1
METODE PERENCANAAN SISTEM IRIGASI AIR
DENGAN CARA SISTEM IRIGASI PANCARAN ( SPRINGKLE IRRIGATION ) DAN SISTEM IRIGASI TETESAN ( DRIP IRRIGATION )
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SUMATRA UTARA TAHUN AJARAN 2012/2013
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2
SISTEM
IRIGASI
PANCARAN
(
IRRIGATION
SPRINGKLE ) 1. Umum Secara garis besar, Schwab et al. (1981) membagi pengairan ke dalam empat cara, yaitu: 1) pemberian air di permukaan tanah ( surface irrigation), irrigation), Pemb Pember eria ian n air air di perm permuk ukaa aan n tana tanah h melip meliput utii peng pengge gena nang ngan an ( flooding) flooding), biasanya di persawahan, dan pemberian air melalui saluran-saluran ( furrow irrigation) irrigation) dan dalam barisan tanaman (corrugation ( corrugation irrigation).2) irrigation).2) pemberian air air di bawa bawah h perm permuk ukaa aan n tana tanah h ( subsurface irrigation), irrigation ), Pemb Pember eria ian n air air di bawah permukaan tanah dilakukan dengan menggunakan pipa ( tiles) tiles) yang dibena dibenamka mkan n ke dalam dalam tanah tanah.. Pember Pemberian ian air di permu permukaa kaan n dan dan di bawa bawah h permuk permukaa aan n tanah tanah dis disebu ebutt juga juga penga pengaira iran n gravit gravitasi asi,, karen karena a air dialir dialirkan kan berd erdasarka rkan
gaya berat rat
air 3) penyi enyira rama man n
( sprinkle sprinkle irrigation irrigation)),
dan
Pemberian air dengan cara penyiraman mancakup oscillating sprinkler dan rotary rotary sprinkler sprinkler , semu semuan anya ya dise disebu butt juga juga overhead overhead irrigation irrigation karena karena air diberikan atau disiramkan dari atas seperti air hujan. Pemberian air dengan penyiraman sangat efisien. Pada tanah bertekstur kasar, efisiensi pemakaian air dengan penyiraman dua kali lebih tinggi dari pemberian air permukaan. 4) irigasi tetes (drip (drip or trickle irrigation). irrigation). Pada irigasi tetes, air diberikan dalam kecepa kecepatan tan yang yang renda rendah h di sekit sekitar ar tanama tanaman n mengg mengguna unakan kan emitter. Pada pemberian air dengan penyiraman dan irigasi tetes, ke dalam air pengairan dapat ditambahkan pestisida atau pupuk.
2. Sistem Irigasi Sprinkler 2.1 Definisi Sistem Sprinkler Irigasi Irigasi Sprinkler Sprinkler (Spri ( Sprinkler nkler or spray spray Irrigatio Irrigation n ) adala adalah h su suatu atu metod metode e pemberian air keseluruh lahan yang akan diirigasi dengan menggunakan menggunakan pipa yang bertekanan melalui nozzle. nozzle. Sistem Sistem sprinkler sprinkler dapat dapat diklasifik diklasifikasika asikan n menjadi menjadi system system permanent permanent (Fixed/solidset ), ), porta portable ble dan semi porta portable ble ( hand hand move atau mechanical move), move), traveling irrigator
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3
Keutamaan Irigas Irigasii Sprink Sprinkler ler adala adalah h su suatu atu system system iriga irigasi si yang yang fleksi fleksibe bell diman dimana a selain dapat digu igunakan kan
untuk tuk
men menyir yiram
tan tanaman man
juga juga
dapat pat
digu igunak nakan
untuk tuk
pemupukan dan pengobatan dan untuk menjaga kelembaban tanah dan mengontrol kondisi iklim agar sesuai bagi pertumbuhan tanaman. Adopsi dari system sprinkler ini tergantung pada keuntungan keuntungan ekonomis dan lingkungan yang akan didapatkan dibandingkan dengan system irigasi yang lain. Sistem sprinkler sprinkler sekarang sekarang ini digunaka digunakan n untuk untuk berbaga berbagaii jenis tanaman terutama terutama komoditas yang yang bernil bernilai ai tinggi tinggi seper seperti ti buah-b buah-buah uahan an,, sayur sayuran an dan dan digun digunaka akan n pada pada berbagai jenis lahan dan topografi.
Keuntungan Irigasi Sprinkler Sist Sistem em irig irigas asii sp spri rink nkle lerr coco cocok k untu untuk k semu semua a jeni jenis s tana tanah h apab apabil ila a application ratenya ratenya sesua sesuaii denga dengan n kapas kapasita itas s inflitr inflitrasi asi tanah tanahnya nya.. Termas Termasuk uk juga juga pada pada lahan lahan margin marginal al yang yang memili memiliki ki kapasi kapasitas tas infitr infitrasi asi atau atau kapasi kapasitas tas menyim menyimpa pan n air yang rendah. Dapat mengontr mengontrol ol pemberian pemberian air pada pada tanaman tanaman sehingga sehingga dapat dapat Dapat mengurangi tingkat tingkat pertumbuh pertumbuhan an tanaman tanaman yang vegetatif vegetatif dan memperbes memperbesar ar peluang peluang tana tanama man n untu untuk k tumb tumbuh uh seca secara ra gene genera rati tiff dima dimana na akan akan meni mening ngka katk tkan an produktivitas hasil panen. Desain in dapa dapatt dira diranc ncan ang g seca secara ra flek fleksi sibe bell sesu sesuai ai deng dengan an jeni jenis s Desa tanaman, tenaga kerja yang tersedia dan penghematan energi
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4
Dapa Dapatt digu diguna naka kan n untu untuk k meng mengon ontr trol ol ikli iklim m bagi bagi pert pertum umbu buha han n
tanaman Dapat menjaga tanah tetap lembut agar cocok bagi pertumbuhan
seedling (persemaian) Mempercepat perkecambahan dan penentuan panen
Kerugian Sistem Sprinkler Memerlukan biaya investasi yang tinggi
Keseragaman distribusi air dapat terus menurun seiring dengan waktu Keseragaman Angin sangat berpengaruh atas keseragaman distribusi air
Dapa Dapatt meng mengak akib ibat atka kan n kano kanopi pi tana tanama man n lemb lembab ab dan dan mend mendat atan angk gkan an
penyakit tanaman Dapat merusak tanaman muda pada saat air disiramkan
2.2 Jenis-Jenis Sistem Sprinkler Sistem Sis tem sp sprin rinkle klerr dapat dapat diklas diklasifi ifikas kasika ikan n menjad menjadii system system perma permanen nentt (Fixed/solid set ), ) , port portab able le dan dan semi semi port portab able le (hand hand move move atau mechanica mechanicall move), move), traveling irrigator (gun atau boom), center pivot atau pivot atau linear move
a. Sistem permanent (Fixed/Solid Set) Solid Solid Set Set Sist Sistem em adala adalah h sebua sebuah h system system Iriga Irigasi si Sprink Sprinkler ler diman dimana a jaringan pipa dan sprinkler sprinkler ditempatk ditempatkan an secara secara permanent permanent pada lahan. lahan. Biasanya Biasanya jarak jarak antar pipa sama dengan jarak antar sprinkler sehingga menimbulkan jarak yang bujur sangkar (square spacing). spacing ). Pipa dapat dikubur di dalam tanah (biasanya PVC atau besi) atau dapat juga berjenis alumunium dan dapat dipindahkan. dipindahkan.
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5
Gambar 1. Desain dan Aplikasi Solid Set Sistem Irigasi Sprinkler
b. portable dan semi portable (hand move atau mechanical move), Hand Move system System portable yang paling simple adalah digerakkan atau dipindah dengan tangan tangan.. Terdir Terdirii dari dari satu satu pompa pompa,, pipa pipa utama utama dan dan pipa pipa latera laterall dilen dilengka gkapi pi dengan rotary spri sp rink nkle lerr deng dengan an jara jarak k 9-24 9-24 m seti setiap ap bagi bagian an..
Pipa Pipa late latera rall bias biasan anya ya
berdiameter 50 mm s/d s/d 12 125 5 mm, mm, dapa dapatt dian diangk gkat at atau atau dipi dipind ndah ahka kan n deng dengan an muda mudah. h. Cara Cara operasinya pipa latera laterall dipind dipindah ah dari dari satu satu bagian bagian ke bagian bagian lain lain denga dengan n tenaga tenaga manusi manusia a dengan dengan melepas melepas sambung sambungan an pada pada pipa utama. Berpinda Berpindahnya hnya pipa lateral lateral tergantung pada set time. Untuk areal yang lebih luas dapat digunakan digunakan lebih dari satu pipa lateral.
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6
Gambar
2.
Gambar Gambar 2. system system porta portable ble denga dengan n meng menggu gunak nakan an dua dua buah buah pipa pipa lateral Side Roll Sistem Side roll atau biasa disebit juga Wheel roll seperti terlihat pada gambar, terdiri dari sebuah lateral, biasanya panjangnya 1,25 mil; Pipanya berperan seperti sebua ebuah h
poros ros
sumbu mbu.
Pipa ipa
berd erdiama iamate terr
anta ntara
4-5 4-5
inci inci.; .; dan
roda
berdiameter 4-10 kaki. System ini mampu mengairi lahan seluas 60x90 kaki. Setelah selesai mengairi satu set, mesin akan menindahkan roda ke set berikutnya. Sprinkler diletakkan
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7
ini ini
tida tidak k
dire direko kome mend ndas asik ikan an
untu untuk k
topo topogr graf afii
laha lahan n
yang yang
memp mempun unya yaii
kemiringan lebih dari 5 persen.
Gambar 3. Desain dan Aplikasi Side Roll System c. Traveling Big Gun Sistem Traveling Big Gun menggunakan sprinkler berkapasitas besar (diameter 3/4 sampai 1,5 inci) dan bertekanan besar (90 -125 PSI) untuk melemparkan air ke tanaman (radius 175-350 kaki). Traveling big guns dapat terdiri dari pipa hard hose dan selang fleksibel. Pada system selang yang keras, keras, selan selang g polie polietile tilen n keras keras di pasan pasang g pada pada rel atau atau traile trailer. r. Traile Trailerr ini berada berada ditengah ditengah ataupun ataupun diujung diujung lahan. lahan. Gun ditempatk ditempatkan an diujung diujung selang selang kemudian selang ditarik ke ujung lahan. Selang ini kemudian ditarik oleh rel mengit mengitari ari lahan. lahan. Pada Pada flexib flexible le hose hose system system,, gun dipasa dipasang ng pada pada sebiah sebiah kereta. Sebuah pipa fleksibel yang tersambung dengan mainline mengisi air ke gun.
Gambar
4.
Aplikasi
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8
d. Center pivot atau Linear move Center Pivot Pada system ini mesin yang digunakan terdiri dari pipa lateral dari baja galvanisyang berputar dalam satu sumbu dari luas areal yang diairi. Pipa lateral mensuport airdari ketinggian 3 m diatas tanah dipegang oleh frame baja dan kabel-kabel. Jarak antara frame rata-rata 30 m, panjang pipa lateral berv bervar aria iasi si 15 1500-60 600 0 m.ai m.airr disu disupl plai ai ke pusa pusatt pivo pivott mela melalu luii pipa pipa utam utama a menyilang lapangan atau dari sumur yang berlokasi dekat pivot, kemudian didistribusi melalui swivel joint ke lateral dan sprinkler. Ketika mengairi, pipa lateral berputar secara kontinyu. Pembasahan radius lapangan bisa mencap mencapai ai 100 ha, ha, tergan tergantun tung g juga juga panjan panjang g pipa pipa latera laterall yang yang ada. ada. Satu Satu putar putaran an membu membutuh tuhkan kan 1- 100 jam terga tergantu ntung ng dari dari letak letak puncak puncak air yang yang dipa dipaka kai. i. Lamb Lambat atny nya a puta putara ran n pipa pipa late latera rall bera berart rtii lebi lebih h bany banyak ak air air yang yang digunakan.
Gambar 5. Desain dan Aplikasi Center Pivot
Linear Move Sistem irigasi Linear Move (sering disebut juga lateral move) dibangun dengan cara yang sama seperti center pivot . Perbedaannya adalah menara
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9
Gambar 6. Gambar
6.
Desain
dan
Aplikasi Linear Linear Move
3.3. Desain Sistem Stationary Big Gun 3.3.1. Definisi Sistem Sis tem ini ini dapat dapat digun digunaka akan n untuk untuk berbag berbagai ai pada pada berba berbaga gaii aplik aplikasi asi sistem irigasi. Sistem ini terdiri dari pompa dan pipa mainline. Keuntungan dari sistem gun ini adalah memberikan aplikasi debit (flow rate) yang lebih besar dan diameter basahan yang yang lebi lebih h besa besarr pula pula sehi sehing ngga ga kebu kebutu tuha han n akan akan tena tenaga ga kerj kerja a dapa dapatt dikurangi. Gun memiliki ukuran nozzle berkisar antara 0,5 sampai 2 inci dan berop beropera erasi si baik baik pada pada tekana tekanan n 50 sampa sampaii denga dengan n 12 120 0 PS PSI. I. Gun Gun sp sprin rinkle klerr biasanya mempunyai tingkat application Rate yang tinggi.
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10
Keuntungan: mengurangi mal fungsi Memiliki lebih sedikit benda mekanik sehingga mengurangi Masalah plugging lebih sedikit karena ukuran nozzle lebih besar Lebih fleksibel untuk diaplikasikan pada berbagai bentuk lahan Kebutuhan akan pipa jauh lebih sedikit Kebutuhan akan tenaga kerja jauh lebih sedikit
Kelemahan: Biaya investasi tinggi
dipengaruhi oleh angin Pola aplikasi air mudah dipengaruhi mengaplikasikan air lebih besar dari Memiliki kecenderungan untuk mengaplikasikan kebutuhannya. Figu Figure re 8. Gun Gun sp spri rink nkle lers rs us use e larg large e diam diamet eter er nozzles to discharge high flow rates at high pressures. Sistem gun memerlukan input energi yang lebih besar karena operasi tekanan yang lebih besar.
3.3.2. Komponen-komponen Dasar dari Sistem Gun a. Gun Nozzle Gun sprink sprinkler ler memili memiliki ki ukura ukuran n nozzl nozzle, e, debit, debit, tekan tekanan an dan dan diamet diameter er basahan yang lebih besar daripada sprinkler biasa. Seperti terlihat pada tabel dibawah ini Table 1. General Flow Rates and Coverage Diameters for Big Gun Sprinklers.
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11
Berbagai jenis sprinkler dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah ini:
b. Riser Riser adalah pipa berdiamet berdiameter er kecil yang menghubung menghubungkan kan sprinkler sprinkler dengan
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12
Pipa lateral adalah pipa yang berfungsi untuk mengantarkan air dari pipa utama ke komponen sprinkler. Pipa ini juga dapat diletakkan permanent atau portable dan terbuat dari bahan yang sama seperti pipa utama dengan ukuran yang lebih kecil.
d. pipa utama Main line (pipa utama) adalah pipa yang berfungsi menghantarkan air dari pompa ke pipa lateral. Dalam prakteknya pipa utama adalah berupa pipa yang dapat ditempatkan permanent di atas medan, atau pada beberapa kasus ada yang ditemp ditempatk atkan an di bawah bawah tanah tanah,, dan dan ada ada juga juga yang yang dibua dibuatt mudah mudah diang diangkat kat (portable) sehingga mudah dipindah dari satu lapangan ke lapangan lainnya.
e. Pipa sub utama Sama halnya pipa utama pipa ini berfungsi menghantarkan air ke pipa lateral, namun namun hanya hanya diperl diperluka ukan n apabil apabila a jaring jaringan an pipa pipa utama utama cukup cukup sulit sulit untuk untuk langsung menjangkau pipa lateral secara langsung. Berbagai kriteria atau persyaratan
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13
* Based on using one Class 160 lateral pipe size.
Ukuran pipa dipilih agar kecepatan aliran tidak melebihi 5 fps (feet per second)
Table 2 memberikan gambaran maximum flow rate pada berbagai ukuran
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14
f. pengatur tekanan/ aliran /valve and coupler g. pompa Pompa Pompa berfungs berfungsii untuk untuk menyalur menyalurkan kan air dari sumberny sumbernya a (reservo (reservoir, ir, sungai, sumur/air tanah) kemudian menyalurkan ke system irigasi melalui komponenkomponen system irigasi sprinkler lainnya. Pompa digerakkan dengan unit tenaga mesin pembakaran dalam suatu motor listrik.
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15
terseb tersebut, ut, dirumu dirumuska skan n ke dalam dalam sebua sebuah h persa persamaa maan n yang yang dis disebu ebutt dengan dengan persamaan Bernaulli:
H = V2/2g + p/w + y Dimana : H = energi air V = kecepatan aliran air G = percepatan gravitasi W = berat air per unit volume air Y = elevasi Salah Salah satu satu prins prinsip ip energ energii menyeb menyebutk utkan an bahwa bahwa energ energii tidak tidak dapat dapat dihilangkan namun dapat berubah bentuk ke bentuk energi lainnya. Sehingga suatu massa air yang bergerak tidak dapat hilang energinya namun dapat berkuran berkurang g akibat akibat adanya adanya friction friction loss. loss. Hubungan Hubungan aliran energi energi pada pada satu tempat (A) ke tempat lain (B) dan friction loss l oss adalah sebagai berikut: Ha = Hb + hf Fricti Friction on loss loss terka terkait it erat erat dengan dengan alira aliran n air dalam dalam pipa pipa dan tingka tingkatt kekasaran dinding pipa. Semakin tinggi kecepatannya maka semakin tingggi pula friction loss. Dan semakin kasar dinding dalam pipa maka semakin tinggi
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16
Q = Flow rate l/min C = konstanta C = 130 untuk pipa alumunium D = diameter dalam mm S = head loss dalam m/km
Untuk mendapatkan actual Head loss dalam dalam latera lateral, l, Head Head loss loss dalam dalam pipa pipa harus
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17
Tabel 4. “F” Nilai pengali dengan Friction loss untuk mendapatkan mendapatkan actual loss pada sepanjang pipa lateral.
Pada Pada pipa pipa late latera ral, l, diam diamet eter er pipa pipa haru harus s dipi dipili lih h sede sedemi miki kian an rupa rupa sehingga friction loss ditambah dengan adanya perubahan perubahan elevasi sepanjang pipa lateral tidak tidak lebih besar perbedaa perbedaannya nnya sebanyak sebanyak 20% dari rata-rata rata-rata teka tekana nan n
yang yang
dibu dibutu tuhk hkan an
masi masing ngma masi sing ng
spri sp rin nkler kler
(Wit (Withe hers rs
1980 19 80). ).
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18
Kecepatan aliran air dalam pipa disebut velocity, yang diukur dalam meter per detik (m/dtk). Debit adalah volume air yang mengalir sepanjang pipa setiap detik yang diukur dalam meter kubik perdetik (m 3/dtk). Debit aliran aliran dalam dalam pipa pipa diukur diukur menggu mengguna nakan kan peng penguku ukura ran n aliran aliran ( flow meter). meter). Dengan mencatat waktu yang diperlukan didapat perhitungan debit sebagai berikut:
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19
Bila Bila kita kita melih melihat at su suat atu u pomp pompa a seba sebaga gaii sebu sebuah ah mesi mesin, n, maka maka kita kita melihat bagaimana mesin pembakaran dalam (internal ( internal combustion engine) engine ) atau atau motor motor lis listri trik k yang yang ada dalam dalam pompa pompa merub merubah ah energi energi mekan mekanik ik yang yang diha dihasi silk lkan an
menj menjad adii
ener energi gi
air. air.
Dala Dalam m
sist sistem em
spri sp rink nkle lerr
untu untuk k
irig irigas asii
penyedia penyediaan an energi energi berdasa berdasarkan rkan tekanan tekanan dan debit debit yang diperlukan diperlukan untuk untuk mendis mendistri tribu busi si air ke dalam dalam pipa pipa utama utama (mainl (mainline ine)) dan dan pipa pipa latera laterall untuk untuk dipenc dipencark arkan an ke areal areal iriga irigasi. si. Pompa Pompa yang yang palin paling g umum umum diguna digunaka kan n untuk untuk sistem sprinkler adalah pompa tipe centrufugal. Kinerja pompa centrifugal direnc direncan anaka akan n denga dengan n kecepa kecepatan tan konsta konstan, n, diman dimana a kinerj kinerja a pompa pompa dapat dapat ditampilkan dari: Tekanan dan debit Kebutuhan tenaga Efisiensi
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20
Gambar
Gambar Areal Basahan (Wetted Area) dari sprinkler tanpa overlap
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21
Dimana Nilai application eficiency dari setiap sprinkler bervariasi dari
60% to 80%, atau rata-rata 70% The Precipitation Rate (Pr) adalah jumlah air rata-rata yang
dikeluarkan dari dari ebuah nozzle untuk untuk menutupi areal yang akan akan dibasahi oleh sebuah sebuah nozzl nozzle e Precip Precipita itatio tion n rate rate dapa dapatt dihitu dihitung ng dengan dengan menggu menggunak nakan an formula sebagai berikut:
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22
c. kebutuhan air tanaman (root zone, ET)
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23
sepanj sepanjan ang g jarak jarak dari dari penyem penyempro protan tan dan dan diamet diameter er lingk lingkara aran n basah basah yang yang terjadi diberikan pada tabel dibawah ini.
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24
f. Pene Penent ntua uan n jeni jenis s dan dan ukur ukuran an pomp pompa a air air bese besert rta a tena tenaga ga/m /mes esin in penggeraknya. penggeraknya. Perhitungan rancangan hidrolika sub unit merupakan tahapan kunci kunci dalam dalam prosesde prosesdesain sain irigasi irigasi sprinkler. sprinkler. Persyara Persyaratan tan hidrolika hidrolika jaringan jaringan perpipaa perpipaan n harus harus dipenuhi dipenuhi untuk untuk mendapat mendapatkan kan penyiram penyiraman an yang seragam seragam (nila (nilaii koef koefis isie ien n kese kesera raga gama man/ n/co coef effi fici cien entt of unif unifor ormi mity ty haru harus s > 85 %). %). Mengingat jumlah dan spesifikasi sprinkler maupun jenis dan diameter pipa yang yang sanga sangatt beraga beragam, m, makata makatahap hapan an rancan rancanga gan n hidrol hidrolika ika sub unit unit harus harus
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25
Sistem Irigasi Tetes (Trickle Irrigation)
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26 saja. Sehingga penguapan air sangat efisien dan peningkatan penggunaan efektivitas air dapat tercapai. 5. Mudah mengendalikan hama penyakit, gulma, bakteri dan jamur, karena sebagian saja tanah yang basah, sedang di daerah lainnya tetap kering yang menyebabkan tanaman pengganggu sulit untuk tumbuh dan berkembang (Scwab, 1981) 6. Dapat meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas hasil panen, sebagai akibat dari kemampuan irigasi tetes dalam memelihara tanah agar tetap lembab pada daerah perakaran. Irigasi ini sangat baik untuk tanaman buah-buahan yang
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27