m)

6.894 757 E+06 5.144 444 E-01 1/π * E+04 3.183 099 E+03 4.184 000*E+04 (1) 9.460 55 E+15 1.000 000*E-03 (8) 1.000 000*E-08 1.000 000*E+00 2.540 000*E-08 1.000 000*E-06 2.540 000*E-05 1.609 344*E+03 1.609 3 E+03 1.609 347 E+03 1.852 000*E+03 1.853 184*E+03 1.852 000*E+03 2.589 988 E+06 2.589 998 E+06 4.470 400*E-01 1.609 344*E+00 2.682 240*E+01 1.609 344*E+03 1.000 000*E+02 1.333 22 E+02 2.908 882 E-04 6.000 000 E+01 5.983 617 E+01 2.628 000 E+06 7.957 747 E+01 1.000 000*E-02

oz (avoirdupois)/gal (UK liquid) oz (avoirdupois)/gal (USA liquid) oz (avoirdupois)/in3 oz (avoirdupois)/ft2

kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram per meter 2 (kg/m2)

6.236 021 E+00 7.489 152 E+00 1.729 994 E+03 3.051 517 E-01

1.662 426 E-03 2.834 952 E-02 3.110 348 E-02 2.841 307 E-05 2.957 353 E-05 2.780 139 E-01 7.061 552 E-03

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from

to 2

oz (avoirdupois)/yd parsec2 peck (USA) pennyweight perm (0oC) o

perm (23 C) o

perm•in (0 C) o

perm•in (23 C) phot pica (printer's) pint (USA dry) pint (USA liquid) point (printer's) poise (absolute viscosity) pound (lb avoirdupois) pound (troy or apothecary) lb•ft2 (moment of inertia) lb•in2 (moment of inertia) lb/ft•h lb/ft•s lb/ft2 lb/ft3 lb/gal (UK liquid) lb/gal (USA liquid) lb/h lb/hp•h (SFC, specific fuel consumption) lb/in3 lb/min lb/s lb/yd3 poundal poundal/ft2 poundal•s/ft2 pound-force (lbf ) lbf •ft lbf •ft/in lbf •in lbf •in/in lbf •s/ft2 lbf /ft lbf /ft2 lbf /in lbf /in2 (psi) lbf /lb (thrust/weight [mass] ratio) quart (USA dry) quart (USA liquid)

Multiply by 2

2

kilogram per meter  (kg/m ) meter (m) meter 3 (m3) kilogram (kg) kilogram per pascal second meter 2 kilogram per pascal second meter 2 kilogram per pascal second meter (kg/Pa•s•m) kilogram per pascal second meter (kg/Pa•s•m) lumen per meter 2 (lm/m2) meter (m) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 (m3) meter (m) pascal second (Pa•s) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram meter 2(kg•m2) kilogram meter 2(kg•m2) pascal second (Pa•s)

3.390 575 E-02 3.085 678 E+16 8.809 768 E_03 1.555 174 E-03 (kg/Pa•s•m2)

5.721 35 E-11

(kg/Pa•s•m2)

5.745 25 E-11

pascal second (Pa•s) kilogram per meter 2 (kg/m2) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram per second (kg/s) kilogram per joule (kg/J) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram per second (kg/s) kilogram per second (kg/s) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) newton(N) pascal (Pa) pascal second (Pa•s) newton(N) newton meter (N•m) newton meter per meter (N•m/m) newton meter (N•m) newton meter per meter (N•m/m) pascal second (Pa•s) newton per meter (N/m) pascal (Pa) newton per meter (N/m) pascal (Pa) newton per kilogram (N/kg) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 (m3)

1.453 22 E-12 1.459 29 E-12 1.000 000*E+04 4.217 518 E-03 5.506 105 E-04 4.731 765 E-04 3.514 598*E-04 1.000 000*E-01 4.535 924 E-01 (9) 3.732 417 E-01 4.214 011 E-02 2.926 397 E-04 4.133 789 E-04 1.488 164 E+00 4.882 428 E+00 1.601 846 E+01 9.977 633 E+01 1.198 264 E+02 1.259 979 E-04 1.689 659 E-07 2.767 990 E+04 7.559 873 E-03 4.535 924 E-01 5.932 764 E-01 1.382 550 E-01 1.488 164 E+00 1.488 164 E+00 4.448 222 E+00 (10) 1.355 818 E+00 5.337 866 E+01 1.129 848 E-01 4.448 222 E+00 4.788 026 E+01 1.459 390 E+01 4.788 026 E+01 1.751 268 E+02 6.894 757 E+03 9.806 650 E+00 1.101 221 E-03 9.463 529 E-04

TABLE 17-3 CONVERSION FACTORS (ACCURATE)(CONT'D) (ANSI SI 10) To convert from rad (radiation dose absorbed) rhe rod roentgen second (angle) second (sidereal) section shake slug slug/ft•s slug/ft3 statampere statcoulomb statfarad stathenry statmho statohm statvolt stere stilb stokes (kinematic viscosity) tablespoon teaspoon tex therm ton (assay) ton (long, 2240 lb) ton (metric, Mg) ton (nuclear equivalent of TNT) ton (refrigeration) ton (register) ton (short, 2000 lb) ton (long)/yd3 ton (short)/yd3 ton (short)/h ton-force (2000 lbf )

to gray (Gy) 1 per pascal second (1/Pa•s) meter (m) coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) radian (rad) second (s) meter 2 (m2) second (s) kilogram (kg) pascal second (Pa•s) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) ampere(A) coulomb (C) farad (F) henry (H) siemens (S) ohm (Ω) volt (V) meter 3 (m3) candela per meter 2 (cd/m2) meter 2 per second (m2/s) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 (m3) kilogram per meter (kg/m) joule (J) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) kilogram (kg) joule (J) watt (W) meter 3 (m3) kilogram (kg) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram per meter 3 (kg/m3) kilogram per second (kg/s) newton(N)

Multiply by 1.000 000*E-02 1.000 000*E+01 (1) 2.58 E-04 4.848 137 E-06 9.972 696 E-01 (1) 1.000 000*E-08 1.459 390 E+01 4.788 026 E+01 5.153 788 E+02 3.335 640 E-10 3.335 640 E-10 1.112 650 E-12 8.987 554 E+11 1.112 650 E-12 8.987 554 E+11 2.997 925 E+02 1.000 000*E+00 1.000 000*E+04 1.000 000*E-04 1.478 676 E-05 4.928 922 E-06 1.000 000*E-06 1.055 056 E+08 2.916 667 E-02 1.016 047 E+03 1.000 000*E+03 4.184 E+09 (11) 3.516 800 E+03 2.831 685 E+00 9.071 847 E+02 1.328 939 E+03 1.186 553 E+03 2.519 958 E-01 8.896 444 E+03

tonne torr (mm Hg, 0 oC) township unit pole W•h W•s W/cm2 W/in2 yard yd2 yd3 yd3/min year (calendar) year (sidereal) year (tropical)

kilogram (kg) pascal (Pa) meter 2 (m2) weber (Wb) joule (J) joule (J) watt per meter 2 (W/m2) watt per meter 2 (W/m2) meter (m) meter 2 (m2) meter 3 (m3) meter 3 per second (m3/s) second (s) second (s) second (s)

1.000 000*E+03 1.333 22 E+02 (1) 1.256 637 E-07 3.600 000*E+03 1.000 000*E+00 1.000 000*E+04 1.550 003 E+03 9.144 000*E-01 8.361 274 E-01 7.645 549 E-01 1.274 258 E-02 3.153 600 E+07 3.155 815 E+07 3.155 693 E+07

NOTES: 1.Since 1893 the USA basis for length measurement has been derived from metric standards. In 1959 a small refinement was made in the definition of the yard to resolve discrepancies both in this country and abroad, which changed its length from 3600/3937 m to 0.9144 m exactly. The result in the new value being shorter by two parts in a million.  At the same time it was decided that any data in feet derived from and published as a result of geodetic surveys within the USA would remain with the old standard (1 ft = 1200/3937 m) until further decision. This foot is named the USA survey foot.  As a result the USA land measurements in USA customary units will relate to the meter by the old standard. All the conversion factors in this table for units referenced to this footnote are based on the USA survey foot, rather than the international foot. Conversion factors for the land measures given below may be determined from the following relationships: 1 league = 3 miles (exactly) 1 rod = 16½ feet (exactly) 1 section = 1 square mile (exactly) 1 township = 36 square miles (exactly) 2. This value conflicts with the value printed in NBS 330. The value requires updating in NBS 330. 3. No conversion factor is given for board foot because the board foot is not a well-defined unit of volume. Calculation of the number of board feet in a piece of lumber is based on the nominal dimension of the cross section. 4.The British thermal unit used in these tables is the International Table Btu. The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the calorie (International Table) as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the Btu (International Table) is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Other conversion factors for the Btu include the following: British thermal unit (mean) 1055.87 J British thermal unit (thermochemical) 1054.350 J o 1059.67 J British thermal unit (39 F) o British thermal unit (59 F) 1054.80 J o British thermal unit (60 F) 1054.68 J The calorie used in these tables is the thermochemical calorie, defined as 4.184 J exactly, which has been widely used in scientific work. Other calories that have been seen practical application include the following: calorie (International Table) 4.186 8 J (by definition) calorie (mean) 4.190 02 J o calorie (15 C) 4.185 80 J o calorie (20 C) 4.181 90 J The International Table calorie has been frequently used in European engineering work. Various kilocalories have often been used, sometimes being called “kilogram-calories.” The so-called “calorie” (or Calorie) used in the field of nutrition is in fact a kilocalorie. 5.Agricultural are sold by the bushel in the USA. The mass per unit volume of such products varies considerably owing to differences in variety, size, or condition of the commodity, tightness of pack, degree in which the container is heaped, etc. The following conversion factors for one bushel are used by the USA Department of Agriculture for statistical purposes: barley 21.8 kg corn, shelled 25.4 kg oats 14.5 kg potatoes 27.2 kg soybeans 27.2 kg wheat 27.2 kg 6.This is sometimes called the moment of inertia of a plain section about a specified axis. 7.The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E-05. 8.In 1964 the General Conference on Weight and Measures adopted the name liter for the cubic decimeter. Prior to this 3 decision the liter differed slightly (previous value, 1.000 028 dm ) and in expression of precision volume measurement this fact must be kept in mind. 9.The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E-01. 10.The exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00. 11.Defined (not measured) value.

Conversion and Rounding Guide Definitions  A clear understanding of the terms used in this design standard will help ensure reliable conversion and rounding practices. These terms and definitions are as follows: 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11.

accuracy: The degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to some referenced value, which may be specified or unknown. This concept includes the systematic error of an operation, which is seldom negligible or known exactly. See precision. deviation: The algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic (nominal) size. digit: One of the ten numerals (0 to 9) in the decimal number system. dimension: A geometric element in a design, such as length or angle, or the magnitude of such a quantity. feature: The general term applied to a physical portion of a part, such as a surface, pin, tab, hole, or slot. figure (numerical): An arithmetic value expressed by one or more digits. inch-pound (inch, customary, or imperial) units: Units based on the yard and the p ound commonly used in NA and defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Note that units having the same names in other countries may differ in magnitude. nominal value (basic size): A value assigned for designation. The size to which limits or deviations are assigned. precision: The degree of mutual agreement between individual measurements, namely their repeatability and reproducibility. See accuracy. significant digits: Any digits in a number that is necessary to define a numerical value. tolerance: The amount by which the value of a quantity is allowed to vary; thus, the tolerance is the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum limits.

Engineering specification and drawing conversion. Conversion of critical limit dimensions may require limits to be rounded inwards or maximum size rounded down and minimum size rounded up if existing specified limits must be maintained. It is more precise to convert limits rather than nominal size and tolerance where conversion errors accumulate. See SAE J390 Dual Dimensioning or SAE J916 Rules for SAE use of SI (metric) units. : For everyday rounding of metric values obtained by converting untoleranced inch-pound values, the following simplified rules are suggested; for more sophisticated rounding rules, see ANSI SI 10 or referenced SAE standards. (a) If the inch-pound value is expressed by a combination of units such as feet and inches, or pound and ounces, first express it in terms of the smaller unit. Example: Change 14 ft 5 in to 173 in. (b) When the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 or more, increase the last digit retained by one unit. Example: 8.3745, if rounded to three digits, would be 8.37; if rounded to four digits, 8.375. (c) Multiply the inch-pound value by the conversion factor. If the first significant* digit of the metric value is equal to or larger  than the first significant digit of the inch-pound value, round the metric value to the same number of significant digits as there are in the inch-pound value. *One or more zeros at the beginning of a number are not called “significant”. Zeros at the end of a number are not considered significant unless their use results in a number that is closer to the true va lue than would occur if the number were increased or  decreased. Examples:

11 mi x 1.609 km/mi = 17.699 km, which rounds to 18 km. 61 mi x 1.609 km/mi = 98.149 km, which rounds to 98 km.

If smaller , round to one more significant digit. Examples: 66 mi x 1.609 km/mi = 106.194 km, which rounds to 106 km. 8 ft x 0.3048 m/ft = 2.438 m, which rounds to 2.4 m. (d) Exceptions: It is sometimes better to round to one less digit than specified above. For example, according to Rule (c), 26 pounds per square inch air pressure in a tire would be converted as follows: Example: 26 psi* x 6.895 kPa/psi = 179.27 kPa, which rounds to 179 kPa. 2 *psi is the abbreviation for pound-force per square inch (lb f /in ). However, 180 kPa – where the zero is not a significant digit – usually would be better, because tire pressures typically are not precise. o

o

The rule do not apply to conversion of  F to C scale.

(e) These simplified rules do n o t  eliminate the necessity for using good judgment. If you believe that a dimension given as 8 ft is valid to the nearest 1/10 inch, you should consider it to mean 96.0 inches [per(a)] and treat it as having three significant digits. The rounded dimension then would be 2.438 m, instead of 2.4 m. Where an inch-pound value represents a maximum or minimum limit that must be respected, the rounding must be in a direction that does not violate the original limit.

RELATED ISO STANDARDS TC 12 Quantities, units, symbols, conversion factors