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Meter Bridge Experiment using Wheatstone Bridge Principle JUNE 27, 2015 (HTTP://PHYSICSCATALYST.COM/ARTICLE/METER-BRIDGE-EXPERIMENT-USING-WHEATSTONE-BRIDGEPRINCIPLE/) PHYSICSCATALYST (HTTP://PHYSICSCATALYST.COM/ARTICLE/AUTHOR/PHYSICSCATALYST/) 0 COMMENTS (HTTP://PHYSICSCATALYST.COM/ARTICLE/METER-BRIDGE-EXPERIMENT-USING-WHEATSTONE-BRIDGEPRINCIPLE/#DISQUS_THREAD)
(http://physicscatalyst.com/article/meter-bridge-experiment-using-wheatstone-bridgeprinciple/)
What is Wheat Stone Bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/wheat-stonebridge/)? A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown component. it
was invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843.Although today digital multimeters provide the simplest way to measure a resistance, The Wheatstone Bridge can still be used to measure very low values of resistances down in the milli-Ohms range.
(http://i0.wp.com/physicscatalyst.com/article/wpcontent/uploads/2015/06/eem_ g11.png) Principal For Wheat Stone Bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/wheatstone-bridge/) The general arrangement of Wheatstone bridge circuit is shown in the gure below. It is a four arms bridge circuit where arm AB, BC, CD and AD are consisting of electrical resistances P, Q, S and R respectively. Among these resistances P and Q are known xed electrical resistances and these two arms are referred as ratio arms. An Galvanometer is connected between the terminals B and D through a switch K2. The voltage source of this Wheatstone bridge is
connected to the terminals A and C via a switch K1 as shown. A variable resistor S is connected between point C and D. The potential at point D can be varied by adjusting the value of variable resistor. If we vary the electrical resistance value of arm CD the value of current I2 will also be varied as the voltage across A and C is xed. If we continue to adjust the variable resistance one situation may comes when voltage drop across the resistor S that is I2.S is becomes exactly equal to voltage drop across resistor Q that is I1.Q. Thus the potential at point B becomes equal to the potential at point D hence potential di erence between these two points is zero hence current through galvanometer is nil. Then the de ection in the galvanometer is nil when the switch K2 is closed. Applying Kircho ’Law we can easily nd that in that condition P/Q=R/S Meter Bridge Experiment using Wheatstone Bridge Principle Meter bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/meter-bridge/) is based on the principle of wheat stone bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/wheat-stone-bridge/) and it is used to nd the resistance of an unknown conductor or to compare two unknown resistance. The practical diagram is shown in the below gure
(http://i1.wp.com/physicscatalyst.com/article/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/eem_ g12.png)
Calculation R is Known Resistance S is Unknown Resistance P is Resistance across AB Q is the Resistance between BD AC is a 1m long wire made of maganin or constanan having uniform area of cross-section So that L1+L2=100 Assuming L1=L => L2=100-L The unknown resistance ‘X’ of the given wire is obtained by relation : X = RL2/L1= R(100-L)/L And speci c resistance of the material of a given a wire is obtained by =(3.14) r2X/l where r = radius of the wire and l = length of wire. Task of the Experiment To nd out the Unknown Resistance and radius of the wire using meterbridge. We need to take 5 reading and average out that for the calculation Instruments required for the experiment 1) Meter bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/meter-bridge/) 2) Galvanometer 3) Resistance box 4) Unknown Resistance of length 1 m 5) connecting Wires 6) Screw gauge 7) One way key 8) Jockey PROCEDURE : Step 1) Collect all the instruments and make the connection as shown in gure above Step 2) Take out some suitable resistance ‘R’ form the resistance box (R. B.). Step 3) Touch the jockey at point A; see that there is a de ection in the galvanometer on one side, then touch the jockey on the point C of the wire, the de ection in the galvanometer should be on the other side. If it is so, your connections are correct.’ Step 4) Now nd the position of null point where de ection in galvanometer becomes zero.
Note length AB (l) BC will be (100 – l). Step 5) Repeat the above procedure for di erent values of ‘R’. Take atleast 5 readings Step 6)Note the point where the galvanometer shows 0 de ections, this is called the balance point. Step 7) Measure the length of the given wire using ordinary scale and the radius of the wire using screw gauge( Take ve readings) Table Of Observation Table for Unknown Resistance (X) S.no
Values Of Known Resistance (R)
Balancing Length(L)
Value of Unknown Resistance (X=R(100L)/L)
1
–
–
–
2
–
–
–
3
–
–
–
4
–
–
–
5
–
–
–
Calculate the Mean Resistance of the Unknown Resistance= (Total Sum of the resistance of Unknown resistance from above 5 reading)/5 Table for Diameter (d) LC of Screw Gauge= Zero Correction= S.no
PSR
HSR
Corrected HSR=PSR+HSR.LC
1
–
–
–
2
–
–
–
3
–
–
–
4
–
–
–
5
–
–
–
Mean diameter of the wire(d)=(Total Sum of the diameter from above 5 reading)/5
Radius of the wire(r)=d/2 Length of the wire=l
Please make sure all the observation are in same units Speci c Resistance of the wire=( 3.14)r2X/l Viva Voice question for Meter Bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/meterbridge/)/Wheat Stone Bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/wheat-stonebridge/) Q1 what do you mean by a resistance? Ans: when a potential di erence is applied across a conductor, the free electrons start moving in particular directions. While moving through the materials these electrons collide with other atoms and molecules .they oppose this ow of electrons through it, this opposition is called resistance Q2 Explain the law of resistance? or How does the resistance of a wire depend on its dimensions? Ans: The resistance of a wire depends upon the various factors: 1. It directly proportional to its length L. 2. It is inversely proportional to its area of cross section A. 3. It depends upon the nature of the material. 4. It also depends upon the temperature of the wire. Q3 Answer these a) What is the range of Low resistance Ans:Low Resistance: order of 1 ohm and under b) What is the range of Medium resistance Ans:Medium Resistance: 1 ohm upwards to about 0.1 M Ohm resistances. c)What is the range of High resistanceHigh Resistance: All resistances of the order of 0.1 MOhm and upwards
Q4. Explain Wheatstone bridge? Ans: The Wheatstone bridge is an instrument for making comparison measurements and operates upon a null indication principal.All details are explained above Q5. What are the factors a ects the measurements of medium resistance? Ans: The following factors a ect the measurements of medium resistance: 1. Resistance of contact leads 2. Thermoelectric e ects 3. Temperature e ect 4. Contact resistance 5. Change in ratio arms 6. using a high resistance Q6. What are the limitations of Wheatstone bridge? Ans: The use of Wheatstone bridge is limited to the measurement of resistances ranging from a few Ohm to several Mega Ohm. The upper limit is set by the reduction in sensitivity to unbalance caused by high resistance values. Q7. What are the methods used to measure high resistances? Ans: The di erent methods employed for measurement of high resistance are: 1. Direct de ection method 2. Loss of charge method 3. MegaOhm method 4. Megger Q8: In a given meter bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/meter-bridge/) set up, the null point is obtained at a length l cm. If without making any other change, the radius of the meter bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/meter-bridge/) is doubled, what would be the likely position of the null point now? Answer Same Q9:What happens to the resistivity of a wire when it is double folded? Q10: Why do we use thick copper strips to connect the wire of the meter bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/meter-bridge/) to the rest of the set up?
Q11:Name the SI unit of the speci c resistance (resistivity). Q12:Why constantan or manganin wires are used for making the resistance coils in resistance box? Q13.Why is ammeter always connected in series and voltmeter always connected in parallel? Q14 what are the di erent methods used for measurement of medium resistances? Ans: the di erent methods used for measurement of medium resistances are: 1. Ammeter- voltmeter method 2. Substitution method 3. Wheatstone bridge method 4. Ohmmeter method Q15 what are the di erent methods used for measurement of Low resistances? Ans: the di erent methods used for measurement of medium resistances are: 1. Potentiometer 2. Ammeter- voltmeter method 3. Kelvin double Bridge method Q16: Why does galvanometer show opposite de ection in meter bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/meter-bridge/) experiment? Answer:In meter bridge (http://physicscatalyst.com/article/tag/meter-bridge/) experiment we are using a center zero galvanometer. The galvanometer has two terminals; we shall call one terminal as X and the other as Y If VX > VY , then a current will ow from X to Y through the galvanometer and makes the needle to move from its center zero position. Let us say it moves to the right. If VX < VY, then the current will be reversed and the needle moves to the left from its zero position. If VX = VY i.e., if the potential di erence is zero, no current ows through the galvanometer and the needle remains in its zero position. By adjusting the jockey, we nd the position where there is no potential di erence between the two terminals of the galvanometer 3
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