Memory Palaces and Masonic Lodges

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bitlqulty tobt dhislstfm hg efehrlzlia pjbdfs bim lebafs tobt bjjhwfm bi hrbthr, woljf alvlia b spffdo, th strhjj torhuao tof sltfs of obm tous efehrlzfm li ols lebalibtlhi li hrmfr th dhjjfdt tof lebafs of obm jfgt tofrf tobt whujm rfelim ole sfqufitlbjjy hg bjj b jj tof phlits of wlsofm th thudo uphi li ols tbjc. Vsfm bs b thhj hg ehrbj fmlgldbtlhi murlia tof Elmmjf Bafs, tof djbssldbj brt hg efehry whujm `f usfm `y Ofreftld tolicfrs murlia tof Pfiblssbidf bs b eftohm th bdqulrf cihwjfmaf torhuao strlvlia th fisurf tof rfgjfdtlhi hg tof uilvfrsf li toflr elims torhuao tof usf hg ebaldbj hr tbjlsebild lebafs bs eifehild lebafs. ]ofrf ls bi fitorbjjlia fjfefit hg hur dujturbj olsthry li tols stumy; ohw Ofreftldlse bim rfjlalhus poljhshpoy pfrefbtfm tols fitlrf uisfttjfm pfrlhm grhe Wfildf th Qlttfi`fra, woljf trbvfjlia torhuao tof dhurt hg Fjlzb`fto L bim Tobcfspfbrf“s pjbys, bim ohw bjj tols vfry jlcfjy jfm th Grffebshiry. Grbidfs \btfs wrltfs mfdlslvfjy ùt rfsfrvfmjy b`hut tols eystfrlhus ùt bs yft uibiswfrfm qufstlhi; Ih hif obs `ffi b`jf th fxpjbli ohw sudo ‚hpfrbtlvf― auljms mfvfjhpfm lith ‚spfdujbtlvf― ebshiry, tof sye`hjld usf hg brdoltfdturbj lebafry li ebshild rltubj. . . . . . . th jfbvf bs bi uishjvfm qufstlhi tof prh`jfe hg tof hrlali hg ‚spfdujbtlvf― ebshiry, wlto lts sye`hjld usf hg dhjueis, brdofs, bim htofr brdoltfdturbj gfbturfs, bim hg afheftrldbj sye`hjlse, bs tof grbefwhrc wltoli woldo lt prfsfits b ehrbj tfbdolia bim b eystldbj hutjhhc mlrfdtfm thwbrms tof mlvlif brdoltfdt hg tof uilvfrsf. L whujm tolic tobt tof biswfr th tols prh`jfe eby `f suaafstfm `y tof olsthry hg tof brt hg efehry, . . . woldo usfm, iht tof rfbj brdoltfdturf hg ‚hpfrbtlvf― ebshiry, ùt tof lebalibry hr ‚spfdujbtlvf― brdoltfdturf hg tof brt hg efehry bs tof vfoldjf hg lts tfbdolias. 2 2. Grbidfs \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry (Doldbah; Vilvfrslty hg Doldbah ^rfss, 0>>2), 4>4—=.

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xvll xv

Ghrfwhrm

slailgldbit ehefit li tof olsthry hg Qfstfri tohuaot; tof fefrafidf hg su`kfdtlvf poljhshpoy. Vitlj Mfsdbrtfs, fspfdlbjjy behia tof Ofreftld tolicfrs hg tof Pfiblssbidf, ebi (mfsdrl`fm `y ^ldh mfjb Elrbimhjb bim Pfiblssbidf ouebilse bs tof ehst ebrvfjhus tolia li fxlstfidf) phssfssfm ols hwi rlaotguj vbjuf, bj`flt wltohut ebclia biy djbles tobt ols wbs tof olaofst vbjuf. Ebi bim ibturf wfrf bs dhepbtl`jf bs twlis bim wfrf tohuaot bjlcf grhe tof pfrspfdtlvf hg ibturbj jbw. Li sohrt, tof ouebi wbs iht dhighuimfm wlto tof su`kfdt. Mfsdbrtfs fstb`jlsofm b rfbj, hithjhaldbj sfpbrbtlhi `ftwffi ebi bim ibturf. Hi hif slmf, wf obvf tof su`kfdt (rfs dhaltbis) woh rfùljms bjj cihwjfmaf hi tof shjf strfiato hg tof fah dhalth ”L hijy tolic `fdbusf hg tof b`ljlty th kumaf tobt rfslmfs li ey elim”bim hi tof htofr, poysldbj ibturf, tof sprbwjlia vbstifss (rfs fxtfisb) mfvhlm hg bjj prhpfrtlfs,s, bi h`kfdt hg li prhpfrtlf liglgliltf iltf cihwjfm cihwjfmaf af wltohut biy ehrbj livfstefit”tof ftfribj sljfidf hg tofsf ligliltf spbdfs tfrrlglfs ef! Lt wbs tofi tobt tof ‚twli― tohuaot hg ebi li tof dhsehs bjsh ghuim rfguaf li Ebshild sye`hjlse bim jhmafs.

^�� D�� ls b efe`fr hg tof Arbim Jhmaf hg Grbidf bim tof dhbutohr 2>22 ehts mf jb Grbid-ebáhi Grbid-ebáhiifrl ifrlff S]of 2>2 wlto Kfbi-Grbiáhls ^juvlbum hg Jfs 2> Qhrms Q hrms hg Grffebshir GrffebshiryU yU (^brls; Mfrv Mfrvy, y, 0>21). 0>21).

LI]PHMVD]LHI


]OF ILAO] HG HPLALIT!

]of ilaot hg hrlalis8 Ih Grffebshi,2 li ey vlfw, obs biy jfaltlebtf rlaot th fxfept olesfjg grhe dhislmfrlia tols qufstlhi. Qoy ls tobt8 ]ols qufstlhi dhitblis li sffm ghre tof vfry slailgldbidf wf bttbdo th hur spfdlgld wby hg mhlia tolias, `fdbusf tof t of Ebshild Pltf” fspfdlbjjy tof Bidlfit bim Bddfptfm Tdhttlso Pltf”ls mffpjy rhhtfm, li fssfidf bim `y mfslai slidf lts vfry `faliilias, li tof olaojy liltlbthry vbjuf hg tof spfdujbtlvf usf hg tof sye`hjs bim sye`hjlse hg ùljmlia. @ut tols spfdujbtlvf usf tobt wbs tof dhisfqufidf hg fepjhylia tof sye`hjld eftohm h`vlhusjy mlm iht wltifss tof `lrto hg bjj lts dhistltufit fjfefits bt tof sbef tlef, hr li shef sfisf, bs hif elaot sby, bjj li hif plfdf. Bjj tofsf fjfefits bppfbrfm li arbmubj suddfsslhi murlia b olsthrldbj pfrlhm tobt bjj (hr bjehst bjj) barff thhc pjbdf pjb df li tof @rlt @rltlso lso Lsj Lsjfs fs `ft `ftwffi wffi tw twhh plvht plvhtbb j mbt mbtfs; fs; 26<< bim 214>. Bim wf wljj iht fvfi efitlhi tof mf`btf `ftwffi tof (vfry hjm bim prh`jfebt prh`jf ebtld) ld) tof tofhr hryy hg b ml mlrfd rfdtt jljlif if hg mfs mfsdfit dfit grhe tof prhgf prhgfsslhi sslhibj bj auljm ebshiry hg tof Elmmjf Bafs bim tof fqubjjy fjuslvf ihtlhi tobt 2. B ghrtlhrl, bs wf sobjj sff, lg tols Ebshi ghjjhws tof Bidlfit bim Bddfptfm Tdhttlso Pltf (hr Tdhttlso Pltf).

2

0

Litrhmudtlhi

hpfrbtlvf fjfefits wfrf dhjjfdtfm ghr tof purphsf hg arbgtlia tofe th bi liltlbthry prbdtldf tobt wbs prlebrljy spfdujbtlvf. 0 Ohwfvfr, lt sohujm `f bdcihwjfmafm tobt qultf b jbraf iue`fr hg tofsf fjfefits fxlst. Bim bjtohuao tofy wfrf olsthrldbjjy sfjfdtfm bim mlspjbyfm `fdbusf hg toflr liihvbtlvf bim prlehrmlbj qubjltlfs, bs wfjj bs ghr toflr spfdlgldbjjy spfdujbtlvf mlefislhi, tof mbtf hg tof bppfbrbidf bjhif ls iht fihuao th fxpjbli tof prhjlgld dhrpus tobt thmby ls dbjjfm Ebshild sye`hjlse bim ehmfri Grffebshiry. Li ey hplilhi, tofy hijy sfrvf bs ebrcfrs. ]ofy mh iht liibtfjy dhitbli tof wby tofy wfrf drbgtfm hr tof ‚dujturbj― sfdrft hg toflr hrlalis. Li biy dbsf, tofy dbiiht alvf us butohrlty th djble tobt hur Grffebshiry wbs `hri hi tols fxbdt mbtf bim iht hi shef htofr mbtf. Qff hi Q hijy jy c ihw to tobt bt lts ghr ghrebt ebtlhi lhi `f `fab abii th tb tbcf cf pjb pjbdf df brh brhuim uim 26<< torhuao b sfrlfs hg pofihefib bcli th sfmlefitbtlhi. Lt ls bjsh guigui mbefitbjjy bddfptfm tobt wf rfdhailzf Grffebshiry li lts prbdtldbjjy mfgliltlvf bim glibjlzfm ghre hg 214>. Lt wbs bt tols tlef tobt bjj tofsf fjfefits obm `fdhef bssfe`jfm lith b dhmlglfm dhrpus tobt ebmf lt phssl`jf phs sl`jf th ih jhiaf jhiafrr mftf mftfdt dt li tof wohjf hg tof `hmy tous dhist dhistrud rudtfm tfm tof survlvbj hg biy hpfrbtlvf prbdtldf hg drbgt 4 bs sudo. ]ous uimfr tols tfre, woldo ls dfrtblijy bjj-fidhepbsslia, ùt bjsh prbdtldb prbdt ldbjj bim li dhitliub dhitliubjj usf slidf ‚tof ila ilaot ot hg hrla hrlalis lis,― ,― wf sohujm rfbjjy iht sffc sofjtfr `folim tof rfjbtlvf lephtfidf hg tof olsthrlbi, ùt rbtofr mrbw b mlstlidtlhi `ftwffi twh mlggfrfit rfbjltlfs; hi tof hif obim, tof fvfits, bim hi tof htofr obim, ohw tohsf fvfits wfrf pfrpfrdflvfm. Bim th `f pfrgfdtjy djfbr dhidfrilia hur hrlalis, lt ls tofrfghrf 0. ]ols sfdhim phlit wbs litrhmudfm li tof vfry gbehus tfxt `y Frld Qbrm, ‚]of @lrto hg Grff-Ebshiry,― li Brs Rubtuhr R ubtuhr Dhrhibthrue, ih. <2 (2<1?), woldo wbs ghjjhwfm `y ebiy htofrs. 4. Ghr fxbepjf, Mr. Ebdcfy, li ols jlst hg twfity-glvf jbimebrcs bmhptfm `y ebiy Arbim Jhmafs li tof Viltfm Ttbtfs, mhfs iht gblj th efitlhi tols jbimebrc tobt of pjbdfs li tof twfity-ghurto phsltlhi; ‚]of ghuimbtlhi hg b Tpfdujbtlvf Tdlfidf uphi bi Hpfrbtlvf Brt, bim tof sye`hjld usf bim fxpjbibtlhi hg tof tfres hg tobt brt.― Bj`frt A. Ebdcfy, Bi Fid Fidydjhp ydjhpfmlb fmlb hg Grff Grffebsh ebshiry iry bim lts Clim Climrfm rfm Tdlf Tdlfidfs idfs (ôljbmfjpolb; J. O. Fvfrts & Dh, 2??=), ==4.


4

sultb`jf th mlstlia sultb`jf mlstliaulso ulso tof prhvfi prhvfi olsthrldbj gbdts tofesfjv t ofesfjvfs fs= grhe toflr litfrprftbtlh litfrpr ftbtlhii bim dhi dhitfxtubjl tfxtubjlzbtlhi. zbtlhi. ]ofrf ls b arfbt rlsc, lt ls truf, hg jueplia thaftofr tof olsthrldbj gbdts livfithrlfm li tols wby wlto tof eytos bim jfafims tobt bddhebddhe pbiy bim ebrc tof suddfsslvf bim hgtfi h`sdurf `lrt `lrtoo hg tofsf gbdt gbdts.s. Th wf dbi dbiiht iht `f hvfrjy drltldb drltldbjj hg tof phft ^buj Wbjìr bjìryy ghr drufj drufjjy jy fepobslzlia tof uirfjlb`ljlty surrhuimlia tof ‚livfitlhi― hg `hto shdlbj bim splrltubj ouebi pofihefib, ehmfri Grffebshiry `flia li tols rfspfdt bim li dhiifdtlhi wlto tof cihwi gbdts tobt obvf ebmf toflr wby mhwi th us, phhr li `hto rfbj olsthry bim butofitld efehry, woljf bt tof sbef tlef rldo wlto tbjfs tobt prfbdo bi hrlali grhe tlef leefeh leefehrlbj rlbj..6 ]oflr Stof GrffebshisU rfbj sfdrft ls ih htofr ùt toflr hrlali. G�� ]�� ^��, H�� G��

]ols ls prfdlsfjy woy L ihw wbit th rfvlslt tof tfxt tltjfm, ‚Jfs shurdfs bitlqufs mf jb trbiselsslhi liltlbtlquf fi grbid-ebáhiifrlf; J“brt djbsslquf mf jb eìehlrf― (]of Bidlfit Thurdfs hg tof Liltlbthry ]rbiselsslhi hg Grffebshiry; ]of Djbssldbj Brt hg Efehry), woldo L glrst pu`jlsofm li 2<<6 bim ls lidjumfm li tols durrfit whrc bs bppfimlx @. ]ols ls b tfxt tobt obs iht bjwbys `ffi gujjy uimfrsthhm bim rfeblis b mhduefit tobt shef dheefitbthrs hi Ebshild olsthrlharbpoy obvf tofrfghrf `fjlfvfm wbs iht whrtoy hg dltlia, mfspltf lts prfdfmfidf. Th kust wobt wbs lt b`hut, li gbdt8 =. ]ols su`kfdt brfb ls hif tobt dbjjs ghr pbylia trlùtf th tof fitlrfty hg tof rfsfbrdo pursufm `y Bjbli @friofle. Ols stumlfs brf pjbdfm prfdlsfj prfdlsfjyy bt tof litfrsfdtlhi hg tof dhisdlfitlhus bim tof sdlfitlgld eftohm, woldo puts ole li tof ghrfgrhit hg bjj olsthrlbis hg Grffebshiry. 6. L“m jlcf th ebcf lt djfbr tobt L be hijy tbraftlia tof bidlfit pjbyfrs hg tof olsthry hg Grffebshiry grhe Bimfrshi bim Mìsbaujlfrs th ^rfsthi bim Outdolishi wlto tols elsdolfvhus, bj`flt grbtfribj, drltldlse. S]of ltbjldlzfm porbsf li Fiajlso li tof hrlalibj. —]rbis.U

=

Litrhmudtlhi

@fdbusf tof qufstlhi hg olsthrldbj hrlalis dbiiht `f thtbjjy”bim sdlfitlgldbjjy”mbtfm, L fxbelifm tof qufstlhi hg shurdfs li tols stumy. Ofrf, hg dhursf, oyphtofsfs brf pfrelttfm bim hijy butohrlzf toflr butohrs th tfbsf hut tof splrltubj ligjufidfs (li tof sfisf usfm `y Pfiì Auìihi) hg b ibturf jlcfjy th supphrt tof bjjfafm hrlalis tobt wfrf djblefm, b phstfrlhrl, `y tof Ebshild eftohm ltsfjg. @ut `fdbusf ey hpfilia stbtfefit lidjumfm bi fssfitlbj rfelimfr hg tofsf shurdfs wohsf fxlstfidf obm jhia `ffi cihwi”th wlt, ghr tof brt hg efehry, torhuao tof `hhcs hg Grbidfs \btfs3 ghr lts prfsfidf li tof Tdhttlso Jhmafs li 26<< bs dhiglrefm `y tof Tfdhim Qljjlbe Tdobw Ttbtutfs, bs sohwi li tof ehrf rfdfit `hhcs `y Mbvlm Ttfvfishi”L wbs bt pbl pblis is th bvhlm el elxl xlia ia tof twh dhidfptu dhidfptubj bj glfjm glfjmss dhislst dhislstlia lia hg tof jlcfjy shurdfs hi tof hif obim, bim tof pjbusl`jf oyphtofsls L obm mfmudfm grhe tofe hi tof htofr. L efrfjy suaafstfm tobt tolias dhujm vfry wfjj obvf `ffi tols wby bim tobt tof qufst ghr tof truto mhfs iht trbvfj torhuao tof mfjl`frbtf litfitlhi th ghrdf tof gbdts th glt tof tofhtofh rlfs, ùt rbtofr `y tof jfaltlebtf ifdfsslty hg vfrlgylia tof tofhrlfs `y puttlia tofe li dhitbdt wlto tof gbdt gbdts.s. Ey prfsfit wlso tofrfghrf ls th dhitfxtubjlzf ey oyphtofsls grhe 2<<6 `y glrst hg bjj rfelimlia ey rfbmfrs hg tof bdcihwjfmafm olsthrldbj dfrtblitlfs hi woldo tobt oyphtofsls wbs `bsfm. Ifxt, L wljj slepjy sffc th sohw ohw lt phtfitlbjjy glts lith tof suddfsslvf dhitrlùtlhis hg b prhtrbdtfm bim grbaefitfm `lrto prhdfss li b ihidhitrbmldthry wby.

DOB^]FP HIF

]of ]fepjf hg Lebafs Grhe Hpfrbtlvf th Tpfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry

TH GHP QBI] HG B ‚jfafimbry

afifbjhay―2 bt ey mlsphsbj hr tof butohrlty th phsltlvfjy stbtf tobt Khoi @hswfjj hg Budolijfc, woh hi Kuif ?, 27>>, thhc pbr pbrtt li tof Jhm Jhmaf af hg Fm Fmliùra liùraoo bt tof Ohjjy Ohjjyrhhm rhhm Ohusf li tof prfsfidf hg Qljjlbe Tdobw, wbs mfgliltfjy liltlbtfm bs b Grffebshi li tof ehmfri sfisf hg bi bddfptfm ‚ihi-hpfrbtlvf,―0 L tolic lt whujm `f th hur bmvbitbaf, li tof dhitfxt hg ey 2<<6 oyphtofsls, th stldc th tof uidhitfstfm gbdts. Qfrf L th mfbj ehrf fxtfislvfjy wlto tols phlit ofrf, L dhujm hijy su`sdrl`f th tof prfsfitbtlhi bim ghreujbtlhi tobt Mbvlm Ttfvfishi abvf li ols `hhc, ]of Hrlalis hg Grffebshiry; Tdhtjbim“s Dfitury, 26<> th 212>. 4 ]of Efmlfvbj dhitrlùtlhi, hg drbgt hrabilsbtlhi bim jfafim, prhvlmfm prhvl mfm shef hg tof lia liarfm rfmlfits lfits fss fssfitlb fitlbjj th tof ghr ghrebtl ebtlhi hi hg Grbid-ebáhiifrlf ifrlf dofz fjjf (Afifvb; Fmltlhi Tjbtclif, 2=. Grfido trbisjbtlhi `y Jhuls Jbrtlauf hg B Dhidl Dhidlsf sf Olsthr Olsthryy hg Grffebshiry (Jhimhi; Abjf & ^hjmfi, 2<>=). 4. Hi pbafs 21 bim 2? hg tof Grfido fmltlhi, Jfs Hrlalifs mf jb grbid-e grbid-ebáhiifrlf; báhiifrlf; Jf slïdjf ìdhssbls (^brls; Fmltlhis ]ìjïtfs, 2<<4)3 li Ttfvfishi, ]of Hrlalis hg Grffebshiry; Tdhtjbim“s Dfitury, 26<> th 212> (Dbe`rlmaf; (Dbe`rlmaf; Dbe`rlmaf Vilvfrslty ^rfss, 2
7


grffebshiry, ùt tof prhdfss hg dhe`lilia tofsf wlto htofr liarfmlfits mlm iht tbcf pjbdf uitlj tof yfbrs brhuim 27>>, bim lt thhc pjbdf li Tdhtjb Tdhtjbim. im. Bspfd Bspfdts ts hg Pfiblss P fiblssbidf bidf tohua tohuaot ot wfrf tofi spjldfm hith tof Efmlfvbj jfafims, bjhia wlto bi listltutlhibj strudturf `bsfm hi jhmafs bim tof rltubjs bim tof sfdrft prhdfmurfs ghr rfdhailtlhi cihwi bs tof ‚Ebshi Qhrm.― Lt ls li tols jbtf Pfiblssbidf Tdhttlso pobsf, bddhrmlia th tof ebli brauefit li tols `hhc, tobt ehmfri grffebshiry wbs drfbtfm.

Ihw, woljf L su`sdrl`f th Er. Ttfvfishi“s prfsfitbtlhi hg tols prhdfss, L be stljj h`jlafm th rfsphim th tof lssuf hg tof dorhihjhaldbjjy mbtfm bim rfgfrfidfm bppfbrbidf hg tof guimbefitbj liarfmlfits of ls mlsdusslia bim tobt of rfabrms bs bddfptb`jf olsthrldbj prhhgs (ebrcfrs li shef wby) hg tof arbmubj fefrafidf hg Grffebshiry `ftwffi 26<< bim 214>. Qobt mh L tol tolic ic tofsf ebkhr gu guimbe imbefitbj fitbj lia liarfmlfits rfmlfits ela elaot ot `f8 Qobt Qo bt wfrf tof iffm iffmss tobt fbd fbdoo hg tofe bis biswfrfm8 wfrfm8 Kust wobt whujm tofi `f tof liltlbj hddurrfidfs hg b spfdlgldbjjy spfdujbtlvf ibturf”hr dhiihtbtlhi8 Li tof sfdhim Tdobw Ttbtutfs hg 26<<, spfdlgld efitlhi ls ebmf hg tof usf hg tof brt hg efehry lislmf tof Jhmaf hg Cljwliilia, li tof ghre hg b rfaujbthry likuidtlhi bppjldb`jf th tof hpfrbtlvf bpprfitldfs bim khurifyefi hg tof drbgt. Lt sffes rfbshib`jf th ef th suaafst tobt tols brt hg efehry wbs prbdtldfm li lts djbssldbj Pfiblssbidf ghre bs mfsdrl`fm `y Grbidfs \btfs. Lt wbs cihwi li tof dhurt hg tof Tdhttlso clia Kbefs WL `y Qljjlbe Tdobw, bs wfjj bs `y Bjfxbimfr Mldcshi, woh bjsh grfqu g rfqufitfm fitfm tols dhurt. = Lt tofrf`y lepjldltjy hggfrs prhhg hg tof prfsfidf hg tof ghuimbtlhibj bim tutfjbry lebaf hg tof tfepjf”`y efbis hg b tfepjf tobt ls ihw lebalibry bim spfdujbtlvf rbtofr tobi hif tobt =. Lt sh obppfis tobt tof Tdhtsebi Bjfxbimfr Mldcshi wbs tof prhphifit hg tof tohuaot hg Alhrmbih @ruih bt Hxghrm bim Dbe`rlmaf grhe 26?4 th 26?6 bim thhc lt uphi olesfjg th `fdhef tof mfgfimfr hg tobt bmfpt hg tof Ofreftld vfrslhi hg tof brt hg efehry li tof elmst hg tof dhitrhvfrslfs bim phjfelds tobt surrhuimfm @ruih“s vlslt th Fiajbim.


1

ls brdoltfdturbj bim ebtfrlbj”bs tof whe` hg Ebshild sye`hjlse li afstbtlhi.6 Qobt mlm tof ifxt stba stbaff hg tol tolss afst afstbtlhi btlhi rfqulrf li hrmfr th tbcf pjbdf8 Qobt wbs iffmfm wfrf wfrf limlvlmubjs dbpb`j dbpb`jff hg prbdtld prbdtldlia lia tols t ols spfdujbspfdujbtlvf mlsdlpjlif, hr, bt tof vfry jfbst, b gbvhrb`jf bim ‚fijlaotfifm― eljlfu tobt ihw dhislstfm hg ihi-hpfrbtlvf Ebshis, lith woldo tof glrst shjfjy spfdujbtlvf Grffebshis whujm `f vfry quldcjy limudfm th tbcf tof pjuiaf. ]ols ls prfdlsfjy wobt obppfifm bt bi uilitfrruptfm djlp li Tdhtjbim stbrtlia li 274=. ]ofsf bmelsslhis, woldo brf dhiglrefm `y tof ‚brdolvfs hg tof hpfrbtlvf jhmafs hg Tdhtjbim, dbi `f trbdfm li bddhrmbidf wlto tof gbdts tobt ljjustrbtf tof prhdfss usfm `y tof ihi-hpfrbtlvfs th pfi ftrbtf hpfrbtlvf Ebshiry― ( M Mldtlhiiblrf ldtlhiiblrf toìebtlquf ljjustrì mf jb grbidebáhiifrlf, 0=1). ]ofy sohw tof fefrafidf hg b prhgljf hg tof efi sueehifm th `fdhef”bt jfbst shef hg tofe”ehmfri Grffebshis. 7 @ut prh`b`jy tof ehst lephrtbit fvfit th tbcf pjbdf li tof glrst objg hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury (bim stljj li Tdhtjbim) ls tof efitlhi hg tof fxlstfidf li 2741 (bt tof vfry jbtfst) hg tof Ebshi Qhrm li Bmbeshi“s phfe ‚Eusfs ]orfihmlf.― Bt tols tlef hijy lts ibef wbs efitlhifm, iht lts ibturf hr efbilia. ]ofsf whujm hijy `f fxpjblifm jbtfr li tof sbef dfitury tobt rfvfbjfm tof twh t wh whrms whrms Kbdoli bim @hbz , bi Hjm ]fstbefit rfgfrfidf th tof twh pljjbrs hg Thjhehi“s ]fepjf li Kfrusb Kfr usbjfe, jfe, wold woldoo obm `ff `ffii `brf `brfjy jy dl dlrdu rdujbtf jbtfmm1 uitlj tobt tlef. 6. ‚]of torff slepjf whrms ‟brt hg efehry“ eby `f tbcfi bs prhhg tobt grhe tof glrst, tof Tdobw jhmafs wfrf bt jfbst mb``jlia li hddujt bim eystldbj strbims hg jbtf Pfiblssbidf tohuaot.― Ttfvfishi, ]of Hrlalis, 6>. 7. Qlto rfspfdt th tof bmelsslhi hg Bitohiy Bjfxbimfr bim shef djhsf grlfims hi Kujy 4, 274=, Bim Bimrì rì Cfr Cfrvfjj vfjjbb hggf hggfrs rs b rfmudtl rfmudtlvf vf bim ehst rfsfr rfsfrvfm vfm litfr litfrprftbtlhi; prftbtlhi; ‚SB. Bjfxbimfr wbs up ghr dhislmfrbtlhiU bs lg hi bi lispfdtlhi thur, ih ehrf ih jfss3 . . . ]of rfdfptlhi tofy wfrf alvfi wbs tobt hg butohrltlfs bixlhus th vfrlgy tof wby li woldo bme bmelils lilstrbtlvf trbtlvf au aulmfjl lmfjlifs ifs wfrf ghjjhwfm li tof glfjm glfjm.. Li biy dbsf dbsf,, tol tolss wbs ih clim hg liltlbt liltlbtlhi.― lhi.― ‚^rhtholsthlrf ‚ ^rhtholsthlrf ebáhii ebáhiilquf; lquf; Jb jhl mu Eìtlfr.― 1. Li tof fbrjlfr, bim fxdjuslvfjy Fiajlso, ‚Hjm Dobrafs― tof twh pljjbrs tobt brf dltfm ehst hgtfi wfrf li gbdt tof bitfmljuvlbi dhjueis ebmf hg `rldc bim sthif tobt wfrf sblm th `f tof whrcs hg tof shis hg Tfto, hr hg Fihdo, hr hg Ihbo.

?


Qobt ls tof prfsfidf hg tofsf twh plj pljjbrs jbrs fssfitlb fssfitlbjjy jjy tfjj tfjjlia lia us8 ]ofy brf tof bppfbrbidf hg tof pbsswhrms bim tof sfdrfdy tobt surrhuims toflr usbaf. ]ofy brf tof fvlmfidf”sheftolia tobt whujm hijy `f cihwi jbtfr”hg wobt wbs `flia dbrrlfm hut li tols listbidf uimfr tof dhvfr hg tof ghre hg b trbiselsslhi murlia b rltubj. ]ols rltubj wbs dfrtblijy b rumlefitbry hif, ùt hif bddfssl`jf th Grffebshis bjhif, bim lt wbs murlia tols tlef tobt slais bim arlps wfrf fxdobiafm. Glibjjy, bim ofrf ls wofrf ehst jlcfjy rfslmfs tof ‚guimbefitbj liarfmlfit― dhitblifm li tof twh pljjbrs Kbdoli bim @hbz”bi limldbthr hg tof spfdujbtlvf slailgldbidf bttbdofm th tof ]fepjf hg Kfrusbjfe bim ih jhiafr b rfgfrfidf th tof twh bitfmljuvlbi dhjueis hg tof Hjm Dobrafs”woldo djfbrjy limldbtfs, bs L be pfrshibjjy dhivlidfm, tof bppfbrbidf hg hif hg tof vfry glrst sye`hjs tobt wbs iht b jfabdy grhe tof dusthebry thhjs hg tof hpfrbtlvf drbgt. Bim, bs wf sobjj sff jbtfr, tols sye`hj wbs hg ih jlttjf lephrtbidf li tof prhpplia up hg tof oyphtofsls wohsf afifrbj hutjlif L mrfw up li 2<<6. Qff glglib Q ibjjy jjy iffm th bmm th tofsf bssu bssueptlhis eptlhis tobt obvf `ffi jlstf jlstfmm bim mbtfm b`hvf, b `hvf, tof limlspfisb`jf lim lspfisb`jf dhimltlhi ghr tof mfvfjhpefit mfvfjhpefit hg tols ifw ghre hg Grffebshiry, stbrtlia grhe tofsf yfbrs (th `f ehrf prfdlsf, 27=2, wlto tof liltlbtlhi lith tof Tdhttlso Jhmaf hg Fmliùrao ? hg Tlr Ph`frt Ehrby, b ibtlvf Tdhtsebi, bi fshtfrld poljhshpofr bim bmfpt hg trbmltlhibj tohuaot, woh wbs trbvfjlia torhuao ihrtofri @rltbli) wofi ‚afitjfefi ebshis― (woh wfrf stljj tofi dbjjfm Ohihrbry, ]ofhrftldbj, hr Afhebtld Ebshis3 sff ^lfrrf Ihãj) wfrf rfaujbrjy bddfptfm bim rfdflvfm lith tof Tdhttlso hpfrbtlvf jhmafs. @y tof sfdhim objg hg tof dfitury tofy obm ghrefm ‚elxfm― jhmafs tobt sheftlefs obm b elihrlty ùt sheftlefs b ebkhrlty hg ihi-hpfrbtlvf efe`frs (sff Ttfvfishi prlebrljy). prleb rljy). ]ofsf guimbefitbj mfvfjhpefits hg tof drbgt li tof Tdhttlso dhuitryslmf wfrf hg dhursf dhisfdrbtfm bim, wf dhujm fvfi sby glibjlzfm, li 27<7 wofi b mhduefit, tof Fmliùrao Pfalstfr Ohusf Ebiusdrlpt, ?. Ghr ehrf hi tols phlit sff Mbvlm Ttfvfishi, Jhuls ]rìùdoft, bim ^lfrrf Ihãj.


<

prhvlmfs us b dhepjftf ‚dbtfdolse― li b slia sliajf jf tfxt (sfr sfrvl vlia ia `hto bs b efbis ghr Ebshis th rfdhailzf hif bihtofr bim bs rltubj listrudtlhi) bim tof ‚wby th alvf tof Ebshi Qhrm.― < Qf bjsh cihw tobt `y tols mbtf, bim ghr sfvfrbj yfbrs prfdfmlia lt, tobt jhmafs dhislstlia hg ihihpfrbtlvf efe`frs bjrfbmy fxlstfm li Tdhtjbim. Th, th sue up tof `bsld phstujbtfs hg tof prfsfit tfxt, tols `rlfg dorhihjhaldbj rfelimfr prlebrljy hggfrs fvlmfidf ghr torff tolias. ]of glrst ls tobt tof hrlali hg spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry ls li sfvfitffito-dfitury Tdhtjbim bim hijy li Tdhtjbim.2> ]of sfdhim ls tobt tols hrlali, ghuimfm hi gbdts tobt wfrf sprfbm bdrhss bjehst b gujj dfitury (26<<—27<7), su`stbitlbtfs (ùt hijy ghr Tdhtjbim22), tof tofhry hg b trbisltlhi grhe tof hpfrbtlvf ghre th tof spfdujbtlvf ghre. ]of tolrm ls tobt b iue`fr hg ‚guimbefitbj liarfmlfits― h`sfrvfm `y ^rhgfsshr Ttfvfishi brf prfsfit li tof afstbtlia pofihefihi;20 tof lebaf hg b efitbj tfepjf bs b supphrt ghr rfgjfdtlhi bim b eftohm ghr efehrlzlia tof liltlbj h`kfdtlvfs bim tof prhdfmurfs ghr bdolfvlia tof pjbiifm brdoltfdturf3 tof rfdfptlhi hg ihi-hpfrbtlvf efe`frs lith bi bssfe`jy dbjjfm b ‚ebshi“s jhmaf3― <. ôljlppf Jbiajft, Jfs ]fxtfs ghimbtfurs mf jb grbid-ebáhii grbid-ebáhiifrlf frlf (^brls; Ìmltlhis Mfrvy, 0>>7). 2>. Dfrtbli fxbepjfs, woldo brf dltfm jfss bim jfss bs prhhg thmby `y olsthrlbis, sudo bs tobt hg tof fvfits hg tof Dhepbiy hg Ebshis li Jhimhi `ftwffi 272< bim 2702, hr tobt hg tof spfdujbtlvf liltlbtlhi hg Fjlbs Bsoehjf li Fiajbim li 27=7, dbi ih jhiafr `f vbjlmjy rftblifm `fdbusf, hi tof hif obim, tofy bppfbr mfgliltlvfjy lshjbtfm grhe htofr fvfits hg tof sbef tlef, bim, hi tof htofr obim, lt ls fspfdlbjjy `fdbusf tofy brf mlggldujt th litfrprft bs `fjhialia th tof eujtlgbdftfm dhitfxt hg b jbrafr wohjf uimfrahlia trbisghrebtlhi. 22. Qlto rfspfdt th tof jbtfr dbsf hg Fiajbim, L gujjy su`sdrl`f th tof `hrrhwlia tofhry, woldo, li ey hplilhi (slidf tof brtldjf `y Frld Qbrm), djfbrjy fxpjblis tof ifw pofihefihi rfdhrmfm bgtfr 2121. 20. ]ols ls sheftolia tobt tof ‚phjltldbj― bpprhbdo hg dfrtbli butohrs jlcf Bimrì Cfrvfjjb, ghr fxbepjf, obvf `ffi sjhw th tbcf lith dhislmfrbtlhi.

2>


sfdrfdy3 tof pbsswhrms bim slais3 b rfdfptlhi rltubj ghr tof dbimlmbtfs sueehifm th `f ‚fitfrfm― (bmelttfm)3 b wrlttfi mhduefit sfrvlia bs b efehry blm (wrlttfi li 27<7 ùt tfstlgylia th prhdfmurfs tobt bppfbr th obvf `ffi jhia cihwi), sfttlia tof tfrelihjhay hg tof sye`hjs, efitlhilia bi hbto hi b sbdrfm `hhc, tof @l`jf, bdtlia bs b tljfr, bim efitlhilia tof usf hg tof ‚whrm.― ]obt sblm, mhfs tols `rlfg dorhihjhaldbj hvfrvlfw hg Ebshild olsthry tofi `flia ebmf li Tdhtjbim bjjhw us th ligfr wf obvf fxobustfm tof stumy hg tof shurdf hg tof sye`hjs bim tof wby tofy wfrf drbgtfm, li tof glrst rhw hg woldo wf sohujm pjbdf tof Ebshild tfepjf, woldo ls th sby, tof sltf wofrf tof bssfe`jlfs hg Grffebshis obvf toflr efftlias8 Hg dhursf, tof biswfr ls ih. Bi fxdfjjfit stumy `y Grbiáhls Arushi pu`jlsofm rfdfitjy bles bt mfsdrl`lia tof elarbtlhi hg Ebshild bdtlvlty grhe tof obpobzbrm sltfs wofrf lt wb wbss li liltlb ltlbjjjjyy jhd jhdbtf btfmm th glglxfm xfm jhd jhdbtlhi btlhiss dhis dhisfdr fdrbtf btfmm th sfr sfrvf vf tobt purphsf hi b pfrebifit `bsls, `rldc-bim-ehrtbr ùljmlias efbit th sfrvf bs tof ofbmqubrtfrs hg ‚fstb`jlsofm― afharbpoldbj jhmafs, 24 li htofr whrms, li bddhrmbidf wlto tof bddfptfm tfrelihjhay, li Fiajlso, hg ‚prlvbtf jhmafs.― L sohujm jlcf th dltf b jfiatoy fxtrbdt th ljjustrbtf tols; Qf sohujm li gbdt rfdbj Qf rfdbjjj tobt Grffebshir Grffebshiryy ls b ihebmld brt brt,, bt jfbst lt wbs sh bt tof `faliilia. ]of glrst jhmafs eft li Jhimhi li tof `bdc rhhes hg tbvfris. Li ^brls tofy eft bt liis hr li prlvbtf ohefs. 24. Li bddhrmbidf wlto tof ofidf djbssld Fiajlso tfrelihjhay, jlcf tobt woldo tof sdohjbr Mbi Mhrhi hg tof ôljbjftofs Thdlfty rfelimfm us iht sh jhia bah wofi of fvhcfm tof tlefs hg tof rfehtf pbst wofi tof @rltlso jhmafs mlm iht yft obvf ‚pfrebifit efe`frs― hr ‚dhisfdrbtfm― tfepjfs li woldo tofy dhujm efft hi b rfaujbr `bsls.


Bt tols tlef, tof hijy spfdlgldbjjy Ebshild fjfefit hg tof jhmaf wbs tof trbdlia `hbrm hr dobrt, mrbwi li dobjc tofi uigurjfm hvfr tof gjhhr hg tof efftlia pjbdf li tof ghre hg b dbrpft. Li tof fbrjlfst mfsdrlptlhis, tofsf hutjlifs wfrf ehst hgtfi rfprfsfitfm wlto tof ibef ‚jhmaf pjbi,― bs lg th djfbrjy sohw lt dhidfrifm brdoltfdturf, bj`flt bi brdoltfdturf hg tof elim bim iht b slepjf pldthrlbj mfvldf hg bi fe`jfebtld hr bjjfahrldbj ibturf. ]ofsf ‚trbdlia `hbrms― rfgfr th tof brdoftypf hg tof tfepjf, sye`hjlzfm `y tof ]fepjf hg Thjhehi li Kfrusbjfe. ]ofsf mrbwlias wfrf lispl lisplrfm rfm `y tof iuefrhus pldthrl pldthrlbj bj litfrprft litfrprftbtlhis btlhis hg `l`jldb `l`jldbjj tfxts tobt wfrf qultf dheehi murlia tof Pfiblssbidf. ]ols lmfbj, lg iht th sby lmfbtfm, tfep tfepjf, jf, woldo sfrvfs bs b s b sye`hjld rfprfsfitbtlhi rfprfsfitbtlhi hg vlrtuf, iht hijy ghres tof `jufprlit hg b ùljmlia hr jhdbjf tobt ls iht yft b tfepjf, ùt rbtofr b clim hg efitbj brdoltfdturf, tobt ls th sby, hif tobt obs `ffi mrbwi iht wlto b ebtfrlbj dhistrudtlhi li elim ùt ùt rbtofr bi fmlgldbtlhi hg tof splrlt. . . . Lt wbs hijy murlia tof sfdhim objg hg tof flaotffito dfitury tobt tols lmfbjlzfm brdoltfdturf wbs glibjjy trbisgfrrfm lith tof mfdhrbtlhi hg tof sltf wofrf tof jhmaf eft, b jhdbjf ofidfghrto litfimfm ghr strldtjy Ebshild usf. ]of fjfefits hg tof ‚trbdlia `hbrm,― tobt ls th sby, tof jhmaf dbrpft, ebtfrlbjlzfm wltoli wobt wbs ofidfghrto th `f dbjjfm b tfepjf. ]of gjhhr `fdhefs b ehsbld pbvfefit tobt ls bmhrifm `y b rhuao bim pfrgfdt bsojbr2= hi tof fbstfri fim. ]of wbjjs wbj js brf b rf ouia wlto w lto dbivbsfs db ivbsfs hr jhhc hut hi th leba lebalibr libryy jbimsdbpfs, jb imsdbpfs, bs lg th djfbrjy rfelim Stof EbshiU tobt tof tfepjf ls uiglilsofm. ]of fbstfri wbjj ls bmhrifm wlto torff jbeps bim, li dhighrebidf wlto tof `l`jldb `l`jldbjj tfxt tfxt,, tof mhhr hg tof tfepjf ls grb grbefm efm `y tof twh pljjbrs plj jbrs hg Kbdol Kbdolii bim @hb @hbz. z. Jbst Jbstjy, jy, tof dhrildf ls alvfi tof ciht cihttfm tfm rhpf tobt surrhuims tof dbrpft hg tof jhmaf. . . . ]ols ls ohw, wlto tof spbtlbjlzbtlhi bim ebtfrlbjlzbtlhi hg bi liltlbjjy efitbj mfvldf, tof pjbdf hg Ebshild prbdtldf”tof `bdc rhhe 2=. S]wh sebjj `jhdcs hg sthif.” ]rbis.U

22

20


hg b tbvfri hr brlsthdrbtld sbjhi”glibjjy sbjhi”glibj jy `fdbef tof t of Ebshild tfepjf tobt wf obvf cihwi ghr b jlttjf ehrf tobi twh ouimrfm yfbrs. ]of ‚trbdlia `hbrm― tofrfghrf wfit grhe tof stbtus hg b efitbj mfpldtlhi dhislstlia hg b sye`hjld brrbiafefit, woldo dhujm fbsljy `rlia th elim b clim hg ebimbjb, th tobt hg b vfrltb`jf brdoltfdturbj `jufprlit.26

@ut tols bddhuit”bjtohuao lt ls dhepjftfjy pfrtlifit”hg tof trbisltlhi grhe tof ‚trbdlia `hbrm― th tof ebtfrlbjlzfm spbdf dbjjfm tof ‚Ebshild tfepjf― rfeblis fssfitlbjjy mfsdrlptlvf bim gbjjs wfjj sohrt hg wobt wf brf ohplia ghr. Ohw mhfs fbdo sye`hj”lidjumlia tohsf `hrrhwfm grhe tof ebiubj drbgt hg ùljmfr bim/hr brdoltfdt”stbim hut grhe tof htofrs tobt ghre tof dhidfptubj mlsdhursf8 Qobt brf tof phssl`jy dhepbrb`jf jbws hr pbrbm pbrbmlae laess tobt fxl fxlstfm stfm `fghrf tol tolss styjf hg drfbtlhi8 Dbi tof brt hg efehry, woldo wbs slepjy efitlhifm li 26<< bs phssl`jy dhitrlùtlia th tof spfdujbtlvf ghrebtlhi hg tof pjbi hg tof jhmaf, tofi tof Ebshild tfepjf, bjsh ofjp us plfrdf tof ‚dujturbj― sfdrft hg tof wby tof sye`hjs wfrf ghrefm8 Qobt brf tof olsthrldbj gbdts li tols rfabrm, bim wobt ofjp mh tofy `rlia th tols oyphtofsls8

26. Grbiáhls Arushi, ‚Brdoltfdturf, pfisìf ft bdtlhi ebáhiilqufs,― Hrmh B` Dobh, ih. 70 (0>22), 21>—12.

DOB^]FP ]Q ]QH H

]of Fvhjutlhi hg tof Brt hg Efehry

]h tolic ls th rfgjfdt hi lebafs. A�� @��

wltoli L] LT T^FDLGLDBJJ\ wltoli

tof brt hg efehry tobt wf iffm th mlrfdt hur sfbrdo ghr tof biswfrs th tofsf qufstlhis. Li tof sfvfitffito dfitury, tols fxtrbhrmlibry eifehild tfdoilquf, woldo strbmmjfs `hto bibjhaldbj toliclia bim dhidfptubj tohuaot, mlm iht fikhy qultf tof phpujbr phpu jbrlty lty bim fg fggg jhrfsdfid jhrfsdfidff lt obm obm,, pbrb pbrbmhxldb mhxldbjjy, jjy, behia tohsf woh cifw ohw th rfbm bim wrltf li bitlqulty, bs wfjj bs murlia tof Elmmjf Bafs bim tof Pfiblssbidf. Li bitlqulty, uimfr tof lepftus hg tof glrst trfbtlsfs hg tof Bm Ofrfiilue Ofrfiil ue bim hg Dldfrh, tols brt wbs eblijy fivlslhifm ghr usf `y hrbthrs. Murlia tof Jbtli-ligjufidfm Elmmjf Bafs, lt hgtfi dhitliufm th sfrvf bs bi blm b lm ghr ebclia ebcl ia spffdofs, ùt, uimfr tof prfssurf prfssurf hg tof glifst elims bim arfbtfst glaurfs hg tof tlef, lt wbs ibturbjjy litfarbtfm lith Dorlstlbi mhdtrlif bim lts dbrmlibj vlrtufs. Bgtfr Dobrjfebaif, wf glim tof prfstlalhus prfstlalhus ibefs hg Bj`frtus Ebaius bim Tblit ]ohebs bsshdlbtfm wlto lt, wol woljf jf tof Mheli Mhelildbi ldbi Hrmfr wbs sprfbml sprfbmlia ia b mhefstldbtfm usf 24

2=


hg lt ghr tof purphsfs hg bphjhaftlds, dhivfrslhi, bim liqulsltlhi. ^ftfr hg Pbvfiib prhehtfm b sfdujbr bmbptbtlhi hg tols efehry tfdoilquf. Murlia tof Pfiblssbidf, woljf wf dfrtblijy dhef bdrhss tof prfsfidf hg Frbseus, lt ls tof ebkhr glaurfs hg Jjujj,2 Alujjh Dbeljjh, bim Alhrmbih @ruih li pbrtldujbr tobt mlvfrtfm tols brt lith tof eystldbj, Ofreftld mlrfdtlhi tobt whujm `fdhef tof ebkhr poljhshpoy hg tobt frb, woljf bi fitlrf sfdtlhi hg tof brt, prlebrljy mfmldbtfm th eifehild tfdoilqufs bim prhdfmurfs rfeblifm vltbj. Grbidfs \btfs prhvlmfs b sueebry hg tols uimfr tof afifrld tfre hg tof ‚djbssldbj brt hg efehry.― ]of litfjjfdtubj bim splrltubj sltubtlhi hg tof brt hg efehry fvhjvfm babli murlia tof sfvfitffito dfitury. Hi tof hif obim, tof lephrlephrtbidf hg tof brt li bddhrmbidf wlto Pbehi Jjujj“s mfgliltlhi `fabi th mwlimjf; fvfitubjjy bjj tobt rfeblifm hg lt wlto biy phtfidy wbs tof sfbrdo ghr tof eftohm. 0 Bt tols sbef tlef tof upohjmfrs hg tof ebaldbj, Ofreftld ihtlhi hg tols brt obm tbcfi phssfsslhi hg tof ghrfgrhit hg tof stbaf hg lmfbs”li biy dbsf bt jfbst slidf tof ‚rfvfjbtlhi― hg tof wrltlias hg Ofrefs ]rlsefalstus `y Lsbbd Dbsbu`hi li 272=. Hi tof htofr obim, tof brt wbs bsshdlbtfm wlto mlggfrfit ehmfs hg rfprfsfitlia tolias bim lmfbs, prlebrljy li tof mfvfjhpefit bt tols tlef hg fe`jfebtb. 4 ]ofsf dhitliuf th `f vfry phhrjy uimfrsthhm thmby, mfspltf tof pu`jldbtlhi hg Bimrì Bjdlbt“s sfelibj `hhc li Buasùra li 2642. Tfflia tof gbitbstld prhjlgfrbtlhi hg tof wrlttfi bim prlitfm whrm th tof mftrlefit hg spffdo efehrlzfm `y ofbrt bim tof hrbj trbmltlhi, tof Qfstfri ebi hg 21>> dhujm obvf sblm th olesfjg jlcf Wldthr Ouah (hvfrjhhclia tof bibdorhilstld ibturf hg tof quhtbtlhi li tols listbidf); 2. Li gbdt, Grbidfs \btfs rfabrms Pbehi Jjujj, woh mlfm li 2427, ehrf bs b glaurf hg tof Pfiblssbidf tobi tof Elmmjf Bafs. ]of Brt hg Efehry, 217. 0. Li ey hplilhi, lt ls ifltofr ifutrbj ihr lrrfjfvbit tobt tof yfbr 2741 wltifssfm tof glrst olsthrldbj efitlhi hg tof Ebshi Qhrm li Tdhtjbim (sff b`hvf) bim tof pu`jldbtlhi hg tof Mlsdhu Mlsdhursf rsf hi Eftohm `y `y Pfiì Mfsdbrtfs. L pfrshibjjy rfabrm tols mbtf bs bi fssfitlbj eljfsthif li tof olsthrldbj prhdfss hg tof mlsshdlbtlhi hg tohuaot li tof Qfst li lts uilquf bim uilglfm ghre lith bibjhaldbj tohuaot, hi tof hif obim, bim dhidfptubj tohuaot, hi tof htofr. 4. Dg., eblijy Bimrì Bjdlbt, Jfs Fe`jï Fe`jïefs efs (^brls; Fmltlhi Cjlidcslfc, 2<<1).


26

‚]ols wljj cljj tobt.― Qhujmi“t lt tofrfghrf `f jlcfjy tobt uimfr tofsf dhimltlhis tobt tof stljj-ghrelia Ebshild sye`hjlse whujm `fdhef tof sthrbaf, prfsfrvbtlhi, bim trbiselsslhi sltf ghr b pbrtldujbr ghre hg tof brt hg efehry8 ]ols wbs bi fssfitlbjjy hrbj ghre tobt wbs li tof elmst hg `flia mftorhifm bim swfpt bslmf `y wrltlia. ]ols ls wobt tof olsthrl dbj mfvfjhpefits bim trbisghrebtlhis hg tof brt whujm sffe th suaafst, li pbrt. Ebi dbiiht uimfrstbim wltohut lebafs (pobitbsebtb (pobitbsebtb). ). T�� ]�� T�� ]�� B��

Murlia tof tlef tobt spbis tof t of fim hg tof slxtffito slxtffito dfitury bim b im tof `faliilia hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury, woldo ls tof pfrlhm tobt dolfgjy dhidfris us ofrf, tof lephrtbidf hg tof ehmf hg rfprfsfitbtlhi li tof brauefit L be ebclia eust `f fepobslzfm. Bjfxbimfr Mldcshi, prh phifit hg Dbtohjldl Dbtohjldlse se bim mfgfimfr hg @ruih bt Hxg Hxghrm hrm li 26?= 6?=,, bim w oh oh wf sff babli bt tof dhurt hg Clia Kbefs WL hg Tdhtjbim li tof dhe pbiy hg Qlj Qljjlb jlbe e Tdobw (Dbtohj Dbtohjld) ld) bim Qlj Qljjlb jlbe e Ghwjfr (^rhtfstb (^rhtfstbit it),), pu`jlsofm pu`jl sofm b `hhc hi ‚tof sobmhws sobmhws.― .― Li lt of iht hijy ml mlsdu sdussf ssfss tof fssfidf hg lmfbs ùt ehrf pbrtldujbrjy ‚tof sobmhws hg lmfbs.― ]of dhi vfrsbtlhi of rfdhuits `ftwffi `f twffi ]obeus ]obeus,, tof t of clia c lia hg Faypt, Fa ypt, bim ]ofuto, livfithr hg brt bim wrltlia, ls lislstfit ‚tobt tof livfitlhi hg wrltlia wljjjj iht leprhvf efehr wl efehryy ùt mfstrhy lt, `fd `fdbusf busf tof Fa Faypt yptlbi lbiss wl wljjjj trust li tofsf ‟fxtfribj dobrbdtfrs woldo brf iht pbrt hg tofesfjvfs,“ bim tols wljj mlsdhurbaf ‟tof usf hg toflr hwi efehry, wltoli tofe.“ ]ols brauefit ls djhsfjy rfprhmudfm `y Mldcshi li tof dhivfrsbtlhi hg ols ]obeus bim ]ofutbtfs.―= Dhujmi“t wf sff ofrf prfdlsfjy, li b `fjbtfm wby dfrtblijy, tof gbjjhut hg tof dhidfptubj muhphjy `ftwffi lmfbs bim toflr fxprfsslhi wrlttfi `y efbis hg jfttfrs, woldo torhuao b ibturbj bim efdobildbj rfbdtlhi, hif dhujm sby, whujm `f dbrvlia b pbto tobt wbs fitlrfjy trbdfm hut tols =. \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry, 07<.

27


wby th tof bib bibjhaldb jhaldbjj bim b im rfuilglfm rfuil glfm ghrebtlhi hg tof phjysfeld Ebshild sye`hj8 @ut lg wf brf th tbcf tof ]ohelst bim Mhelildbi dhidfpt hg tof brt hg efehry bs truto, tofi efehry wljj, bs \btfs phlits hut, rftbli tof fvh sfisl`ljlb ehrf fbsljy tobi tof litfjjlal`ljlb. Ihw, lg wf stldc th tof fvhjutlhi (wohsf `rhbm jlifs obvf `ffi rbplmjy scftdofm hut b`hvf) hg tof olsthrldbj ghres hg tof brt, wf eust bddfpt tof gbdt tobt b solgt hddurrfm. Hrlalibjjy, tof djbssldbj dhidfpt hg tof brt hg efehry wbs alvfi tof sbef stbtus `y tohsf jlvlia murlia tof elmwby elmwby phlit hg tof Elmmjf Bafs bs tobt rfsfrvfm ghr lebalifs, litfitlhifs, rfs, bim vfr`b bs sye`hjld fjfefits litfimfm th hddupy tof jhdl bim th stleujbtf tof efehry. Murlia tof jbtfr pfrlhm wlto woldo wf brf dhidfrifm bim woldo ls mlrfdtjy bsshdlbtfm wlto tof jbttfr pbrt hg Qljjlbe Tdobw“s jlgf, b trbisltlhi thhc pjbdf; p jbdf; arfbtfr lephrtbidf wbs pjbdfm hi tof lebafs (lebalifs) bim tof tolias (rfs) rfprfsfitfm bs stleujbtlia gbdthrs ghr efehry. Lt kust sh obppfis tobt wobt tols solgt thwbrm lebafs bim ebtfrlbjlzfm rfprfsfitbtlhis `bsldbjjy rfvfbjs ls eudo ehrf sfrlhus bim slailgldbit tobi b `bibj bim dhivhjutfm sdohjbrs“ qubrrfj torhuao tof litfrvfitlhi hg rlvbj uilvfrsltlfs (Mldcshi, ^frclis, ftd., `ftwffi 26?= bim 26?7); lt bdtubjjy dhidfris tof stbtus hg tof lebaf”bim lebafs”li tof Dorlstlbi Qfst. ]of Dbtohjld gblto jblm djble th lt bim bmbptfm lt ghjjhwlia li tof ghhtstfps hg tof Mhelildbis hg tof Elmmjf Bafs. ]of ^rhtfstbit gblto (woldo li bjj ebttfrs livhjvlia tof @rltlso Lsjfs ls b ehrf purltbildb purltb ildbjj fxprfsslhi) rfkfdtf rfkfdtfmm lt bim fidhurba fidhurbafm fm ldhihdjb ldhihdjbse. se. Bt tol tolss sbef tlef, Alhrmbih @ruih, gbr grhe `flia trlppfm up `y tols bppbrbppbrfit dhitrbmldtlhi, pusofm lt fvfi gurtofr ghr ols bmvbitbaf bs b dhepjfx ghre hg tohuaot li qufst hg b eftbpoysldbj uilvfrsbjlse. Grbidfs \btfs tfjjs us of wbs ihw spfbclia iht hg bi brt ùt b eftohm; ‚Qf listltutf b eftohm, iht b`hut tolias ùt b`hut tof slailgldbidf hg tolias.― 6 Gbr grhe bi fjsfwofrf bim ihwofrf hg uthplb bddhrmlia th Dbepbifjjb, whujmi“t tof guturf hpfrbtlvf bim ihi-hpfrbtlvf 6. \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry, 0<=.


21

Grffebshis hg 27>>-frb Tdhtjbim, fiabafm li bi hutslmf hg whrc qufst ghr eftohm ùt rfeblilia leefrsfm ifvfrtofjfss li tof ofrf bim ihw hg splrltubjjy dhigjldtlvf shdlftlfs, `f li tof prhdfss hg mlsdhvfrlia tof Ebshild sye`hj `fifbto tof efehrlzfm lebaf8 Libseudo bs tof purphsf hg ey brauefit, `hto ihw bim li 2<<6, ls th prhept b rfturi th hrlalibj shurdfs, wobt mh L ujtlebtfjy efbi wofi L spfbc hg Ebshild sye`hjs8 Lg wf bddfpt tof gbdt tobt Ebshild sye`hjs wfrf drfbtfm `y toflr livfithrs bs fjfefits hg jbiaubaf bim dheeuildbtlhi litfimfm th trbiselt ehrbj ehrbj bim splrltubj vbjufs dbpb`jf hg `flia ebmf uilvfrsbj, kust ohw mlm tofsf livfithrs ah b`hut tof tbsc tofy sft ghr tofesfjvfs8 ]oflr glrst stfp wbs th sfjfdt tof tfrrbli bim tof mhebli uphi bim li woldo th sltubtf toflr bibjhalfs bim eftbpohrs. ]ols whujm `f tof mhebli hg tof ùljmfr li woldo tof ‚arbgtlia― dhefs lith pjby, `fdbusf lt ibturbjjy dhe`lifs tof ebstfr ùljmfr (tof Arfbt Brdoltfdt hg tof Vilvfrsf), tof dhidflvfr hg tof fmlgldf (tof brdoltfdt), bim tof whrcfr (tof ebshi hi tof dhistrudtlhi sltf) li lts lepjfefitbtlhi. ]of ujtlujtl ebtf ble lepjlfm `y tof prbdtldfs li tof glfjm hg bdtlvlty sfjfdtfm tols wby ls wfj wfjjj cihw cihwi; i; li tof leb lebaf af hg tof hrla hrlalib libjj tfepjf, tof ]fepjf hg Thjhehi, litfimfm th wfjdhef tof mlvlif prfsfidf behia ouebi `flias bim glx lt th hif jhdbtlhi (tof Tofclibo). Lt whujm dhislst hg ùljmlia bim dhistrudtlia fvfry fmlgldf ibturbjjy dbpb`jf hg pfreltpfrelttlia tof limlvlmubj th `f prhtfdtfm, th jlvf, bim th sofjtfr ols gbeljy, woljf wol jf bt tof sbef tlef ùl ùljml jmlia ia ols hwi sfjg sfjg.. ]ol ]olss splrlt splrltubj ubj ùl ùljmli jmliaa wljjjj tofrf`y fisurf tof jlb wl jlblshi lshi bim mlb mlbjhauf jhauf `ft `ftwffi wffi tof ‚j ‚jlttjf lttjf whrjm― tobt tols limlvlmubj fe`hmlfs, bim tof hrabilzfm ‚jbraf whrjm― li woldo of mwfjjs, bwbrf hg tof gbvhr bim ahhm ghrtuif tobt tof Arfbt Hrabilzfr wljjjj brrb wl brrbiaf iaf th `f ols jht li l i rfturi ghr ols jb`hr, ols lrrfprhbdob`jf dhimudt, bim ols jhybjty thwbrm muty. @ut tof sfjfdtlhi hg tof mhebli grhe woldo tof lebafry hg eftb pohrs dbi `f mrbwi ls iht sug suggldlfit. gldlfit. ]of drfbthrs hg tols splrltub splrltubjj bim listltutlhibj efdobilse brf ahlia th obvf th prhvlmf tols liifr brdoltfdturf hg ùljmlia eftbpohrs wlto b dhitfxt bim b efbilia. Elrrhrlia

2?


tof rhjf pjbyfm `y litfitlhifs (litfitlhis) bim vfr`b (whrms), li tof bidlfit brt hg efehry, tols rhjf whujm ihw `f pjbyfm `y tof ouebi vlrtufs. ]orhuao ols prbdtldf hg tofsf vlrtufs tof grff ebi whujm fisurf, li tof rfjbtlvf sfisf hg shdlbj `fobvlhr bim li tof b`shjutf sfisf hg bi uibttblib`jf pbrhuslb 7 bi bmvfit hg tof truf, tof ahhm, bim tof `fbutlguj lith tof rfbj tlef hg ouebi jlgf. Ihw, wlto tols litfitlhibjlty, tols liifr wljj sltubtfm bt tof hrlalis hg tof efdobilse, wf brf djfbrjy li tof mhebli hg purf, lmfbj b`strbdtlhi. Qobt iffms th `f mhif th ebcf lt sh tofsf splrltubj litfitlhis bim vlrtufs vlr tufs dbi `f trbisel trbiselssl`jf ssl`jf `ftwffi tof afifrbtlhis hg fjfdt rfdlplfits hg tols Phybj Brt hg tohuaot bim jlgf8 ]ofsf drfbthrs, wohsf fxlstfidf L efitlhifm b`hvf bim toflr ehst jlcfjy vfry bmvbidfm stbtf hg dhisdlhusifss, wljj `f lepfjjfm th alvf b tbial`jf `hmy th tofsf splrltubj litfitlhis. Lt wljj `f tof lebafs (jlcf tof lebalifs hg tof brt hg efehry) tobt brf dbjjfm sye`hjs thmby, wohsf rhjf bim guidtlhi brf sh sleljbr th tof hifs wf glim li tof whrcs hg Jjujj, Dbeljjh, bim @ruih tobt tofy brf obrm th tfjj bpbrt. ]ofy obvf th `f fbsljy bddfssl`jf `y tof litfjjfdt ( litfjjlal`ljlb), fbsfbsljy trbiselssl`jf, bim fbsljy ebmf uilvfrsbj (dheehi th bjj dujturbj bim rfjlalhus trbmltlhis, bs tof Dhistltutlhis hg 2104 wljj rfdbjj grhe tof hutsft). ]ofy sohujm glibjjy”bim L whujm bmm fspfdlbjjy”dhitbli wltoli wlto li tofe hif tru truep ep dbrm dbrm.. ]ol ]olss tru truep ep dbrm ls tobt toflr pfrlh pfrlhmld mld bim rfpfbtfm fvhdbtlhi `y tof efe`frs hg tof sfdrft shdlfty (woftofr sphcfi bjhum hr wrlttfi) sohujm fisurf tobt tof ehrbj bim splrltubj vbjuf tobt obs `ffi bttbd bttbdofm ofm th tofe wl wljjjj le leefml efmlbtfjy btfjy bim buthebtldbjjy rfturi th tof efehry hg tof ‚ghjjhwfr.― Lt wljj fsdbpf ih hif (tols ls wobt L wbitfm th suaafst `y ghreujbtlia tols oyphtofsls) tobt, lg tols pfrlhmld bim rfdurrlia prbdtldf wbs bdolfvfm jlcf b clim hg prhgbif jlturay `rhuaot lith pjby uimfr tof ofbvy dhistrblit hg h`kfdtlvfs (tof vlrtufs) bim efbis (efehrlzbtlhi dbpb`jf hg ahlia bs gbr bs toflr rfsthrbtlhi `y ofbrt), wf brf tofi li tof 7. SBmvfit hr dhelia, bs li tof sfdhim dhelia hg Dorlst.” ]rbis.U


2<

prfsfidf hg b gblrjy g blrjy hrlal hrlalibj ibj drfbtlhi. ]ols ] ols drfbtlhi ls b rltubj hg sye`hjs bdtfm hut bim rfgjfdtfm wltoli bi bssfe`jy hg Grffebshis. Dbi b mlbarbe hg tof drfbtlhi hg hur sye`hjs jlcf tols”dfrtblijy hif tobt wbs mrbwi up bs b rhuao hutjlif”bim tof whrclia hg tof lil tlbthry tlbth ry trbiselsslh trbiselsslhi, i, ghr bs eudo bs lt bppfbrs phssl`jf li tof t of fyfs hg tof fxpfrts, `f rfbshib`jy dhrrfjbtfm wlto hif hr bihtofr hg tof ghres tobt tof brt hg efehry obs tbcfi hvfr tof dhursf hg lts olsthry8 Mhfs tof arbmubj bim dhitliuhus solgt tobt Grbidfs \btfs eblitblis thhc pjbdf `ftwffi tof fim hg tof Elmmjf Bafs bim tof fim hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury, grhe b purfjy eifehild tfdoilquf th hif ghuimfm hi b`strbdtlhis li woldo tof lebafs bim mfpldtlhis (tof iue`frs, tof jfttfrs, bim tof fe`jfes) `fdbef prfmhelibit, bjjhw us th mfmudf bim stbtf tobt tof shurdf hg tof sye`hjs hg Grffebshiry dbi `f ghuim li tols ifw ghre hg tof brt hg efehry bim li tof Ofreftld dhrpus tobt tof arfbt vlslhibrlfs vlslhibr lfs hg tobt tlef bmmfm hi th lt8 B iue`fr hg limlv limlvlmubjs”b lmubjs”bim im iht hijy shef elihr glaurfs”whujm dfrtblijy put toflr gblto li tobt `fjlfg. Ohwfvfr, tofy ifvfr hggfrfm biy prhhgs. ]ols ls ihtb`jy tof dbsf wlto B j`fr j`frtt ^lcf ^lcf,, bs dbi `f sffi li b pfrshib pfrshibjj jfttfr of wrhtf th tof olsthrlbi Ph`frt Grfcf Ahujm hi Kbiubry 0?, 2???. 1 ]ols ls bjsh tof leprfsslhi tobt Mbvlm Eurrby Jyhi alvfs wofi of wrltfs; ‚tof arbgtlia hg tof ihi-prhgfsslhibj fjfefit hi th tof stfe hg tof Hpfrbtlvf systfe 1. ‚L obvf `ffi ghr shef tlef dhjjfdtlia tof hjm Ofreftld bim Bjdofeldbj whrcs li hrmfr th glim hut wobt Ebshiry dbef lith phssfsslhi hg grhe tofe. L obvf bsdfrtblifm wlto dfrtblity tobt tof squbrf bim dhepbssfs, tof trlbiajf, tof h`jhia, tof torff Arbim Ebstfrs, tof lmfb fe`hmlfm li tof su`stltutf whrm, tof Tui, Ehhi bim Ebstfr hg tof Jhmaf, bim htofrs Swfrf lidjumfm li tof iue`frU. ]of sye`hjs tobt L obvf sphcfi hg bs Ofreftld eby obvf `ffi `hrrhwfm `y `y Ofreftldlse, ùt bjj tof sbef lt obm tofe, bim L mh iht cihw wofrf tofy wfrf usfm, hutslmf hg Ofreftldlse, uitlj tofy bppfbrfm li Ebshiry. L tolic tobt tof ôljhshpofrs, `fdhelia Grff-Ebshis, litrhmudfm lith Ebshiry lts sye`hjlse”sfdrft, fxdfpt behia tofesfjvfs”li tof Elmmjf Bafs, bim iht bgtfr tof mfdjlif hg hpfrbtlvf Ebshiry `fabi. Qohfvfr fimhwfm Ebshir Ebshiryy wlto tofsf pbrt pbrtlduj ldujbr br sye`hj sye`hjs,s, tofy wfrf Ofreftld sye`hjs3 bim L cihw wobt tofy efbit th tof Ofreftld wrltfrs, Grfido, Afrebi, bim Fiajlso. L sohujm tolic lt jlcfjy tobt BTOEHJF `fdbef b Ebshi `fdbusf htofrs woh wfrf Ofreftldlsts obm `fdhef Ebshis `fghrf ole.―

0>


hg Ebshiry obm lts dheefidfefit li Tdhtjbim prh`b`jy b`hut tof pfrlhm hg tof Pfghebtlhi.―? @ut ifltofr hg tofsf butohrs bmvbidfs hif sliajf pfrsubslvf bim prfdlsf gbdt tobt whujm supphrt tols oyphtofsls. Th sohujm wf, th tof dhitrbry bim ghr bjj tobt, bttrlùtf biy clim hg ligjufidf li tols rfabrm th @ruih bim Mldcshi“s bmvfrsbry hi Fiajlso shlj, ^lfrrf mf jb Pbeìf, bjsh cihwi bs ^ftrus Pbeus (2626—10), wohsf spfdlgld ihtlhi ghuimfm hi ‚toff eftohm li bddhr ‚to bddhrmbidf mbidf wlto w lto mlbjfdtldbj mlb jfdtldbj hrmfr,― hrmfr,― wbs mfgfimfm eblijy `y Qljjlbe ^frclis hg Dbe`rlmaf8 Pbeus wbs b ^rhtfstbit, b ûrltbi, bim b syepbtolzfr hg tof ldhihdjbst ehvfefit. ]ols gbdt dfrtblijy bjjhwfm ole th `fifglt grhe tof vfry prhihuidfm ibturbj fepbtoy hg tof litfjjfdtubj dlrdjfs hg Fjlzb`ftobi Fiajbim. @ut tols ohstljlty hg ols poljhshpoy”bim pol jhshpoy”bim tobt hg ols bmvhd bmvhdbtf btf bim prhpba prhpbabthr, bthr, ^frcl ^frclis, is, wlt wltoo rfspfdt th lebafs ebcfs lt obrm th ebcf tof rfbj ligjufidf of wlfjmfm li tof pfrlhm brhuim 26?= dhepbtl`jf wlto tof h`sdurf afstbtlhi hg Ebshild sye`hjlse bim lts lebafs.< Grbidfs \btfs prhvlmfs us wlto tof mfgliltlvf bibjysls hg tols sltubtlhi; ]of pbssbaf ls litfrfstlia fvlmfidf hg ohw tof eftohm wbs mfvfjhpfm hut hg tof djbssldbj brt yft wbs `bsldbjjy hpphsfm th lt hi tof guimbefitbj phlit hg lebafs. Vslia tof tfrelihjhay hg tof djbssldbj brt, ^frclis turis lt bablist tof djbssldbj brt bim bppjlfs lt th tof eftohm.2>

Ghjjhwlia bi bjjuslhi th tof phft ôljlp Tlmify, b mlsdlpjf hg Khoi Mff, tof arfbt @rltlso olsthrlbi ujtlebtfjy suaafsts th us wobt ls b vfry bttrbdtlvf oyphtofsls;

?. Ph`frt Grfcf Ahujm, B Dhidlsf Olsthry hg Grffebshiry, 4=>. <. Ghr ehrf hi tols, sff tof rfebrcb`jf `hhc `y Pfiì Mìsbaujlfrs (Pfiì Auljjy) hi Jf Jfss Mf Mfux ux Arb Arbimf imfss Dhj Dhjhi hiif ifss mf jb grb grbid-eb id-ebáhi áhiif ifrl rlff (^brls; Ìmltlhis Mfrvy, 0>20). 2>. \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry, 017.


02

Li tof pfdujlbr dlrduestbidfs hg tof Fiajlso Pfiblssbidf, tof Ofreftld ghre hg tof brt hg efehry pfrobps p frobps ahfs ehrf uimfrarhuim, `fdhelia bsshdlbtfm wlto sfdrft Dbtohjld syepbtolfs, hr wlto fxlstlia sfdrft rfjlalhus arhups, hr wlto lidlplfit Phsldrudlbilse hr Grffebshiry.22

Qf dbi sff grhe tobt tobt tof `fst butohrs wfrf rfmudfm th ghr Qf ghr-eujbtlia dhikfdturfs tobt, woljf tofy wfrf fxtrfefjy sfmudtlvf, ifvfr trujy ebibafm th dhef up wlto tof hif plfdf hg mfdlslvf fvlmfidf tobt whujm prhvlmf us wlto prhhg hg tof mlrf mlrfdt dt jljlif if hg mfsdfit wf brf jhhc jhhc-lia ghr. Lt mhfs alvf us b surf limldbtlhi tobt tof brt hg efehry, woldo dhujm obvf fbsljy sfrvfm bs b ebtrlx ghr tof ghrebtlhi hg tof Ebshild sye`hjs, ls th `f ehrf h`vlhusjy shuaot behia lts prhphifits tobt wfrf ‚`hri― li Dbtohjld rbtofr tobi ^rhtfstbit eljlfus. ]of prhhg prhvlmfm `y Pbeus ls djfbr. @ut tols mhfs iht pfrelt us li biy wby th mlspfj tof bebzlia pbrbmhx tobt surrhuims tols h`sdurf `lrto; tof efftlias hg tof glrst Grffebshis”lt sohujm `f ihtfm tobt L be iht yft spfbclia hg jhmafs”dhislstfm hg `hto Dbtohjlds bim ^rhtfstbits, fspfdlbjjy Biajldbis bim ^rfs`ytfrlbis. ]of Kfws wfrf iht jhia li khlilia tofe li tofsf abtofrlias. ]of gbdt tobt tols thhc pjbdf murlia b tlef hg tfrrl`jf wbr, li woldo eurmfrhus dhig dhigjldt jldtss bg bggfdtf gfdtfmm bj bjjj tof rfjla rfjlalhus lhus dheeuiltlfs bim `rhuaot rlvbj bim fifey dbeps lith stbrc hpphsltlhi, ls uttfrjy rfebrcb`jf. Fxbelibtlhi hg tof olsthry hg tof htofr sye`hjld ghres tobt wfrf bjsh prhjlgfrbtlia murlia tols dfitury 20 wl wljjjj iht ofjp gu gurtofr rtofr hur rfsfbrdo li tols ebttfr. ]of shjutlhi”lg tofrf ls biy shjutlhi th `f ghuim”wljj ehst jlcfjy `f ghuim shefwofrf li tof iflao`hrohhm fxpjhrfm `y ey hrlalibj oyphtofsls; tof brt hg efehry”bt jfbst lts prharfsslvf prharfs slvf ghres hvfr tof dhursf hg olsthr olsthry”obs y”obs prhvlmfm tof shurdf hg tof drfbtlhi hg tof sye`hjs hg Grffebshiry. @ut wofrf ls mrbwlia 22. \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry, 0?7. 20. Ehst spfdlgldbjjy tof `hhc hi tof Fe`j Fe`jfeb febtb tb (Fe`jfes) `y Bimrì Bjdlbt, woldo wf `rlfg `rlfgjy jy jhhcfm bt b`hvf.

00


grhe wobtfvfr shurdf ls bvbljb`jf, fvfi bibjhaldbjjy, fvfr `ffi rfabrmfm bs hggfrlia tof `faliilia hg prhhg8 ]ols wbs tof phlit L obm rfbdofm iht sh jhia bah, ifvfrtofjfss rfbssurlia eysfjg wlto tof `bsldbjjy rfbshib`jf bim rfbjlstld lmfb tobt lg ih`hmy obm `ffi b`jf th bmvbidf fvfi b tliy `lt li tols mlrfdtlhi ghr ehrf tobi twh dfiturlfs, lt sffes olaojy uijlcfjy L whujm suddffm wofrf tofy obm gbl gbljfm. jfm. @ut iht fvfry fvfrytoli toliaa obm yft `ffi livfstlabtf livfstlabtfmm hr sblm.

DOB^]FP ]OPFF

Grhe tof Mfdjlif hg tof Lebaf th tof Bmvfit hg tof Jfttfr Autfi`fra“ss Wldthry Autfi`fra“

Bddhrml ia th tof pbrbm Bddhrmlia pbrbmhx hx stbtfm `y Ouss Oussfrj frj,, trbm trbmltl ltlhi hi,, woldo ls fssfitlbjjy tof ghrafttlia hg hrlalis, dhitblis wltoli lt tof brtldujbtlhi hg b ifw jlgf. O�� P�� P �� F�� A��, O�

BI LIT^LPLIA ]F_] tobt

L rfdfitjy mlsdhvfrfm tobics th Djbumf Abaif,2 woh rfvfbjfm lts fxlstfidf th ef, obs thmby bjjhwfm ef th mlvf eudo mffpfr lith ey 2<<6 oyphtofsls `y dhitfxtubjlzlia lt li bddhrmbidf wlto tof lislaots hg bi limlvlmubj woh ls b rfdhailzfm butohrlty hi tof brt hg efehry. ]ols tfxt, woldo ls tof whrc hg Ebmbef Djbumlf @bjbvhlif, bi felifit Pfiblssbidf rfsfbrdofr bim fxpfrt, obs bs lts tltjf; ‚Olìrhajypofs ‚Olìrhajypofs mf jb eìehlrf; Ìefrafidf ft eftbehrpohsf 2. ]h wohe L whujm jlcf th pby ohebaf thmby `y mfmldbtlia tofsf jlifs th ole. 04

0=

Grhe tof Mfdjlif hg tof Lebaf th tof Bmvfit hg tof Jfttfr

m“uif ìdrlturf olìrhajypolquf mbis jfs Brts mf eìehlrf mu _WL f bim mu _WLLf slïdjfs― (Olfrhajypos hg Efehry; ]of Fefrafidf bim Eftbehrpohsls hg b Olfrhajypold Qrltlia li tof Brts hg Efehry hg tof Tlxtffito bim Tfvfitffito Dfiturlfs). Lt wbs alvfi bt b syeph slue tobt thhc pjbdf li 2

06

tobt tof jfttfr li lts turi hijy bddfjfrbtfm― (D. @.). ]ols lislaot, woldo pjbdfss tof fepobsls hi tof dhislmfrb`jf trbisg pjbdf trbisghrebtlhi hrebtlhi litrhmudfm `y tof afifrbj sprfbm hg prlitlia bim tof prlitfm tfxt, ls dfrtblijy iht ifw. @ut wf sohujm ihtf li pbsslia tobt tof gbdt sof pjbdfs fepobsls hi tof Pfiblssbidf sohujm iht `f vlfwfm `y rfaujbr bim trbmltlhibj Grffebshis dbsubjjy. Hur hrmfr wbs iht `hri li tof turehlj bim trhu`jfs hg tof flaotffito dfitury, iht li tof Grfido Pfvhjutlhi”lt glims lts shurdf hg hrlali li tof Pfiblssbidf. ^hlit 0; ]of rlsf li phwfr hg rfbshi, rbtlhibjlse, bim tof utljltbrlbi prffelifidf hg dhidfptubj tohuaot li tof Qfst mhfs iht alvf tof phft bim tof poljhshpofr butohrlty th dhidfbj tofi mfstrhy tof pfrtlifidf hg tof ldhild slai. ‚Hi tof htofr obim, tof djbssldbj fxbepjfs hg lebalifs bim tof Ifhpjbthild litfrprftbtlhi hg tof olfrhajypo `hto dhivfraf lith b sliajf pfrdfptlhi hg tof ldhild slai bs b dhidfitrbtfm ghre hg efbilia bim b supfrlhr su`stltutf ghr spffdo― (D. @.). ]ols dhivfrafidf tobt ls sliajfm hut `y hur fxpfrt bs tof pfrslstfidf, mfspltf fvfrytolia, hg tof ‚ldhild slai― ls hg dhursf djfbrjy rfgfrrlia th tols htofr bspfdt hg ouebi tohuaot; tohuao t; bibjhaldbj bibjhaldb j toliclia. toli clia. ]of lmfb tobt tols prhphsltlh prhphsltlhii dhitblis ls, h`vlhusjy, sheftolia tobt dbi `f ghuim fidbsfm li tols prbdtldbj, leefleef mlbtf, bim rbplm ldhild slai, hif tobt wf dhujm sue up bs rfbmy th usf, phtfitlbjjy phtfitlbj jy usb`jf leefm leefmlbtfjy, lbtfjy, b phrtlhi hg efbi efbilia lia bim b`strbdt lmfb tobt tof dhidfpts ghr woldo, put lith tof whrms hg spffdo, whujm tbcf eudo jhiafr th mfjlvfr bim fxpjbli. @fyhim tof slepjf rhjf hg prhtfdprhtfdtlhi bim prfsfrvbtlhi tobt tols pbrtldujbr ghre hg lebaf gujgljjs 6 li b `rhbmfr dlvljlzbtlhibj dhitfxt hg mfdjlif, lsi“t Ebmbef @bjbvhlif hggfrlia us ofr ofrff tof `faliilia `fa liilia hg prhhg prhhg tobt tof Ebshild sye`hj sy e`hj li afstbtlhi `fjhias th tols bttfept hg tobt frb th fstb`jlso b ifw ‚supfrlhr su`stltutf ghr spffdo8― ^hlit 4; ]of slai (hr tof glaurf, hr sye`hj) jhsfs phjysfey bim tof 6. ]of Grffebshis hg tof Bidlfit bim Bddfptfm Tdhttlso Pltf brf pbrtldujbrjy sfisltlvf th tols spfdlgld ghre hg sye`hjlse, sheftolia tobt tof stumlfs `y Ehislfur Mhelilquf Kbrmli hi tof ldhiharbpoy hg tof arbmfs tfims th tbcf lith bddhuit.

07


phwfr hg le leefmlb efmlbtf tf sua suaafstlhi/slail afstlhi/slailgldbt gldbtlhi; lhi; ‚]of gla glaurf urf ls ih jhiafr tof afifrhusjy be`lauhus slai hg b dhidfpt bt bjj ùt tof slepjf pldthrlbj fqulvbjfit hg b whrm; ‟ mbjjl qubjl sl dbvb jb pbrhjb “ Sgrhe woldo tof whrms wfrf mrbwiU― (D. @.). Vimfr tof litfitlhibjjy jbplmbry ibef hg tof glaurf, Ebmbef @bjbvhlif mfslaibtfs bs b phsltlvf dhuitfrphlit th ldhihdjbse tof prlidlpjf hg bjj glaurbtlhis hr, th `hrrhw tof wby ^lfrrf Jburfis put lt li tof rflssuf hg Bjdlbt“s whrc li dhitfephrbry styjf, tof sye`hjld ghres. L suaafst tols litfrprftbtlhi hg tof tfxt bs lt ls hif tobt mhfs iht sffe uirfbshib`jf th ef. Lt jfit supphrt, th b dfrtbli fxtfit, th tof bttfept th sfdujbrlzf brtlgldlbj efehry dbrrlfm hut `y ^ftfr hg Pbvfiib bim tofrf`y hpfis, ùt hijy li ohjjhw rfjlfg, tof phssl`ljlty th drfbtf grhe wohjf djhto (gla (glaurbtl urbtlvf vf supphrts fxdjumfm fxdjumfm,, hg dhursf) b ifw sye sye`hjld `hjld ghre hg jltfrbjifss tobt whujm iht fxdjumf efbilia, splrltubj b`strbdb`strbd tlhi, rfdhursf th tof gbdujty hg tof lebalibtlhi, tof rfelimfr hg ehrbj vlrtufs vlr tufs th woldo hif dhighrefm hut hg muty bim rfspfdt ghr hif“ hif“ss alvfi whrm. Lt sohujm `f h`vlhus tobt wobt L tolic L sff phclia hut bt tols stbaf hg tof mfvfjhpefit hg tof brt hg efehry mfsdrl`fm `y Djbumlf @bjbvhlif, tof su`stltutf ghr tols wfbcfilia prbdtldf ls tof Ebshild sye`hjlse drfbtfm grhe tof thhjs hg tof drbgt, woldo wfrf b`jf th drhss hvfr tof ihw pbssb`jf torfsohjm grbefm `y tof twh pljjbrs hg tof ]fepjf hg Thjhehi. Qhujm hujm tof sye`hj sye`hjld ld mfpldtlhi `y tof leb lebaf af ihw `f dhe dhe-^hlit =; Q pfjjfm pfj jfm ofidfg ofidfghrt hrtoo th `hw th tof jfttf jfttfrs rs bim tof ru rujfs jfs hg ml mlsdhur sdhursf8 sf8 ]of dhidfptubj rfsphisf grhe tof Pfiblssbidf ls yfs. ]of bibjhaldbj rfsphisf ls ih. Qobt Qo bt ob obss `fd `fdhef hef,, mur murli liaa to tols ls pfr pfrlhm lhm hg tl tlef, ef, hg tof trb trbmlt mltlhib lhibjj dhephifits hg tof brt hg efehry, lebalifs bim litfitlhifs , rfs bim vfr`b8 ‚@y quldcjy dbrvlia b pbto tols wby torhuao tof rfpftltlvf dhiguslhi hg tof brts hg efehry, L ohpf th obvf strfiatofifm tof ghjjhwlia dhiifdtlhi; bs jhia bs tof lebaf hg tof efehry, lts lebah b afi b afis,s, wbs ghrefm bjehst fxdjuslvfjy brhuim tof pfrshi, woldo wbs

Grhe tof Mfdjlif hg tof Lebaf Leba f th tof Bmvfit hg tof Jfttfr

01

tof dbsf uitlj tof `faliilia hg tof slxtffito dfitury, tof rfgfrfidf th tof olfrhajypos dhujm iht glim biy pjbdf. ]of vfry tfres li woldo tols rfgfrfidf wbs ghreujbtfm ifxt sohw tobt tof prfvbjfidf hg tof ouebi limlvlmubj bs b slai wbs swlgtjy rlvbjfm `y bilebjs, pjbits, bim tof h`kfdts hg tof psfumh-olfrhajypold systfe rfvfbjfm murlia tof Pfiblssbidf, bim tobt tols dbjjlia lith qufstlhi sffes th obvf ahif obim li obim wlto tof arhwlia bssfrtlhi tobt bjj glaurbtlvf jbiaubaf, dobrafm bs lt elaot `f wlto sbdrfm dhiihtbtlhis, dhujm hr fvfi sohujm ofidfghrto dhepjy wlto tof rujfs hg mlsdhursf. L sobjj sffc th prhvlmf prhhg hg tols `y ihw stumylia dfrtbli bvbtbrs hg tof jhdl bim tof lebalifs, li woldo tof pfr pfrshib shibff spfdlgldbjjy tfim th dobiaf rhjfs― (D. @.). ]of biswfrs th tof qufstlhis rblsfm `y tols pbrtldujbr phlit brf ihw `faliilia th `fdhef mlsdfril`jf. ]of prfsfidf hg tof limlvlmubj (tof pfrshi“s lebalstld mfpldtlhi li tof brt hg efehry) b`bimhis tof glfjm th tof `fifglt hg tof mfpldtlhi hg tof surrhuimlia whrjm; bil ebjs, pjbits, bim h`kfdts. ]of lmfb tobt tof ouebi limlvlmubj dbi `f tof su`kfdt hg ols hwi ùljmlia, hg ols pfrgfdtl`ljlty, torhuao tof efehrlzfm rfelimfrs dhiifdtfm th ols sye`hjld mfpldtlhi, alvfs wby. Qff brf ehv Q ehvli liaa bwby grh grhe e tof spf spfdu dujbt jbtlvf lvf bim efitb efitbjj litf litfrlhr rlhrlt ltyy li woldoo tof pjb wold pjbii ghreu ghreujbtf jbtfmm `y to tols ls ‚drbg ‚drbgtt hg jljlvl vlia ia―― (th `hrrhw Dbf Dbfsbr sbr ^bvfsf“s supfr` tltjf)7 dhislsts hg ebclia b ahhm ebi lith b `fttfr ebi. phs ^hlit 6; Li tof glaurbtlvf jfttfrs, tof mfpldtlhi hg dhrphrfbj phsturfs dujelibtfs li bi bjpob`ft hg jfttfrs wohsf purfjy utljltbrlbi fepjhyefit ofidfghrto prfvbljs hvfr tof rfprfsfitbtlhi hg tof ouebi limlvlmubj. ‚]ofsf mlsaulsfm jfttfrs tofrfghrf hrlalibjjy `fjhiafm th tof jhdl. ]of liihvbtlhi ofrf dhislsts hg ebclia dfrtbli tobt tofy pbss bjhiaslmf tof lebalifs. . . . Bt glrst ajbidf tofsf jfttfrs sffe th `f strldtjy h`fylia tof prfdfpts hg tof lebalifs bafitfs, th tof fxtfit tobt 7. S]ols `hhc `y tof arfbt ehmfri Ltbjlbi wrltfr ls dusthebrljy trbisjbtfm lith Fiajlso bs ]ols @uslifss hg Jlvlia.”]rbis.U

0?


tofy bssuef rlmldujhus hr h`sdfif phsltlhis, ùt toflr rhjf ls ih jhiafr tobt hg pfrs pfrshibf hibf bt bjj. Li gbdt, tofrf ls ih rfbshi tofi th whimfr b`hut wobt tof tofyy brf mhli mhliaa hr wobt tof tofyy el elaa ot efb efbi, i, bs b jj tof tofyy a lvf us th rfbm ls tof sobpf hg toflr dhithrtlhis― (D. @.). ]ofrf ls bjsh ih iffm th pjbdf biy bmmfm fepobsls hi tols stbaf hg tof fvhjutlhi uimfr stumy; lt spfbcs suggldlfitjy ghr ltsfjg. ^hlit 7; Hur butohr ihw `rlias up li supphrt hg ofr bibjysls hg tof prfdfmlia phlit, tof pfdujlbr dbsf hg tof rfùs. ‚]of liihvbtlhi ofrf rfslmfs li tof ofidfghrto strldt bppjldbtlhi hg tof rfùs prlidlprlidl pjf.. Lt ls sh rl pjf rlahrh ahrhusj usjyy bppj bppjlfm lfm lt a lvf lvfss tof lep leprfs rfsslhi slhi tob tobtt tof pur phsff obs `ff phs `ffii sol solgt gtfm fm bim tobt tof fims obvf `ff `ffii ebm ebmff su`hrm su`hrmli libtf btf th tof efbis. ]ols ls `fdbusf lt ls obrm th sff ohw tof tfdoilquf hg tof rfùs dhujm `f put lith afifrbj usf. ]of br`ltrbry ibturf hg lts grbaefitbtlhi spfdlgldbjjy ebcfs lt obrm th efehrlzf, bim pfhpjf dbi hijy rfefe`fr b rfùs tobics th lts trbisjbtlhi, slidf lt dbi hijy `f rfbm hidf lt obs `ffi trbisjbtfm. Hg mu`lhus fggfdtlvfifss hi tof eifehild jfvfj, tof fxbepjfs hg pbrtlbj rfùsfs tobt gjhurlsofm li tof brts hg efehry rfvfbj kust ohw tof abef wbs `flia pjbyfm. Bim mlmi“t tofy, thh, dhitrlùtf th `rfbclia tof lebah tobt obm rflaifm slidf bitlqulty hvfr tof glfjm hg efehry `y strlpplia lt hg lts prhpfr efbilia bim rfpjbdlia lt wlto tof rujf hg tof jfttfr bim lts mlzzylia dhe`libtlhis8― (D. @.). ]ols pbrtldujbr fxbepjf prhvlmfs b ifw plfdf hg prhhg hg tof afifrbj tfimfidy murlia tof sfvfitffito bim flaotffito dfiturlfs tobt shuaot th rfjfabtf tof brts hg efehry bim tof ebiy usfs tobt obmf `ffi ebmf hg tofe th b sfdhimbry phsltlhi. ^hlit 1; Obvlia dhef th tof fim hg tols bmelttfmjy gblrjy afifrbj hvfrvlfw, bjj tobt rfeblis ghr Ebmbef @bjbvhlif th mh ls pblit b glibj phrtrb phr trblt lt hg tof litf litfjjf jjfdt dtub ubjj bim ols olsthrld thrldbj bj dhim dhimltlhis ltlhis tobt whujm stb stbim im wltifs wlt ifsss th tof ml mlsbpp sbppfb fbrb rbidf idf hg tof br brtt hg efehr efehryy li lts trb trbmlt mltlhib lhibjj ghre. ‚@y mrbwlia bwby grhe tof tofbtrldbj pbto, `y alvlia b dhjm sohujmfr th sye`hjld glaurfs bim turilia thwbrm pjby wlto jfttfrs, tof brtlgldlbj efehry wbs surfjy rfsphimlia th tof dheebims hg tof ebsebs -

Grhe tof Mfdjlif hg tof Lebaf L ebaf th tof Bmvfit hg tof Jfttfr

0<

tfr fidhmfrs hg tof ifw tlefs woh prfsdrl`fm b sfrlfs hg trbisphsltlhis tof `fttfr th sdrbe`jf tof dhmf, ùt lt bttrbdtfm lts mfdhmfr, ibturbj efehry, lith b abef tobt whujm prhvf gbtbj th `hto hg tofe. ]ols fisurfm tobt lts hijy rfdhursf, li tols rfspfdt, wbs th vbilso. ‚L dbiiht ofjp ùt `f pjfbsfm `y tols suldlmf hg tof Brs ef efehr ehrlb lb `fdbusf lt hggfrs vbjub`jf dhiglrebtlhi hg tof dhidjuslhis L mrfw, shef flaot yfbrs bah, hi tof mfvfjhpefit hg tof fe`jfebtld lebaf murlia tobt sbef frb. Qf dbi djfbrjy sff ohw litfrfst solgtfm grhe tof glaurf th tof jfttfr bim grhe tof sye`hj th tof whrm. Lt wbs tols tobt wbs ihw hggfrfm, uimfr b vbrlfty hg bvbtbrs, th durlhslty3 lt wbs uphi tols tobt tof ujtlebtf glrfs hg tof olfrhajypold eystfry wfrf dhidfitrbtfm. @fdbusf vfry jlttjf rfeblifm hg wobt obm `ffi tof prbdtldf hg eifeif ehild tfdoilqufs murlia tof ofymby hg Ifhpjbthilse li tof glgtffito dfitury. Dbuaot li tof wf` hg tof mlsdhursf th `f efehrlzfm, tof olfrhajypo hidf hidf babli bab li `fdbef `fdb ef wobt lt obm ifvfr trujy dfbsfm th `f; hif sdrlpturbj slai behia htofrs, bj`flt hif shefwobt jfss phpujbr tobi tof htofrs. Fvfrytolia gfjj hut bs lg tols ifw ohrlzhitbj su`hrmlibtlhi obm uimhif tof bidlfit vfrtldbj rfjbtlhisolp th Mlvlif Qlsmhe. Pfalefitfm wltoli tof Efehrlb, tof ghurto pbrt hg Pofthrld, lt ihw sphcf djfbrjy, bim”tof ujtlebtf lrhiy”ehrf djfbrjy tobi tof syjjb`jfs bim jfttfrs tobt, murlia tof sfvfitffito dfitury, lrrfvhdb`jy wrfstfm grhe lt tof algt hg sfdrfdy― (D. @.). ]ols sbys lt bjj”hr bjehst bjj. Ghr lg bt tols ehefit tof brt hg efehry wbs mhhefm th mlsbppfbr, lt wbs ‚li tols bspfdt,― tof bspfdt hg tof hrlalis hg lts drfbtlhi, tobt lt whujm jbtfr dhef th `f dbjjfm tof djbssldbj brt hg efehry. Ohwfvfr, b ifw bim hrlalibj wby wbs shhi mfstlifm th hpfi ghr lt; spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry bim lts sye`hjs. ]ols whujm `f b ahhm tlef th sue up tof olsthrldbj gbdts Djbumlf @bjbvhlif obs phlitfm hut bim bibjyzfm grhe tof pfrlhm tobt ls hur prle pr lebr bryy dhid dhidfr fri; i; 26?4 th 214> 214>.. B rf tof dhivf dhivfra rali liaa jljlifs ifs hg tof tofsf sf prhelifit prhel ifit gb gbdts dts hg b ibt ibturf urf th lim limldbt ldbtff th us li wobt sfis sfisf”b f”bss `ht `htoo efbilia bim mlrfdtlhi”tof trbmltlhibj brt hg efehry obs fvhjvfm8

4>


Ls tof lisfrtlhi hg tols sfisf lith tof shdlbj bim dujturbj dhitfxt hg Furhpf li afifrbj, bim tobt hg tof @rltlso Lsjfs li pbrtldujbr tofi dbpb`jf hg alvlia us cihwjfmaf hi tof dhiifdtlhis tobt L suaafstfm elaot fxlst `ftwffi tof brt hg efehry bim tof sye`hjlse hg tof fefralia spfdujbtlvf Ebshiry8 Jft“s fxbelif fbdo hg tofsf qufstlhis li turi. Fvfrytolia limldbtfs tobt tof brt hg efehry rfjudtbitjy dbrrlfm hut b dhislmfrb`jf trbisghrebtlhi hg ltsfjg, b trbisghrebtlhi tobt ujtlebtfjy fitbljfm b vfrltb`jf jhss hg lts shvfrflaity. Lt wbs dbrrlfm hut `y tof dhitliuhus mfdjlif hg tof efbiliaguj lebaf bim hg wrltlia li lebafs. ]of lebalifs fvhjvfm thwbrm htofr ghres hg pldthrlbj slais, olfrhajypos, rfùsfs, glaurbtlvf bjpob`fts, bim fe`jfes. Hif hg tof dhisfqufidfs hg tols”bim b ebkhr hif ghr tof brauefit L be ebclia li tols `hhc”ls tof jhss hg tof tofhrftldbj bim dhidfptubj vbjuf hg tof glaurf. Ahlia obim li obim wlto tof b`bimhiefit hg uslia jhdbtlhis li b sltf `y ibturf brdoltfdturbj, wf bjsh sff tof mfdjlif hg tof lebalstld rfprfsfitbtlhi, bim tof mrbebtlzbtlhi bim tofbtrldbjlzbtlhi hg tof ouebi pfrshib. Jbstjy, wf sff tof b`bimhiefit hg tof slai bs tof ‚mlvlif vfoldjf hg b mlvlif eystfry― (D. @.)3 wobt tols livhjvfs fssfitlbjjy ls tof jhss hg tof eystfry. Li dhikuidtlhi, hg dhursf, tof drhssfm mfstliy mrbwi up `y tofsf mfvfjhpefits bim solgts jfbms th wobtt db wob dbii `f mf mfsdr sdrl`f l`fm, m, li tof glglib ibjj bi bibj bjysl ysls,s, bs tof sdhrf hg b zfr zfrhhsue abef. ^rhdffmlia li dhrrfjbtlhi wlto tof arhwlia rfdhursf th tof dheehi thiauf, wf wltifss w ltifss tof lrrfslstl`jf bsdfislhi hg tof jfttfr, jfttfr, tof sdrlpt, bim tof tfxt. ]of ouebi `hmy `fdhefs, ofidfghrwbrm, b sltf, b ebtfrlbj tobt dbi `f sobpfm bim whrcfm, woldo rfjfabtfs th b sfdsfd himbry pjbdf lts ibturbj bptltumf ghr splrltubjlzbtlhi (dg. eblijy tof gbdf bs elrrhr hg tof shuj). Bim, jbst ùt iht jfbst, 1 hur Dorlstlbilzfm Qfst Q fst bi biihuid ihuidfs fs tof aj ajbm bm tlm tlmli lias; as; tof rfb rfbshi shi hg tof Dbr Dbrtfsl tfslbi bi dha dhalth lth ls

1. S]of ltbjldlzfm tfxt wbs li Fiajlso li tof hrlalibj.” ]rbis.U


42

dfjf`rbtfm bs b uilvfrsbj shjutlhi (bim hif tobt dbi `f uilvfrsbjlzfm) ghr tof prh`jfe hg tof ‚eftohm,― sudo bs lt obm `ffi phsfm sfvfrbj dfiturlfs fbrjlfr `y tobt bebzlia mhdthr hg tof brt hg efehry, Pbehi Jjujj. ? ^hhr brt hg efehry! \hu brf ihtolia ehrf tobi ‚ Tplfjfrfl ― SpjbyU (Whjcebii)!

?. Lt dbi ifvfr `f rfpfbtfm thh hgtfi kust wobt tof yfbr 2741 rfprfsfits li tof olsthry hg lmfbs. L rfpfbt, tols sbef yfbr ls wofi tof glrst cihwi efitlhi hg tof Ebshi Qhrm bppfbrfm li Tdhtjbim (^frto), li tof phfe `y Bmbeshi, bs wfjj bs tof Mlsd Mlsdhurs hursff hi Efto Eftohm hm `y Pfiì Mfsdbrtfs. Bs b efe`fr hg tof surrfbjlst arhup li 2<7=, L dbi tfstlgy tobt tof ebkhrlty hg us bt tobt tlef dhislmfrfm tof pu`jldbtlhi hg Mfsdbrtfs“s `hhc bs tof mlrf phrtfit hg tof afifrbjlzfm lephvfrlsoefit hg tof ouebi elim bim tof ofafehild bmvfit hg tof dhidfptubj rbtlhibjlst bim utljltbrlbi mlsdhursf tobt obs `ffi strlppfm hg bjj lts vltbj, bibjhaldbj, bim lebalibry mlefislhis.

DOB^]FP GHVP

]of Ebshi Qhrm bs Turvlvbj bim Pfifwbj hg tof Bidlfit Brt hg Efehry

EVT] ]OF BP] hg

efehry `f ghrdfm th rfslai ltsfjg th vbilsolia, arbmubjjy, hg dhursf, ùt lrrfvhdb`jy bjj tof sbef, alvfi tof bsdfit hg wrltlia bim tof prlitfm `hhc8 Eust lt sthp sffclia th fxfrdlsf lts feplrf”bim lts fggldbdy”hvfr bi lebalibry whrjm (tobt ls th sby, b rfbj whrjm)) tobt obs iht yft `ffi mlsfidobitfm”b whrjm hg b dhseld ouebi whrjm lse8 Eust lt ylfjm lts pjbdf”bjj hg lts pjbdf”th tof rfmudtlvf bitorh phjhayy ofrbjmfm `y Mfsdbr phjha Mfsdbrtfs tfs li woldo tof whrjm whujm `f ofidfghrto b ebdolif bim li woldo tof wlmfsprfbm jhald hg qubitlgldbtlhi whujm `f gjbwjfssjy bppjlfm th b ‚rfbjlty― pfrdflvfm shjfjy grhe tof biajf hg rflgldbtlhi8 Bppfbrbidfs dfrtblijy mh iht spfbc li gbvhr hg tof survlvbj li `rhbm mbyjlaot hg bitlqulty“s brt hg efehry, bim lt wljj iht `f tof twfitlftodfitury prhdfm prhdfmurfs urfs hg efdobildbj efdobi ldbj rfpr rfprhmudtl hmudtlhi” hi”glj glje e lebafs, l ebafs, rfdhr rfdhrmfm mfm shuimtrbdcs, dbssfttf tbpfs”tobt, `fdbusf tofy brf leefmlbtfjy mfstlifm ghr tof ebss ebrcft bim strlppfm hg tof drfbtlvf vlrtufs hg bi limlvlmubj“s splrltubj litfrlhrlty, wljj hggfr b su`sfqufit prhhg th tof dhitrbry. Hi tof htofr obim, tof oyphtofsls L vfiturfm th bmvbidf li 2<<6, th wlt, tobt tof bidlfit wlsmhe hg tof brt hg tof brtlgldlbj efehry wljj 40

Ebshi Qhrm bs Turvlvbj bim Pfifwbj hg Bidlfit Brt hg Efehry

44

strlvf th survlvf, li tof lidrfbsliajy ohstljf fivlrhiefit hg b whrjm tobt obs `fdhef mlsfidobitfm, `y dhitliulia tof lmfbj bim splrltubj qufst hg lts hrlalibj prhdfmurfs, ùt lg L eby put lt tols wby, li b ‚rfdfssfm― S‚ fi ―U bim djbimfstlif ebiifr. Li ey hplilhi, tols whujm `f tof vfry drfux ―U liihvbtlvf prhkfdt hg ehmfri spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry bim lts sye`hjld bim rltubj bppbrbtus. Bs b wby dhidrftfjy th sohrf up tols oyphtofsls, L iffm hijy `rlfgjy dltf tof Fmliùrao Pfalstfr Ohusf Ebiusdrlpt (mbtfm 27<7, ùt wrlttfi fbrjlfr), woldo ls `hto tof glrst cihwi listbidf hg tof dlrdujbtlhi hg tof Ebshi Qhrm bim b prfsuefm bm ohd blmf-eìehlrf. 2 Li lt tof glrst ehmfri Grffebshis mfsdrl`f ‚tof ebiifr hg alvlia tof Ebshi Qhrm.― Lt sh obppfis tobt tols whrm, tof fxlstfidf hg w oldo oldo wbs rfvfbjfm ghr tof glrst tlef li 2741 (sff htofr efitlhis li tols `hhc) bim tof su`stbidf hg lt li 27<2 (Ph`frt Clrc, ebiusdrlpt hg ]of Tfdrft Pfpu`jld ), ), `fdbusf lt rfgfrs th tof twh dhjueis hg Kbdoli bim @hbz, ls dhisfqufitjy djfbrjy bjjumlia th tof ]fepjf hg Thjhehi. Bs ôljlppf Jbiajft phlits hut li ols `hhc, tols brdoltfdturbj eftb pohr, wol woldo do wf db dbii bs bssf sfss ss wlt wltoo ol ole e bs ‚dfitrb ‚dfitrbj,― j,― pjb pjbdfs dfs us grhe tof hutsft li tof trbmltlhibj pfrspfdtlvf hg tof brt hg efehry li lts ehst djbssld ghre. Lt ls bjsh jlcfjy tobt tofsf sbef Tdhttlso Grffebshis obm prfvlhusjy prfv lhusjy li lighre ghrefm fm us hg tofl toflrr litf litfitlhis; itlhis; ‚Rufs ‚Rufstlhi; tlhi; wofrf wbs tof glrst jhmaf jhdbtfm8 Biswfr; li tof phrdo hg tof ]fepjf hg Thjhehi― ( Jfs ]fxt fxtfs fs ghim ghimbtfu btfurs rs , 2><). ]ofsf ‚liltlbtfs― bjsh mfsdrl`fm tof dfrfehiy ghr rfdflvlia b ifw `rhtofr. ]of dlrdujbtlhi bim trbiselsslhi hg tof Ebshi Qhrm brf mfsdrl`fm, bs ls tof obimsobcf, tof slai, bim tof hbto. ]ols jbttfr ls pfrghrefm li tof prfsfidf hg”bim hi”tof @l`jf. ]ols prlehrmlbj fjfefit hg tof prfsfidf hg tof sbdrfm li b dfrfehiy dbiiht ofjp ùt `rlia th elim tof vfry mffpjy splrltubj bim rfjlalhus rhhtlia hg tof bidlfit brt. Glibjjy, bim bs suaafstfm `y ôljlppf Jbiajft, tof gbdt hg jhdbtlia tof 2. Tff tof hrlalibj tfxt tobt obs `ffi fxpfrtjy trbisjbtfm bim prfsfitfm `y Jbiajft li ols `hhc Jfs ]fxtfs ghimbtfurs mf jb grbid-ebáhiifrlf, ?<—202.

4=

Ebshi Qh Qhrm rm bs Turv Turvlvbj lvbj bim Pfifwbj hg Bidlfit Brt hg Efehry

cfy th tof jhmaf ‚`fifbto tof ghjms hg ey jlvfr― ls vfry rfelilsdfit hg Tblit Buaustlif bim tof ‚vbrlhus drfbsfs bim ghjms― hg ols efehry. ]of hrbj trbmltlhi dhujm iht `f ebmf biy djfbrfr tobi wofi tof ‚thiauf― Sjb jbiaufU ls fxpjldltjy efitlhifm bs `flia dhitblifm ‚li tof `hif `hx.― Dhujm iht bjj hg tols `f dhislmfrfm bs pbrt hg Ebshild rltubj8 Bim tofsf fbrjlfst Grffebshis, woh grhe tols mbtf wfrf dhitliuhusjy drbgtlia b sye`hjlse tobt wbs eblijy ghuimfm hi tof thhjs hg ùljmlia, whujm glglim im lt qultf fbs fbsyy th mrbw lisplrbtlhi grhe tof brt hg efehry” bim lts brdoltfdturbj eftbpohrs”wohsf fxlstfidf ls efitlhifm li tof Tfdhim Tdobw Ttbtutfs hg 26<<. @ut tols ‚rfsurafidf― hg tof brt hg efehry li tof @rltlso sfdrft shdlshdl ftlfs hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury bppfbrs th ef th `f tbclia pjbdf, rfgfrrlia ihw th tof splrltubj dhitfit hg tof bidlfit efehry, li b djbimfstlif ebiifr bs b ghre hg dhuitfrphlit. Qobt fxbdtjy mhfs tols efbi8 ]of bidlfit brt wbs uimhif bim lts prfstlalhus prhkfdt mfgfbtfm. ]of ifw Furhpf whujm `f tobt hg tof Dhuitfr-Pfghrebtlhi bim tof mlvlslhi hg tbscs `rhuaot b`hut `y tof bmvfit hg tof Dbrtfslbi ehmfj bim tof sdlfitlgld eftohm. Lt whujm obvf th bmbpt th tof ifw dhimltlhis lephsfm hi tof splrlt, bim tof brt hg efehry, li tof ifw usfs bim dhmfs tobt lt lepjfefits, whujm obvf th bmbpt th tols bs wfjj. Litfribjjy, tof cfy mfvfjhpefit li tols prhdfss whujm `f tof mfdjlif hg tof efbiliaguj lebaf th tof lidrfbslia `fifglt hg tof jfttfr. ]of ldhiharbpold rfprfsfitbtlhis hg h`kfdts (th tof mftrlefit hg tof ouebi glaurf li pbrtldujbr) wljj `f tohsf hg tof thhjs hg tof drbgt bim tof gurgur ilsolias hg tof jhmaf, ùt toflr ftoldbj bim splrltubj efbilias 0 whujm ihw `f ghrdfm th dhfxlst, ghr tof pbrtldlpbits li tof dfrfehiy, wlto tof ebtfrlbj prfsfidf hg tof thhjs wltoli tof prfelsfs. Qobt ls tofrf`y jhst li djbrlty hi tof hif slmf (tof b`bimhiefit hg tof liifr fxpjhrbtlhi hg tof lebalibry brdoltfdturbj fmlgldf drfbtfm `y tof brt hg efehry) ls 0. Qbsi“t hif hg tof hjmfst mfgliltlhis hg Grffebshiry murlia tof flaotffito dfitury; ‚b spfdlgld systfe hg ehrbjlty dhidfbjfm `fifbto bjjfahrlfs bim ljjustrbtfm `y sye`hjs―8

Ebshi Qhrm bs Turvlvbj bim Pfifwbj hg Bidlfit Brt hg Efehry

46

ablifm hi tof htofr (tof ebtfrlbj rfpjbdlia tof splrltubj, bs lg li b zfrhsue abef) li phjysfey bim phftry. ]of sye`hj, `hto `y lts pldthrlbj rfprfsfitbtlhi bim `y lts djfbr uttfrbidf `y efbis hg tof hrbj mlsdhursf, whujm tofrf`y rfghreu rfghreujbtf jbtf ltsfj ltsfjgg bs b ifw eifehi eifehild ld dhmf dhmf.. Lt whujm tofrfghrf dhe`lif”bs b dhidfsslhi th tof mfvfjhpefits hg tof tlef” tof sdlfitlgld trbpplias hg rbtlhibj mlsdhursf bim tof trbmltlhibj, fshtfrld slailgldbidf tobt, solfjmfm grhe tof ghuimlia sfdrft sphcfi `y tof @rhtofrs, whujm bjjhw lt th tofrf`y ah `fyhim tof prhgbif spjlt `ftwffi tof mfgfimfrs bim tof bmvfrsbrlfs hg tof lebaf. 4 Fxtfribjjy, Fxtfr ibjjy, th tof fyfs hg tof surrhuimlia dheeuilty, tof Ebshild sye`hj tobt wbs stljj li tof prhdfss hg `flia drfbtfm whujm `f ghuim th sbtlsgy `hto tof mlvfrafit phstujbtlhis hg tof bidlfit brt bim tohsf hg tof ‚ehmfri splrlt.― ]of drlsls hg efbilia, tobt th shef fxtfit lt ghrefm bim trbisphrtfm li tof tohuaot hg tofsf twh dfiturlfs, whujm rfdhidljf tof rffefralia Ifhpjbthild Ofreftldlse bim tof bsdfimbit sdlfitlgld bpprhbdo. ]of gffjlia hg drlsls lt dbusfm li tof fggfrvfsdfit @rltlso bim Grfido sfdrft shdlftlfs whujm `f, bs sohwi `y tof shdlhjhalst Eldofj Ebggfshjl, tof kumaefit obimfm mhwi `y wobt ls `flia `hri hvfr wobt ls mylia, torhuao tof slepjf efdobilds hg sbturbtlhi. Bim tof ifw Grffebshis whujm tofi obvf bi fbsy tbsc hg wliilia tof gbvhr hg tof Dbtohjlds, ^rhtfstbits, Biajldbis, bim Kfws. B jbraf iue`fr hg sye`hjs whujm `f `hrrhwfm grhe tof @l`jf (tof Clia Kbefs Wfrslhi hg 27>=). ]oflr dbtfdolses, woldo whujm `f ‚fijlaotfilia― ghr tof efe`frs bim h`sdurf ghr tof prhgbif, whujm suddfssgujjy bpprhprlbtf 4. Bt tof vfry `faliilia, wofi tof Arbim Jhmafs mlm iht yft fxlst, wofi tof jhmafs tofesfjvfs mlm iht obvf biy glxfm jhdbtlhis, wofi toflr efe`frs wfrf iht yft dhistbit bim rfalstfrf rfalstfrfm, m, wofi tof pjbdf bim mbtfs hg toflr efftlia efftliass wfrf vbrlb`jf bim obpobzbrm (hgtfi dhiifdtfm th tof ligrfqufit mfslrf hg tof limlvlmubjs th aft thaftofr), lt wbs tof trbdlia `hbrm, woldo wbs mrbwi hi tof gjhhr bim frbsfm bgtfrwbrm, hr fvfi jbtfr pblitfm hi b dbivbs, woldo ‚thhc tof pjbdf― hg tof lebalibry tfepjf hg tof efehry. ]ols ls ohw tof bdt hg uirhjjlia bim rfvfbjlia lt bt tof `faliilia hg tof sfsslhi `fdbef tof fssfitlbj bim ghuimlia bdtlhi. ]of sfdrfts hg tof bidlfit tfbdolias bim ehrbjs wfrf tofrfghrf rfvfbjfm th tohsf tbclia pbrt li tof efftlia, li b rfpftltlvf bim tofrfghrf eifehild wby.

47

Ebshi Qhrm bs Turv Turvlvbj lvbj bim Pfifwbj hg Bidlfit Brt hg Efehry

tof qufstlhi-bim-rfsphisf prhdfmurfs grhe tof ehst fggfdtlvf rfdlpfs hggfrfm `y tof fstb`jlsofm rfjlalhis. B vfry wfjj cihwi fxbepjf ljjustrbtfs tols phlit li b wby tobt ls qultf h`vlhus. Bi fiarbvlia tobt ls mbtfm grhe 216= bim dbrrlfs tof tltjf; ‚B Grff Ebshi ghre“m hut hg tof ebtfrlbjs hg ols jhmaf― mfpldts b ouebijlcf glaurf wlto tof sui ghr ols ofbm. @hto hg tols glaurf“s bres brf squbrfs, bim lt ls ohjmlia b dhepbss li lts rlaot obim. Lts `hmy ls ghrefm hg b djhsfm `hhc (tof @l`jf) tobt ls thppfm `y b jfvfj bt tof jhdbtlhi hg tof sohujmfrs. ]of bprhi lt ls wfbrlia `brfjy dhidfbjs tof twh ajh`fs”hif dfjfstlbj bim tof htofr tfrrfstrlbj. Lts jfas brf tof pljjbrs hg tof tfepjf grhe woldo tof liltlbjs K. bim @. SKbdoli bim @hbzU brf b`sfit bim lts gfft, jbstjy, limldbtf 616=—216=. ]ols dhujm iht `f ebmf biy ehrf h`vlhus ghr tof Grffebshis hr biy ehrf h`sdurf ghr tof prhgbif. Ehrfhvfr, tols fiarbvlia ls b mfdhrbmfdhrb tlvf ehtlg hi b wbtfr pltdofr, ghr woldo wf obvf fvfry rfbshi th `fjlfvf wbs wlmfjy vlfwfm bim bme bmelrfm lrfm `y bj bjjj murlia tols dfitur dfitury. y. Dhujm Dhu jm tofsf rusfs bim ‚prfdbutlhis― hg efbilia obvf `ffi tof lisplrbtlhi tobt ehvfm Mbvlm Ttfvfishi wofi of stbtfm; ‚]h obvf pfhpjfm tof jhmaf hg tof elim wlto ouebi lebafs elaot sffe th sebdc hg lmhjbtry `hto th tof Dbjvlilst ebshis tofesfjvfs bim th tof dfishrlhus elilstfrs hg tof Dourdo hg Tdhtjbim8― = ]of sye`hjs”tohsf ifw lebafs”elaot hggfr us bi biswfr th tols qufstlhi. Lt ls suggldlfit li tols rfabrm th rfdbjj tobt tof glrst wrlttfi efitlhi hg tof lebaf hg tof ‚trbdlia `hbrm― bs b sye`hj hg tof jhmaf bppfbrfm li tof Dbreldc Ebiusdrlpt hg 2101. Lt sbys; ‚]ols glaurf rfprfsfit tof jhmaf.―6 ]ols sbys lt bjj.

=. Ttfvfishi, ]of Hrlalis hg Grffebshiry, 2=0—=4. 6. Khoi Pussfj, ‚Jf tb`jfbu mu jhaf mu 2 fr mfarff,― Grff Grffebs ebshir hiryy ]hmby , ih. 2> (Butuei 2<<<); 2=.

DOB^]FP GLWF

]of Efftlia hg Dhidfptubj ]ohuaot bim Bibjhaldbj ]ohuaot

BT L @PLIA E\ DHITLMFPB]LHIT hg

tols thpld th b djhsf, L mh iht `fjlfvf lt whujm `f b dhepjftf wbstf hg tlef th `rlfgjy rfvlslt ey pfrshibj ehtlvbtlhi dhidfrilia dhidfri lia tols su`kfdt. ]of qufstlhi hg tof `faliilias hg hur hrmfr sohujm `f, lt sffes th ef, tof su`kfdt hg b gblr bim `bjbidfm rffxbelibtlhi. ]ols ls iht `fdbusf tols ls b ahhm tlef th dhigjbtf tof olsthrldbj hrlalis bim shurdfs. L tolic li tols rfspfdt L obvf djfbrjy mrbwi tof mlstlidtlhi `ftwffi tof twh bim obvf alvfi jfaltlebdy th tof pfrtlifidf hg ey rfsfbrdo `y prlebrljy ghduslia hi tof qufstlhi hg litfjjfdtubj bim shdlbj shurdfs. @y tols L efbi tof olsthrldbjjy mhduefitfm shurdfs tobt mlrfdtjy prfdfmfm tof prhthEbshiry bim lts ‚mbrc ilaot,― bim iht, bs obs `ffi sffi, tof bjjfafm olsols thrldbj hrlalis tobt obvf `ffi sltubtfm li tof flaotffito dfitury murlia b pfrlhm hg phjltldbj bim shdlbj turehlj tobt li tof rfbje hg lmfbs wbs li tols listbidf qultf `fjbtfm (tof sfdhim objg hg tols dfitury). ]of pfrlhm th woldo L prlebrljy bttbdo eysfjg whujm `f tof tlef tobt ls `huimfm `y twh mbtfs, 26?4 wlto tof brrlvbj hg Alhrmbih @ruih li Fiajbim, bim 214>, li woldo wf sff tof dhiglrefm bppfbrbidf hg tof Olrbedfitrld jfafim lislmf tof arbmf hg Ebstfr Ebshi. Lg, th trujy pli mhwi tof lmfbs lt ls ifdfssbry th limldbtf tof frb murlia woldo tof upofbvbjs 41

4?


tobt rhdcfm tof rffefralia brt hg efehry sohujm iht hijy `f arbspfm bs dbusfs (tof shurdfs),2 ùt bs dhisfqufidf (tof afstbtlhi hg Ebshild sye`hjlse), 0 woldo, L tolic wf dbi bjj barff, whujm fbsljy bjjhw us th mfsdrl`f tols sltubtlhi bs dhepjldbtfm. 4 Lt whujm obvf ehst jlcfjy `ffi ofjpguj th bdcihwjfmaf tof tohuaot hg Jflìlz (ghr ehrf, L rfgfr yhu th tof dhidjuslhi hg tof `hhc `y Mbef Grbidfs \btfs hi tof brt hg efehry) bim glaurlse (ghr ehrf, sff tof Pfiblssbidf ssbidf trbmltlh trbmltlh- pfrtlifit pfrt lifit prfsfitbtlhi alvfi `y ^lfrrf Ehjj Ehjjlfr lfr li Pfibl ifjjf, ihs. 2>2—0 SKbiubry—Bprlj 2<<6U; ??—?<). @ut ifltofr brf trujy afrebif th ey brauefit, woldo dbrrlfs b mubj dobjjfiaf. ]of glrst dobjjfiaf wbs th ofjp mfehistrbtf”fvfi ehmfstjy”ohw eudo wobt thudofs tof olsthry hg Grffebshiry dbiiht `f vbjlmjy su`trbdtfm grhe olsthry li afifrbj bim, ehrf pbrtldujbrjy, tof olsthry hg poljhshpoy p oljhshpoy li tof Qfst. ]ols ls bjj tobt Mbvlm Ttfvfishi, woh ls iht b Grffebshi, bim L, woh be, obvf li dheehi. ]of `lrto hg ehmfri Grffebshiry dbi hijy `f uimfrsthhm, li gbdt, `y pjbdlia lt `bdc lith tof jbrafr bim ehrf afifrbj dhitfxt hg tohuaot tobt obs prfslmfm ghr ehrf tobi twh tohusbim yfbrs, woldo obs `ffi b sfbrdo ghr tof eftohm. ]ols eftohm ls wobt Pfiì Mfsdbrtfs whujm alvf tof leprfsslhi hg obvlia gfrtljlzfm stbrtlia li 2741 `y sobttfrlia tof hrlalibj uilty hg tohuaot lith dhidfptubj, rbtlhibj, bim qubitlglfm tohuaot hi tof hif obim, bim bibjhaldbj tohuaot bs b sthrfohusf ghr tof bidlfit trbmltlhis hi tof htofr. Lt ls iht lidue`fit hi ebshis bjhif th tbcf bi litfrfst li tols bspfdt hg tof ebttfr. ]of sfdhim dobjjfiaf ls ehrf spfdlgldbjjy Ebshild. Lt ls th 2.Ghr ehrf hi tols rfgfr th ghhtihtf 7 bt tof fim hg dobptfr 4. 0. Grhe tols phlit hg vlfw, L whujm jlcf th dhivfy ey gujj arbtltumf th Ebmbef Djbumlf @bjbvhlif ghr obvlia sh climjy bim arbdlhusjy arbitfm ef pfrelsslhi th rfprlit ofr stumy, grhe woldo L obvf mrbwi sh dhplhusjy, bs bppfimlx B li tols `hhc. 4. Lg biyhif rfqulrfs gurtofr dhivlidlia, lt sohujm `f fihuao th rfbm tof vfr`btle rfdhrm hg tof fxdobiafs `ftwffi ^rhgfsshr Mbvlm Ttfvfishi bim tof efe`fr hg tof Rubtuhr Dhrhibtl Jhmaf hi Eby 20, 2<<=, murlia ols litfrvlfw lislmf tols prfstlalhus jhmaf hg stumy bim rfsfbrdo.


4<

mfehistrbtf woy spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry ls, bim obs `ffi slidf tof `faliilia, liltlbthry `y ibturf. ^fhpjf wljj h`kfdt tobt lt ls h`vlhus L be wfmmfm th tols tofhry `fdbusf hg ey jhia livhjvfefit wlto tof Bidlfit bim Bddfptfm Tdhttlso Pltf. L wljj rfsphim li turi tobt L mh iht `fjlfvf tobt tobt ls bt bjj truf. ]orhuao ey hwi pfrshibj liifr prbdtldf bim ey liltlbthry dhivldtlhis sobrfm wlto htofr efi wohsf hwi dohldfs obvf sfit tofe ofrf, L ihw cihw ohw th abli bddfss th dfrtbli stbtfs hg @flia bim, sheftlefs, th tof efbilias tobt brf olmmfi grhe hur whrjm tobt wf jb`fj bs rfbj. L `fjlfvf L dbi bjsh sby jlcf Pumybrm Clpjlia li ‚]of ^bjbdf;― Bgtfr ef dhefto b @uljmfr. ]fjj ole, L thh obvf cihwi.

L bjsh cihw ohw th sby, bs mlm tof Phebi sbafs; Gfstlib jfitf. = Th ihw, ohw dbi wf sueebrlzf tof stbafs bim tof prharfsslhi hg tof oyphtofsls tobt L sohrfm up wlto tof ofjp hg tof rfebrcb`jf `hhcs `y torff ihi-Ebshi bdbmfelds bim olsthrlbis8 Li 2<<6, L suaafstfm tobt `y drhssdofdclia tof gbdts put ghrto `y Mbef Grbidfs \btfs bim ^rhgfsshr Mbvlm Ttfvfishi, lt whujm `f phssl`jf th ligfr tobt tof djbssldbj brt hg efehry, woldo wbs prbdtldfm murlia tof jbtf Pfiblssbidf li tof @rltlso Lsjfs, wbs b ebkhr shurdf tobt mlrfdtjy ligjufidfm tof strudturlia hg tof efdobilses hg tof liltlbthry trbiselsslhi hg tof tofi fefralia spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry. ]ofi, li 0>22, ihw supphrtlia ey dhikfdturfs hi tof fefrafidf bim trbisghrebtlhi hg b olfrhajypold wrltlia li tof brt hg efehry mfsdrl`fm bim bibjyzfm `y Djbumlf @bjbvhlif, L wbs b`jf th bmmltlhibjjy suaafst tobt tof `fjbtfm wltofrlia hg tof brt hg efehry, gbr grhe jfbmlia th lts uttfr mlsbppfbrbidf, obm li shefwby uilitfitlhibjjy fisurfm lts survlvbj li bihtofr ghre, Ebshild sye`hjlse stljj li tof prhdfss hg `flia drfbtfm, tofrf`y mf gbdth ebclia sphrt hg tof dhigjldt tobt pjbdfm =. S Gfstlib jfitf wbs b ehtth bmhptfm `y `hto tof fepfrhrs Buaustus bim ]ltus (bim `hrrhwfm `y tof Efmldls dfiturlfs jbtfr). Lt efbis ‚Ebcf obstf sjhwjy―” ]rbisU

=>


Dbtohjlds bim ^rhtfstbits li hpphsltlhi hi tof glfjm hg toflr `fjjldhsf dhitrhvfrslfs rfabrmlia tof lebaf, tof whrm, bim tof slai. Qlto tol tolss phlit fstb`j fstb`jlsofm, lsofm, whujm lt ihw `f phssl`jf th dhislmfr tof yfbr 2741 bs b ebrcfr mbtlia tof fim hg tof sfbrdo `y Furhpfbi dhidhi sdlhusifss ghr b uilquf bim uilglfm eftohm tobt whujm ghrdf tof poljhshpofrs bim phfts, tof sdlfitlsts bim brtlsts, bim tof ‚afheftfrs― bim tof djfrayefi th dohhsf `ftwffi tof ebtofebtldbj bim utljltbrlbi rbtlhibjlse hg dhidfptubj tohuaot hi tof hif obim, bim tof sye`hjld bim lebalstld jbiaubaf hg bibjhaldbj tohuaot hi tof htofr8 Bs ihtfm b`hvf tofrf ls supphrt ghr bmvbidlia tols oyphtofsls, slidf lt wbs li 2741 tobt wf sff tof pu`jldbtlhi hg tof t of Mlsdhursf hi Eftohm `y `y Pfiì Mfsdbrtfs bs wfjj bs tof glglrst rst dhig dhiglref lrefmm wrlt wrlttfi tfi hddu hddurrfidf rrfidf hg tof fxl fxlstfidf stfidf hg tof ‚Ebshi Qhrm― li ^frto, Tdhtjbim, li b Phsldrudlbi dhitfxt. @ut sohujmi“t wf ah gurtofr bim bt tols sbef tlef bmvbidf tof oyphtofsls tobt tols Ebshild sye`hjlse stljj li tof dhursf hg `flia ghrefm whujm ofidfghrto `rlia thaftofr dhidfptubj tohuaot bim bibjhaldbj tohuaot ghr tof prbdtltlhifrs hg tof Ebshild eftohm8 Bim dhujm tols rfdhidljlbtlhi `f dbrrlfm hut li tof dhitfxt hg b Furhpfbi dhisdlhusifss tobt obm jhst tof rfgfrfidf phlits hg b tohuaot tobt obm iht `ffi mlvlmfm, woldo wbs ihw b`bimhilia ltsfjg th tof splrltubj mfdbmfidf hg b Qfstfri shdlfty tobt wbs `fdhelia lifxhrb`jy tfdoildbj, qubitltbtlvf, bim dheefrdlbj8 ]ofrfghrf, pfrobps lt ls iht sh uisffejy th put ghrto tof ihtlhi tobt tof drfbtlhi hg Ebshild sye`hjlse tobt wbs `flia dbrrlfm hut brhuim 2741 wbs mhif sh torhuao trbisghrebtlhi hg tof brt hg efehry bim tof arbgtlia hg b phst-Pfiblssbidf Ofreftldlse hi tof prhgfsslhibj eljlfu hg tof ‚drbgt― li Tdhtjbim8 Qoh cihws8 6

6. SLi Fiajlso li tof hrlalibj tfxt” ]rbis.U

B^^FIML_ B

Olfrhajypos hg Efehry Fefrafidf bim ]rbisghrebtlhi hg b Olfrhajypold Tdrlpt li tof Brts hg Efehry murl murli ia tof Tlxt Tlxtffi ffito to bim bim Tfvfitffito Dfiturlfs @y Djbumlf @bjbvhlif

]OF JLIC ]OB] GHPET tof

dhikuidtlhi ofrf ls iht tof br`ltrbry grult hg b ghrdfm fidhuitfr `ftwffi rfsfbrdo dhimudtfm fjsfwofrf hi tof efehrlb brtlgldlbjls bim tof su`kfdt hg tols syephslue. ]ofrf brf iuefrhus phlits hg dhitbdt `ftwffi tols sbdrfm sdrlpt, woldo obm `ffi bi fehtlhibjjy rlvftlia gbdthr slidf tof `faliilia hg tof glg tffito dfitury, bim tols litfjjfdtubj guidtlhi, woldo `fdbef b su`kfdt hg dhidfri bt tof sbef tlef wofi lt obm `fdhef ifdfssbry th sohrf up tols rfmlsdhvfrfm brt wlto rfaujbtlhis. 2 ]of vfry sleujtbiflty hg ]ols brtldjf wbs pu`jlsofm li _WLL f slïdjf, ih. 26? (Kbiubry—Ebrdo 2
=0

Bppfimlx B

tof fitouslbse tofy lisplrfm dhiifdts `hto th tols trbisghrebtlhi hg tof efitbj jbimsdbpf tobt dbi `f dbjjfm tof Pfiblssbidf bim wobt jfgt lts ebrc hi tof prfvbljlia stbtus hg tof efbiliaguj lebaf. Lt wljj `f sffi tobt toflr mubj bim khlit fvhjutlhi hggfrs fvlmfidf hg tof arbmubj mfdjlif hg tof jbttfr thwbrm tof fim hg tof slxtffito dfitury bim tof `faliilia hg tof dfitury tobt ghjjhwfm, bs wfjj bs tof bmvfit hg tof jfttfr tobt tols mfdjlif bjjhwfm”b mfdjlif tobt tof jfttfr li lts turi hijy bddfjfrbtfm. Lt wbs lifvltb`jf tobt tofsf twh mlggfrfit jbiaubafs whujm fvfitufvfitu bjjy drhss pbtos. Hi tof hif obim, `hto wfrf pbrt hg bi brdoltfdturbj sltf. Tlidf tof tlef hg bitlqulty, lt wbs sblm rfpfbtfmjy tobt tof brtlgldlbj efehry wbs b wrltlia li lebafs wohsf supphrt wbs bi brdoltfdturf li tof elim bim iht wbx hr pbpfr; ‚Jhdl dfrbrf but dobrtbf sleljjlel suit, lebal lebalifs, ifs, jlttfr jlttfrls, ls, mlsphsltlhi ft dhjjhdbtlh lebaliu lebaliue e sdrlpturbf prhiuitlbtlh jfdtlhil.― 0 Ghr toflr pbrt, tof tfstlehilfs hg b Judbi hr bi Beelbius Ebrdfjjlius, tof dhitfepjbtlhi hg tof h`fjlscs tobt obm whuim up li Phef, sohwfm tobt olfrha olfrhajypo jypold ld wrlt wrltlia lia wbs lis lisdrl` drl`fm fm `y lebafs pjbdfm hi sltfs hg sthif3 4 bim tols ls sheftolia Grbidfsdh Dhjhiib obm djfbrjy arbspfm, bjtohuao of slepjy litfrprftfm, livfitfm, hr rflivfitfm lisdrlptlhis. Lt wbs tols ehiuefitbj sdrlpt tobt Jfhi @bttlstb Bj`frtl dhvftfm (dhitliufm grhe p. =2) `rhuaot `bdc `y Dorlsthghrh @uhimfjehitl. Tff Cbrj Alfojhw, ‚Mlf Olfrhajypoficuimf mfs Ouebilseus li mfr Bjjfahrlf mfr rfiblssbidf . . . ,― li Kborù Kborùdo do mfr Cuis Cuistolst tolsthrl hrlsdof sdof`` Tbee Tbeejuiaf juiafii li Qlfi Qlfi,, ___LL, 2 (Wlfiib bim Jflpzla, 2<26), bim F. Lvfrshi, ]of Eyto hg Bidlfit Faypt bim Lts Olfrhajypos Olfrhaj ypos (Dhpfiobafi, 2<72). Grbidfsdh Dhjhiib, woh wrhtf Oypif Oypifrhthebdol rhthebdolbb ^hjlpoljl; ^hjlpol jl; ]of Ttr Ttrlgf lgf hg Jhvf li b Mrfbe brhuim 2=7> bim ehst jlcfjy ifvfr cifw hg tof fxlstfidf hg tols whrc, hggfrs fvlmfidf hg tof rfvhjutlhibry litfrfst li olfrhajypold wrltlia, ghr woldo of prhvlmfs shef gbsdlibtlia dhuitfrgflts. Ghr ehrf hi tof brts hg efehry murlia tof fim hg tof Elmmjf Bafs, sff ^bhjh Phssl, ‚Lebalil f efehrlb jhdbjf ifl sfdhjl _WL—_W f,― vhj. 0, 2<6?, 2=<—<2. Pofthrl thrldb db bm Ofrfiil Ofrfiilue ue ( Pof Pofthrl thrldd ghr Ofrfiil Ofrfiilus us), LLL, __L—4>3 Dldfrh dltfs 0. ]of Pof tof tfstlehilfs hg Dobrebmbs bim hg Eftrhmhrus hg Tdfpsls; ‚ quhrue utfrquf tbiqube jlttfrls li dfrb, sld sf blf`bt lebalilùs li lls jhdls quhs ob`frft, qubf efelilssf vfjjft pfrsdrl`frf― ( Mf hrbthrf LL, 47>). 4. Tff Judbi, LLL, 00=3 Beelbius Ebrdfjjlius, _WLLL, ?—2>, ftd.

Olfrhajypos hg Efehry

=4

spfdlgldbjjy ghr lts trluepo hvfr tlef, bim of bmvlsfm lt ghr tohsf efehrlbj dhistrudtlhis cihwi bs the`s. = Tleljbrjy tof brts hg efehry li tof glgtffito dfitury brrbiafm ghr tof lisfrtlhi hg tof lebalifs li tof ehiuefitbj jhdl tobt, gldtlhibj bs tofy elaot `f, wfrf ifvfrtofjfss gujjy dbpb`jf hg rfpfjjlia tof bttbdcs hg tlef torhuao dhistbit rfefehrlzlia.6 Hi tof htofr obim, tof djbssldbj fxbepjfs hg tof lebalifs bim tof Ifhpjbthild litfrprftbtlhi hg tof olfrhajypo `hto dhivfraf lith b sliajf pfrdfptlhi hg tof ldhild slai bs b dhidfitrbtfm ghre hg efbilia bim b supfrlhr su`stltutf ghr spffdo. Ls tof Pof Pofthrl thrldd ghr Ofrfiil Ofrfiilus, us, wofi lt prhphsfs sueebrlzlia bjj tof dlrduestbidfs hg b trlbj wlto b sliajf lebaf tobt t obt whujm whujm tofi `f dbpb`jf hg alvlia `bdc bjj bj j tof mlggfrf mlg gfrfit it cihwjcihwjfmaf wlto woldo lt ls prfaibit th wohfvfr cihws ohw th rfbm lt, guimbefitbjjy mlggfrfit grhe tof hif wohsf mbzzjlia litultlhi wbs bmelrfm ` y Ebrsl Ebrsljlh jlh Gldlih87 ]of bggliltlfs hg tofsf twh trbisjbtlhis lith lebafs dhujm iht gblj th `f phlitfm hut murlia tof Pfiblssbidf. L wljj tofrfghrf sffc th lmfitlgy =. Bj`frtl, Mf rf bfmlgldbthrlb, WLLL, =, wlto rfspfdt th the`s; ‚Hur bidfsthrs whujm aljm toflr jfttfrs hith ebr`jf wlto `rhizf. ]of Fayptlbis fepjhyfm tof ghjjhwlia slai jbiaubaf; b ahm wbs rfprfsfitfm `y bi fyf, Ibturf `y b vujturf, b clia `y b `ff, tlef `y b dlrdjf, pfbdf `y bi hx, bim sh hi. ]ofy eblitblifm tobt fbdo ibtlhi cifw hijy lts hwi bjpob`ft, bim tobt fvfitubjjy bjj cihwjfmaf hg lt whujm `f jhst”bs obs obppfifm wlto hur hwi Ftrusdbi.― Jfhi @bttlstb Bj`frtl, Hi tof Brt hg @uljmlia li ]fi @hhcs, trbisjbtfm `y Khsfpo Pycwfrt, Ifbj Jfbdo, bim Ph`frt ]bvfrihr (Dbe`rlmaf; EL] ^rfss, 2
==

Bppfimlx B

`fghrfobim tof ehefits bim ehmbjltlfs tobt wfrf vfry quldcjy fstb`jlsofm `ftwffi `hto hg tofe. ]ofi tof vfry hrlfitbtlhi hg tofsf dhe pbrlshis wlj wljjj `f usfm th aulmf a ulmf hur bttfept th arbsp a rbsp tof fvhj f vhjutlh utlhii hg tols to ls ifw ‚olfrhajypold― jbiaubaf tobt tof brts hg efehry wfrf prhehtlia. Hur prlebry litfrfst torhuaohut tols stumy ls ghdusfm hi tof strldtjy jli aulstld bspfdt hg tols styjf hg olfrhajypold trbisjbtlhi, jfbvlia th Grbidfs \btfs bim ofr mlsdlpjfs tof bjrfbmy tohrhuaojy djfbrfm glfjms hg toflr poljhshpoldbj bim ebaldbj efbilias.1 Vitlj tof prfsfit tlef, tof tfdoildbj bspfdt hg tof Brtfs efehrlbf ef ehrlbf obs hijy fbrifm tof mfrlslhi hg rfsfbrdofrs. ]of plhiffr hg tofsf rfsfbrdofrs, Jumwla Whjcebii, mffefm bjj toflr rfglifefits bs gutljf bim sbw li tofsf brts ihtolia ùt Tplfjfrfl.? Lt sh obppfis tobt tof strbtfay hg tof efehry dhujm iht ofjp ùt `f ibrrhwjy mfpfimfit hi tof rfprfsfitbtlhibj systfe hg b alvfi frb bim lts dusthedusthe bry ghres hg fxprfsslhi. Lg tof brts hg efehry tobt whujm `f usfm ofrf brf sheftlefs mfvhlm hg biy litrlisld tofhrftldbj vbjuf, tof jlaot tofy dbst hi tolias ls iht ifajlal`jf. ]orhuao tofe, lg wf tbcf tof trhu`jf th litfrrhabtf tof sheftlefs elilsdujf vbrlbtlhis hg toflr prfdfpts, wf dbi rfbm bi fvhjutlhi”bim eby`f fvfi b rfvhjutlhi”li tof vfry dhidfpt hg dhmlia, bim tof rfdlprhdbj pjby hg tof lebaf bim tof jfttfr.< ]HQBPM B OLFPHAJ\ÔLD QPL]LIA

]of spjfimlm `hhc `y Grbidfs \btfs obs ebmf tof usf hg jhdl bim lebalifs li tof prbdtldf hg efehrlzlia gbeljlbr th fvfryhif. Lt ls, ohwfvfr, 1. Tff ofr `hhc ]of Brt hg Efehry. ]ols ls woy tof fxtrfefjy lephrtbit dhitrlùtlhi hg Alhrmbih @ruih wljj `f mfjl`frbtfjy helttfm bjtohuao tols ebi wrhtf sfvfrbj mlggfrfit brts hg efehry thwbrm tof fim hg tof slxtffito dfitury. ?. Jumwla Qhjcebii, ‚Brs efehrbtlvb,― li Kborùdo mfr Cuis Cuistolst tolsthrl hrlsdof` sdof` Tbeejuiafi li Qlfi, spfdlbj fmltlhi 4>, (Wlfiib, 2<0<), 222—0>4. <. ]ofrf ls b dorhihjhaldbj rfstrldtlhi th `f bmmfm th tof hif L obvf bjrfbmy lephsfm hi ey su`kfdt. Ey ebtfrlbj mhfs iht bjjhw ef th bmvbidf vfry gbr lith tof sfvfitffito dfitury. ]of fvhjutlhi L be sffclia th mfsdrl`f ofrf thhc pjbdf li tof jbst qubrtfr hg tof slxtffito dfitury bim tof glrst qubrtfr hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury. @ut tof vfry wby tof livfitlhi hg jbtfr brts hg efehry rbi mry dhrrh`hrbtfs tof dhidjuslhis tobt suaafst wobt tofy wfrf bim `fdbef murlia bi fbrjlfr tlef.


=6

fssfitlbj tobt ey brauefit hpfi wlto b strldt mfgliltlhi hg tof hrlalibj vbjuf hg tof fxprfsslhi hg tof lebalifs bafitfs , woldo brf b rf dhistbitjy rfdurrlia torhuao tof olsthry hg tols thpld, ùt su`kfdt th mlspbrltlfs, lg iht th sby elsghrtuifs li woldo tof trbisghrebtlhi L be sffclia th upmbtf wbs bt pjby. ]h mh tols, wf sobjj rfgfr `bdc th sudo guimbefitbj Pofthrl thrldd ghr Ofrfiil Ofrfiilus, us, Hi Hrbthr Hrbthry, y, bim tof Listltutfs hg tfxts bs tof Pof Hrbthry. Dldfrh usfs tof fxprfsslhi li b pbssbaf grhe Hi Hrbthry, hif woldo Rulitljlbi bjsh dltfm fbrjlfr bs b guimbefitbj tfxt hi brtlgldlbj efeefe hry bim wbs su`sfqufitjy hgtfi rfpfbtfm. Lt ls iht hif L dhujm mlspfisf wlto th ebcf ey dbsf; ‚ Jhdls fst utfimue eujtls, lijustr lijustrlùs, lùs, fxpjl fxpjldbtls, dbtls, ehmldls litfrvbjjls3 lebalilùs butfe bafitlùs, bdrlùs, lislailtls, qubf hddurrfrf dfjfrltfrquf pfrdutfrf bileue phsslit. ― L whujm jlcf th trbisjbtf lt tols wby, wlto shef ajhssfs; iuefrhus pjbdfs sohujm `f fepjhyfm3 tofy eust `f djfbr bim mfglifm, bim spbdfm bpbrt grhe fbdo htofr bt ehmfrbtf litfrvbjs3 bim lebafs (L whujm rbtofr sby ‚glaurfs―) tobt brf gujjy bdtlvf bim strlclia, bim stbepfm wlto b mlstlidtlvf slai tobt ls dbpb`jf hg leefmlbtfjy prfsfitlia ltsfjg th tof elim bim jfbvlia b strhia leprfsslhi.

Bafrf , woldo ls fepjhyfm ofrf li tof b`shjutf sfisf, dbi wlto shef mlggldujty `f alvfi tof efbilia hg ‚prhelifit― hr ‚prhkfdtlia― S‚ sbljjbit ―U.2> Hi tof htofr obim, tofrf ls bepjf dhiglrebtlhi hg lts usf sbljjbit ―U. li tofbtrldbj jbiaubaf li woldo lt efbis ‚pjbylia b rhjf.― Qf sohujm Pofthrldd ghr Ofrfiilus3 tols dbrfgujjy fxbelif tof fxbepjfs prhvlmfm `y Pofthrl wljjjj jft us sff tobt tof tofbtfr pjbys b ebkhr rhjf tofrfli wl tofrfli..22 Qf dhujm eujtlpjy tof brauefits li gbvhr hg b strldtjy tofbtrldbj ihtlhi hg tof 2>. Mf hrbthrf, LL, 46?. Mbilfj Brbssf, rfsphisl`jf ghr tof Grfido trbisjbtlhi hg ]of Brt hg Efehry, ebmf tof elstbcf hg lidhrrfdtjy dhpylia ofrf tof elstrbisjbtlhi hg tof @umì fmltlhi, ‚ lebafs sbljjbits,― Sprhelifit hr prhtrumlia lebafsU, lepbrtlia bi frrhr th Grbidfs \btfs tobt sof bvhlmfm ebclia; ‚bim lebafs woldo brf bdtlvf― (04). 22. Bm Ofrrf Ofrrfilue ilue,, LLL, __L—4=. ]of tfxt suaafsts, li gbdt, lg wf tbcf tof vfrsf Lbe mheue ltlhife rfafs Btrlmfs pbrbit, prfsfitlia hif pbrt bs ‚Mheltlus rblslia ols

=7

Bppfimlx B

efehry behia Jbtli butohrs, ùt ey litfitlhi ls iht th rfdhistrudt ohw tof Brs efehrbtlvb guidtlhifm li bitlqulty ofrf. ]ols rfturi th tof shurdf shurdf ls slepjy blelia blel ia th phslt tobt, li tofsf Jbtli tfxts tobt sfrvfm bs b ghuimbtlhi ghr bjj tobt wbs dhistrudtfm jbtfr, tof lebaf hg efehry glrst obm b pfrshi, wohsf phssl`jf phsturf bim bddfsshrlfs dbrrlfm tof efbilia tobt wbs th `f efehrlzfm. ^frshibf

]of Elmmjf Bafs wfrf qultf gbeljlbr wlto tof Pofthr Pofthrld ld ghr Ofrfiilus Ofrfiilus,, woldo wbs bj bjjj tof ehrf phpuj phpujbr br bs lt wbs tofi bttrl bttrlùtfm ùtfm th Dldfrh.20 ]of afifrhus usf lt ebmf hg limlvlmubjs th liob`lt sudo sbdrfm pjbdfs bs ^brbmlsf, ûrabthry, bim Ofjj, tof systfebtld bjjfahrlzbtlhi th woldo lt su`kfdtfm tof vldfs bim vlrtufs, fspfdlbjjy li tols dhitfxt, mfehistrbtfs tobt tof jfsshi mrbwi grhe tols tfxt djfbrjy dhigfrs tof fssfitlbj rhjf th pfrshibf.. ]rbmltlhi bim b rfturi th shurdfs whrcfm thaftofr tofrftof pfrshibf ghrf th fisurf tof rfvltbjlzbtlhi hg tof Brs efehrbtlvb tobt brhsf grhe tofsf fjfefits li tof glgtffito dfitury. ]ols ls fxbdtjy wobt obppfifm. ^ftfr hg Pbvfiib li ols gbehus ôhfilx,, wohsf glrst fmltlhi wbs pu`jlsofm li 2=<2, 24 bmvlsfm ols rfbm ôhfilx frs th phpujbtf tof jhdbjltlfs wlto `fbutlguj whefi. Ghr fxbepjf, li hrmfr th rfefe`fr pbife S`rfbmU, lt whujm `f ifdfssbry th pjbdf b pufj(dhitliufm grhe p. =6 ) obims th ofbvfi woljf of ls wolppfm `y tof Ebrdll Pfafs― (ghr Lbe mheue ltlhife rfafs ), tofi ‚Bfshpus bim Dle`fr `flia mrfssfm bs ghr tof rhjfs hg Babefeihi bim Efifjbus li Lpofafilb― (ghr Btrlmfs pbrbit ).). 20. ]ols elstbcfi bttrlùtlhi pfrslstfm uitlj tof fim hg tof slxtffito dfitury, bjtohuao lt obm bjrfbmy `ffi dhimfeifm fbrjlfr `y Jhrfizh Wbjjb. 24. ]ols `hhc whujm `f dhitliubjjy rfpu`jlsofm hvfr tof slxtffito bim sfvfitffito dfiturlfs. @ut lt ls pjbusl`jf tobt murlia tols jbttfr frb tofsf pu`jldbtlhis obm b ehrf brdobfhjhaldbj brdobfhjhaldbj tobi tob i prbaebtld vbjuf. ]ols ]o ls wbs bjsh b jsh tof tlef wofi pfhpjf pfhpjf wfrf sffclia th thtf up bjj tof bdqulsltlhis hg tof Pfiblssbidf, ofidf tof ajut hg mldtlhibrlfs, mlrfdthrlfs, bim dhjjfdtlhis, prhhg, li gbdt, tobt wobt wbs `flia dhjjfdtfm obm `fdhef stfrljf th b dfrtbli mfarff bim wbs sffi ehrf bs bi h`kfdt hg durlhslty rbtofr tobi b thhj tobt wbs stljj guidtlhibj. Ghr tof brts hg efehry, L dbi dltf tof Wbrlhrue mf brtf efehrlbf trbdtbtus sfx (Grbicgurt, 271?), woldo wbs b dhjjfdtlhi hg trfbtlsfs mbtlia grhe tof `faliilia hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury. Qf wljj rfvlslt tols phlit.


=1

jbe iumbe Siumf alrjU li tof sltf (th rfefe`fr tof sliaujbr) woh wbs thudolia b jhbg hg `rfbm wlto hif ghht (ghr tof bddusbtlvf). Lt ls fbsy th sff ohw tof bppjldbtlhi hg tof ehst `bibj h`kfdt hg tof tofbtrldbj prlidlpjf wbs lidhepbtl`jf wlto b olfrhajy olfrhajypold pold dhidfptlhi hg tof brt brtlgl lgl-dlbj efehry. Gbr grhe prhvlmlia tobt dhimfisbtlhi hg spffdo ghr woldo tof Pofth Pofthrld rld ghr Ofrfiilu Ofrfiiluss hggfrfm bi fxbepjf, tof h`sfsslhi ghr stbalia, supphsfm th `f tof shjf tolia th obvf bi lepbdt hi tof lebalibtlvf gbdujty, mljutfm tof sebjjfst whrm lith bi ldhild dhepjfxlty tobt jfm th tof hpphsltf hg tof sohrtdut bdolfvfm `y tof lmfharbeebtld olfrhajypo bs dhidflvfm `y Gjhrfitlif Ifhpjbthilse. Gurtofrehrf, tof fitlrf ouebi `hmy obm obrmjy biy rlaot th dltlzfisolp li tofsf Olfrhajypoldb hg Ohrbphjjh tobt dhislstfitjy sfrvfm tof Pfiblssbidf bs lts uilquf bim ifdfssbry rfgfrfidf wofi lt dbef th olfrhajypos. Th tofrf ls ih dbusf ghr surprlsf tobt, bjtohuao tols mfdhmlia tfxt obm `ffi cihwi slidf 2=2< bim leefmlbtfjy stumlfm li Ltbjy, bim bjtohuao tof brt hg efehry wbs, wltohut biy dhitliuhus shjutlhi, mfgl mfglifm ifm bs b sdrlpt tobt usfm leb lebafs afs listfbm hg tof jfttfrs hg tof bjpob`ft, tols eifehild tfdoilquf whujm iht `f dhepbrfm wlto olfrhajypold wrltlia uitlj tof slxtffito dfitury. ^ftfr hg Pbvfiib, wofi mfmldbtlia bi fmltlhi hg ols ôhfilx th th Dhirbm Olfrhajypold jypoldbb , ^futliafr, tof wfjj-cihwi dhiihlssfur hg Ohrbphjjh“s Olfrha ebmf ih bjjuslhi th tols clim hg wrltlia.2= Li 26>?, ]ohebs Eurifr mfgfimfm ols eftohm tobt bjjhwfm ols stumfits th ‚abli cihwjfmaf qultf quldcjy `y dbstlia b slepjf ajbidf hvfr tof dbrms bs lg tofy wfrf dhisujtlia b `hhc, woldo wbs sh fggfdtlvf tobt tofy ebibafm th bjehst usf lebafs bs jfttfrs hg tof bjpob`ft.― Of, thh, mlm iht fstb`jlso biy dhe pbrlshi. pbrl shi.26 Ohwfvfr, tof olfrhajypo wbs iht sjhw li ihelibjjy fitfrlia tof stbaf.

2=. Tff Whjcebii, ‚Brs efehrbtlvb,― 2=7. 26. ]ohebs Eurifr, Jha Jhaldb ldb Efeh Efehrbtlvb rbtlvb (Ttrbs`hura, 26>?), Ehmus prbdt prbdtldbi ldbiml; ml; ‚qul fx slepjldl dobrtbrue litultu ehx li lebalilùs qubsl li jl`rls rfdfisf`bit ftlbe prheptlsslef u gfrf prh jlttfrls lebalilùs utfrfitur.―

=?

Bppfimlx B ]OF OLFPHAJ\ÔLD PFGFPFIDF

curzfr zfr @f @frldot rldot wlf Li 2604, li b `hhc dltfm `y Jumwla Whjcebii, Fli cur ebi mlf Afmídotils wuimfr`br vfrstfrcfi cbii , Jhrfiz Grlfsfi bmvlsfs ols rfbmfrs th efitbjjy trbisjbtf ‚woltf― bs ‚sihw,― ‚gfbr― `y ‚obrf,― woljf wol jf rfgfr rfgfrrl rlia ia fx fxpjld pjldltjy ltjy th tof bid bidlfit lfit Fa Faypt yptlb lbis is bim dhui dhuisfj sfjli liaa tof stumfit th prbdtldf `y stumylia Ohrbphjjh.27 Glgty yfbrs jbtfr, Dhsebs Phssfjjlus, th wohe ls hwfm hif hg tof ehst ofbvljy usfm trfbtlsfs, tof ]ofsburus brtlgldlhsbf efehrlç, pu`j pu`jlsof lsofmm li Wfild fildff li 261<, ml mlssdussfs Fayptlbi olfrhajypos bt jfiato. @ut, uslia tof bidlfit tfstlehilfs hg Mlhmhrus, Judbi, Bpujflus, bim Ebdrh`lus bs supphrt, of strhvf th prhvf tobt tofsf ‚Fayptlbi jfttfrs― wfrf prlebrljy litfimfm th fxprfss dhidfpts bim tofy sohujm li ih wby `f dhigusfm ghr jfttfrs hg tof bjpob`ft.21 ]of jlst hg fqulvbjfidlfs of su`sfqufitjy prhvlmfm dhiglres tols ihtlhi hg tof olfrhajypo bs lmfharbe, woldo dhighres li fvfry phlit wlto tof hggldlbj phsltlhi hi tof Fayptlbi qufstlhi. 2? B gblrjy rbmldbj turilia phlit thhc pjbdf bt tof fim hg tof dfitury. Li ols ^juths ^juthshg hglb lb,, woldo bppfbrfm li ^bmub li 26<0, @rhtofr ôljlpph Afsubjmh ih jhiafr dhislmfrfm ‚olfrhajypos― th `f b spfdlgld dbsf hg efehrlzbtlhi torhuao glaurfs. ]ols limlrfdt styjf hg eifehild lisdrlptlhi”`fdbusf of dhidflvfm hg bi leefmlbtf styjf hg lisdrlptlhi bt tof sbef tlef, b phlit wf sobjj rfvlslt”`fdbef dhigjbtfm wlto tof olfrhajypold prbdtldf ghr ole. ]ols ls b strbiaf efrafr li woldo tof djbssldbj dhepbrlshi hg tof efehrlzfm lebaf wlto tof bjpob`ftld wrlttf wr lttfii ghr ghre e (dhef lj juhah f bsshelajlbth bjjb dbrtb, dhsl j“leebalif 27. Whjcebii, ‚Brs efehrbtlvb,― 274. 21. LL, WLLL, 22<; ‚ Ohd butf butfe e mlxf mlxfrle rle ut ife ifehh fxl fxlstle stleft ft oulu oulusehm sehmll ihtb ihtbff Bfa Bfaypyptlhrue prh jltfrls, sfm prh dhidfptus efitls fxpjldbitlùs phil phssf. Lmfh b` ljjls ihi jltfrbf sfm olrhajypoldbf jltfrbf mldtbf suit. 2?. ]ols sbef hrlfitbtlhi dbi `f sffi li tof whrc hg Albe`bttlstb mfjjb ^hrtb woh rfelilsdfiml sdfiml th olfrhajypos. ]ols `hhc wbs pu`jlsofm mfvhtfm dobptfr 2? hg ols Brs rfelil li Ibpjfs li 27>0 ùt bppfbrfm li Ltbjlbi li 2667; ‚Ruhehmh pfr olfrhajypoldb Bfayptlhrue efehrlbf su`vfilbtur.― ]ols ls ghjjhwfm `y b pbdcfm jlst hg ghur pbafs hg ‚olfrhajypold― fqulvbjfidlfs `bsfm hi tof whrc hg Wbjfrlbih, woh prbdtldbjjy rftblifm hijy bilebjs bs slais.


=<

f dhrrlsphimfitf bjjb sdrltturb mlstfsb ifjjb dbrtb ) ls tbcfi jltfrbjjy bim li woldo, li b syeeftrldbj ehvfefit, tof olfrhajypo dhefs mhwi grhe lts lmfharbeebtld torhif th trbisghre lith b slepjf arbpold slai. ]ofrfghrf hif wrltfs; ‚dhi glaurf lfrhajlgldof mbjjf qubjl sl dbvb jb pbrhjb, pbrhj b, dhef gbdfvb gbdfvbih ih ajl Fa Faltt lttll ― bim tof fxbepjfs dltfm ifxt jfbvf ih glau laurf rf lfrhajl l frhajlgg ldof ― mhu`t bs th tof ofidfghrto bddfptfm fqulvbjfidf hg ‚ g bim ‚ pbrhj pbrhjbb―; ‚ Jlqu Jlqubjl bjl,, slb pfr fsf fsfeplh eplh,, pfr quf qufstb stb gur gurhrf hrf sdr sdrlvf lvfvbih vbih ui jfhif, pfr lj plarh, ui dbefjh, pfr jb tfrrb, ui ùf, pfr jb ghrtfzzb, jb pbrtf bitf bitfrlh rlhrf rf m “u “uii jfh jfhif if f dhsl mfj mfjjj “bjtr “bjtrll lfrh lfrhajlg ajlgldol ldol jlqu jlqubjl bjl pfr vlb dhi dhi-mltlhif ibturbjf rbpprfsfitbvbih qufjjf pbrhjf. ―2< ]of glaurf ls ih jhiafr tof slai bt bjj. Bt tof ehefit wofi tof fxdfsslvf sbdrbjlzbtlhi hg tof ehiuefitbj Fayptlbi sdrlpt stljj ghrefm bi uiylfjmlia `brrlfr th lts mfdhmlia, tof brts hg efehry tobt trbisghrefm toflr liltlbtf lith bi fidrypthr trfbtfm tof olfrhajypo bs b slepjf wrltlia thhj. 0> ]ols dhujm iht ofjp ùt mh obre th tof sbdrfm ibturf tobt obm `ffi lepbrtfm th lt. Afsubjmh bdtubjjy, bgtfr rfturilia sfvfrbj pbafs jbtfr th qufsth ehmh dof usbvbiih ajl Falttl, jlqubjl livfdf ml jfttfrf f pbrhjf mlpliafvbiih bilebjl, plftrf, ofr`f ft sleljl sle ljl,, prhvl prhvlmfs mfs bi fxb fxbepjf epjf tob tobtt str strlc lcfs fs b rum rumff `jhw ba babl blist ist tof mub mubjj mflgldbtlhi hg olfrhajypold wrltlia, woldo Ifhpjbthilse pfrdflvfm bs tof mlvlif vfoldjf hg b mlvlif eystfry. Li gbdt, of prhphsfm th sfrvus vus g lmf lmfjls jls bim pru prumfi mfis.s. ]h bddhepjlso tols olfrhajypoldbjjy olfr hajypoldbjjy rftbli sfr of put li tof jhdbjlty b sfr sfrvus vus cihwi th ole, woh wbs ohjmlia b mha g lmfjls jls) li hif obim bim wlto tof htofr ebclia tof slai hg hi b jfbso ( glmf jfbplia uphi b sibcf ( pru prumfi mfiss). ]of bihebjy, woldo ls, lidlmfitbjjy, dhepjftfjy rfjbtlvf ghr bi brt hg efehry, ls iht tbclia tof pjbdf hg b eystfry ofrf. 02 Eystfry ls bs b`sfit grhe tof slai bs grhe wobt lt slailglfs. Khobiifs Bustrlbdus, Bustrlbd us, wohsf Mf efehrlb efeh rlb brtlg br tlgldlhsb ldlhsb jl`fjjus bppfbrfm 2<. ^baf 42. ]of ltbjlds brf elif. 0>. Ghr ehrf hi tof `fsthwbj hg b sbdrfm ibturf, sff b`hvf, ihtf =, hi Bj`frtl. 02. Qf cihw tobt bjj tof butohrs, li gbdt, prfsdrl`f hmmlty.

6>

Bppfimlx B

li Ttrbs`hura li 27>4, glts lith tols sbef jlifbaf. ]of dobptfr of mfvhtfs th olfrhajypos djfbrjy pjbdfs tof fepobsls, bs ls sohwi `y lts tltjf, Mf sdrlpturb sdrlptu rb olfrhajypoldb olfrhajypoldb.. Bgtfr rfelimlia ols rfbmfrs tobt tof Fayptlbis usfm olfrhajypos th fxprfss lmfbs, of bttrlùtfs th tofsf jbttfr b jltfrbry vbjuf, li tof sbef wby; ‚@fdbus ‚@fdbusff tof jfttfrs hg tof bjpob`f bjpob`ft,t, woldo obm iht yft `ffi livfitfm, wfrf iht bvbljb`jf th tofe, tofy usfm tolias th fxprfss lmfbs bs wfjj bs th ghre jfttfrs bim whrms .―00 Li tof vfrslhi tobt Bmrlbi Jf Dulrht prhvlmfm hg Jbe`frt Tdoficfj“s rujfs hg efehry li 2704, tltjfm ]of Tthrfohusf hg tof Tdlfidfs hr tof ]ruf Brt hg Efehry, tof sbef tfimfidy ls vfrlglfm; ‚SHif sobjj bjsh prhdffmU sleljbrjy `y slailgylia wobt ls rfprfsfitfm, bs tof Fayptlbis mlm ghr jf jfttf ttfrs rs bim fj fjhdu hdutlh tlhis is,, `y pblitlia bilebjs, ofr`s, bim pjbits, woldo slailglfm tof prhpfrty ehst bpprhprlbtf th tofe, jlcf obuaotlifss wbs rfprfsfitfm `y b pfbdhdc, bim b thrthlsf whujm mfehis mfehistrbtf trbtf jb jbzl zlifss ifss.― .―04 @y quldcjy dbrvlia b pbto tols wby torhuao tof rfpftltlvf dhiguslhi hg tof brts hg efehry, L ohpf th obvf strfiatofifm tof ghjjhwlia dhiifdtlhi; bs jhia bs tof lebaf hg tof efehry, lts lebah bafis baf is,, wbs ghrefm bjehst fxdjuslvfjy brhuim tof pfrshi, woldo wbs tof dbsf uitlj tof `faliilia hg tof slxtffito dfitury, tof rfgfrfidf th tof olfrhajypos dhujm iht glim biy pjbdf. ]of vfry tfres li woldo tols rfgfrfidf wbs ghreujbtfm ifxt sohw tobt tof prfvbjfidf hg tof ouebi limlvlmubj bs b slai wbs swlgtjy rlvbjfm `y bilebjs, pjbits, bim tof h`kfdts hg tof psfumh-olfrhajypold systfe rfvfbjfm murlia tof Pfiblssbidf, bim tobt tols dbjjlia lith qufstlhi sffes th obvf ahif obim li obim wlto tof arhwlia bssfrtlhi tobt bjj glaurbtlvf jbiaubaf, dobrafm bs lt elaot `f wlto sbdrfm dhiihtbtlhis, dhujm hr fvfi sohujm ofidfghrto dhepjy wlto tof rujfs hg mlsdhursf. L sobjj sffc th prhvlmf 00. ‚Due jltfrls tue ihimue livfitls dbrfrfit, rfùs Ft bm fxprlefimhs bilel dhidfptus Ft bm jltfrbs mldlhifsquf ghrebimbs utf`bitur.― ]of ltbjlds brf elif. 04. Bmrlbi Jf Dulrht, Jf Ebabzli mfs sdlfidfs hu vrby brt mf jb eìehlrf (^brls, 2704)3 sff Jbe`frt Tdoficfj, Abzhpoyjbdlue (Ttrbs`hura, 272>). ]of ltbjlds brf elif.


62

prhhg hg to tols ls `y ihw stumy stumyli liaa dfr dfrtb tbli li bvbtb bvbtbrs rs hg tof jhdl bim tof lebalifs, li woldo tof pfrs pfrshibf hibf spfdlgldbjjy tfim th dobiaf rhjfs. QOFPF ]OF @HM\ @FDHEFT B JHDBJF

]rylia th lmfitlgy tols dobiaf dhepfjs us th alvf prlhrlty, li tof sfqufidf hg tof Pfiblssbidf efehry brts, th biy liihvbtlhi ih ebttfr ohw gutljf hr b`frrbit lt elaot bppfbr th us. Lt ls hg dhursf uimfrsthhm tobt tof bidlfit dhidfpt hg fssfitlbjjy brdoltfdturbj pjbdfs bim fssfitlbjjy tofbtrldbj lebafs pfrslstfm torhuao tof dfiturlfs, hr bt jfbst wbs sdrupujhusjy ofjm li elim. @ut woljf tof bidlfit tfxts bddfptfm tof ibturbj sltf li b plido (wf cihw tobt Eftrhmhrus hg Tdfpsls obm tof slais hg tof zhmlbd), tofy ifvfr suaafstfm tobt tof ouebi `hmy dhujm, lg L elaot sby sh, tbcf lts pjbdf. ]of Elmmjf Bafs whujm mlvvy up tof ofbv fis bs lt pjfbsfm, bim hrabilzf ^brbmlsf, ûrabthry, bim Ofjj, ùt whujm iht ebcf biy strldtjy thpharbpoldbj usf hg tof `hmy. Lt sh obppfis tobt bt tof fim hg tof slxtffito dfitury, tof wohjf `hmy hr tof obim bjhif `fdbef tof gbvhrfm sltf ghr eifehild lisdrlptlhis. ]OF EB^ HG ]OF @HM\

Dhseb Phssfjjlh (bjsh cihwi bs Dhsebs Phssfjjlus), li ols ]ofsburus brtlgldlhsbf brtlg ldlhsbf efehrlç (261<), sbdrlgldfm th fbrjlfr ihtlhis hg tof jhdl. Li ols whrc wf glim babli ^brbmlsf, ûrabthry, bim Ofjj, bim of prhphsfs, jlcf ^ftfr hg Pbvfiib, th ebiugbdturf brdoltfdturbj jhdbjfs li dourdofs bim b``fys. @ut of bjsh suaafsts tof usf hg bjpob`ftldbj sfrlfs hg poljhsh pofrs,s, phfts, drbgtsefi, bim sh ghrto, fbdo hg woldo whujm gurilso b slt pofr sltff hi woldo su`slmlbry lebafs dhujm `f lisdrl`fm. ]h mh tols, of dhuitfm ghrty-hif sfdhimbry sltfs hi tof bibtheldbj surgbdf, bim wbs b`jf th bmm bihtofr twfity-flaot, `y pfiftrbtlia lislmf tof `hmy (sff glas. 2 bim 0). 0= 0=. Hg tof twfity-hmm fiarbvlias li tof `hhc, sfvfi brf mfvhtfm th tof `hmy bim glvf th tof obim, bi limldbtlhi, li ey hplilhi, hg b dhisdlhus liihvbtlhi.

60

Bppfimlx B

Glaurf 2. Dhseb Phssfjlh, ]ofsburus brtlgldlhsbf efehrlbf, 261<.

Afsubjmh, li ols ^juthshg ^juthshglb lb (26<0), ls sbtlsglfm wlto ghrty-twh sfdhimbry jhdbjfs, th `f trbvfjfm torhuao li tof mlrfdtlhi hg tof rfbmlia. Hif stbrts bt tof rlaot ghht bim djle`s up th tof ofbm, bim tofi ahfs `bdc mhwi tof `hmy th tof jfgt ghht (tof rlaot ghht `flia jhdbtfm hi tof jfgt hg tof lebaf). Hif fiarbvlia sohws b ibcfm `hmy wohsf pbrts, sdru pujhusjy iue`frfm, mfebrdbtf tof efitbj pbto pbt o (gla. 4, hi pbaf 6=).06 Hg `hmlfs li bdtlhi li bumbdlhus phsturfs, hg tohsf jlvlia pfrshis tobt ^ftfr hg Pbvfiib wlsofm th `f prftty whefi sultb`jf th fxdltf tof efehry, 06. Fxdfpt ghr b `bsld brdoltfdturbj `jufprlit, tols ls fvfi tof hijy ljjustrbtlhi li tof trfbtlsf.


64


tofrf rfeblis hijy bi bifeld dobrt. @ut of ahfs fvfi gbrtofr `fdbusf of dhidjumfs grhe tols tobt b jhdbjf jlcf tols dbiiht rfdflvf tof djbssldbj lebalifs wltohut leprhprlft leprhprlftyy sf ih pfr ghrz ghrzbb mf gbitbslb Slg iht `y efbis hg gbitbsyU. Ofrf ls wofrf wf sff tof dhrhjjbry hg tols ifw eifehild thpharbpoy jhhelia; tof dhidheltbit lebaf trbisghrebtlhi hg tof lebah tobt wljj `f mlsdussfm jbtfr. Grbidfsdh ^bilabrhjb, wohsf trfbtlsf hi efehry bppfbrfm li Grfido li 27>=, prhphsfm b clim hg elxfm systfe dhislstlia hg tfi dltlfs, th `f efehrlzfm li b sft hrmfr, ghr fxbepjf, li bjpob`ftldbj hrmfr, fbdo hg woldo dhujm hggfr b efehry, bim li bi fqubjjy leeuleeu tb`jf hrmfr, tfi sleljbr pfhpjf, hg `hto sfxfs bim mlstlidt bafs. Of

6=

Bppfimlx B

Glaurf 4. Gljlpph Afsubjmh, ^juthshglb, 26<0.

sblm, ‚lt ls ifdfssbry tobt yhu lebalif tofe ibcfm sh bs th `f b`jf th djhtof bim mfdhrbtf tofe wlto bjj tof tolias tobt sohujm `f usfm ghr glaurfs.― 07 Ihtolia dhujm `fttfr ljjustrbtf tof gbdt tobt tof pfh07. J J��brt mf prfsdofr ft `lfi gblr gblrff ui sfrehi bvfd jb Eìehl Eìehlrf rf jhdbjf ft brtlgldlf brtlgldlfjjf, jjf, drfbtfm `y tof Pfvfrfim Gbtofr Grbiáhls ^bilabrhjf . . . bim trbisjbtfm `y Ab`rlfj Dobp puls . . . (^br (^brls, ls, 27>=), 1=. Ghr Grbidfs \btfs, tols Mhelildbi ‚ls bi fxbepjf hg tof figff`jfefit hg tof brt slidf lts arfbt frb li tof Elmmjf Bafs, fxol`ltlia tof clim hg efitbjlty woldo ls th `f ghuim li tof jbtf efehry trfbtlsfs― (0=7). ^jfbsf pfrelt ef th hvfrjhhc tols vbjuf kumaefit li hrmfr th dhidfitrbtf hi tols ‚clim hg efitbjlty.―


66

pjf brf ihw hg ih lep lephrt hrtbid bidf. f. Ehrfhvfr, li hrmfr th ‚frbsf tof tfx tfxt,― t,― ^bilabrhjb prhphsfs th ‚rbdf hvfr tof fepty pjbdfs hr fjsf th mlsduss tof ibcfm ib cfm SpfrshisU SpfrshisU twh t wh hr torff tlefs.― tl efs.― ]of Tthrfohusf hg tof Tdlfidfs vbjljlmbt vb mbtfs fs to tols ls ifw dhid dhidfpt fpt,, ùt mhf mhfss sh, ohwf ohwfvfr, vfr, `y sb sbdr drlglgldl ldlia ia th prhpfrr mfd prhpf mfdhru hrue. e. ]of pfr pfrshib shibaf afss to tobt bt h`j h`jla lali liaa jy jfim tofe tofesfj sfjvfs vfs th tof guidtlhi hg pjbdf brf mfdfitjy djhtofm. Lt ghjjhws tobt tof `hmy ls ih jhiafr bs fbsljy dut lith ebiy plfdfs. Lt ls ihw hijy su`mlvlmfm lith glvf sfdhimbry sltfs, ebrcfm `y sebjj tb`jfts sft uimfrifbto tof rlaot ghht, tofi li tof rlaot obim, hvfr tof ofbm, li tof jfgt obim, bim uimfr tof jfgt ghht (gla. =).

Glaurf =. Bmrlbi Jf Dulrht, ]of Tthrfohusf hg tof Tdlfidfs, 2704.

67

Bppfimlx B ]OF EBPCFM OBIM

]of obim obs bjwbys `ffi usfm th supphrt efehry. 01 @ut tols bidljjbry rhjf dbiiht `f dhepbrfm th tof eftohmldbj dobrt hg b tfrrlgyliajy b`strbdt dhepjfxlty tobt wbs mrbwi up bt tof vfry `faliilia hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury `y tof Dbjb`rlbi ehic Alrbjbeh Ebrbglhtl li ols Mf Brtf rfelilsdfit rfelilsdfitlbf. lbf. ]ols whrc eby bppfbr strbiaf bim leprbdtldbj th us, ùt lt eust obvf dhrrfsphimfm th tof tbstfs hg tof tlef slidf lt wbs pu`jlsofm bt jfbst glvf tlefs li tof glr glrst st qubrtfr hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury. 0? Qoljf sleujtbifhusjy hggfrlia listrudtlhi li tof djbssldbj brt, Ebrbglhtl suaafstfm uslia tof ghur surgbdfs hg `hto obims bs jhdbjfs (sff gla. 6). Of mlstliaulsofm bs spfdlgld pjbdfs tof pobjbiafs bim ehuits hg tof gliafrs, bs tofrf brf twfity-torff li fbdo obim (tof iue`fr hg jfttfrs li tof bjpob`ft, Ebrbglhtl obstfis th phlit hut). ]ols bjj ghres b wohjf hg ilifty-twh sltfs, woldo dbi `f ligliltfjy eujtlpjlfm `y pjbdpjbd lia tof obims li mlggfrfit phsltlhis hr `y dhjhrlia tofe. Fbdo sfdhimbry sltf ls dobrbdtfrlzfm `y b pbrtldujbr sye`hj”ehhi, dlrdjf, trlbiajf, rlia”woldo dhujm limffm bppfbr rfehtfjy olfrhajypold ùt woldo li gbdt ls efbiliajfss.0< Bt tof `faliilia hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury, Jbe`frt Tdofidcfj prhphsfm prh phsfm uslia tof obims bs b s sfdhimbry sltfs, brrbiafm brrb iafm li bddhrmbidf wlto tof trbmltlhibj E th th ebrc tof ghur dhrifrs bim tof dfitfr, bim litfimfm 01. Bs fbrjy bs tof fjfvfito dfitury, Aulmh m“Brfzzh wbs uslia tof ‚obrehild obim― bs b efehry blm. Lts usf dhitliufm lith tof flaotf flaotffito fito dfitury. Tff K. Telts vbi Qbfs`fraof Q bfs`fraof,, Euslcfrzflouia; Jforf uim ]ofhrlf mfr Euslc le Elttfjbjtfr, Jflpzla; WF@ Mfutsdofr Wfrjba gur Euslc, 2<7<. Qf brf gbeljlbr wlto tof eftohms ghr dhe putlia dbjfimbrs li Bitlqulty, woldo wfrf rfbmhptfm ghr usf li tof Elmmjf Bafs. Tff ^lfrrf Pldof, Ìdhjfs ft fisflaifefit mbis jf Obut Ehyfi Àaf, ^brls; Bu`lfr, 2<1<, 001. Li ols Jumus Ttumfitlue Grlùrafislue (2622) Eurifr bjsh suaafsts tof usf hg b obim hi woldo tof jfttfrs hg tof bjpob`ft obvf `ffi wrlttfi th rfefe`fr tof rujfs hg prhshmy. 0?. Mf brt brtff rfel rfelilsdf ilsdfitlb itlbff pfr jhdb ft leba lebalifs lifs,, bd pfr ihtb ihtbss ft glglaurbs aurbs li ebil ebilùs ùs phsltbs phslt bs , pu`jlsofm li Grbicgurt, 27>03 Ttrbs`hura, 27>43 bim Wfildf, 27>6, 2726, bim 270=. 0<. L mh iht mfiy tof phssl`ljlty ofrf hg bi bjdofeldbj rfgfrfidf, ùt lt whujm iht wfbcfi tof bra brauefit uefit L be ebc ebclia. lia.


61

Glaurf 6. Alrbjbeh Ebrbglhtl, Mf Brtf rfelilsdfitlbf, 27>0.

th eujtlpjy tof wbjj surgbdfs hg djbssldbj brdoltfdturbj sltfs (gla. 7, hi pbaf 6?) 6?).. Ofrf bab babli, li, tof dohldf hg sdrlpt bim tof jhdus efehrlbf obs ofbvy rfpfrdusslhis hi tof vfry jfttfrs hg tof sdrlpt. @ut `fghrf wf fitfr lith b mlsdusslhi hi tof pbrbjjfj bvbtbrs hg tof lebalifs efehrlbf, pjfbsf limujaf ef li l i b ehefi ehefitbr tbryy fxdursus woljf L ebcf tof dhiifdtlhi `ftwffi tols fefrafidf hg tof `hmy trbisghrefm lith b efehry sltf bim b dhitfephrbry pofihefihi; b rfifwfm tbstf ghr poyslhaihey.

6?

Bppfimlx B

Glaurf 7. Bmrlbi Jf Dulrht, ]of Tthrfohusf hg tof Tdlfidfs, 2704.

Ô\TLHAIHELD OLFPHAJ\ÔT

Lt ls uimfilb`jf tobt thwbrm tof fim hg tof slxtffito dfitury pfhpjf wfrf sfb sfbrdol rdolia ia tof `hmy ghr ebr ebrcl clia iass hr li lisdr sdrlptlhis lptlhis.. ]o ]ols ls du durlhs rlhs-lty ls prhvfi `y tof iuefrhus rfprlitlias hg tof ôyslha ôyslhaihehi ihehilb lb `y Albe`bttlstb mfjjb ^hrtb, woh wbs bjsh tof butohr”woldo eby iht `f b slepjf dhlidlmfidf”hg bi brt hg efehry.4> ]of gbdt tobt lts dhitfit wbs obrm obrmjy jy ifw bim ebmf bùim bùimbit bit usf hg Br Brlsthtjf lsthtjf,, ^hjfehi, bim Bmbebitlus, sohujm iht dhidfri us ofrf. Qf sohujm slepjy ghdus hi tof pfrspfdtlvf tobt tols rfvlvfm litfrfst lepjlfs. Lt whujm sffe th ef tobt tols wby hg rfbmlia tof `hmy glims lts rfgjfdtlhi”woldo ls rfvfrsfm 4>. Albe`bttlstb mfjjb ^hrtb“s Mf ouebib ôyslhaihehilb jl`rl LW (Thrrfith, (Thrrfith, 26?7), trbisjbtfm `y tof butohr lith Ltbjlbi, whujm bppfbr li mhzfis hg fmltlhis murlia tof glrst objg hg tof sfvfitffito dfitury. Mfjjb ^hrtb wbs bjsh pu`jlsofm li Ibpjfs li 2711; Mfjjb Dolrhgls Dolrhglslhihelb lhihelb hvfrh ml qufjj qufjjbb pbrtf mfjjb ouebib Glslhihelb dof sl bppbrtlfif bjjb ebih . . . trbmhttl mb m b ui ebihsdrltth jbtlih .


6<

jlcf bjj rfgjfdtlhis”li tof wrltlia hi tof `hmy bmvhdbtfm `y Phssfjjlh, Ebrbglhtl, bim Tdoficfj. Li `hto dbsfs, li gbdt, tof gbdf hr tof obim brf efrf jhdbtlhis jhdbtlhis ghr lisdrlptlhis, lisdrlptlhis, rfbmlias/ rfbmlia s/wrltlias, wrltlias, bim obvf ih efbilia li bim hg tofesfjvfs. ]ofy brf mfvhlm hg biy ehvfefit bim afsturbj fxprfsslhi. ]ofy slepjy jlf gjbt. ]of jlifs hg tof obim bim tof gfbturfs hg tof gbdf prfdlsfjy pjby tof rhjf hg wrltlia hi b surgbdf. 42 ]of ehrbj dobrbdtfr ls wrlttfi li durvfs, ùeps, bim biajfs tobt brf sheftlefs olaojlaotfm `y shef dhjhr. Ofrf wf obvf b strhia leprfsslhi hg babli wltifssliaa b cl wltifssli clim im hg mfebtfrlb mfebtfrlbjlz jlzbtlhi btlhi hg tof olfrhajy olfrhajypold pold slai slai.. Bt glr glrst st ajbidf, tof bilebj ofbms tobt mfjjb ^hrtb mrfw olesfjg bim dhiifdtfm wlto gbehu gbehuss phrtrb phrtrblts, lts, sffe th glt lith tof fe`jfebtld trbm trbmltlhi. ltlhi. @ut tof trblj jfbms us bstrby. Lt ls ih jhiafr tof ibturf hg tof jlhi hr tof swlif tobt ebttfrs, bim fvfi jfss tof ob`lt hg tof hif th tfbr lts yhuia th plfdfs hr tof phwfr hg tof htofr th sfim bi fjfpobit gjfflia (uphi woldoo Ohrbphj wold Ohrbphjjh jh `bs `bsfm fm shef hg ols litfr litfrprftbt prftbtlhis lhis 40), ùt tof slai ‚phwfrguj fxtrfelty― hr ‚toldc jlps,― woldo, dbrrylia b mfgliltf efbilia,, dhujm `f dhe`lifm wlto htofrs th wrltf hut tof dobrbdtfr hg b alvfi lia a lvfi limlvlmubj. ]of rf`lrto hg poyslhaihey bim hif hg lts dhephifits, tobt dolrh glshihelb g lshihelb tobt mfjjb ^hrtb wbs cffi hi iht sfflia dhigusfm wlto dolrhebidy,44 tofrf`y dhrrh`hrbtfs tof ifw lephrtbidf arbitfm bt tof sbef tlef th tof sltfs hg dhrphrfbj efehry. Gurtofrehrf, Gurtofrehrf, tols wby hg ebclia ebc lia tof gbdf hr tof obim b sft hg b`strbdt sye`hjs ls surprlsliajy fvhdbtlvf hg tof systfe hg jltfrbj lisdrlptlhis tobt tof brts hg efehry obm `ffi lidrfbsliajy bmvhdbtlia bs sleljbr supphrts. 42. Jft“s sby, th `f fxbdt, lt ls b clim hg wrltlia li rfjlfg, ùt tof efehrlzbtlhi ls bjsh mhif li torff mlefislhis. 40. Ohrbphjjh, Olfr Olfrhajypo hajypoldb ldb,, rfspfdtlvfjy, LL, 4? (ghr arfbt wrbto) bim LL, ?7 (ghr tof ahsslpy ebi woh sfims tof clia gjfflia) 44. Pfkfdtlia tof prhpoftld mlefislhi ls iht slepjy bi hrbthrldbj prfdbutlhi ghr ole. Qobt ls livhjvfm ofrf li gbdt ls b dobiaf hg bttltumf wlto rfspfdt th tof ‚slai― tobt ih jhiafr rfgfrs th b mlvlif wljj (tof gbtf hg tof limlvlmubj), ùt th b rfbjlty (ols dobrbdtfr).

7>

Bppfimlx B GPHE ]OF LEBAF ]H ]OF JF]]FP

]of olfrhajypold rfgfrfidf li tof brts hg efehry obm bjrfbmy obm bs bi fggfdt, bs wf obvf sffi, hg lidhrphrbtlia tof lebaf lith tof jfttfr. ]ols tfimfidy ls dhiglrefm `y tof lifxhrb`jf sflzurf hg tof mhebli hg tof lebaf `y tof jfttfr, woldo tbcfs pjbdf li torff stbafs bim hi torff jfvfjs; tof fxtrfefjy prfdhdlhus fefrafidf hg glaurbtlvf bjpob`fts, tof fxtfislhi hg tof rfùs, bim glibjjy wobt lts butohrs tofesfjvfs dbjjfm mlrfdt lisdrlptlhi. ] of Glaurbtlvf Bjpob`fts

Alvlia fbdo jfttfr hg tof bjpob`ft b glaurbtlvf bppfbrbidf ls iht b jbtfr livfitlhi. ]of Brs efe efehrbtlvb hrbtlvb `y Kbdh`h û`jldlus, pu`jlsofm bgtfr tof Hrbthrlbf brtls fplthef li Wfildf li 2=?0 (ùt cihwi slidf 2=7>) bjrfbmy hggfrfm bi bjpob`ft li woldo fbdo jfttfr wbs mfpldtfm `y bi h`kfdt tobt rfsfe`jfm lt, B `y b dhepbss hr jbmmfr, @ `y b jutf, bim Dhseb Phssfjlh hijy bepjlglfm tols mlrfdtlhi (gla. 1), woldo ls bjsh tof dbsf wlto bi bjpob`ft li woldo fbdo jfttfr ls litfimfm th `f mfmudfm `y tof liltlbj hg tof ibef hg bi bilebj. @ut ebcf ih elstbcf. Ghr û`jldlus, tols hijy sfrvfm bs b slepjf wby th mfebrdbtf tof pjbdfs, tof jhdhrue ihtbtlh, li hrmfr th ebcf lt fbslfr th ibvlabtf tofe wltohut tof rlsc hg elsslia tof hrmh jhdhrue, tof guimbefitbj rujf hg eifehild lisdrlptlhi. ]ofsf mlsaulsfm jfttfrs tofrfghrf hrlalibjjy `fjhiafm th tof jhdl. ]of liihvbtlhi ofrf dhislsts hg ebclia dfrtbli tobt tofy pbss bjhiaslmf tof lebalifs. ]of bjpob`fts hg û`jldlus whujm `f su`sfqufitjy pldcfm up `y htofrs bim dhepjftfm. Dhseb Phssfjjlh whujm bmm b mfsdrlptlhi hg bi bjpob`ft hg ouebi phsturfs, ghr woldo mfjjb ^hrtb whujm jbtfr alvf us b dhepjftf vlsubj rfimfrlia (gla. ?, hi pbaf 70), bs wfjj bs bi bjpob`ft li woldo tof jfttfrs brf ghrefm `y tof glgliafrs iafrs hg tof ouebi obim (gla. <, pbaf 74 74).). ]ofsf systfes dfrtb dfrtbli lijy jy phssfs phssfsss b eudo jhiafr olsthr olsthry, y, ùt lt ls tof dhlidlmlia bt tof fim hg tof slxtffito dfitury bim tof `faliilia hg tof sfvfitffito hg tofsf bmmltlhis ghrflai th tof bidlfit tofhry hg



72

70

Bppfimlx B

Glaurf ?. Albe`bttlstb mfjjb ^hrtb, Brs rfelilsdfiml, 27>0.

tof Brs efehrbtlvb, tobt L be ohplia th lmfitlgy. Bt glrst ajbidf, tofsf jfttfrs sffe th `f strldtjy h`fylia tof prfdfpts hg tof lebalifs bafitfs, th tof fxtfit tobt tofy bssuef rlmldujhus hr h`sdfif phsltlhis, ùt toflr rhjf ls ih jhiafr tobt hg pfrshibf bt bjj. Li gbdt, tofrf ls ih rfbshi tofi th whimfr b`hut wobt tofy brf mhlia hr wobt tofy elaot efbi, bs bjj tofy alvf us th rfbm ls tof sobpf hg toflr dhithrtlhis.


74

Glaurf <. Dhseb Phssfjlh, ]ofsburus brtlgldlhsbf efehrlbf, 261<.

]of h`kfdt-jfttfrs hr toflr bilebj bvbtbrs wfrf tofrfghrf wobt hrabilzfm tofsf sltfs; lt sohujm `f ih dbusf ghr surprlsf tobt tof ouebi `hmy hr obim wfrf ebmf lith jhdbtlhibj limldbthrs, bs tofy whujm bjsh `f trbisghrefm lith sltfs li turi sfvfrbj yfbrs jbtfr. @ut sheftolia wbs obppfilia tofi bt tof fim hg tof slxtffito dfitury, pfrobps uimfr tof ligjufidf hg tof olfrhajypold ehmfj tobt tofsf durlhus bjpob`fts lrrfslstl`jy `rhuaot th elim. ]of bddfit whujm `f lidrfbsliajy pjbdfm hi tof usf hg tofsf glaurbtlvf bjpob`fts th ghre lebalifs. Bt tof sbef tlef, bim `y tobt gbdt bjhif, tof bttfitlhi pblm th tof brtlgldlbj efehry hg whrms tobt jfgt Dldfrh limlggfrfit bim tobt tof Elmmjf Bafs sffefm th ohjm li

7=

Bppfimlx B

ih olaofr fstffe ls prhdjblefm. Th wofrf tof bidlfits suaafstfm slepjf stfiharbpold slais ghr thhj whrms jlcf dhikuidtlhis hr prfphsltlhis, 4= bt tof fim hg tof Pfiblssbidf, tof lebalibtlhi strlvfs th rfprfsfit pfr hr ohd. Li truto, ^ftfr hg Pbvfiib wbs bjrfbmy trylia th mh tols, ùt rfeblifm sdrupujhusjy gbltoguj th tof lebalifs bafitfs, pjbdlia ]ohebs `fghrf Fusf`lus th ghre ]F bim bim Fusf`lus `fghrf ]ohebs th ghre F] . @y efbis hg bjpob`fts dhislstlia hg pfhpjf, jfttfrs wfrf slepjy pfrshilglfm, wlto tof tofbtrldbj rfehvlia tof olfrhajypold. @ut jbtfr butohrs bjj bmvlsfm tof `jfimlia hg tofsf bjpob`fts. @y kuxtbphslia hr dhhrmlibtlia tof glaurfs hg bilebjs, h`kfdts, bim ouebi `hmlfs, wohjf hr li pbrts, tofy abvf b strhia leprfsslhi hg ‚pjbylia bt olfrhajypos.― Li tols wby lt wbs suaa suaafstfm fstfm tobt OHD dhujm dhujm `f wrlttfi li tof ghjjhwlia wby; b `hmy wlto bre bress bim jfa jfass sprfbm bpbr bpbrtt th mfpldt tof O , woldo wbs ohjmlia b dlrdjf li tof rlaot obim bim objg b ahurm li tof jfgt obim. 46 Li tols listbidf, bim strl strldth dth sfisu sfisu,, tof (psfumh-) olfrhajypold lebaf ls djfbrjy tof fqulvbjfit hg b whrm. ]of tfdoilquf wbs `fdhelia systfebtlzfm bt tof `faliilia hg tof slxtffito dfitury. Bt tof sbef tlef tof glaurbtlvf phrtrbybj hg tof jfttfr, woldo dhujm bppfbr shefwobt wbstfguj, wbs `flia b`bimhifm, bim `huitlg `huitlguj uj tb`jfs hg tof fqulvb fqulvbjfidlfs jfidlfs hg thhj whrms bim syj syjjb`jfs jb`jfs dbpb`jf hg vlsu vlsubj bjlzbtlhi lzbtlhi wfrf `fli `fliaa mrbwi up. ]of trbisjbtlhii lith trbisjbtlh l ith lebafs tofrf tofrfghrf ghrf ih jhiafr iffmfm biy sye`hjld efmlbtlhi. Bmbe @ruxlus fstb`jlsofm, li ols Tlehilmfs rfmlvlvus,47 b vfrltb`jf biihtbtfm jfxldhi ghr iue`frs, whrms wltohut glaurfs, thhj whrms, bim b`strbdt ihtlhis. ]of vbrlhus bjpob`fts wfrf dhjjbtfm uimfr tof shjf typfs hg tof whrm. Ih lebaf whujm fvfr babli dbtdo tof olfrhajypold mrfbe li lts sibrf; fvfry jfttfr wbs bddhepbilfm `y bi lepjbdb`jy vfr`bj jlst hg prhpfr ibefs, bilebj ibefs, hr tof efitlhi hg tof rfs glaurbf sleljlss bs dbput tburl ghr M. Bs ghr tof trbisjbtlhi hg b`strbdt ihtlhis, sleljl 4=. Tff Mf hrbthrf, LL, 46<. 46. Ghr ehrf, sff tof whrc `y Ebrbglhtl dltfm fbrjlfr. Lt dbi `f ghuim babli li tof whrc hg Bmb Bmbe e @ru @ruxlus xlus dltfm fbrjlfr, Tlehilmfs rfmlvlvus sluf brs efehrlbf ft h`jlulhils . . . tbùjls fxprfssb (Jflpzla, 272>). 47. Bmbe @ruxlus.


76

lt rfmudfm tof eftbpohrldbj, eifehild, hr slepjy pohiftld prhdfssfs li woldo tof gfw rfeblilia trbdfs hg tof ‚olfrhajypold― jbiaubaf hg b `yahif baf obm `ffi fijlstfm th hif sbef prlidlpbj hg jfxldbj syihiye syihiyey. y. Li tols wby, dhistbis dhujm `f trbisdrl`fm `y ofmfrb, bjùs `y jljlue, bim iumus `y ilmus. ]ols wbs ghjjhwfm `y b Ihefidjbth Ihefidjbthrr eifehil eifehildus dus wlto b shefwobt eystfrlhus purphsf tobt djbss djbssfm fm tof ihelib tofi tof vfr`b li bjpob`ftldbj hrmfr. ]ols abvf, lpsh gbdth, b sfrlfs hg phssl`jf b`lfs,, b`bs, bim sh hi3 ghr bd; bddlpltf bddlpltfr, r, lebafs ghr bjj syjjb`jfs; ghr b`; b`lfs bdus, bim sh ghrto. ]hwbrm tof Pfùs

Qf brf tofr Qf tofrfghr fghrff iht vfr vfryy gb gbrr grh grhe e tof rfù rfùss bt tof phl phlit it wofi tof vbjuf vb juf hg bi le leba baff wb wbss mft mftfr frel elifm ifm `y lts shu shuim im (b j`f j`flt lt pb pbrt rtlb lbjj bi bimm rfstrldtfm th tof liltlbj hif li tof dbsf hg tof bjpob`fts) bim iht `y wobt lt rfprfs rfprfsfitfm fitfm.. Th tof gbd gbdtt tobt rfùs rfùsfs fs `fa `fabi bi prhjl prhjlgfrb gfrbtli tliaa li tof brts hg efehry bim tof wfjj-cihwi dbsf hg tof glaurbtlvf shiift prh vlmfm vlm fm `y ^bj ^bjbtl btlih ih li 26= 6=>> bim rfprhmudf rfprhmudfmm li tof Brs rfel rfelilsdf ilsdfiml iml `y mfjjb ^hrtb ghr lts fxfepjbry fxfepjbry vbjuf, vb juf, ls gbr grhe `flia bi lshjbtfm limldblimldbtlhi hg tof litfrpfiftrbtlhi hg tof twh brts. 41 ]of pjby hi whrms shhi ebmf lts prfsfidf gfjt, ùt li tof slepjf ghre hg tof bpprhxlebtlhi tobt ebmf lt phssl`jf th glim b glaurbtlhi ghr b whrm tobt htofrwlsf whujm whu jm iht obvf hif. 4? ]ols ls ohw wf dbi ‚trbisjbtf bpu bpum m `y dbput . Pofth fthrl rldb db bm Ofrf Ofrfiil iilue ue.. 4<) (]ols pbto obm bjrfbmy `ffi jblm `y tof Po ]of prhdfss wbs rfglifm bim dhmlglfm bt b jbtfr mbtf. Pofthrld `rlias tof `bdclia hg lts eftbjbiaubaf, bim tols fisurfm tobt bi limlvlmubj bpfr r (wljm dhujm vfry sfrlhusj sfrlhusjyy, tobics tob ics th prhtofsls, prhtofsls, trbisghre trbi sghre pfr lith lith bpf (wljm `hbr), tobics th fpfitofsls ebcf jb pfib uib pfiib, bim tobics th 41. ]of vfry ehst tobt dbi `f sblm ls tobt lt ls tof shjf fxbepjf wf obvf li hur brtfs efehrlbf hg bi ljjustrbtfm rfùs. Lt obs hgtfi `ffi rfprhmudfm, ehst rfdfitjy li tof `hhc `y Kfbi Dfbrm bim Kfbi-Djbumf Ebrahjli, Jf Pìùs î jb Pfibls Pfiblssbidf sbidf (^brls; Eblshiifuvf ft Jbrhsf, 2. 4<. Tff b`hvf, ghhtihtf 20.

77

Bppfimlx B

bpofsls fxtrbdt hvf grhe mhvf hr efitb grhe fjfefitb. L obvf `hrrhwfm bpofsls tofsf fxbepjfs grhe Afsubjmh, ùt fvfryhif wljj rfdhailzf tofe bs djbssldbj fxbepjfs hg tof typf. ]of trbisghrebtlhis tobt thhc pjbdf li tof brts hg efehry hvfr tof dhursf hg tof yfbrs uigbljliajy ghjjhwfm li tols mlrfdtlhi. L iffm hijy dltf bs prhhg tof fxbepjfs bmmfm `y Jf Dulrht th ols trbisjbtlhi hg Abzhpoyjbdlue `y Jbe`frt Tdoficfj. ]ofsf dhujm hijy `f tof whrc hg ols pfi, bs tofy pjby hi Grfido jliaulstld strudturfs. Ghr fxbepjf, ghr efehrlzlia tof strbiaf ibef hg b poljhshpofr efitlhifm `y Dldfrh, Dldfr h, Bjb`bimfis Bjb`b imfisls, ls, ghr woldo Tdoficfj suaafsts suaa fsts tof sfrlfs hg b wlia, w lia, b `bim, bim b swhrm, Jf Dulrht prhphsfs b `bim hr b trhhp hg doljmrfi mlvlmfm lith slx rhws. => Bi fvfi ehrf dobrbdtfrlstld fxbepjf pfrobps whujm `f to tols ls hif grhe tof Mlb Mlbjha jhauf uf li woldo, li hrmfr th rfefe`fr tof ibef hg tof fepfrhr Hth, hif whujm pldturf bi Htthebi `fbrlia b sbdc hi ols `bdc, `bdc , iht ghr pohiftld pohiftld fepobsls, ùt L tolic toli c sh tobt ‚hif rfehvfs tof `bdc grhe tof Htthebi― li hrmfr th aft Hth. ]of liihliih vbtlhi vbt lhi ofrf rfsl rfslmfs mfs li tof ofidf ofidfghr ghrto to str strldt ldt bppj bppjldb ldbtlhi tlhi hg tof rfù rfùss prlidlpjf prl idlpjf..=2 Lt ls sh rlahrhusjy bppjlfm lt alvfs tof leprfsslhi tobt tof purphs pur phsff obs `f `ffi fi sol solgt gtfm fm bim tobt tof fims obvf `ff `ffii ebm ebmff su`hrm su`hrml-libtf th tof efbis. ]ols ls `fdbusf lt ls obrm th sff ohw tof tfdoilquf hg tof rfùs dhujm `f put lith afifrbj usf. ]of br`ltrbry ibturf hg lts grbaefitbtlhi spfdlgldbjjy ebcfs lt obrm th efehrlzf, bim pfhpjf dbi hijy rfefe`fr b rfùs tobics th lts trbisjbtlhi, slidf lt dbi hijy `f rfbm hidf lt obs `ffi trbisjbtfm. =0 Hg mu`lhus fggfdtlvfifss hi tof eifehild jfvfj, tof fxbepjfs hg pbrtlbj rfùsfs tobt gjhurlsofm li tof brts hg efehry rfvfbj kust ohw tof abef wbs `flia pjbyfm. Bim mlmi“t tofy, thh, dhitrlùtf th `rfbclia tof lebah tobt obm rflaifm slidf bitlqulty hvfr tof glfjm hg efehry `y strlpplia lt hg lts prhpfr efbilia bim rfpjbdlia lt wlto tof rujf hg tof jfttfr bim lts mlzzylia =>. Tff Abzhpoyjbdlue, 70. @ljmfr mfrrítsfj rítsfj (Oljmfsofle =2. Ghr ehrf hi tof rfùs, sff Fvb Ebrlf Tdofidc, Mbs @lj bim Ifw \hrc; Afhra Hjes Wfrjba, 2<14). =0. Ghr b mlggfrfit hplilhi hi tof vbjuf hg tof rfùs bs b eifehild tfdoilquf, sff Dfbrm bim Ebrahjli, Jf Pìùs î jb Pfib Pfiblssbi lssbidf, df, 6=gg.


71

dhe`libtlhis8 ]of jbst syepthe L obvf lmfitlglfm wljj dhepjftf tols prhvlslhib prhvl slhibjj mfehist mfehistrbtlhi rbtlhi.. ]of Mlrfdt Lisdrlptlhi

Lt wbs lifvltb`jf tobt tolias rfbdofm tols phlit. ]of ‚liihvbthrs― Afsubjmh bim Ebrbglhtl, woh obm bjrfbmy suddffmfm li mrblilia tof lebah bafis `y ebclia lt pjby tof rhjf hg b dhiifdthr, mrfw tof jhaldbj dhidjuslhi tobt lt wbs ihw ifdfssbry th ehvf hi th b ehrf mlrfdt trbisdrlptlhi. @hto hg tofe rftblifm tof bidlfit systfe ifxt th toflr ifw brt, ùt lt sffes th ef tobt tof pbrbjjfjs tofy fstb`jlsofm `ftwffi tof twh hijy `fttfr fepobslzfm tof rfjby tobt wbs bt whrc tofrf. Ghjjhwlia b tfxt of dltfm hi tof olfrhajypos, Afsubjmh wfit hi th sby; ‚dhsl ihl dhjjhdbeh ifjjl juhaol li muf ehml, prleh leefmlbtb efitf jf pbrhjf shjf sfizb leebalif, sfdhimh efmlbtbefitf jf pbrhjf pfr vlb m “ leeb leebal alil. il. . . . Lj prl prleh eh ehmh dhivlf dhivlfif if bjjl juhao juhaoll ghre g hrebtl btl ifjj ifjjll iuefrl f ifjjf pfrshif. Lj sfdhimh dhivlfif bjjl juhaol stb`ljl ― ghres bddhrmlia th tof trbmltlhibj rujfs. Ebrbglhtl hpphsfm th tof djbssldbj systfe li woldo b jbe` hpfilia lts ehuto wbs usfm ghr @bj @bjbtu btuss ols hwi systfe li woldo b @ wlto wlias wbs pjbdfm hvfr tof obim. =4 ]of rfùs (bim L mh iht vlfw tols bs bi bddlmfit), wbs tofrfghrf rfmudfm th b jfttfr. ]of Tthrfohusf hg tof Tdlfidfs, wold woldoo li lisdr sdrl`f l`fss tof obi obimm bs b sfdhimbry sltf hi tof wbjjs hg tof prlebry sltf, `rlias th elim tof rfsfrvbtlhis fxprfssfm `y Khobii-Oflimrldo Bjstfbm, woh wbs scfptlscfptl dbj bs th tof phssl`ljltlfs hg pjbdlia tof lebalifs hi tof obim bim woh gbvhrfm b systfe hg tb`jfts hg lisdrlptlhi. == L wljj `rlia tols sfdtlhi th b djhsf wlto bi fxbepjf tobt L `fjlfvf wljj bjjhw us th bssfss tof fxtfit bim tof rbmldbj ibturf hg tof rfvfrsbj. ^ftfr hg Pbvfiib, woh strhvf, bs efitlhifm fbrjlfr, th bppjy tof prlidlpjf hg lebalifs bafitfs th tof efehrlzlia hg whrms, prhphsfm rfefe`frlia tof syjjb`jf @P @PB B `y =4. Qhrc dltfm b`hvf, ghhtihtf 0<. ==. ]of `hhc `y K. O. Bjstfm, Tystfeb eifehrldue mupjfx . . . li quh brtls efehrbtlvbf prbfdfphtb wbs pu`jlsof pu`jlsofmm li Grbic Grbicgu gurt rt li 27 272>, 2>, tof sbef yfbr bs Jbe` Jbe`frt frt Tdoficfj“s Abzhpoyjbdlue.

7?

Bppfimlx B

@fifmldt mldtue ue due rbils sfu rbpls rbpls.. Bt tof htofr fim lebalilia tof porbsf @fif hg tof spfdtrue, ]of Tthrfohusf hg tof Tdlfidfs mlbeftrldbjjy hpphsfm @PB B tols wlto lts `fjlfg tobt tof syjjb`jf dhujm rfpjbdf tof porbsf. @P whujm whu jm tofr tofrfg fghrf hrf efb efbii ‚tob ‚tobtt @f @fifm ifmldt ldt trbvf trbvfjljlia ia bd bdrhss rhss b glglfjm fjm stby stbyfm fm tofrf th abtofr shef turilps―=6 bim th rfefe`fr @P @PB, B, hif dhujm, lg hif jlcfm, ‚pldturf― tof syjjb`jf `y rfpjbdlia lt wlto b `rbdfjft. ]of eifehild wrltlia tfdoilquf obm tofrfghrf `fdhef fidryptfm, jlcf tohsf sfdrft sdrlpts tobt mfjjb ^hrtb bim @jblsf mf Wlafiïrf usfm (bt bjehst tof sbef tlef) th mlsdjhsf eystfrlfs bim trldcs. Li tols wby tof ebtfrlbjlzbtlhi hg tof jfttfr hr tof syjjb`jf dhjjlmfm wlto tof rfehvbj hg olfrhajypold dhidfpt“s sbdrfm dobrbdtfr. Lt wbs ihw wfjj cihwi tobt hif dhujm wrltf wlto lebafs wltohut rbttjlia bi ligliltf iue`fr hg mlvlif dhiihtbtlhis. Lt wbs fqubjjy cihwi tobt tof sfdrft (ifdfssbrljy wfjj prhtfdtfm) hg tofsf liml limlvlmubj vlmubj gla glaurfs urfs th woldo bj bjjj brt brtlglgldlbj ldlbj tfdoi tfdoilqufs lqufs hg efehrlzbtlhi ifdfssbrljy rfshrt, mhfs iht obvf, b prlhrl, biytolia bt bjj li dheehi wlto tof sbdrfm. ]of vfry trlvlbjlty hg dfrtbli dhepjfx arhuplias prhvfs `fttfr tobi biytolia tobt ofidfghrwbrm tof lebaf ih jhiafr obm biy prlvljfafm dhiifdtlhi wlto shef olaofr dhitfit. Obvlia rfbdofm tols phlit, tof Brs efehrbtlvb dbef gbdf-th-gbdf wlto tof dhidhitfephrbry `jhsshelia hg tof brt hg fidryptlhi, woldo wbs ehrf djfbrjy dhmlglfm bim pfrobps hg b usfgujifss tobt wbs jfss qufstlhib`jf. Ehst lephrtbitjy, lt ghuim ltsfjg fisibrfm li tof lisurehuitb`jf dhitrbmldtlhi tobt tols clisolp ltsfjg rfvfbjfm. @y mrbwlia bwby grhe tof tofbtrldbj pbto, `y alvlia b dhjm sohujmfr th sye`hjld glaurfs bim turilia thwbrm pjby wlto jfttfrs, tof brtlgldlbj efehry wbs surfjy rfsphimlia th tof dheebims hg tof ebstfr fidhmfrs hg tof ifw tlefs woh prfsdrl`fm b sfrlfs hg trbisphsltlhis tof `fttfr th sdrbe`jf tof dhmf, ùt lt bttrbdtfm lts mfdhmfr, ibturbj efehry, lith b abef tobt whujm prhvf gbtbj th `hto hg tofe. ]ols fisurfm tobt lts hijy rfdhursf, li tols rfspfdt, wbs th vbilso. vbil so. efehrl hrlbb L dbiiht ofjp ùt `f pjfbsfm `y tols suldlmf hg tof Brs efe =6. Tthrfohusf hg tof Tdlfidfs , 046.


7<

`fdbusf lt hggfrs vbjub`jf dhiglrebtlhi hg tof dhidjuslhis L mrfw, shef flaot yfbrs bah, hi tof mfvfjhpefit hg tof fe`jfebtld lebaf murlia tobt sbef frb.=7 Qf dbi djfbrjy sff ohw litfrfst solgtfm grhe tof glaurf th tof jfttfr bim grhe tof sye`hj th tof whrm. Lt wbs tols tobt wbs ihw hggfrfm, uimfr b vbrlfty hg bvbtbrs, th durlhslty3 lt wbs uphi tols tobt tof ujtlebtf glrfs hg tof olfrhajypold eystfry wfrf dhidfitrbtfm. @fdbusf vfry jlttjf rfeblifm hg wobt obm `ffi tof prbdtldf hg eifehild tfdoilqufs murlia tof ofymby hg Ifhpjbthilse li tof glgtffito dfitury. Dbuaot li tof wf` hg tof mlsdhursf th `f efehrlzfm, tof olfrhajypo hidf babli `fdbef wobt lt ifvfr trujy dfbsfm th `f; hif sdrlpturbj slai behia htofrs, bj`flt hif shefwobt jfss phpujbr tobi tof htofrs. Fvfrytolia gfjj hut bs lg tols ifw ohrlzhitbj su`hrmlibtlhi obm uimhif tof bidlfit vfrtldbj rfjbtlhisolp rfjbtlhisolp th Mlvlif Qlsmhe. Pfalefitfm Pfa lefitfm wltoli tof Efehrlb, tof ghurto pbrt hg Pofthrld, lt ihw sphcf djfbrjy bim”tof ujtlebtf lrhiy”ehrf djfbrjy tobi tof syjjb`jfs bim jfttfrs tobt, murlia tof sfvfitffito dfitury, lrrfvhdb`jy wrfstfm grhe lt tof algt hg sfdrfdy.

=7. ‚Jf stbtut mf j“lebaf mbis jfs jlvrfs fe`jìebtlqufs fi Grbidf mf 26?> î 274>,― li J J��Butheif mf jb Pfiblss Pfiblssbidf bidf 26?>—274> , fm. K. Jbghim bim B. Ttfaebii (^brls; Wrli, 2
B^^FIML_ @

]of Bidlfit Thurdfs hg Liltlbtld ]rbiselsslhi Li Grffebshiry ]of Phybj Brt bim tof Djbssldbj Brt hg Efehry @y Dobrjfs @. Kbefux

]of stumy hg tof ]hrbo ls arfbtfr tobi tof rfùljmlia hg tof ]fepjf ]��, E�� ]��, 277

L] LT HG]FI TBLM ]OB] FWFP\ Grffebshi,

bt jfbst hidf li ols jlgftlef bs bi liltlbtf, ahfs torhuao b pobsf hg sfjg-mhu`t b`hut ols efe`frsolp li tof Ebshild Hrmfr bim ols rfbshis ghr stbylia wlto lt. ]ols brtldjf hrlalibjjy bppfbrfm li tof ebabzlif ^hlits mf Wuf Liltlbtlqufs (Liltlbthry ^frspfdtlvfs), lssuf ih. 2>> (spfdlbj lssuf mfvhtfm th tof shurdfs bim hrlalis hg spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry), li Mfdfe`fr 2<<6. Lt wbs jbtfr pu`jlsofm uimfr tof tltjf ‚Jfs shurdfs bitlqufs mf jb trbiselsslhi liltlbtlquf fi grbid-ebáhiifrlf; brt djbsslquf mf jb eìehlrf,― li Jb Gr Grbid-ebáhiifrlf”Olsthlrf bid-ebáhiifrlf”Olsthlrf ft mldtlhiiblrf, fm. Kfbi-Jud Ebxfidf (^brls; Ph`frt Jbgghit, 0>24), bim bppfbrs ofrf `y pfrelsslhi. ]obic yhu th Ihfj Dbstfjlih ghr tof Fiajlso trbisjbtlhi. 1>

]of Bidlfit Thurdfs hg Liltlbtld ]rbiselsslhi Li Grffebshiry

12

‚Qobt be L mhlia ofrf8 Qobt ls tof phlit hg lt bjj8― of bscs olesfjg, whimfrlia whimfrl ia woftofr hr iht of sohujm dhitliuf bs b Grffeb Grffebshi. shi. ]ol ]olss pfrlhm hg sfjg-qufstlhilia sfj g-qufstlhilia eby `f jljlcfifm cfifm th b ehhm, ehhm , bim b im lt ls gblrjy g blrjy wfjj cihwi th `f sohrt-jlvfm. @y dhitrbst, L obvf bjwbys gfjt tobt ghr tof rfst hg tof tlef (bim tols gbdt ls jfss hgtfi ihtfm), Grffebshis brf iht alvfi th bsclia qufstlhis b`hut tof hrlalis hg toflr prbdtldfs bim, ujtlebtfjy, b`hut tof mffpfr efbilia hg Grffebshiry bim tof fxpfrlfidfs tobt tofy jlvf wltoli lt. ]ofy rfelim ef hg dourdoahfrs woh eby cihw wobt ls ahlia hi li tof jlturay bim obvf shef vbauf ihtlhi hg lts efbilia ùt ih jhiafr phssfss biy lmfb hg woy tofrf ls b sfrvldf, woy hif ahfs th dourdo, wobt fxbdtjy obppfis tofrf, bim sh hi. Li htofr whrms, L obvf h`sfrvfm tobt tof efe`frs hg rfaujbr bim trbmltlhibj Grffebshiry afifrbjjy cihw tof ‚efbilia― hg tof sye`hjs ùt brf iht bwbrf hg toflr woys bim wofrfghrfs. Tleljbrjy, tofy obvf shef `rhbm cihwjfmaf hg tof rltubj ùt dbiiht fxpjbli woy rltubjs fxlst. ]ofy dbi hgtfi mfglif liltlbtlhi ùt brf lidbpb`jf hg sbylia ohw lt whrcs. ]ofy dbiiht pliphlit tof psydohjhaldbj efdobilses `y woldo b prhdfss, afifrbjjy rfabrmfm bs `flia prhpfr th tof limlvlmubj, dbi `f trbiselttfm bt b psydohjhaldbj jfvfj grhe hif limlvlmubj th bihtofr bim, bt wobt elaot `f dbjjfm tof jfvfj hg tof arhup, grhe tof jhmaf th tof limlvlmubj. Bs th eysfjg, L be hg dhursf wfjj bwbrf tobt L `fjhia th tols dbtfahry hg Grffebshis. Ghr lt eust `f sblm tobt tof olsthrldbj hrlalis hg spfdujbspfdujb tlvf Ebshiry (tof `lrto hg woldo, bs ls afifrbjjy cihwi, thhc pjbdf wfjj `fghrf 2121 li tof @rltlso Lsjfs, bim ehrf spfdlgldbjjy li Tdhtjbim bim Fiajbim) brf bs yft h`sdurf. Ehrfhvfr bim bjtohuao L obvf `ffi sffclia biswfrs th tofsf qufstlhis ghr wfjj-ilao twfity yfbrs L obvf `ffi uib`jf th glim gl im biy sbtlsgbdthry hifs, woldo ls pfrob p frobps ps qultf uimfrstbimb`jf, alvfi tof dhepjfxlty bim rbiaf hg tof prh`jfes livhjvfm. ]ofsf pfrshibj bmelsslhis bslmf, tof prh`jfes brf trujy dhepjfx bim, b`hvf bjj, `bsld. ]ofy livhjvf b arfbt mfbj ehrf tobi ey hwi Ebshild rfsfbrdo. Bt tof sbef tlef, tofy `lim us th b dheehi bim

10

Bppfimlx @

lmfitldbj tbsc hg rfgjfdtlia hi hur spfdujbtlvf hrlalis. L elaot sueebrlzf tols tbsc hg rfgjfdtlhi li b gfw qufstlhis tobt L obvf bjwbys `ffi dhigrhitfm wlto. Qobt ls tof ibturf hg tof t of liltlbtlhi l iltlbtlhi tobt ls prhphsfm bim mfvfjhpfm `y spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry8 Qobt ls lt tobt ls pbssfm hi8 Ohw ls lt pbssfm pbs sfm hi li tol tolss pbr pbrtldu tldujbr jbr gb gbsolhi, solhi, tobt ls, `y tof usf hg eftbpohrs tbcfi grhe tof whrjm hg tof ùljmlia bim dhistrudtlhi trbmfs8 Li htofr whrms, obs tof ibtu ibturf rf hg hur li liltlbtld ltlbtld bpprhbdo dhef th us `y ml mlrfdt rfdt mfsdfit grhe lts supphsfmjy rfdfit olsthrldbj hrlali, woldo ls, `rhbmjy spfbclia, grhe tof ‚drbgt― Grffebshiry tobt leefmlbtfjy prfdfmfm lt8 Hr rbtofr obs lt `ffi mfrlvfm `y splrltubj ligjufidf grhe bi bidlfit trbtrb mltlhi `fjhialia th b gbr fbrjlfr baf8 Ohw bim woy ls lt tobt, li tols systfe hg eftbpohrs mrbwi grhe tof whrjm hg tof ùljm ùljmlia lia bim dhistrudtlhi trbmfs, tof leba lebaff hg tof tfepjf wbs fstb`j fstb`jlsofm lsofm grhe tof vfry hutsft bs tof dfitrb dfitrbjj leb lebaf af hg ibsd ibsdfit, fit, spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry li lts torff ebli ghres; Thjhehi“s tfepjf, tof Vilvfrsbj tfepjf, bim tof litfrlhr tfepjf8 Ohw bim woy ls lt tobt tof dhistbit usf hg sye`hjs bim tof fggfdtlvf prbdtldf hg rltubj obvf bjwbys `ffi tof fstb`jlsofm drltfrlb hg butofitld Ebshiry8 Bim, glibjjy, tofrf ls tof lssuf hg tof mfarffs. Qoy ls lt tobt, ih shhifr obm tof glrst torff sye`hjld mfarffs `ffi sft up bim mlggfrfitlmlggfrfitlbtfm, b jbraf iue`fr hg bmmltlhibj hifs wfrf drfbtfm li toflr wbcf8 Hur mftrbdthrs spfbc hg vbilty bim rfgfr li b pfkhrbtlvf ebiifr th b ‚eujtl pjldbtlhi― hg mfarff mfarffs.s. L sobj sobjjj try bim sohw tobt tols ls iht bt bj bjjj tof dbsf dbsf.. Lt ls djfbr tobt bjj tofsf qufstlhis ghre, thaftofr, bi lephrtbit lssuf. ]wh rfdfit `hhcs `y ihi-Ebshild @rltlso olsthrlbis dbef th ey bttfitlhi kust torff yfbrs bah bim obvf prheptfm gurtofr toliclia hi ey pbrt. @hto obvf b stbimphlit hi tof olsthrldbj hrlalis hg spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry. Ohwfvfr, tof ohifst bim rlahrhus bpprhbdo hg tofsf ihiEbshild olsthrlbis obs prfvfitfm tofe grhe mrbwlia fvfry phssl`jf ligfrfidf grhe toflr mlsdhvfrlfs. Ihr mh tofy brrlvf bt bjj tof ‚ebsh‚ebsh ihjhaldbj― dhidjuslhis mldtbtfm `y tofsf ligfrfidfs. Hif hg tofe jlelts ofrsfjg th mfsdrl`lia bi fssfitlbj ùt lisuggldlfitjy bpprfdlbtfm fjfefit


14

li Qfstfri dlvljlzbtlhi, ibefjy ‚tof brt hg efehry.― ]of htofr mfsdrl`fs tof rfjbtlhisolp tobt fxlstfm `ftwffi tof brt hg efehry bim ibsdfit, spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry li Tdhtjbim li tof jbtf slxtffito bim fbrjy sfvfitffito dfiturlfs. Ohwfvfr ifltofr hif (ihr, bs wf sobjj sff, Grfido rfsfbrdofrs jlcf Bjbli @friofle hr Fmhubrm Eblshimlfu) ebcfs gujj usf hg ols hr ofr mlsdhvfrlfs. ]ofy efrfjy suaafst tobt tof brt hg efehry elaot obvf ligjufidfm tof ghrebtlhi hg spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry. ]of glrst whrc ls `y Grbidfs \btfs; ]of Brt hg Efehry (Jhimhi; Phutjfmaf bim Cfabi ^buj, 2<773 Grfido trbisjbtlhi, J J““Brt Brt mf jb Efehlrf S^brls; Abjjlebrm, 2<16U). ]of sfdhim whrc, woldo ls ehrf wlmfjy cihwi, ls Mbvlm Ttfvfishi“s ]of Hrlalis hg Grffebshiry; ]of Tdhttlso Dfitury 26<>— 212> (Dbe`rlmaf; Dbe`rlmaf Vilvfrslty ^rfss, 2—212> S^brls; Ìmltlhis ]fjftfs, 2<<4U). ]of glrst pbrt hg tols pbpfr sobjj tofrfghrf `f mfvhtfm th b sohrt mfsdrlptlhi hg tof litfitlhi bim ebli tofef hg fbdo whrc bim wljj sffc th olaojlaot lts hrlalibjlty grhe tof stbimphlit hg tof lssufs dhidfrifm ofrf. Bi bttfept sobjj tofi `f ebmf th fxpjbli bim prhvlmf hithjhalhithjhal dbj kustlgldbtlhi ghr b oyphtofsls dhidfrilia tof hrlalis hg spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry bim th sohw woy lt ls iht wohjjy b`surm th lebalif tobt tof brt hg efehry (bt jfbst li lts djbssldbj ghre li tof Elmmjf Bafs bim murlia tof Pfiblssbidf) qultf slepjy `fqufbtofm lts ehmf hg hpfrbtlhi th spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry, woldo wbs tofi li lts ghrebtlvf stbafs. Li pbsslia (bim tols wljj `f tof tolrm pbrt hg tof prfsfit mfvfjhpefit), bi bttfept sobjj `f ebmf, hi tof mhduefitbry bim olsthrldbj jfvfj, th brauf ghr tof jlcfjlohhm hg wobt dbi prfsfitjy `f, ghr jbdc hg olsthrldbj prhhg, hijy b rfsfbrdo oyphtofsls. Ghr Grbidfs \btfs, wrltlia li 2<77, Ebshild olsthrlbis ‚obvf th jfbvf bs bi uishjvfm qufstlhi tof prh`jfe hg tof hrlali hg ‟spfdujbtlvf“ Ebshiry, wlto lts sye`hjld usf hg dhjueis, brdofs, bim htofr brdoltfdbrdoltfdturbj gfbturfs, bim hg afheftrldbj sye`hjlse, bs tof grbefwhrc wltoli w oldo oldo lt prfsfits b ehrbj tfbdolia bim b eystldbj hutjhhc mlrfdtfm

1=

Bppfimlx @

thwbrms tof mlvlif brdoltfdt hg tof uilvfrsf . . . L whujm whujm tolic toli c tobt tof biswfr th tols prh`jfe eby `f suaafstfm `y tof olsthry hg tof brt hg efehry, tobt tof Pfiblssbidf hddujt efehry, bs wf obvf sffi lt li Dbeljjh“s ]ofbtrf bim bs lt wbs gfrvfitjy prhpbabtfm `y Alhrmbih @ruih, eby `f tof rfbj shurdf hg b Ofreftld bim eystldbj ehvfefit woldo usfm usfm,, iht tof rfb rfbjj brdo brdoltfdt ltfdturf urf hg ‟hpfrbtlvf“ Ebshi Ebshiry, ry, ùt tof lebafry hr ‟spfdujbtlvf“ brdoltfdturf hg tof brt hg efehry bs tof vfoldjf hg lts tfbdolias.―2 Bt tof tlef wofi lt wbs put ghrwbrm, tols tofsls wbs bi liihvbtlvf hif. Ohwfvfr, lt wfit rfjbtlvfjy uiihtldfm bim, b`hvf bjj, lt wbs iht fxpjhltfm th tof fxtfit tobt L `fjlfvf lt sohujm obvf `ffi. Lt wbs hijy li 27, 4>=. 0. Mbvlm Ttfvfishi, ]of Hrlalis hg Grffebshiry (Dbe`rlmaf; Dbe`rlmaf Vilvfrslty ^rfss, 2

‚Alhrmbilstl,― suaafstlia tobt tols elaot obvf sheftolia th mh wltoo tof Phs wlt Phsldr ldrudlb udlbis, is, tof eystf eystfrlhu rlhuss `rhto `rhtofrohh frohhmm hg tof Phs Phsyy Drhss biihuidfm `y ebilgfsths li tof fbrjy sfvfitffito dfitury li Afrebiy, b`hut woldo sh jlttjf ls cihwi tobt shef sdohjbrs brauf tobt lt ifvfr fxlstfm. Qoftofr hr iht tofrf ls biy dhiifdtlhi `ftwffi tof ruehurfm Phsldrudlbis bim tof hrlalis hrla lis hg Grffebshiry, glrst ofbrm hg bs bi listltutlhi li Fiajbim li 27=7 wofi Fjlbs Bsoehjf wbs ebmf b Ebshi, ls babli b eystfrlhus bim uisfttjfm qufstlhi. @ruih, bt biy rbtf, prhpbabtfm ols vlfws li `hto Fiajbim bim Afrebiy, sh ols ehvfefits elaot dhidflvb`jy `f b dheehi shurdf ghr `hto Phsldrudlbilse bim Grffebshiry. ]of hrlalis hg Grffebshiry brf wrbppfm li eystfry, tohuao supphsfm th mfrlvf grhe efmlbfvbj auljms hg ‚hpfrbtlvf― Ebshis, hr bdtubj ùljmfrs. Ih hif obs `ffi b`jf th fxpjbli ohw sudo ‚hpfrbtlvf― auljms mfvfjhpfm lith ‚spfdujbtlvf― Ebshiry, tof sye`hjld usf hg brdoltfdturbj lebafry li Ebshild rltubj . . . L tolic tobt tof biswfr th tols prh`jfe eby `f suaafstfm `y tof olsthry hg tof brt hg efehry, tobt tof Pfiblssbidf hddujt efehry eby `f tof rfbj shurdf hg b Ofreftld bim eystldbj ehvfefit woldo usfm, iht tof rfbj brdoltfdturf hg ‚hpf ‚hpfrbtlvf― rbtlvf― Ebshiry, ùt tof lebafry hr ‚spfdujbtlvf― brdoltfdturf hg tof brt hg efehry bs tof vfoldjf hg lts tfbdolias. B dbrfguj fxbelibtlhi hg tof sye`hjlse, `hto hg Phsldrudlbilse bim hg Grffebshiry, elaot fvfitubjjy dhiglre tols oyphtofsls. Tudo bi livfstlabtlhi mhfs iht `fjhia wltoli tof sdhpf hg tols brtldjf, br tldjf, tohuao L wljj wl jj phlit th shef limldbtlhis hg tof jlifs hi woldo lt ela elaot ot `f dhimudtfm. ]of supphsfmjy Phsldrudlbi ebilgfsth hr Gbeb Grbtfri Grbtfriltbtls ltbtls hg 272= spfbcs hg eystfrlhus rhtbf hr woffjs, bim hg b sbdrfm ‚vbujt― tof wbjjs, dfljlia bim gjhhr hg woldo brf mlvlmfm lith dhepbrtefits fbdo wlto toflr sfvfrbj glaurfs gla urfs hr sfitfidfs. sfitfidfs. ]ols dhujm `f sheftolia jlcf bi hddujt usf hg brtlgldlbj efehry. Tlidf ghr Grffebshiry tofrf brf ih rfdhrms uitlj eudo jbtfr, tof dhepbrlshi ofrf whujm `f wlto Ebshild sye`hjlse hg tof jbtf sfvfi sf vfitffito tffito bim flaotffito dfiturlfs

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Bppfimlx @

bim pbrtldujbrjy, pfrobps, wlto tof sye`hjlse hg tobt `rbido hg Ebshiry cihwi bs tof ‚Phybj Brdo.― Thef hg tof hjm prlits, `biifrs, bim bprhis hg Phybj Brdo Ebshiry, wlto toflr mfslais hg brdofs, dhjueis, afheftrldbj glaurfs bim fe`jfes, jhhc bs tohuao tofy elaot wfjj `f li tof trbmltlhi hg hddujt efehry. ]obt trbmltlhi whujm obvf `ffi fitlrfjy ghrahttfi, ofidf tof abp li tof fbrjy olsthry hg Ebshiry. ]of bmvbitbaf hg tols tofhry ls tobt lt prhvlmfs b jlic `ftwffi jbtfr ebilgfstbtlhis hg tof Ofreftld trbmltlhi li sfdrft shdlftlfs bim tof ebli Pfiblssbidf trbmltlhi. Ghr wf obvf sffi tobt @ruih“s sfdrft obm `ffi b ehrf hr jfss hpfi sfdrft li tof fbrjlfr Pfiblssbidf wofi Dbel Dbeljjh“s jjh“s ]ofbtrf ] ofbtrf wbs sudo b wlmfjy pu`jldlsf pu`jldlsfmm pofihefihi. ]of sfdrft wbs tof dhe`libtlhi hg tof Ofreftld `fjlfgs wlto tof tfdoilqufs hg tof brt hg efehry. Li tof fbrjy slxtffito dfitury tols dhujm `f sffi bs `fjhialia ibturbjjy lith b Pfiblssbidf trbmltlhi, tobt hg tof ‚Ifh-pjbthilse― hg Gldlih bim ^ldh bs lt sprfbm grhe Gjhrfidf th Wfildf. Lt wbs bi fxbepjf hg tof fxtrbhrmlibry lepbdt hg tof Ofreftld `hhcs hi tof Pfiblssbidf, turilia efi“s elims thwbrms tof gb`rld gb`rldbb euiml euiml,, tof mlvlif brdoltfdturf hg tof whrjm, bs bi h`kfdt hg rfjlalhus rfjla lhus vfifrbtlhi vfifrbtlhi bim b shurdf hg rfjlalhus fxpfrlfidf. fx pfrlfidf. Li tof jbtfr slxtffito dfitury, tof ehrf trhu`jfm baf li woldo @ruih pbssfm ols jlgf, j lgf, tof t of prfssurfs hg tof t of tlefs, `hto phjltldbj phj ltldbj bim b im rfjlalhus, rfjla lhus, eby obvf `ffi mrlvlia tof ‚sfdrft― ehrf bim ehrf uimfrarhuim, ùt th sff @ruih hijy tof prhpbabthr hg b sfdrft shdlfty (woldo of eby obvf `ffi) whujm `f th jhsf ols gujj slailgldbidf. Ghr tols sfdrft, tof Ofreftld sfdrft, wbs b sfdrft hg tof wohjf Pfiblssbidf. Bs of trbvfjs grhe dhuitry th dhuitry wlto ols ‚Fayptlbi― efssbaf @ruih ls trbiselttlia tof Pfiblssbidf li b vfry jbtf ùt b pfdu pfdujlb jlbrjy rjy litfisf ghre. ]ol ]olss ebi obs th tof gu gujjjj tof Pfiblssbidf drfbtlvf phwfr. Of drfbtfs liwbrmjy tof vbst ghres hg ols dhseld lebalibtlhi, bim wofi of fxtfribjlsfs tofsf ghres li jltfrbry drfbtlhi, whrcs hg afilus sprlia th jlgf, tof mlbjhaufs woldo of wrhtf li Fia Fiajbim jbim.. Obm of fxtfr fxtfribj ibjlsfm lsfm li br brtt tof stbtuf stbtufss woldo of


sdujpts li efehry, hr tof ebailgldfit grfsdh hg tof lebafs hg tof dhistfjjbtlhis dhistfjjbtl his woldo of pblits li tof Tpbddlh mfjjb `fstlb trlhigbitf, b arfbt brtlst whujm obvf bppfbrfm. @ut lt wbs @ruih“s elsslhi th pblit bim sdujpt wltoli, th tfbdo tobt tof brtlst, tof phft, bim tof poljhsh pofr brf bj bjjj hif, ghr tof Ehtofr hg tof Eusfs ls Efehry. Ihtol Ihtolia ia dhefs hut ùt wobt obs glrst `ffi ghrefm wltoli, bim lt ls tofrfghrf wltoli wlto li tobt tof slai slailgldb lgldbit it whrc ls mhif . . . Ghr lg Efehry wbs tof Ehtofr hg tof Eusfs, sof wbs bjsh th `f tof Ehtofr hg Eftohm. Pbelse, Jujjlse, tof brt hg efehry”bjj tohsf dhigusfm dhistrudtlhis dhephuimfm hg bjj tof efehry eftohms woldo drhwm tof jbtfr slxtffito bim fbrjy sfvfitffito dfiturlfs”brf syepthes hg b sfbrdo ghr eftohm. Tffi li tof dhitfxt hg tols arhwlia sfbrdo, hr uraf, lt ls iht sh eudo tof ebmifss hg @ruih“s systfes bs toflr uidheprhelslia mftfrelibtlhi th glim b eftohm woldo sffes slailgldbit. Bt tof fim hg tols bttfept th ebcf b systfebtld sueebry hg @ruih“s whrcs hi efehry, L whujm fepobslsf tobt L mh iht djble th obvf gujjy uimfrsthhm tofe. Qofi jbtfr livfstlabthrs obvf mlsdhvfrfm ehrf b`hut tof bjehst uicihwi bim uistumlfm su`kfdts wlto woldo tol tolss `hhc bttfepts th mfb mfbj,j, tof tlef wl wljjjj `f rlpf ghr rfbdol rfbdolia ia b gujjfr uimfrstbimlia hg tofsf fxtrbhrmlibry whrcs, bim hg tof psydohjhay hg hddujt efehry, tobi L obvf `ffi b`jf th bdolfvf. Qobt L obvf trlfm th mh, bs b ifdfssbry prfjlelibry ghr uimfrstbimlia, ls th bttfept th pjbdf tofe li shef clim hg b olsthrldbj dhitfxt. Lt wbs tof efmlbf efmlbfvbj vbj brt hg efehry, efehr y, wlto lts rfjlalhus rfj lalhus bim ftoldb ftoldbjj bsshb sshdlbtlhis, woldo @ruih trbisghrefm lith tofsf hddujt systfes woldo sffe th ef bs phssl`jy obvlia b trlpjf olsthrldbj rfjfvbidf. ]ofy eby `f mfvfjhplia Pfiblssbidf hddujt efehry li tof mlrfdtlhi hg sfdrft shdlftlfs. ]ofy dfrtblijy stljj dhitbli tof gujj brtlstld bim lebalibtlvf phwfr hg tof Pfiblssbidf. ]ofy biihuidf tof pbrt th `f pjbyfm `y tof brt hg efehry bim Jujjlse li tof arhwto hg tof sdlfitlgld eftohm. @ut ih olsthrldbj ift, ih fxbelibtlhi hg trfims hr ligjufidfs, ih

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Bppfimlx @

psydohjh aldbj psydohjhald bj bib bibjysls jysls,, eby fvfr qultf sfr sfrvf vf th sibrf hr th lmfitlg lmfitlgyy tols fxtrbhrmlibry ebi, Alhrmbih @ruih, ‚tof Ebaus hg Efehry.― 4

Ghr ey pbrt, L gffj tobt tof olsthrldbj bim hithjhaldbj oyphtofsls put ghr ghrwbrm wbrm `y Grbidf Grbidfss \btfs ls whrtoy hg dhislmfrb dhislmfrbtlhi tlhi bim bim,, tofrfghrf, tobt lt sohujm `f dhislmfrfm bim fxbelifm. ]h put lt `rlfgjy, sof fstb`jlsofs b olsthrldbj jlic `ftwffi tof bppfbrbidf hg tof spfdujbtlvf, Ebshild bpprhbdo bim Alhrmbih @ruih, ols ligjufidf bim ols Fiajlso bim Afrebi trbvfjs, bim b`hvf bjj tof lebalibry bim spfdujbtlvf brdoltfdturf hg tof djbssldbj brt hg efehry, bs b efmlue hg tof tfbdolia tobt @ruih ls supphsfm th obvf `fqufbtofm th Tdhtjbim. ‚Ihtolia dhefs hut ùt wobt obs glrst `ffi ghrefm wltoli, bim lt ls tofrfghrf wltoli tobt tof slailgldbit whrc ls mhif.―= Ohwfvfr, tols vlfwphlit djfbrjy jbdcfm tof uimfrpliilia hg gbdts prhpfr th Grffebshiry tobt dhujm ghre b Ebshild elsslia jlic. ]ols elsslia jlic, bim b prhpfrjy Ebshild hif bt tobt, wbs mlsdhvfrfm li 20—4>1. =. Grbidfs \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry , 4>6. 6. Mbvlm Ttfvfishi, ]of Hrlalis hg Grffebshiry, =6.


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wbs ofrs bjhif bjhif,, dbi dbiiht iht `f jblm ba babl blist ist Ttfvfishi Ttfvfishi.. ]ol ]olss phlit, bs sobj sobjjj `f sffi, obs `ffi ihtfm `y @friofle olesfjg. Ofrf, bjj tof sbef, ls Bjbli @friofle“s fxdfjjfit bibjysls hg Ttfvfishi“s whrc li ols pfiftrbtlia prfgbdf;7 Lt ls hi pbaf 21 hg ols litrhmudtlhi tobt Ttfvfishi puts ghrwbrm tof dfitrbj brauefit hg ]of Hrlalis hg Grffebshiry, woldo ls tobt tof Efmlfvbj dhitrlùtlhi hg drbgt hrabilzbtlhi bim jfafim prhvlmfm shef hg tof liarfmlfits fssfitlbj th tof ghrebtlhi hg Grffebshiry, ùt tobt tof prhdfss `y woldo tofsf wfrf dhe`lifm wlto htofr liarfmlfits mlm iht hddur uitlj brhuim 27>>, bim tobt lt hddurrfm li Tdhtjbim. Bspfdts hg Pfiblssbidf tohuaot wfrf tofi spjldfm hith tof Efmlfvbj jfafims, bjhia wlto bi listltutlhibj strudturf `bsfm hi jhmafs bim tof rltubjs bim tof sfdrft prhdfmurfs ghr rfdhailtlhi cihwi bs tof Ebshi Qhrm. Lt ls li tols jbtf Tdhttlso Pfiblssbidf pobsf pob sf tob tobt,t, bdd bddhrm hrmlia lia th tof ebl eblii br braa uef uefit it hg to tols ls `h `hhc, hc, ehmfri Grffebshiry wbs `hri. ]h supphrt tols brauefit, Ttfvfishi quhtfs sfvfi whrms tbcfi grhe tof sfdhim Tdobw Ttbtutfs hg 26<<, ‚tof brt hg efehrlf bim sdlfidf toblrhgg― STtfvfishi, Jfs hrl hrlali alifs fs mf jb Grbid-Ebáhiifrlf, =—212> (^brls; Fmltlhis ]fjftfs, 2<<4), v—vl. Ofrf trbisjbtfm lith Fiajlso.

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Bppfimlx @

strbims hg jbtf Pfiblssbidf tohuaot.― Ttfvfishi bdcihwjfmafs ohwfvfr tobt ‚lt ls iht fbsy th uimfrstbim tof efbilia hg tof stbtutfs lg tofy brf dhislmfrfm li lshjbtlhi. ]of litfrprftbtlhi hg tofe woldo wol do ghj ghjjhws jhws ls tofr tofrfghrf fghrf pbr pbrtjy tjy li lisplrf splrfmm `y bmm bmmltlhib ltlhibjj li lighr ghrebebtlhi grhe htofr shurdfs, fspfdlbjjy fbrjy jhmaf eliutf `hhcs bim tof fbrjy Ebshild dbtfdolses STtfvfishi, Jfs hrl hrlali alifs fs mf jb Grbid Ebáhiifr Ebáhi ifrlf, lf, 47U. Li hrmfr th litfrprft tofsf torff whrms hg tof Tdobw stbtutfs, tof brt hg efe efehry hry,, bs tof vfdthr hg b ofreftld dhiihtbtlhi, Ttfvfishi rfjlfs hi Grbidfs \btfs. Ghr, li ofr `hhc ]of Brt hg Efehry, bgtfr obvlia rfgfrrfm th tof uirfshjvfm prh`jfe hg tof hrlali hg ‚spfdujbtlvf― Grffebshiry wlto lts sye`hjld usf hg dhjueis bim brdofs bim hg afheftrldbj sye`hjlse bs b grbefwhrc wltoli woldo lt prfsfits b ehrbj tfbdolia bim b eystldbj hutjhhc mlrfdtfm thwbrm tof mlvlif brdoltfdt hg tof uilvfrsf, \btfs bmms; ‚L whujm tolic tobt tof biswfr th tols prh`jfe eby `f suaafstfm `y tof olsthry hg tof brt hg efehry . . . ‚Squhtfm li Ttfvfishi, Jfs hrla hrlalifs lifs mf jb Grbid Grbid-Ebáhiif -Ebáhiifrlf, rlf, <7U. Lt obrmjy iffm `f fepobslzfm tobt tof sye`hjld fjfefits rfgfrrfm th `y \btfs wfrf litrhmudfm lith Grffebshiry `y ^rfsthi bim Outdolishi li tof sfdhim objg hg tof flaotffito dfitury bim tobt tofrf dbi `f ih wby, `brrlia shjlm prhhg, `y woldo tols litrhmudtlhi dbi `f prfmbtfm `y twh dfiturlfs. ]of usf hg tols quhtbtlhi grhe \btfs ls b rfvfbjlia limldbtlhi hg Ttfvfishi“s tfimfidy thwbrm syidrftlse. Of ghjjhws tof quhtbtlhi wlto tof ghjjhwlia h`sfrvbtlhi; ‚. . . torhuao tof sfdhim Tdobw stbtutfs, tof brt hg efehry dbi ihw `f mlrfdtjy jlicfm th tof mfvfjhpefit hg Grffebshiry, bim tof hddujt thifs tof brt obm bdqulrfm dhitrlùtfm th tof mfvfjhpefit hg Ebshild sfdrfdy bim rltubj.― SBV; ls tols pbrbarbpo pbrt hg tof quhtf grhe Bjbli @friofle8U

Hi bjj tofsf phlits, L eust ebcf lt djfbr tobt L dbiiht sobrf @friofle“s strldturfs bablist Ttfvfishi“s syidrftlse. Limffm bim fvfi lg Ttfvfishi, prfdlsfjy `fdbusf of ls iht b Grffebshi, mhfs iht bppfbr


?2

th obvf fxpjhltfm bjj tof phssl`ljltlfs liofrfit li ols oyphtofsls, Bjbli @friofle mhfs iht sffe th obvf arbspfm tof gujj torust hg Ttfvfishi“s brauefit, ihr obs of fxbelifm lt wlto tof lepbrtlbj bim mlspbsslhibtf bpprhbdo dbjjfm ghr `y sudo b su`kfdt. ]ous, ghr fxbepjf, tof ihtlhi hg b Tdhttlso iurturlia shlj hi woldo ols brauefit ls `bsfm obs jhia `ffi cihwi th ebiy Ebshis. ]ols ls `hrif hut ghr fxbepjf `y tof ghjjhwlia quhtbtlhi grhe Ah`jft m“Bvlfjjb;1 Glibjjy, tof afifrbj rfaujbtlhis hg Tdhttlso Grffebshiry, tof Tdobw Ttbtutfs lssufm li 26
@ut lt ls tlef ihw th bmmrfss tof h`kfdt hg tols glrst pbrt pb rt bim fxpjbli f xpjbli tof spfdlgld ibturf hg tols shpolstldbtfm systfe hg brtlgldlbj efehry tobt olsthrlbis dbjj tof ‚brt hg efehry,― tof shurdf (th b arfbt fxtfit li ey vlfw vlf w) hg spfd spfdujbt ujbtlvf lvf hr ehmfri Grffebshi Grffebshirr y. Mbvlm Ttfvfishi `rlfg `rlfgjy jy sueebrlzfs tof brt hg efehry bs ghjjhws; ]of brt hg efehry wbs b tfdoilquf ghr leprhvlia tof dbpbdlty hg hif“s efehry woldo mfvfjhpfm li bidlfit Arffdf ùt ls eblijy cihwi torhuao Phebi wrltfrs. Lt wbs ofjm th `f hg pbrtldujbr vbjuf th hrbthrs bim jbwyfrs li efehrlslia jhia spffdofs, ùt wbs bjsh sffi bs `flia hg eudo wlmfr bppjldbtlhi li tof bafs `fghrf prlitlia, bim limffm `fghrf wlmfsprfbm bim dofbp bvbljb`ljlty hg b efmlue hi woldo th wrltf3 w rltf3 b dbpbdlhus dbpb dlhus bim wfjj-hrabil wfj j-hrabilsfm sfm efehry wbs rfabrmfm rfa brmfm 1. Ah`jft m“Bvlfjjb, Mfs Hrlalifs mu Arbmf mf Ebétrf mbis jb Gr Grbid-Ebáhiifrlf bid-Ebáhiifrlf SHi tof Hrlalis hg tof Ebstfr“s Mfarff li GrffebshiryU (glrst pu`jlsofm li 2<>7, rfpu`jlsofm `y Ìmltlhis ]rfmbilfj li 2
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Bppfimlx @

bs dfitrbj th fmudbtlhi bim dujturf. du jturf. ]of Arffc eifehild tfdoilquf wbs `bsf `bsfmm hi b ùl ùljml jmlia. ia. ]of stumfit hg tof brt wbs list listrudt rudtfm fm th stumy shef jbraf bim dhepjfx ùljmlia, efehrlslia lts rhhes bim jbyhut, bim pbrtldujbr gfbturfs hr pjbdfs li lt. Li mhlia tols of sohujm fstb`jlso b spfdlgld hrmfr li woldo of vlsltfm tof limlvlmubj rhhes bim pjbdfs. Qofi efehrlslia b spffdo, of sohujm tofi lebalif olesfjg th `f wbjclia torhuao tols ùljmlia hi ols sft rhutf, bim li fbdo hg tof jhdl hr pjbdfs of obm efehrlsfm of sohujm fstb`jlso lebalifs hr lebafs woldo wfrf th `f bttbdofm th fbdo brauefit hr phlit li ols spffdo spffdo.. ]of hrmfr li woldo tof leb lebafs afs wfrf pjbdfm hi tof khurify torhuao tof ùljmlia sohujm dhrrfsphim th tof hrmfr li woldoo tof phlit wold phlitss wfrf th `f ebmf li tof spff spffdo. do. ]ofs ]ofsff ‚l ‚leba ebafs― fs― fstb`jlsofm li tof ‚pjbdfs― sohujm `f dhiifdtfm li shef wby wlto phlits `flia efehrlsfm efehrlsfm.. ]of ] of dhiifdtlhi dhiif dtlhi dhujm dhu jm `f slepjf bim b im mlrfdt m lrfdt (sby b wfbphi th rfprfsfit b eurmfr hr wbr) hr limlrfdt bim dhivhjutfm, `bsfm hi qulrcs hg bi limlvlmubj“s elim ebclia dhiifdtlhis `ftwffi lebafs bim dhidfpts woldo whujm iht ebcf sfisf th htofrs. Wfry hgtfi tof lebafs wfrf ouebi glaurfs, bim lt wbs tohuaot tobt uiusubj bim strlclia lebafs”`fbutlguj hr arhtfsquf, dheld hr h`sdfif”wfrf fbslfr th rfefe`fr tobi tof dheehipjbdf. Qofi of dbef th alvf ols spffd spffdo, o, tof hrbthr whujm li ols hwi elim wbjc torhuao tof ùljmlia hi ols sft rhutf, bim fbdo lebaf li lts sft jhdbtlhi whujm rfelim ole hg tof phlit of sohujm dhef th ifxt li ols spffdo. Qoljf usubjjy dhidfrifm wlto slepjy rfefe`frlia tof sbjlfit phlits th `f ebmf li tof rlaot hrmfr, tofrf wbs bjsh shef mlsdusslhi li tof Phebi shurdfs hg b gbr ehrf litfislvf usf hg tof brt `y tof olaojy scljjfm, wofrf`y vlrtubjjy fvfry whrm hg b spffdo dhujm `f efehrlzfm . . . ]of hgtfi ouebi lebafs woldo rfvfbjfm toflr slailgldbidf torhuao toflr bdtlhis, mrfss bim phssfsslhis eby bjsh `f sffi bs `flia rfjbtfm th tof glaurfs hg ahms bim tof pfrshilgldbtlhis hg b`strbdt dhidfpts (sudo bs vlrtufs lmfitlglb`jf `y toflr bttrlùtfs) woldo wo ldo wfrf phpu phpujb jbrr li tof bid bidlfit lfit whrjm whrjm.. Li tof Phe Phebi bi fepl feplrf, rf,


ghr fxbepjf, tofsf wfrf mfvfjhpfm hi tof dhlibaf lith bi fjb`hrbtf ‚ghre hg sye`hjldbj rfgfrfidfs th bjehst fvfry phssl`jf bdtlvlty hg tof Ttbtf― woldo wbs djhsfjy jlicfm wlto phpujbr `fjlfg torhuao tof tfimfidy th rfabrm tof pfrshilgldbtlhis bs elihr ahms. ^fbdf ohjmlia bi hjlvf `rbido, hr Bùimbidf ohjmlia fbrs hg dhri bim b dhriudhplb dhujm `f dbjjfm, li b vfry `rhbm sfisf, efehry lebafs, bim limffm ebiy htofr clims hg sye`hjlse dbi `f sffi li tof sbef wby, ghr sye`hjs hr lebafs obvf bjwbys `ffi wlmfjy usfm th rfelim tof `fohjmfr hg dfrtbli tolias . . . B`hvf bjj, tof brt hg efehry wbs `bsfm hi efitbj lebafs woldo obm ih poysldbj fxlstfidf. Lt wbs usubjjy `bsfm hi rfbj ùljmlias bim tof rfbj pjbdfs wltol wlt olii tofe tofe,, ùt tof leb lebafs afs bs bssla slaifm ifm th tof tofsf sf pjbd pjbdfs fs wfrf efitb efitbjj hifs, bim wofi uslia tof brtlgldlbj efehry tof ùljmlia wbs vlsltfm li tof elim. Ehrfhvfr, ebiy hg tof lebafs fepjhyfm li tof brt hg efehry wfrf tof livfitlhis hg tof limlvlmubj usfr hg tof tfdoilquf, bim whujm ebcf ih sfisf th biyhif fjsf, wofrfbs tof wohjf phl phlit it hg tof ldhiha ldhiharbpoy rbpoy hg pfrs pfrshil hilgld gldbtlhi btlhiss bim sb sblits lits wbs tobt tof lebafs sohujm `f uimfrsthhm `y bjj . . . Li tof bidlfit whrjm tof brt hg efehry wbs djbsslglfm bs bi bspfdt hg Pofth P ofthrld, rld, ùt Dldfrh”olesfjg Dldfrh”olesfjg bi b i bmvhdbtf hg tof brt”djbsslglfm brt” djbsslglfm efehry bs hif hg tof torff pbrts hg tof vlrtuf hg ^rumfidf (tof htofrs `flia litfjjlafidf bim ghrfslaot). Li tof jhia tfre tols obm arfbt slailgldbidf ghr tof brt hg efehry, ghr tof vlrtufs mfglifm `y Dldfrh (^rumfidf, Kustldf, Ghrtltumf bim ]fepfrbidf) `fdbef bddfptfm li tof Elmmjf Bafs bs tof ghur dbrmlibj vlrtufs. ]ous li tlef tof brt hg efehry, lmfitlglfm wlto prumfidf, dbef th `f rfabrmfm bs bi bspfdt hg ftolds. ]of whrc hg Tt. Buaustlif bmmfm gurtofr slailgldbidf th efehry, ghr of rfabrmfm lt bs hif hg tof torff pbrts hg tof shuj (tof htofrs `flia uimfrstbimlia bim wljj), bim tbuaot tobt torhuao fxpjhrlia tof efehry efi dhujm glim b efehry-lebaf hg Ahm fe`fmmfm li toflr hwi shujs. Qobt obm `faui bs b utljltbrlbi tfdoilquf ghr leprhvlia tof efehry obm dhef th `f sffi bs `flia hg lephrtbidf li rfjlalhi iht kust bs b

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Bppfimlx @

vbj ub`jf vbjub` jf eft eftohm ohm hg lepr leprlit litli liaa rfj rfjla lalhu lhuss tr truto utoss hi tof el elim, im, ùt bjsh bs sheftolia tobt li ltsfjg obm ehrbj vbjuf bim whujm jfbm th cihwjfmaf hg Ahm. ]of brt, ebiy vbrlftlfs hg woldo mfvfjhpfm, wbs iht bjwbys gujjy uimfrsthhm bim wbs sheftlefs vlfwfm wlto suspldlhi. Ehrfhvfr, tohuao li tof Elmmjf Bafs lt obm b dfitrbj pjbdf li tof sdofebs hg cihwjfmaf, lt wbs ihifto ihiftofjfss fjfss b elihr el ihr pjbdf, bim lighrebtlh li ghrebtlhii b`hut lts mfvfjhpefit ls sdbrdf. ]ofi, li tof glgtffito bim slxtffito dfiturlfs tof brt `fdbef olaojy gbsolhib`jf. Ebiusdrlpt whrcs mfsdrl`lia bim mfvfjhplia tof brt hg efehry li ifw wbys prhjlgfrbtfm, bim wfrf khlif khlifmm `y prlitf prlitfmm trfbt trfbtlsf lsfss grhe 2=?0 hiwbrm hiwbrms.s. ]ofs ]ofsff hgtf hgtfii lidjumfm jlsts hg lebafs th `f jfbrifm bim pldturfs hr mlbarbes hg ùljmlias wlto pjbdfs li woldo lebafs wfrf th `f put. ]of rfvlvbj hg tof brt hg efehry wbs li pbrt bi bspfdt hg tof afifrbj gbsdlibtlhi wlto tof jfabd jfabdyy hg tof bidlfit whrjm woldo w oldo ty typlglf plglfss tof Pfibl Pfiblssbidf ssbidf.. @ut tof brt wbs usubjjy litfrprftfm torhuao tof whrc hg Efmlfvbj wrltfrs, wrltf rs, bim tol tolss jfm ebiy woh mfspls mfsplsfm fm tof ‚` ‚`br`b br`brhus― rhus― le leefmlefmlbtf pbst hg tof Elmmjf Bafs th rfkfdt lt li spltf hg lts rfspfdtb`jf djbssldbj hrlalis. Ehrfhvfr, tof sprfbm hg prlitlia wbs, `y tof slxtffito dfitury, rfmudlia tof iffm ghr fjb`hrbtf efehry tfdoilqufs. @ut hif hg tof strbims hg tof Pfiblssbidf tohuaot th ebcf tof brt hg efehry lts hwi. ]orhuao Pfiblssbidf Ifhpjbthilse, wlto lts Ofreftld dhrf, tof brt hg efehry wbs hidf ehrf trbisghrefm, tols tlef lith b Ofreftld hr hddujt brt, bim li tols ghre lt dhitliufm th tbcf b dfitrbj pjbdf li b dfitrbj Furhpfbi trbmltlhi. ]of glrst pfrshi th `rlia tols ifw typf hg efehry systfe th prhelifidf prhel ifidf wbs Alu Alujlh jlh Dbe Dbeljljjh, jh, woh mlf mlfmm li 26= 6==. =. Ols bdt bdtlvlt lvltlfs lfs brhusfm litfisf litfrfst, fspfdlbjjy li Grbidf bim Ltbjy, ghr of dhistrudtfm bi fjb`hrbtf whhmfi ehmfj ‚efehry tofbtrf,― bttrlùtlia rfebrcb`jf phwfrs th lts whrclias, ùt rfguslia th rfvfbj tofe th biyhif ùt tof clia hg Grbidf. Bjbs, tof sfdrfts wfrf ifvfr rfvfbjfm, ùt Grbidfs \btfs“ rfdhistrudtlhi hg tof tofbtrf rfvfbjs lt bs obvlia `ffi `bsfm hi tof djbssldbj tofbtrf bs mfsdrl`fm `y tof


Phebi brdoltfdt Wltruvlus, tohuao wlto tof bmmltlhi hg `l`jldbj ligjufidfs, bs mfehistrbtfm `y tof lidjuslhi hg tof sfvfi pljjbrs hg Thjhehi“s Ohusf hg Qlsmhe (‚Qlsmhe obto ùljmfm ofr ohusf, sof obto ofwi hut ofr sfvfi pljjbrs―—^rhvfr`s, <.2). Grhe tof djbssldbj brt hg efehry Dbeljjh thhc efehry-pjbdfs bim dhistrudtfm whhmfi whhm fi leb lebafs afs th put li tofe tofe.. @ut tof tofsf sf leb lebafs afs wfrf rfa rfabrmf brmfmm bs tbjlsebis woldo dhujm sueehi tof ebaldbj phwfrs hg tof sui bim tof pjbifts li bddhrmbidf wlto tofhrlfs mfrlvfm grhe Ofreftld wrltl wr ltlia ias.s. ]of utl utljlt jltbr brlbi lbi br brtt hg efehr efehryy obs tou touss `ff `ffii trb trbisgh isghrefm refm lith bi hddujt eftohm wofrf`y ebi dhujm uimfrstbim tof uil vfrsf bim obr obrifss ifss lts phwfr phwfrs,s, tof jfbp grhe bi fbr fbrto tojy jy ùl ùljml jmlia ia th tof ofbvfis `flia gbdljltbtfm `y tof bdt tobt, tohuao slidf bidlfit tlefs tof brt hg efehry obm usubjjy `ffi `bsfm hi ùljmlias, b vbrlb vbr lbit it hg tof trb trbmlt mltlhi lhi obm shua shuaot ot lts efehr efehry-pjbd y-pjbdfs fs li tof sla slais is hg tof zhmlbd bim tof stbrs. ]of htofr gbehus slxtffito dfitury fxphifit hg tof Ofreftld vfrslhi hg tof brt hg efehry efehr y wbs w bs Alhrmbih @ruih (26=? 6=?—2 —27> 7>>). >). Of khlifm tof Mhel Mhelildb ildbii ehibstld Hrmfr, woldo obm b jhia trbm trbmltlhi ltlhi hg litfrfst li tof brt hg efehry, bim ls sblm th obvf `fdhef olaojy qubjlglfm li tof brt bt biy fbrjy baf. Hg dhursf ols brt hg efehry hwfm ihtolia th tof fxbepjf hg Dbeljjh, bim mlggfrfm grhe lt dhislmfrb`jy3 tof djbssldbj fjfefits brf jfss prhelifit, tof hddujt bim eystldbj brf mhelibit. B iue`fr hg ols whrcs wfrf jbrafjy dhidfrifm wlto efehry, bim tofy sohw tobt of sbw tof brt bs b Ofreftld sfdrft hg tof mlstbit pbst prlebrljy slailgldbit torhuao tof ebaldbj phwfrs lt dhujm `f usfm th sueehi. Bs dhepbrfm wlto Dbeljjh, of wbs ligliltfjy ehrf mbrlia li tof usf hg ihthrlhusjy ebaldbj lebafs bim slais li tof hddujt efehry, ghr ols be`ltlhis bs b Ofreftld ebaus woh shuaot th dbjj hi tof phwfrs hg tof uilvfrsf wfrf eudo arfbtfr tobi tohsf hg ols prfmfdfsshr. @ruih“s glrst whrc hi efehry wbs fxpjldltjy Ofreftld3 lt hpfis wlto b mlbjha ml bjhauf uf li woldo b trfbtlsf hi tof brt hg efehry ls prfsfitfm `y Ofrefs olesfjg. ]of brt ls sffi bs b rfvfjbtlhi hg Fayptlbi

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Bppfimlx @

cihwjfmaf, bim tof ujtlebtf ble hg tof systfe wbs th ofjp tof elim hg ebi th bsdfim th tof uimfrstbimlia hg tof mlvlif bim bdolfvf hififss wlto lt. ]of brt obm `fdhef ‚b ebaldh-rfjlalhus tfdoilquf, b wby hg `fdhelia khlifm th tof shuj hg tof whrjm bs pbrt hg b Ofreftldd eystfry dujt.― Ofreftl Alhrmbih @ruih vlsltfm ^brls li 26?2—26?4, bim ols glrst twh whrcs hi efehr efehryy wfrf pu`jl pu`jlsofm sofm tofrf li 26?0 6?0.. Of tofi ehvfm th Fiajbim, wofrf ols tolrm whrc wbs prlitfm li 26?4, bim bjehst leefmlbtfjy b dhitrhvfrsy fruptfm hvfr ols lmfbs. Murlia tols dhitrhvfrsy ols dbusf wbs dobeplhifm li prlit `y b Tdht jlvlia li Jhimhi. Bjfxbimfr Mldcshi obm `ffi `hri li ^frtosolrf li 266? bim obm stumlfm bt tof Vilvfrslty hg Tt. Bimrfw“s. Fbrjy li 26?= of pu`jlsofm b trfbtlsf `bsfm hi @ruih“s glrs glrstt whrc, hutjl hutjlilia ilia tof djbssldbj brt hg efehry ùt sfttlia lt li b Ofreftld Fayptlbi dhitfxt eudo ehrf hpfijy tobi @ruih obm mhif. ]ols wbs quldcjy ghjjhwfm `y twh mfiuidlbtlhis hg tof trfbtlsf (hi rfjlalhus arhuims) `y b Dbe`rlmaf sdohjbr, b mfgfidf hg ols whrc `y Mldcshi, wrlttfi uimfr bi bssuefm ibef, bim b glibj bttbdc grhe Dbe`rlmaf. ?

]ofsf twh oyphtofsfs put ghrwbrm `y \btfs bim Ttfvfishi brf uiusubj wofi lt ls rfbjlzfm tobt tofy dbi sfrvf bs b sliajf bim ohehafifhus oyphtofsls. Bim slidf tofy brf afifrbjjy jlttjf cihwi th Grfido Ebshis bim bjsh slidf, hr sh lt bppfbrs th ef, olsthrlbis obvf ebmf jlttjf hr ih rfgfrfidf th tofe slidf 2

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Li htofr whrms, li hrmfr th mfrlvf spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry `y bibjhay grhe tof bidfstrbj brt tobt prfdfmfm lt, L whujm sby tobt; tof Ebshild sye`hjs brf lebalifs, tof lebafs hg tof brt hg efehry3 tof Ebshild mfarffs mfarffs brf jhdl, tof pjbdfs hg hg tof brt hg efehry, efehry, l.f. `bsldbjjy tofy brf tof rhhes hg tof arfbt fmlgldf `ftwffi woldo tof su`kfdt ebclia ols wby, ehvfs b`hut bim ahfs ghrwbrm li tof cffi prhdfss hg uimfrstbimlia tof jfssfr bim arfbtfr eystfrlfs3 tof Ebshild rltf (ibefjy tof thtbjlty hg tof hpfi tfbdolia prh phsfmm `y Grffeb phsf Grffebshir shiry) y) ls tof ar arbim bim fm fmlglgldf ldf li lts fitlrf fitlrfty. ty. Li htofr whrms, th dhitliuf wlto eftbpohrs grhe tof ùljmlia trbmf, tof Ebshild rltf ls tobt arfbt lebalibry bim spfdujbtlvf ùljmùljm lia hr brdoltfdturf hg tof elim wltoli woldo tof sffcfr ehvfs bs li b tfepjf bs ouaf bs tof uilvfrsf bim jbraf fihuao th ohusf bim sofjtfr tof leefislty hg tof Mlvlif. Bt fbdo stfp, tof sffcfr efehrlzfs ols grffjy uimfrtbcfi h`jlabtlhi th prbdtldf vlrtuf hr bs tof Jbtli obs lt; bm dhjfimbe vlrtutfe vlrtutfe..

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Bim sohujm tols oyphtofsls prhvf th `f olsthrldbjjy dhivlidlia, L whujm sby gli glibj bjjy jy tobt tof fstb`j fstb`jlsoefit lsoefit hg ‚tof sye` sye`hjld hjld usf hg brdol brdol-tfdturbj lebafs― bs \btfs wrltfs li ]of Brt hg Efehry, whujm gblrjy bddhuit ghr tof pofihefihi, b pbssbaf grhe purfjy efitbj rfbjltlfs (lebalifs hr lebafs hr babli efehry/sye`hjs) th toflr lidbribtlhi li tof ‚eftohm― dhistbitjy bim uitlrliajy shuaot `y Alhrmbih @ruih (ùt ihw mlsdhvfrfm `y tof afitjfefi ebshis, bmfpts hg tof brt hg efehry). ]ols ls tof eftohm tobt wf cihw thmby, li woldo ‚rltubj bim listrudtlhi― brf lepbrtfm `y b qufstlhi-bim-biswfr prhdfss. Lt ls bjsh fe`hmlfm li tof Jhmaf trfstjf`hbrms tobt brf uighjmfm bt tof hpfilia hg tof Jhmaf bim tofi ghjmfm wofi lt ls djhsfm. Qobt ls stljj th `f mhif hg dhursf, bim tols ls wobt Grbidfs \btfs bjsh suaafsts, ls th fxbelif Ebshild sye`hjlse li tof jlaot hg tof brt hg efehry bim mftfrelif, li spfdlgld tfres, tof fxtfit th woldo tof ofreftlst ghjjhwfrs hg tof balia

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Bppfimlx @

brt hg lebalifs bim jhdl, li sfbrdolia ghr tof eftohm, pbvfm tof wby ghr tof spfdujbtlvf grbefrs hg tof Phybj Brt hg tohuaot. Bt tols phlit lt eust ifvfrtofjfss `f sblm tobt lt ls prh`b`jy iht qultf ifdfssbry th tbcf tb cf slmfs li tof dhitfephrbry dhitfephrbry mf`btf behia Fiajlso Fia jlso Ebshild olsthrlbis. ]ols phlit obs th `f ebmf fspfdlbjjy li rfabrm th bi brtldjf `y Dhjli Myfr hi tof hrlalis hg spfdujbtlvf Ebshiry, tof dhidjuslhis hg woldo djhsfjy bpprhbdo tof vlfws put ghrwbrm fbrjlfr `y Frld Qbrm. Myfr `fjlfvfs tobt tof ehvfefit tobt abvf rlsf th spfdujbtlvf Ebshiry wbs b mfjl`frbtf drfbtlhi, vfry prh`b`jy hg b sfdrft ibturf, tobt wbs iht ifdfssbrljy rfjbtfm li biy wby th tof ihtlhi hg ùljmlia hr th tof ùljmlia limustry. Limffm, Mbvlm Ttfvfishi“s rfsfbrdo bppfbrs th fstb`jlso tof strhia bim dhistbit prfsfidf, grhe 26<< th 27<7, hg purfjy spfdujbtlvf fjfefits rlaot wltoli tof Tdhttlso hpfrbtlvf jhmafs. ]ols ls b vfry lephrtbit phlit ghr, woftofr hr iht tofsf spfd spfdujbt ujbtlvf lvf fjfefits obvf b ofreftld hrla hrlali li bim woftofr hr iht tofy brf ehrf hr jfss rfjbtfm th tof jbtf fxprfsslhi hg tof Pfiblssbidf li Tdhtjbim, tof gbdt ls tobt fvfry`hmy barffs thmby tobt tof sye`hjld usf hg efitbj lebafs brlslia hut hg tof mfpldtlhi hg thhjs hg tof drbgt rfprfsfits b ehmf, pfdujlbr th spfdujbtlvf Ebshiry, hg tof limlvlmubj, liltlbtld trbiselsslhi hg ehrbj, eftbpoysldbj, bim splrltubj tfbdolias, bim hg tof mutlfs tobt gjhw grhe tofrf. @fslmfs, tols afifrbj barffefit ls pbrtldujbrjy bttfstfm th li tof brtldjf ‚Olsthry―; Lt whujm ihiftofjfss sffe tobt tof djbssldbj ghre hg whrms li Fiajlso Grffebshiry, rfgfrrfm th b`hvf, l.f. ‚b pbrtldujbr systfe hg ehrbj tfbdolia, vfljfm li bjjfahry bim ljjustrbtfm `y sye`hjs― ls b mfgliltlhi suggldlfit ghr hur purphsf, prhvlmfm tobt tof whrm ‚ehrbj― ls iht alvfi thh ibrrhw b efbilia bim prhvlmfm tobt lt ls `rhbmfifm th lidjumf litfjjfdtubj bim splrltubj dhephifits (tols h`sfrvbtlhi bjsh rfgfrs th prfsfit-mby Grffebshiry). Qf sobjj tofrfghrf bppjy tof tfre ‚spfdujbtlvf― th b ghre hg Ebshiry li woldo tof tfdoildbj fjfefits hg tof Ebshi“s drbgt (tof thhjs, ebtfrlbjs, mlsphsltlhi bim hrabilsbtlhi hg tof Jhmaf ftd.) brf djhbcfm li b sye`hjld efbilia


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tobt dhivfys b tfbdolia li tof mlggfrfit rfalstfrs rfgfrrfm th b`hvf, bim tols rujf sobjj `f ghjjhwfm rfabrmjfss hg tof dhephsltlhi hg tols Ebshiry, ibefjy woftofr lts efe`frs brf hpfrbtlvf, spfdujbtlvf hr `hto.<

Tudo b trbmltlhibj stbtf hg elim dbi tofrfghrf `f ghuim dhistbitjy li tof mfdjbrbtlhis hg prlidlpjfs hg fvfry rfaujbr Arbim Jhmaf. ]ous, ghr fxbepjf, tof Arbimf Jhaf mf Grbidf, tof whrjm“s whrjm“s glrst gl rst Ebshild `hmy th whrc li tof Bidlfit bim Bddfptfm Tdhttlso Pltf, stbtfm li brtldjf W hg lts mfdjbrbtlhi hg prlidlpjfs hi 6to Mfdfe`fr 2<66; W. Qlto rfspfdt th prlidlpjfs htofr tobi tohsf mfglifm b`hvf, tof Arbimf Jhaf mf Grbidf rfgfrs th tof Hjm Dobrafs, fspfdlbjjy bs rfabrms dhepjlbidf wlto tof trbmltlhis hg Grffebshiry, bim bs rfabrms tof sdrupujhus bim prhpfr prbdtldf hg tof Pltubj bim Tye`hjlse bs tof efbis hg bddfss th tof liltlbtld dhitfit hg tof Hrmfr.

Jft us ihw jhhc bt tof sye`hjs hg spfdujbtlvf Ebshiry bim fxbelif toflr guidtlhis rbtofr tobi toflr ‚efbilia.― Brf tofy pbrt hg tof brt hg efehry8 Lg sh, wobt pbrt8 Dhivfrsfjy, mhfs tof brt usf sye`hjs, bim lg sh th wobt fim8 Jhhclia bt tof qufstlhi grhe tof vlfwphlit hg tof sye`hjs hg spfdujbtlvf Ebshiry tofesfjvfs, tofrf ls hg dhursf ih iffm wobtshfvfr ghr jfiatoy mlsdhursf. ]of sye`hjs, fspfdlbjjy tohsf `hrrhwfm grhe tof ùljmlia drbgt, woftofr li tof glrst, sfdhim, hr tolrm mfarffs, rfelim tof Grffebshi hg tof ahbjs bim lmfbjs th woldo of obs su`sdrl`fm bim tof ehrbj qubjltlfs bim ghres hg `fobvlhr wohsf prbdtldf bim h`sfrvbidf jfbm th tof bdolfvfefit hg tofsf lmfbjs. @ut b`hvf bjj, tofy whrc hi tof liltlbtf bs lg toflr glxfm bim pfrebifit prfsfidf (li tof tfepjf bim li Mldtlhiiblrff ]oìebtlquf Ljjustrì mf jb Gr Grbid-ebáhiifr bid-ebáhiifrlf lf (fmltfm `y <. ‚Olsthry,― li Mldtlhiiblr Kfbi Joheef, Fmhubrm Eblshimlfu bim Kbdh` ]hebsh), 062. SBV; Qoh ls tof butohr hg tols brtldjf8U

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Bppfimlx @

tof tfxts) wfrf litfimfm th rfelim ole hg ols mutlfs; th soui vldf bim prbdtldf tof vlr vlrtufs tufs hg `rhtofrjy jhvf, rfjlfg, bim truto3 phjlso tof rhuao bsojbr, `rlia lt lith muf ghre, bim ebcf lt glt ghr usf; su`muf ols pbsslhis bim ùljm b the` ghr ols vldfs. @ut lt elaot bscfm, `y wby hg bi h`kfdtlhi, woftofr tols efehry guidtlhi, hif elaot sby tols ‚dbjjlia th bttfitlhi― hg tof Ebshi, fdohfs hr dhrrfsphims li biy wby th tof djbssldbj bim bidlfit brt hg efehry, bim woftofr lts fjfefits elaot bjjhw ghr tof ligfrfidf thmby tobt tofrf prh`b`jy wbs b mlrfdt jlif hg mfsdfit (hr ghr tof jfbst b mlrfdt jlif hg splrltubj ligjufidf) jliclia tof ibsdfit Ebshild sye`hjs th toflr leefmlbtf prfmfdfsshrs, tof lebalifs (lebafs) hr litfitlhifs (litfitlhis). Grbidfs \btfs“s whrc suaafsts tobt tof biswfr eby `f bgglrebtlvf. Limffm, tols whrc olaojlaots vltbj gbdts tobt phlit th tof uimfilb`jf prfsfidf hg tof sye`hjs s ye`hjs (mfrlvl mfrlvlia ia grhe g rhe tof ‚l ‚lebaf ebafs―) s―) usfm bs b efbis efb is hg rfefe`frlia, bim rfjbtfs tofe th tof lebafs tof vbjuf hg woldo efmlefmlfvbj sdohjbstldlse shuaot th ghstfr bim fiobidf (torhuao tof fgghrts hg Tblit ]ohebs Bqulibs bim Bj`frtus Ebaius, whrclia hi tof `bsls hg b rfmlsdhvfrfm Brlsthtjf). B quhtf grhe ]ohebs Bqulibs hi ols ghur pfrshibj prfdfpts hi brt ela elaot ot `f ` f bpt ofrf; ]ujjlus (bim bihtofr butohrlty) sbys li ols Pofthrld tobt efehry ls iht hijy pfrgfdtfm grhe ibturf ùt bjsh obs eudo hg brt bim limustry; bim tofrf brf ghur (phlits) torhuao woldo b ebi eby prhglt ghr rfefe`frlia wfjj. (2) ]of glrst hg tofsf ls tobt of sohujm bssuef shef dhivfilfit sleljltumfs hg tof tolias woldo of wlsofs th rfefe`fr3 tofsf sohujm iht `f thh gbeljlbr, `fdbusf wf whimfr ehrf bt uigbeljlbr tolias bim tof shuj ls ehrf strhiajy bim vfofefitjy ofjm `y tofe3 wofidf lt ls tobt wf rfefe`fr `fttfr tolias sffi li doljmohhm. Lt ls ifdfssbry li tols wby th livfit sleljltumfs bim lebafs `fdbusf slepjf bim splrltubj litfitlhis sjlp fbsljy grhe tof shuj uijfss tofy brf bs lt wfrf jlicfm th shef dhrphrfbj sleljltumfs, `fdbusf ouebi dhailtlhi ls


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strhiafr li rfabrm th tof sfisl`ljlb. Qofidf tof efehrbtlvf (phwfr) ls pjbdfm li tof sfisltlvf (pbrt) hg tof shuj. (0) Tfdhimjy, lt ls ifdfssbry tobt b ebi sohujm pjbdf li b dhislmfrfm hrmfr tohsf (tolias) woldo of wlsofs th rfefe`fr, sh tobt grhe hif rfefe`frfm (phlit) prharfss dbi fbsljy `f ebmf th tof ifxt. Qofidf tof ôljhs ôljhshpofr hpofr sbys li tof `hhc Mf efeh efehrlb rlb ; ‚shef efi dbi `f sffi th rfefe`fr grhe pjbdfs. ]of dbusf hg woldo ls tobt tofy pbss rbplmjy grhe hif (stfp) th tof ifxt.― (4) ]olrmjy, lt ls ifdfssbry tobt b ebi sohujm mwfjj wlto shjldltumf hi, bim djfbvf wlto bggfdtlhi th, tof tolias woldo of wlsofs th rfefe`fr3 `fdbusf wobt ls strhiajy leprfssfm hi tof shuj sjlps jfss fbsljy bwby grhe lt. Qofidf ]ujjlus sbys, li ols Pofthrld, tobt ‚shjldltumf dhisfrvfs dhepjftf glaurfs hg tof sleujbdrb.― (=) Ghurtojy, lt ls ifdfssbry tobt wf sohujm efmltbtf grfqufitjy hi wobt wf wlso th rfefe`fr. Qofidf tof ôljhshpofr sbys li tof `hhc Mf Efehr Efehrlb lb tobt ‚efmltbtlhi prfsfrvfs efehry― `fdbusf, bs of sbys ‚dusthe ls jlcf ibturf. ]ofidf, tohsf tolias woldo wf hgtfi tolic b`hut wf fbsljy rfefe`fr, prhdffmlia grhe hif th bihtofr bs tohuao li b ibturbj hrmfr.―2>

\btfs obs ofr hwi dheefits th ebcf hi tols rfdhursf th lebafs (tobt ls, `bsldbjjy, sye`hjs tobt, grhe tof vfry hrlalis hg spfdujbtlvf Ebshiry, wfrf b mftfrelilia drltfrlhi hg rfaujbrlty). Bim slidf tof pfrlhm li qufstlhi prfdfmfs tof sfvfitffito sf vfitffito dfitury, dfitur y, ofr dheefits prf prf-glaurf tof psydohjhaldbj eblisprlias bt whrc li tof prhdfss hg liltlbtld trbiselsslhi li Grffebshiry. Lt obs sheftlefs `ffi b ebttfr ghr surprlsfm dheefit tobt tof baf hg sdohjbstldlse, wlto lts lislstfidf hi tof b`strbdt, lts jhw arbmlia hg phftry bim eftbpohr, sohujm bjsh `f bi baf tobt sbw bi fxtrbhrmlibry fggjhrfsdfidf hg lebafry, bim hg ifw lebafry, li rfjlalhus brt. Tfbrdolia ghr bi fxpjbibtlhi hg tols bppbrfit bihebjy li tof whrms hg 2>. Ruhtfm li Grbidfs \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry, 1=—16.

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]ohebs Bqulibs, tof pbssbaf li woldo of kustlglfs tof usf hg eftbpohr bim lebafry li tof Tdrlpturfs obs `ffi quhtfm. Bqulibs obs `ffi bsclia tof qufstlhi hg woy tof Tdrlpturfs wfrf lebafry slidf ‚th prhdffm ` y vbrlhu vbrlhuss sle sleljljltumfs ltumfs bim rfprfsfitbtlhis `fjhia `fjhiass th phftr phftryy woldo ls tof jhwfst hg bjj hg tof mhdtrlifs.― Of ls toliclia hg tof lidjuslhi hg phftryy wlto Arbeeb phftr Arbeebr,r, tof jhwfst hg tof jl`frb jl`frbjj brt brts,s, bim fiqulrl fiqulrlia ia woy tof Tdrlpturfs usf tols jhw `rbido hg cihwjfmaf. ]of rfpjy ls tobt tof Tdrlpturfs spfbc hg splrltubj tolias uimfr tof aulsf hg dhrphrfbj tolias ‚`fdbusf lt ls ibturbj th ebi th rfbdo tof litfjjlal`ljlb torhuao tof sfi sl`ljlb `fdbusf bjj hur cihwjfmaf obs lts `faliilia li sfisf.― ]ols ls b sleljbr brauefit th tof hif woldo kustlglfs tof usf hg lebafs li tof brtlgldlbj efehry. Lt ls fxtrfefjy durlhus tobt tohsf li sfbrdo hg sdohjbstld kustlgldbtlhi ghr tof usf hg lebafry li rfjlalhus brt sohujm obvf elssfm tof fjb`hrbtf bibjysfs hg woy wf eby usf lebafs li efehry alvfi `y Bj`frtus bim ]ohebs.22 Ohwfvfr tols brt hg efehry, li lts djbssldbj ghre li tof efmlfvbj pfrlhm,, wbs iht efrfjy b tfdoi pfrlhm tfdoilquf lquf hg efehrlsli efehrlslia, a, b eftohm hg br brtlg tlgl-ldlbj efehry, b eifehtfdoild mfvldf. Ghstfrfm `y tof Mhelildbis, hg wohe ehrf sobj sobjjj `f sblm `fjhw `fjhw,, tof brt fstb`jl fstb`jlsofm sofm leba lebaf-sye`hj f-sye`hjss bim eifehtfdoild slais, dhidflvfm `fghrf toflr tlef, th alvf efi tof mfslrf th ‚soui vldf bim prbdtlsf SEbshildU vlrtuf.― Bs \btfs puts lt; Lt ls fxtrfefjy prh`b`jf tobt Bj`frtus Ebaius whujm obvf cihwi hg tof eystldbj rofthrlds hg tof @hjhaifsf sdohhj, ghr hif hg tof ehst lephrtbit hg tof dfitrfs fstb`jlsofm `y Mhelild ghr tof trblilia hg ols jfbrifm grlbrs wbs bt @hjhaib. Bgtfr `fdhelia b efe`fr hg tof Mhelildbi Hrmfr li 2004, Bj`frtus stumlfm bt tof Mhelildbi ohusf li @hjhaib. Lt ls uijlcfjy tobt ofrf sohujm obvf `ffi ih dhitbdt `ftwffi tof Mhelildbis bt @hjhaib bim tof @hjhaifsf sdohhj hg mldtbefi. @hidhep @hidhepbaih baih dfrtblijy dfrtbli jy bpprfdlbtfm bpprfdlbtfm tof grlbrs, ghr li ols ol s 22. Grbidfs \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry (Jhimhi; Phutjfmaf bim Cfabi ^buj, 2<77), 1?—1<.


Dbimfjb`rlue fjhqufitlbf of prblsfs tof Mhelildbi bim Grbidlsdbi prfbdofrs. ]of ] of efehry sfdtlhi hg @hidhepbaih“ @hidhepba ih“ss rofthrld tofrfghrf pfrobpss ghrfso pfrobp ghrfsobmhw bmhwss tof trfefimhu trfefimhuss fxt fxtfislhi fislhi hg efehr efehryy trbl trbliilia bs b vlrtuhus bdtlvlty woldo Bj`frtus bim ]ohebs (woh wbs hg dhursf trblifm `y Bj`frtus) rfdheefim li toflr Tueebf. Bj`frtus bim ]ohebs, lt eby `f suaafstfm, whujm obvf tbcfi ghr arbitfm”bs sheftolia tbcfi ghr arbitfm li bi fbrjlfr efmlbfvbj trbmltlhi”tobt ‚brtlgldlbj efehry― ls dhidfrifm wlto rfefe`frlia ^brbmlsf bim Ofjj bim wlto vlrtufs bim vldfs bs ‚efehrlbj ihtfs.― Ehrfhvfr wf sobjj glim tobt li jbtfr efehry trfbtlsfs woldo brf dfrtblijy li tof trbmltlhi stfeelia grhe tof sdohjbstld fepobsls hi brtlgldlbj efehry, ^brbmlsf bim Ofjj brf trfbtfm bs ‚efehry pjbdfs,― li shef dbsfs wlto mlbarbes hg tohsf ‚pjbdfs― th `f usfm li ‚brtlgldlbj efehry.― @hidhepbaih bjsh ghrfsobmhws htofr dobrbdtfrlstlds hg tof jbtfr efehry trbmltlhi, bs wljj bppfbr jbtfr. Qff sohujm Q sohu jm tofrfghrf t ofrfghrf `f hi hur hu r aubrm a ubrm bab bablist list tof bssu bssueptlhi eptlhi tobt wofi B j`fr j`frtus tus bim ]ohe ]ohebs bs sh strhia strhiajy jy bmvhd bmvhdbtf btf tof fxfrdl fxfrdlsf sf hg ‚brtlgldlbj efehry― bs b pbrt hg ^rumfidf, tofy brf ifdfssbrljy tbjclia b`hut wobt wf sohujm dbjj ‚eifehtfdoilds.― ]ofy eby efbi, behiast htofr tolias, tof leprlitlia hi efehry hg lebafs hg vlrtufs bim vldfs, ebmf vlvlm bim strlclia li bddhrmbidf wlto tof djbssldbj rujfs, bs ‚efehrlbj ihtfs― th blm us li rfbdolia Ofbvfi bim bvhlmlia Ofjj. ]of sdohjbstlds wfrf prh`b`jy alvlia prhelifidf th, hr rfvlfwlia bim rf-fxbelilia, bjrfbmy fxlstlia bssueptlhis b`hut ‚brtlgldlbj efehry― bs bi bspfdt hg toflr rfvlfw hg tof wohjf sdofef hg tof vlrtufs bim vldfs. ]ols afifrbj rfvlslhi wbs ebmf ifdfssbry `y tof rf-mlsdhvfry hg Brlsthtjf, wohsf ifw dhitrlùtlhis th tof sue hg cihwjfmaf, woldo obm th `f b`shr`fm lith tof Dbtohjld grbef whrc, wfrf bs lephrt lephrtbit bit li tof glfjm hg ftold ftoldss bs li htofr glfjms glfjms.. ]of Ildhebdofbi Ftolds dhepjldbtfm tof vlrtufs, vldfs bim toflr fjfefits, bim tof ifw fvbjubtlhi hg ^rumfidf `y Bj`frtus bim ]ohebs ls pbrt hg toflr afifrbj fgghrt th `rlia vlrtufs bim vldfs up th mbtf.

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Qo bt wbs bj Qobt bjsh sh str strlc lclia liajy jy ifw wbs tofl toflrr fxb fxbel elibtl ibtlhi hi hg tof prfdfpts prfdfp ts hg tof br brtl tlgld gldlb lbjj efehr efehryy li tfre tfress hg tof psyd psydohjha ohjhayy hg Brlsthtjf“s Mf efe efehrlb hrlb ft rfelil rfelilsdfitl sdfitlb. b. ]oflr trluepobit dhidjuslhi tobt Brlsthtjf dhiglrefm tof rujfs hg ]ujjlus put tof brtlgldlbj efehry hi bi bjthaftofr ifw ghhtlia. Pofthrld ls li afifrbj arbmfm rbtofr jhw li tof sdohjbstld hutjhhc woldo turis lts `bdc hi twfjgtodfitury ouebilse. @ut tobt pbrt hg rofthrld woldo ls tof brtlgldlbj efehry jfbvfs lts ildof li tof sdofef hg tof jl`frbj brts th `fdhef, iht hijy b pbrt hg b dbrmlibj vlrtuf ùt b whrtowoljf h`kfdt hg mlbjfdtldbj bibjysls.20

Ofrf ls Grbidfs \btfs hi tof rujfs put ghrwbrm, `fghrf 2404, `y tof Mhelildbi @brthjhefh mb Tbi Dhidhrmlh; (Hi hrmfr) Brlsthtjff li jl`rh efeh Brlsthtj efehrlb; rlb; ‚]ohsf tolias brf `fttfr rfefe`frfm woldo obvf hrmfr li tofesfj tofesfjvfs.― vfs.― Vphi woldo ]oheb ]ohebss dheefits; ‚]ohsf tolias brf ehrf fbsljy rfefe`frfm woldo brf wfjj hrmfrfm, bim tohsf woldo brf `bmjy hrmfrfm wf mh iht fbsljy rfefe`fr. ]ofrfghrf tohsf tolias woldo b ebi wlsofs th rftbli, jft ole stumy th sft tofe li hrmfr.― ]ohebs li Tfdhimb mfjjb sfdhimb; Lt ls ifdfssbry tobt tohsf tolias woldo b ebi wlsofs th rftbl rftblii li efehry of sohujm dhislmfr ohw th sft hut li hrmfr, sh tobt grhe tof efehry hg hif tolia of dhefs th bihtofr. (Hi sleljltumfs) ]ohebs li Tfdhimb mfjjb sfdhimb; ‚Hg tohsf tolias woldo b ebi wlsofs th rfefe`fr, of sohujm tbcf dhivfilfit slelj sl eljltumfs, ltumfs, iht thh dheehi hifs, ghr wf whimfr ehrf bt uidheehi tolias bim `y tofe tof elim ls ehrf strhiajy ehvfm.― 20. Grbidfs \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry , 7>—72.


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]ohebs li Rulvl efmfsleh (l.f. jhd. dlt.); ‚]of glimlia hut hg lebafs ls usfguj bim ifdfssbry ghr efehry3 ghr purf bim splrltubj litfitlhis sjlp hut hg efehry uijfss tofy brf bs lt wfrf jlicfm th dhrphrfbj sleljltumfs.― ]ujjlh li ]frzh mfjjb iuhvb Pftthrldb; ‚Hg tohsf tolias woldo wf wlso th rfefe`fr, wf sohujm pjbdf li dfrtb dfrtbli li pjbdfs leba lebafs fs bim sleljltumfs.― Bim ]ujjlus bmms tobt ‚tof pjbdfs brf jlcf tb`jfts, hr pbpfr, bim tof t of lebafs leb afs jljlcf cf jfttfrs, jfttfrs , bim pjbdlia tof lebafs l ebafs ls jlcf j lcf wrltlia, bim spfbclia ls jlcf Pfbmlia.― 24

\btfs ofrf leefmlbtfjy rblsfs b qufstlhi woldo ls, bt tof sbef tlef, bi h`sfrvbtlhi dhudofm li tof ghre hg b pfrshibj dheefitbry hi tof tfxt. Tof trlfs th mfsdrl`f tof psydohjhaldbj rfbdtlhi hg tof prbdtltlhifr hg tols ghre hg brt th tof splrltubj litfitlhis put li whrms tobt dhujm obvf dhef strblaot hut hg b Ebshild listrudtlhi. Qo bt brf wf, bs mf Qobt mfvhut vhut rfb rfbmfr mfrss hg @b @brth rthjhefh jhefh“s“s fto ftoldb ldbjj whrc whrc,, litfimfm th mh8 Lt obs `ffi brrbiafm li hrmfr wlto mlvlslhis bim su`-mlvlslhis bgtfr tof sdohjbstld ebiifr. Huaot wf iht th bdt prumfitjy `y efehrlslia li toflr hrmfr torhuao tof brtlgldlbj efehry tof ‚tolias― wlto woldo lt mfbjs, tof splrltubj litfitlhis hg sffclia vlrtufs vlr tufs bim bvhlmlia vldfs woldo lt brhusf brhusfs8 s8 Tohujm wf iht fxfrdlsf hur lebalibtlhis `y ghrelia dhrphrfbj sleljltumfs hg, ghr fxbepjf, Kustldf bim lts su`-m su`-mlvlslhis lvlslhis,, hr hg ^rumfidf bim lts pbrt pbrts8 s8 Bim bjs bjshh hg tof ‚tolias― th `f bvhlmfm, sudo bs Likustldf, Lidhistbidy, bim tof htofr vldfs fxbelifm82=

Ohwfvfr, tols ls iht tof ehst bsthilsolia bspfdt hg tof whrc. Grbidfs \btfs mfvhtfs b ebkhr, wfjj-mhduefitfm pbrt hg lt th tof litfjjfdtubj bim splrltubj hrlalis hg tols djbssldbj dhidfptlhi hg tof brt hg efehry. Li pbrtldujbr, sof fstb`jlsofs tof gbdt tobt ehst hg tof arfbt 24. Grbidfs \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry, ?1. 2=. Grbidfs \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry, ??.

<7

Bppfimlx @

toli cfrs woh dobeplhifm tolicfrs dobeplhifm tof brt wfrf Mhelildbis woh obm ghuimfm b whrjm-rfihwifm whrjmrfihwifm sdohhj. Tof efitlhis ]ohebs Bqulibs hg dhursf, bs wfjj bs Bj`frtus Ebaius, ^ftfr hg Pbvfiib, Khobiifs Phe`frdo, Dhsebs Phssfjlus. Bim, hg dhursf, sof bjsh rfgfrs th Kbdhùs û`jldlus wohsf whrc hi efehry, tof Hrbthrlbf brtls fplthef (2=?0), prlitfm li Wfildf, wbs tof glrst trfbtlsf hi tols su`kfdt. Bi litfrfstlia slmfjlaot ofrf ls tof gbdt hrbthrlb,, jlfs li tobt tof obimwrlttfi dhpy hg b whrc `y û`jldlus, Brs hrbthrlb tof @rltlso Eusfue, tof dhpy obvlia `ffi ebmf li 2=7> `y ]ohebs Twbtwfjj, woh wbs prh`b`jy b ehic li Murobe. Ibturbjjy, lt ls ghr htofrs th brauf (bim pfrobps rfbdo dhidjuslhis) b`hut woftofr tof Mhelildbi grlbrs, bs b prfbdolia hrmfr li tof jbtf Elmmjf Bafs, ujtlebtfjy ebmf b dhitrlùtlhi, brhuim 27=>—27<7, th tof ghuimbtlhi `y ‚afitjfefi ebshis― hg bi liltlbtld prbdtldf. L rfgfr ofrf th bi liltlbtld prbdtldf `bsfm hi tof bibjhaldbj usf hg sye`hjs rfjbtfm dolfgjy th tof ùljmlia drbgt, tobt ls tof liltlbtld prbdtldf tobt wf dhitliuf th dbjj ‚spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry.― Ohwfvfr, L whujm sby tobt lg tols wfrf th `f tof dbsf, tofi tof lepujsf tobt jfm th tof drfbtlhi hg spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry wbs torffghjm. ]ofrf wbs glrstjy tof Mhelildbi dhidfptlhi hg tof brt hg efehry, sfdhimjy tof brrlvbj li Jhimhi, `ftwffi 26?4 bim 26?7, hg tof prfstlalhus Mhelildbi, Alhrmbih @ruih, bim tolrmjy tof dhidhi tfephrbry tfbdolia hg tols brt bt tof Tdhttlso Dhurt. ]of jbst-ibefm gbdt ls bttfstfm th, li mlggfrfit wbys, `y tof prfsfidf hg Ph`frt Tdobw, Bjfxbimfr Mldcshi, bim Qljjlbe Ghwjfr bt tof dhurt hg Clia Kbefs WL bim ols quffi. ]h dhidjumf tofsf rfebrcs hi tof `lrto hg Ebshild sye`hjlse, L whujm glglib ibjjjjyy bmm tobt wf pfro pfrobps bps obvf prhhg thmby hg tof lep lephrtb hrtbidf idf hg tof brt hg efehry li tols fvfit. ]ols prhhg jlfs li tof lephrtbit bim qultf spfdlbj pjbdf hdduplfm `y tof jl`frbj brts li sfvfrbj mfarffs hg Grffebshiry (fspfdlbjjy li tof Bidlfit bim Bddfptfm Tdhttlso rltf r ltf). ). Ghr wf cihw tobt hif hg tof sfvfi brts ls rofthrld, bim wf bjsh cihw tobt hif hg tof pbrts hg rofthrld, bddhrmlia th Dldfrh, ls efehry.


<1

Livfitlhi ls tof fxdhaltbtlhi hg truf tolias ( rfs), hr tolias sleljbr th truto th rfimfr hif“s dbusf pjbusl`jf3 mlsphsltlhi ls tof brrbiafefit li hrmfr hg tof tolias tous mlsdhvfrfm3 fjhdutlhi ls tof bddhehmbtlhi hg sultb`jf whrms th tof livfitfm (tolias)3 efehry ls tof glre pfrspfdtl pfrsp fdtlvf vf hg tof shu shujj hg tol tolias ias bim whrms3 prhiuidlbt prhiuidlbtlhi lhi ls tof ehmfrbtlia hg tof vhldf bim `hmy th sult tof mlailty hg tof tolias bim whrms.26

]h litrhmudf tof ifxt pbrt hg ey pbpfr li woldo (bim ofrf lt ls spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry tobt ls dhidfrifm) L sobjj fxbelif wobt ls pfrobps tof ehst lephrtbit pbrt hg tof oyphtofsls tobt L be ihw mfvfjhplia, ibefjy lmfbs hg tof Jhmaf bim tof ]fepjf, lt whujm iht `f hut hg pjbdf th jhhc bt tof rujfs tobt wfrf ghreujbtfm (`ftwffi 20
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Jft us lebalif tobt tols bmvldf wfrf th `f trbisphsfm lith b purfjy ‚spfdujbtlvf― grbefwhrc bim bppjlfm th efi wohsf dohsfi ahbj wbs th trbiselt cihwjfmaf li bi liltlbtld ebiifr (li htofr whrms, bi fshtfrld ebiifr) bim ghjjhw ftoldbj bim splrltubj rujfs li tof dhimudt hg toflr jlvfs bim bdtlhis. Qltohut qufstlhi, tofy whujm `f gbdfm wlto b prh`jfe hg eftohm. 26. Mf Livfitlhif, L, WLL, <, quhtfm li Grbidfs \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry, ?—<. 27. Tueeb mf fxfepjls, WL, =0, quhtfm li \btfs, ]of Brt hg Efehry, ?6—?7.

Bppfimlx @

]ofy whujm obvf b dohldf hg sfvfrbj phssl`jf bpprhbdofs. Ghr fxbe pjf, tofy ela elaot ot dohhsf th usf sye` sye`hjs hjs hr bj bjjfahrlf jfahrlfss th rfprfsfit ehrbj vbjufs. vb jufs. ]ofi ]ofi,, tof slepjf fvhd fvhdbtlhi btlhi hg tofs tofsff sy sye`hj e`hjs,s, ebmf dhivfitlhibjjy wltohut biy fxdfsslvf rfdhursf th dhidfptubj jbiaubaf, whujm rfelim tofe hg tof prlebry ahbjs, tof dheeltefits ebmf li rfabrm th tof prbdtldf bim h`sfrvbidf hg tofsf vbjufs. Li toflr dohldf hg b ohehafifhus rfalstfr hg bjjfahry bim sye`hj, tofy whujm bjsh obvf th tbcf lith bddhuit tof prfdfpts hg tof bidlfit brt hg efehry. ]ofy whujm iffm th dohhsf dhrphrbj sye`hjs bim ebtfrlbjs tobt wfrf h`sdurf bim strlclia fihuao th ohjm tof bttfitlhi hg trustfm bmofrfits, bim yft dhislstfit fihuao wlto tof ahbj li vlfw sh tobt toflr bppjldbtlhi whujm iht mlsmls dhurbaf tof dbimlmbtf grhe biy phssl`ljlty hg splrltubj bmvbidfefit bim dhistrudtlvf prharfss. Glibjjy, th pfrgfdt toflr eftohm, tofsf efi whujm obvf th glim b pjbdf li woldo th whrc thaftofr bim tolic li b mlsdrfft btehspofrf hg pfbdf, sljfidf bim rfdhjjfdtlhi. ]ofy whujm mfdhrbtf tols pjbdf (tol tolss ‚ jhdus―) wlto dbrf dbrfgu gujjy jjy dohsfi sye sye`hjs, `hjs, al alvf vf lt bi hrlfitb hrlfitb-tlhi bim glibjjy hrmfr lt sh bs th rfjbtf lt wlto lts ouebi purphsf bim gbdljltbtf lts stumy. Glibjjy, tofy whujm pfrlhmldbjjy bim rfaujbrjy efft li tols pjbdf bim, li bi btehspofrf hg hrmfr bim eutubj `fifvhjfidf, tofy whujm dhidfjf`rbtf tof rfbshis ghr sohwlia th tof hutslmf whrjm b ehmfj hg shdlb`ljlty `bsfm hi jhvf hg hif“s iflao`hr, obrehiy, bim kustldf. L `fjlfvf tobt tols eftohm, lg bppjlfm, dhujm jfbm tofsf efi th tof spfdujbt ujbtlvf lvf Grffebshiry `y `hrrhwlia tof vfdthrs hg tof drfbtlhi hg spfd sye`hjlse prhpfr th tof prbdtltlhifrs hg drbgt Ebshiry bim ebclia usf hg tofsf vfdthrs. Ey oyphtofsls ofrf ls tobt tof fbrjlfst spfdujbtlvf Ebshis bdtfm li tols wby th ghuim hur Liltlbtld Hrmfr tobt, th quhtf Grbidfs \btfs, tofy sft up bt tof vfry hutsft li tof ghre hg ‚vbst litfrlhr dbtofmrbjs hg efehry.― Htofrwlsf, L dbiiht vfry wfjj sff ohw th fxpjbli tof gbdt tobt tof ]fepjf obs `ffi b ghuimlia bim dfitrbj glaurf hg spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry slidf lts vfry hrlalis. Li pbrtldujbr, bim th put lt vfry djfbrjy, tof prfsfidf hg Thjhehi“s ]fepjf li hpfrbtlvf Ebshiry bim li


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tof drbgt trbmltlhi dbiiht `y ltsfjg fxpjbli tof fxtrbhrmlibry rhjf hg tof ]fepjf bs b eujtlghre bim prhtfbi glaurf li spfdujbtlvf Ebshiry. Ghr, li lts mlvfrsf ghres, Thjhehi“s ]fepjf ls usfm bs b ehrbj bim poysldbj grbefwhrc ghr tof mfarffs. Lt rfelims us hg tof ]fepjf hg tof Vilvfrsf. Qff spfb Q spfbcc hg ‚ù ‚ùljml ljmlia ia hur litfrlhr tfepjf,― wlto w lto b sfebitld trbisgfr hg tof whrm ‚]fepjf― th tof strudturf tobt ohusfs tof jhmaf bim glibjjy th tof jhmaf ltsfjg, bim sh hi. Bt tof sbef tlef, lt eust `f sblm tobt tols oyphtofsls (bpbrt grhe tof brauefits tobt obvf `ffi put ghrwbrm) ls iht fitlrfjy b ihvfj hif slidf Mbvlm Ttfvfishi jblm, th b arfbt fxtfit, tof ghuimbtlhis ghr lt bs fbrjy bs 2
2>>

Bppfimlx @

li hif sfisf, b efehry tfepjf, bi lebalibry ùljmlia wlto pjbdfs bim lebafs pjbdfm li lt bs blms th efehrlslia tof sfdrfts hg tof Ebshi Qhrm bim tof rltubjs hg liltlbtlhi. Qljjlbe Tdobw“s likuidtlhi tobt Ebshis eust `f tfstfm li tof brt hg efehry bim tof sdlfidf tofrfhg obs `ffi rfbm `y afifrbtlhis hg Ebshild olsthrlbis ùt tof slailgldbidf hg lt obs ifvfr `ffi ihtldfm. \ft tobt sliajf sohrt porbsf prhvlmfs b cfy th uimfrstb uimfrstbimlia imlia ebkhr bspfd bspfdts ts hg tof hrla hrlalis lis hg Grffebshiry, jliclia tof hpfrbtlvf Ebshi drbgt wlto tof elaoty strlvlias hg tof Ofreftld ebaus. 21

Lt wbs stbtfm bt tof `faliilia hg tols pbpfr tobt tofrf brf arhuims ghr fxtfimlia tof bibjhald oyphtofsls mfvfjhpfm ofrfli th tof Ebshild mfarffs, bim ghr fxbelilia tof fxtfit th woldo tofy eby `f dhislmfrfm th obvf hrlalibtfm grhe tof ‚pjbdfs― (tof Jbtli jhdl) hg tof bidlfit brt hg efehry. L `fjlfvf tobt tols qufstlhi ls b vfry dhepjfx hif. Limffm, shef pfhpjf wl wljjjj prh`b`jy glglim im lt slepjlstld th bssuef tobt ibsdfit, sye`hj sye`hjld ld Ebshiry, li tof ebiifr hg tof djbssld brt hg efehry tobt jhdbtfm fbdo tolia bim fbdo lebaf li b pbrtldujbr pjbdf li tof arfbt fmlgldf, wbs b`jf th bjjhdbtf lts sye`hjs li arhups bim ghrebjlzf tof sfpbrbtlhi `ftwffi arhups torhuao tof dhistrudtlhi bim fstb`jlsoefit hg tof mfarffs. B ebi hg Ah`jft m“Bjvlfjjb“s stbturf, sffclia tof hrlalis hg tof ebstfr“s mfarff rfgfrrfm th tols clim hg mlggldujty; Mhu`ts eby `f rblsfm hvfr tof fxlstfidf hg tof Phsldrudlbis li tof 27to bim 21to dfiturlfs bs b djhsfm shdlfty uslia qubsl-Ebshild ghres bim prhgfsslia b sfdrft poljhshpoy djhbcfm li sye`hjs wohsf cihwjfmaf wbs rfsfrvfm ghr bmfpts. @ut wobt dbiiht `f dhitfstfm ls tof fxlstfidf, li tof Elmmjf Bafs bim murlia tof Pfiblssbidf, hg ofreftld ofref tld bim ‚db`bjlstld― arhup a rhupss tobt trbiselttfm mhdtrlifs, sye`hjs sy e`hjs bim prbdtldfs mbtlia `bdc th tof glrst dfiturlfs hg tof Dorlstlbi frb, 21. Mbvlm Ttfvfishi, ]of Hrlalis hg Grffebshiry, <6—<7.


2>2 2> 2

li b jbiaubaf tobt wbs litfjjlal`jf th toflr liltlbtfs bjhif. Lt ls ih jfss bi fstb`jlsofm gbdt tobt, bt b alvfi tlef, tofsf arhups fitfrfm Grffebshiry wlto fvfrytolia tofy phssfssfm. Qobt rfbjjy obs th `f bsdfrtblifm ls woftofr toflr bdtlhi wbs jleltfm th tof litrhmudtlhi hg tohsf olaofr mfarffs woldo `fbr tof ebrc hg b ofreftld hrlali, hr woftofr tofy obm bjrfbmy obm bi fggfdt hi tof mfvfjhpefit hg spfdujbtlvf Grffe Grffebshiry. bshiry.2?

Lt eby `f h`sfrvfm, ohwfvfr, tobt sudo bi bibjhay ls iht wohjjy mfvhlm hg litfrfst, lg wf jhhc bt tof wby li woldo fvfits trbisplrfm (hi tof Ebstfr“s mfarff, li bmmltlhi th Ah`jft m“Bvlfjjb, dg. Kfbi Plabum“s vfry rfjfvbit whrc whrc)) bim th tof dhistltutfm bim fstb`j fstb`jlsofm lsofm mfarff mfarffs.s. Lt ls cihwi tobt lt wbs b jhia tlef `fghrf tof glrst torff mfarffs, cihwi bs tof sye`hjld mfarffs, thhc tof ghre li woldo tofy brf cihwi thmby. Lt ls bjsh cihwi tobt li tof pfrlhm mfsdrl`fm li Ttfvfishi“s `hhc, Ebstfr bim Gfjjhw drbgt wfrf stljj hif bim tof sbef (tofrf wbs bs yft ih dhrrfsphimlia mfarff ghr tof Ebstfr). Ohwfvfr, lt dbi `f sffi tobt wofi tof mfarff mfarffss aht mlg mlggfrfitlbtfm, gfrfitlbtfm, tofy wfrf bj bjjhdbtfm jhdbtfm sye`hjs (fspf fspf-dlbjjy rfjbtfm th tof ùljmlia trbmf) tobt wfrf spfdlgld th tof mfarff. Lt dbi bjsh `f sffi tobt fvfi lg tof Ebstfr“s mfarff wbs tof hijy hif th `f alvfi b jfafim bim fvfi lg, bs ls tof dbsf li tof Fiajlso rltfs, bjj tof hpfrbtlvf sye`hjs dbi `f ghuim li tof torff mfarffs, lt ls hijy li tof mfarff ghr woldo lt ls spfdlgldbjjy mfslaifm tobt b sye`hj obs lts efbiefbi lia fxpjblifm, rfvfbjfm, bim dheefitfm uphi. ]ols ehmf hg strudturlia hg fbdo sye`hjld mfarff dbiiht `f fxpjblifm shjfjy `y tof gbdt tobt tof ghuimfrs hg hur spfdujbtlvf Hrmfr shuaot th put up h`stbdjfs bablist wbrpfm ‚mlsdjhsurfs― `y shdlfty bim, bim tof sbef tlef, prfsfrvf bim trbiselt sfdrfts, pbrtldujbrjy `y tlaotjy sfbjlia bim pbrtltlhilia tof mfarffs grhe hif bihtofr. Hi tof dhitrbry, L `fjlfvf tobt tof mffpfr fxpjbibtlhi hg tols gbdt 2?. Ah`jft m“Bvlfjjb, Mfs Hrlalifs mu Arbmf mf Ebétrf mbis jb Gr Grbid-Ebáhiifrlf, bid-Ebáhiifrlf, dg. p. ?7 hg tof 2
2>0

Bppfimlx @

ls stljj vlsl`jf thmby th fvfry Grffebshi. Li tof dhitlifitbj `rbim hg Grffebshiry, tols fxpjbibtlhi ls dhistltutfm `y tof Jhmaf trfstjf`hbrm li woldo bjj tof sye`hjs prhpfr th tof mfarff brf trbdfm, sueebrlzfm, bim efehrlzfm. Li Fiajlso rltf whrclias, lt ls tof trbdlia `hbrm hi woldo tof tfbdol tfbdolias ias brf pblitfm (vfry `fbutlg `fbutlguj ujjy jy bs lt obppfis obppfis).). ]ofsf tfbdolias, tof Dbimlmbtf ghr bmvbidfefit eust rfimfr th ols `rftorfi `y rhtf bim li toflr fitlrfty. ]of gbdt ls tobt fvfi thmby wf brf iht vfry gbr rfehvfm grhe tof brt hg efehry hg hur hrla hrlalis. lis. ]ols ls woy L `fjlfvf tobt tof ehst lephrtbit bdt li b Jhmaf (bim tof ehst lephrtbit bdt li lts rltubj) hddurs bt tof hpfilia wofi tof trbdlia `hbrm hr gjhhrdjhto ls uighjmfm, bim bt djhslia wofi lt ls rhjjfm up babli. @ftwffi tofsf twh afsturfs, fbdo bim fvfry Grffebshi h`tblis dhiglrebtlhi hg tof liltlbtld bim psydohjhaldbj afiulififss hg ols jhia-stbimlia dheeltdheeltefits. @ftwffi tofsf twh t wh afsturfs, of rfdhjjfdts tof djhsf, d jhsf, ‚hith ‚hithjhaldbj jhaldbj―― dhrrfsphimfidf, woldo ls bjsh b ehvlia dhrrfsphimfidf, `ftwffi tof twh strudturfs th woldo of obs ftfribjjy suèlttfm ols wljj, ibefjy tof strudturf hg ols litfrlhr tfepjf, woldo ls bjsh tobt hg ols wlsmhe bim ols khy, bim tof strudturf ghrefm `y tof ‚vbst dbtofmrbjs hg efehry― hg tof Ebshild Hrmfr. Bihtofr fjfefit hg hur sye`hjlse (ibturbjjy, L mh iht dhislmfr tols `rlfg jlst th `f bi fxobustlvf hif) phlits fvfi thmby th tof eifeif ehild bim eifehtfdoild dobrbdtfr hg hur spfdujbtlvf hrlalis. Li 2?16, bt tof Jbusbiif Dhivfit hg tof Bidlfit bim Bddfptfm Tdhttlso Pltf, Grffebshis mrbgtlia tof listrudtlhi ghr hif hg tof glrst torff mfarffs suaafstfm tof ghjjhwlia bpprhbdo th tof trbdlia `hbrm; Rufstlhi; Qobt mhfs tof trbdlia `hbrm rfprfsfit8 Biswfr; Lt ls tof fe`jfe hg efehry, tobt prfdlhus gbdujty woldo ls alvfi th us th ghre hur kumafefit li prfsfrvlia tof trbdf hg bjj hur pfrdfptlhis.

Ghr b gujj bim eftohmldbj mfvfjhpefit hg ey lmfbs, L eust stljj bsc hif qufstlhi. Ls lt truf tobt tols `rhbmjy scftdofm oyphtofsls, li lts


2>4

fssfidf, su`stbitlbjjy biswfrs tof ebkhr qufstlhis rblsfm bt tof hutsft8 Mhfs lt bjsh bddhuit ghr tof fxlstfidf bim ehmf hg hpfrbtlhi hg tofsf Ebshild mfarffs tobt brf pjbdfm bgtfr tof Ebstfr“s mfarff, eblijy hg dhursf li tof Bidlfit bim Bddfptfm Tdhttlso Pltf8 L whujm sby li tols dbsf tobt tof rfsfe`jbidf wlto tof djbssldbj brt hg efehry ls fvfi ehrf mlstur`lia ghr tof glrst torff mfarffs, fvfi lg tof mbtf hg 2?>2, wofi tols rltf wbs fstb`jlsofm li mfarffs tobt brf stljj cihwi thmby, ls gbr jbtfr tobi tof pfrlhm stumlfm `y Ttfvfishi. Ghr bs Eldobãj J. Tfabjj obs glrst fxpjblifm, tofsf mfarffs wfrf sft up bs tof rfphslthrlfs bim aubrmlbis hg bidlfit liltlbtld bim fshtfrld trbmltlhis. Qltohut tofsf mfarffs, mfa rffs, tofsf trbmltlhis whujm obvf `ffi `f fi jhst bim whujm obvf vbilsofm grhe tof uilvfrsbj dhisdlhusifss. Fbdo hg tofsf mfarffs ls gurtofrehrf dheelttfm, li pbrtldujbr torhuao tof usf hg iuefrhus gbdts lisplrfm `y tof @l`jf, li tof Whjuef hg tof uilvfrsbj bim Tbdrfm Jbw, th tof prfsfrvbtlhi hg ehrbj jbws bim splrltubj vbjufs (dg. Ofiry D. Djbusfi) bim th rfelimlia Grffebshis hg tofe. ]h tols fim, fbdo mfarff ls dhistltutfm `y dheefitbry, fxfafsls, bim tof puttlia lith prbdtldf hg tof rltubj brhuim b jfafim tobt ls qultf spfdlgld bim prhpfr th tols mfarff. ]of fvhdbtlhi hg tols jfafim, li tof ebiifr hg tof Vrszfif hr ‚prlebj sdfif― li psydohbibjysls, bdts hi tof pjbif pjb if hg tof li liltlbtf ltlbtf““s ehrbj bpprhbdo li tof sbef wby bs tof leba lifs, litfitlhifs, rfs, bim vfr`b hg tof brt hg efehry prbdtldfm `y tof Mhelildbis bim Alhrmbih @ruih. Fbdo hg tof 4> mfarffs ls tous mfslaifm sh bs th rfprfsfit hif hg tof jhdl hg tof fmlgldf li woldo b pbrt hg tof thtbj tfbdolia jlfs li b sfaefitfm bim sfpbrbtf ebiifr. Bj`frt ^lcf dbjjfm lt ‚ehrbjs bim mhaeb,― tobt ls, th put lt fxbdtjy, ftolds bim cihwjfmaf. ]ols wbs li 2?12. B`hut glgtffi yfbrs bah, L `fjlfvf lt wbs li 2, L wbs pbrty th b dhivfrsbtlhi li woldo tof poljhshpofr Ofirl ]hrt-Ihuauïs dhepbrfm tof B&BTP th b jbraf ebislhi hr, ehrf prfdlsfjy, th b dbstjf. ]ols dbsdbs tjf, of sblm, obm 44 rhhes bim fbdo hg tofe dhitblifm b trfbsurf. Li tof ebiifr hg tols poljhshpofr bim grlfim, L whujm sby, ghr ey pbrt, tobt

2>=

Bppfimlx @

tof Ebshild liltlbtlhi dhislsts li ahlia grhe hif rhhe th bihtofr bim, bt fbdo stfp, ‚li rfefe`frlia― bs Aìrbrm mf Ifrvbj put lt li b gbehus jfttfr. ]ols ls ey mffp bim litlebtf pfrshibj dhivldtlhi thmby, bgtfr obvlia jhia efmltbtfm hi tof mlsdhvfrlfs ebmf `y Grbidfs \btfs bim Mbvlm Ttfvfishi. Ehmfri Grffebshiry ls b prfstlalhus dhitliubthr hg tof bidlfit brt hg efehry prbdtldfm brhuim 26<> bt tof dhurt hg Clia Kbefs WL W L hg Tdhtjbim, Tdhtj bim, bim lt hwfs tols t ols stbtus stbt us pbrtjy pbr tjy th Alhr Alhrmbih mbih @ruih“ @r uih“ss brrlvbj li tof @rltlso Lsjfs li 26?4. Bim lg, wltobj, tols oyphtofsls sohujm prhvf hif mby th `f elstbcfi bim `f dhuitfrfm `y ifw gbdts, tofrf whujm stljj `f sheftolia jfgt th ef, tobt sheftolia hg woldo tof Pusslbi phft Dobjbehv sphcf li rfabrm th phftry bgtfr twfity yfbrs li tof Chjyeb prlshi; ‚Li wlitfr, lt ls ey ghrtrfss.―

@l`jlharbpoy

Fe`jïefs efs. Pfprlit, ^brls; Cjlidcslfc, 2<<1. Bjdlbt, Bimrì. Jfs Fe`jï J��Brdoltfdtu J Brdoltfdturf rf ft jb grbid-ebáhii grbid-ebáhiifrl frlff. Hrmh B` Dobh, ih. 70, 0>22. @bjbvhlif, Djbumlf. Olìrhajypofs mf jb eìehlrf; Ìefrafidf ft eftbehrpohsf m“uif ìdrlturf olìrhajypolquf mbis jfs Brts mf eìehlrf mu _WL f bim mu _WLL LL f slïdjf, ih. 26? (Kbiubry—Ebrdo 2>1. Dbeljjh, Alujlh. Jf ]oìàt eìehlrf hlrf. Ebdujb, 0>>0. Dbrrutofrs, Ebry. Jf Jlvrf mf jb eìe Mfuxx Arbim Arbimfs fs Dhj Dhjhiif hiifss mf jb grbi grbid-ebáhi d-ebáhiifr ifrlf lf. ^brls; Mìsbaujlfrs, Pfiì. Jfs Mfu Ìmltlhis Mfrvy, 2<<1. ^lfrrfs rfs mf jb grbid-ebáhi grbid-ebáhiifrl ifrlff. ^brls; Ìmltlhis Mfrvy, 2<<6. ”””. Jfs ^lfr Ofreìtlse ìtlseff ft Pfib Pfiblssbidf lssbidf . ^brls; Bjjlb, 0>>2. Abrli, Fuafilh. Ofre Dhidl sf Olsthry Olsthr y hg Grffebshi Grff ebshiry. ry. Jhimhi; Abjf & ^hjmfi, Ahujm, Ph`frt Grfcf. B Dhidlsf 2<>=. fepjf jf mf Tbj Tbjheh hehii mbi mbiss jb trbm trbmltlh ltlhii ebá ebáhiil hiilquf quf. Ehibdh; Ohrif, Bjfx. Jf ]fep Phdofr, 2<<=. Kbefux, Kbefu x, Dobrjfs @. ‚Jfs shurdfs bitlqufs mf jb trbise trbiselsslhi lsslhi liltlbtlquf l iltlbtlquf fi grbidg rbidGrbid-ebáhiif rlf”Olsthlrf sthlrf ebáhiifrlf; brt djbsslquf mf jb eìehlrf.― Li Jb Grbid-ebáhiifrlf”Ol ft mldtlhiiblrf, fm. Kfbi-Jud Ebxfidf. ^brls; Ph`frt Jbgghit, 0>24. ghimbtfurs tfurs mf jb grbi grbid-ebáhiif d-ebáhiifrlf rlf. ^brls; Ìmltlhis Jbiajft, ôljlppf. Jfs ]fxtfs ghimb Mfrvy, 0>>7. Grbid-ebáhiif rlf ìdhssblsf fi Grbidf. ^brls; Ìmltlhis Mfrvy, Jbithlif, Jbithli f, Bj`frt. B j`frt. Jb Grbid-ebáhiifrlf 0>22. Grbid-ebáhiifrlf lf dofz fjjf fjjf,, Afifvb; Ìmltlhis Tjbtclif ”””. Jb Grbid-ebáhiifr Mldtlhiibl lhiiblrf rf toìebJoheef, Kfbi, Ìmhubrm Eblshimlfu, bim Kbdh`h ]hebsh, Mldt tlquf ljjustrì mf jb grbid-ebáhiifrlf. Ehibdh; Phdofr, 2<<4.

2>6

2>7

@l`jlharbpoy

Fidydjh ydjhpfml pfmlbb hg Grff Grffebs ebshir hiryy bim lts Cli Climrfm mrfm Tdl Tdlfidf fidfs.s. Ebdcfy, Bj`frt A. Bi Fid ôljbmfjpolb; J. O. Fvfrts & Dh, 2??=. Grbid-ebáhiifrl frlff, dhjjfdtlhi ‚@huqulis.― ^brls; Ph`frt Ebxfidf, Kfbi-Jud. Jb Grbid-ebáhii Jbgghit, 0>24. “hrlalif lif mf jb j b grbid-ebáhiifr g rbid-ebáhiifrlf lf. ^brls; ^rlfurì, 2<<13 trbisjb^blif, ]ohebs. Mf j “hrla Hrlali ali hg Grffeb Grffebshir shiryy. Jhimhi; P. Dbrjljf, 2?2?. tlhi hg Bi Fssby hi tof Hrl ìabrfefit; it; Mu rhjf mf jb sdlfi sdlfidf df mbis j “b`surmltì dhiPfy, Hjlvlfr. Ltliìrblrf mf j “ ìabrfef tfephrblif. ^brls; Jf Tfulj, 0>>4. Grffeb ebshir shiryy ]hmb hmbyy, ih. 2> Pussfj, Khoi. ‚Jf tb`jfbu mu jhaf mu 2 fr mfarff.― Grff (Butuei 2<<<). Tpìdlgldltì mu PFBB. Hrmh B` Dobh, ihs. =?—=<, 0>>4—=. Hrlalif alifss mf jb grbi grbid-ebáhiif d-ebáhiifrlf; rlf; Jf slïdj slïdjff ìdhssb ìdhssblsls 26 261>— 1>— Ttfvfishi, Mbvlm. Jfs Hrl 212> . ^brls; ]ìjìtfs, 2<<43 trbisjbtlhi hg ]of Hrlalis hg Grffebshiry; Tdhtjbim“s Dfitury, 26<> th 212>, Dbe`rlmaf, Dbe`rlmaf Vilvfrslty ^rfss, 2>>3 trbisjbtlhi hg ]of ”””. Jf Glrst Grffe Grffebsh bshis; is; Tdht Tdhtjbi jbimm “s Fbrj Fbrjyy Jhmaf Jhmafss bim ]ofl ]oflrr Efe` Efe`frs frs.. B`frmffi, B`frmffi Vilvfrslty ^rfss, 2>6. Rubtuh tuhrr Dhrh Dhrhibth ibthru rue, e, ih. <2, Qbrm, Q brm, Frld Frld.. ‚] ‚]of of @lr @lrto to hg Grffeb Grffebshir shiry, y,―― Brs Rub 2<1?. J““Brt Brt mf m f jb eìe eìehlrf hlrf, ^brls; Abjj \btfs, Grbidfs B. J Abjjlebrm lebrm (IPG) (IP G),, 2<163 2<163 trbisjbtlhi hg ]of Brt hg Efehry. Doldbah; Vilvfrslty hg Doldbah ^rfss, 0>>2. ”””. Alhrmbih @ruih ft jb trbmltlhi ofreìtlquf . ^brls; Ìmltlhis Mfrvy, 2<<73 trbisjbtlhi hg Alhrmbih @ruih bim tof Ofreftld ]rbmltlhi. Doldbah; Vilvfrslty Hg Doldbah ^rfss, 2<<2.

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VIDHPPFD]FM ^BAF ^PHHGT • Iht ghr Pfsbjf

Efehry ^bjbdfs bim Ebshild Jhmafs Fshtfrld Tfdrfts hg tof Brt hg Efehry DOBPJFT @. KBEFV_ Pfvfbjs ohw tof brt hg efehry ls tof hrlali hg tof Ebshild eftohm • Fxpjblis tof djbssldbj tfdoilqufs hg tof brt hg efehry, ohw tofy wfrf rfwhrcfm `y ofreftld tolicfrs murlia tof Pfiblssbidf, bim ohw tofy dhitrlùtfm th tof trbisghrebtlhi hg hpfrbtlvf Grffebshiry lith spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry • ]rbdfs tof drfbtlhi hg spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry th 2741, hif ouimrfm yfbrs fbrjlfr tobi prfvlhusjy tohuaot • Fxpjhrfs ohw tof ‚efehry pbjbdfs― drfbtfm wlto tof brt hg efehry fib`jfm bddfss th uilvfrsbj cihwjfmaf bs wfjj bs rfprfsfitfm tof Ebshild tfepjf li lts lebalibry stbtf

Li Bitlqulty, tof brt hg efehry wbs b eifehild mfvldf tobt bjjhwfm bi hrbthr, sudo bs Dldfrh, th rfdbjj bjj tof phlits of wlsofm th ebcf `y bsshdlbtlia fbdo hg tofe wlto bi lebaf hr brdoltfdturbj fjfefit li tof sltf of wbs spfbclia. Qofi tols brt wbs rfmlsdhvfrfm li tof Pfiblssbidf, ofreftld tolicfrs jlcf Alhrmbih @ruih rfwhrcfm lt lith b eftohm tobt bjjhwfm tofe th bdqulrf cihwjfmaf wlto tof drfbtlhi hg ‚efehry pbjbdfs.― ]of fjfefits hg tofsf efehry pbjbdfs wfrf iht litfimfm th trlaafr tof efehry ùt whujm bdtubjjy trbisghre lith tbjlsebild h`kfdts wlto cihwjfmaf fitlrfjy ifw th tof sffcfr. Li tols `hhc, Dobrjfs @. Kbefux sohws tobt tols ofreftld rfwhrclia hg tof djbssldbj brt hg efehry wbs ih eystfry th hpfrbtlvf Ebshis, woh arbgtfm lt hith toflr hwi rltubjs, dbtbjyzlia tof trbisghrebtlhi hg hpfrbtlvf Ebshir Ebshiryy lith spfdujbtlvf Ebshiry. Of sohws sohws ohw tof olfrhajypold wrltlia usfm murlia tof Pfiblssbidf li tof brt hg efehry prhvlmfm tof arhuimwhrc ghr hif hg tof ehst fshtfrld fjfefits hg ebshild prbdtldf; tof arbsp hg tof rfbje hg lebaf `y tof jfttfr, wofrf sye`hjs wfrf ‚ùrlfm― wltoli whrms. Vslia brdolvbj fvlmfidf grhe 21to-dfitury Tdhtjbim bim fbrjlfr, dhe`lifm wlto tof rfsfbrdo hg ehmfri sdohjbrs sudo bs Grbidfs \btfs bim Mbvlm Ttfvfishi, Kbefux braufs tobt tof drfbtlhi hg spfdujbtlvf Grffebshiry dbi `f trbdfm `bdc 2>> yfbrs fbrjlfr tobi dhivfitlhibj olsthry rfdhrms”th 2741, wofi tof glrst rfdhrmfm usf hg tof Ebshi“s Qhrm bppfbrfm bim wlto lt, tof glrst cihwi bppfbrbidf hg tof sye`hjld ]fepjf hg Thjhehi. Of ghjjhws Alhrmbih @ruih“s vlslt th tof @rltlso Lsjfs li tof jbtf 27to dfitury bim tof su`sfqufit bdtlvltlfs hg tof efi of eft tofrf, sohwlia tobt Ebshild sye`hjlse hwfs eudo hg lts durrfit ghre th fbrjy efehry pbjbdfs, woldo rfprfsfitfm tof Ebshild jhmaf bim tfepjf li toflr gujjy lebalibry stbtfs. Pfvfbjlia tof plvhtbj rhjf hg tof efehry pbjbdf bim ofreftld trbmltlhis li fbrjy Ebshild sye`hjlse, Kbefux sofms ifw jlaot hi tof Ebshild qufstlhis bscfm hg fbdo liltlbtf bim tof splrltubj lephrtbidf hg tof ]fepjf hg Kfrusbjfe th Grffebshiry. Dobrjfs @. Kbefux wbs Arbim Dobidfjjhr hg Ghrflai Pfjbtlhis hg tof Arbim Jhmaf hg Grbidf bim tof dolfg fmlthr hg tof Ebshild Khuribj hg tof Arbim Jhmaf hg Grbidf, Liltlbthry ^frspfdtlvfs, grhe 2<>2. Of ls durrfitjy tof mlrfdthr hg tof Jlvlia Tthif dhjjfdtlhi ghr tof Grfido pu`jlsofr Mfrvy (]rfmbilfj Arhup). Of jlvfs li Grbidf. Liifr ]rbmltlhis • LT@I <1?-2-70>66-1??-= • $2=.<< (DBI $2?.<<) ^bpfr Bjsh bvbljb`jf bs bi f`hhc • 20? pbafs, 7 x < • < `jbdc-bim-woltf ljjustrbtlhis Plaots; Qhrjm Fiajlso • Hddujt/Ofreftlds

Kujy 0>2<

Memory Palaces and Masonic Lodges

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