ME6701 2 MARKS AND 16 MARKS QB APRIL MAY 2018 UPDATED

ME6701- POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
2 Marks and 16 Marks-Question Bank
UNIT -1
COAL BASED THERMAL POWER PLANTS
"Rankine cycle - improvisations, Layout of modern coal power plant, Super"
"Critical Boilers, FBC Boilers, Turbines, Condensers, Steam & Heat rate, "
"Subsystems of thermal power plants – Fuel and ash handling, Draught "
"system, Feed water treatment. Binary Cycles and Cogeneration systems. "


TWO MARKS
1. What are binary cycles ? Give examples. (APRIL/MAY 2018)
A binary vapor cycle is defined in thermodynamics as a power cycle that is
a combination of two cycles, one in a high temperature region and the
other in a lower temperature region
The use of mercury-water cycles 
2. Why majority of coal based thermal power plants are located near
Seashore ? (NOV/DEC 2017)
Once the quality of that steam has too much decreased, it cannot be of use
for electricity production any more. It has to be cooled down till it
turns back to water, that can be reused to produce high quality steam.
This cooling takes place in the condensor and requires large quantities of
cooling-water.
3. Reason out why Cogeneration is quite viable in Sugar industries compared
to that in other industries. (NOV/DEC 2017)
Cogeneration based on High pressure boilers and extraction condensing or
straight condensing machines are definitely new to the industry.
4. Define pH.Why high pH value is preferred to prevent the corrosion?
(APRIL/MAY 2015)


In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or
basicity of an aqueous solution.Raw water, as received through the city
mains or wells, contains
impurities including carbon dioxide. As condensate cools, it becomes
easier for any carbon dioxide gas present to dissolve in the water. Carbon
dioxide combined with water can form carbonic acid with a range of pH from
6.9 to 4.4. A common recommendation is to maintain boiler water
at 8.5 pH.Acidic water is corrosive. Alkalinic water is more prone to
scaling.
5. What is the function of super heaters in a thermal plant?(APRIL/MAY
2015) (NOV/DEC 2015)
Super heaters are a part of boiler system which increases the efficiency of
thermal power plants or any plant using heat recovery steam generation HRSG
technique.
A super heater is a device which removes the last traces of moisture from
the steam which is saturated and on its way to furnace by leaving the
boiler tubes and it also increases its temperature above the saturation
temperature used in thermal power plants
There are three types of superheaters namely: radiant, convection, and
separately fired






6. Explain basic Thermodynamic cycles.(NOV/DEC 2014)
A thermodynamic cycle consists of a linked sequence of thermodynamic
processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the
system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables
within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial
state
7. What are the methods of controlling fans?What are the disadvantages of
fd fans? (NOV/DEC 2014) (APRIL/MAY 2016)

Supplies secondary air to the furnace through APH to assist in
combustion.
Supply total air flow to the furnace except where an independent
atmospheric P.A fan is used.
Provides air for sealing requirement and excess air requirement in the
furnace.
Axial fan-reaction type with blade pitch control is use in the
Pulverized fired boiler(210/250/500 MW).


8. In a thermal power plant employing ideal Rankine cycle,superheated steam
at 20 bar and 400°C is produced in the boiler and the condenser is operated
at 0.2 bar.Calculate the quality of steam at the turbine outlet and the
thermal efficiency of the cycle(MAY/JUNE 2014)
Thermal efficiency =29.9%










9. Describe the steps involved in the inplant handling of coal? (MAY/JUNE
2014)



10. What are the four main circuits of a Thermal power plant? (NOV/DEC
2013)
a. Coal and ash circuit
b. Air and flue gas circuit
c. Feed water and steam circuit
d. Cooling water circuit


11. Write the use of water level indicator in boiler. (NOV/DEC 2013)
Water level Indicator Water level indicator is located in front of boiler
in such a position that the level of water can easily be seen by attendant.
Two water level indicators are used on all boilers.
The function of water level indicator is to indicate the level of water in
the boiler constantly.
12. What is the function of hot primary air? (APRIL/MAY 2013)
An air preheater (APH) is a general term used to describe any device
designed to heat air before another process (for example, combustion in a
boiler) with the primary objective of increasing the thermal efficiency of
the process. They may be used alone or to replace a recuperative heat
system or to replace a steam coil.
13. What is super –critical boiler?Give any two advantages. (APRIL/MAY
2013) (APRIL/MAY 2018)
"Supercritical" is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a
substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the
gaseous phase (i.e. they are a homogenous fluid). Water reaches this state
at a pressure above 22.1 MPa. The efficiency of the thermodynamic process
of a coal-fired power describes how much of the energy that is fed into the
cycle is converted into electrical energy.
Some of the benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include:
(a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency;
(b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions;
(c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology and less than other
clean coal technologies;
(d) Much reduced NOx, SOx and particulate emissions;
(e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology.
14. Comment on the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant. (NOV/DEC
2012)
Thermal power station (a heat engine) shows that the maximum efficiency of
such a device is given by (THOT – TCOLD)/THOT. In this equation T is in K,
the absolute temperature.
15. What is the function of deaerator in a thermal power plant? (May/June
2012)
A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of oxygen and
other dissolved gases from the feed water to steam-generating boilers. In
particular, dissolved oxygen in boiler feed waters will cause serious
corrosion damage in steam systems 
16. Why thermal plants are not suitable for supplying fluctuating loads?
(May/June 2012)
Because change in load demand requires corresponding change in the output
energy. In the thermal plants thermal energy is produced by burning of coal
and hence there is always a large time lapse between the change in energy
at output and input, which is not desirable and hence such power stations
are used only as base load stations, supplying constant power.
17. State and explain the carnot cycle process. (April/May2011)
It is the most efficient cycle for converting a given amount of thermal
energy into work, or conversely, creating a temperature difference (e.g.
refrigeration) by doing a given amount of work.

18. Define boiler mountings and boiler accessories. . (April/May2011)
i. Boiler mountings
Boiler mountings are defined as the components generally mounted on the
surface of the boiler to have safety during operation.
ii. Boiler Accessories
It is defined as the devices which are installed with a boiler and its
neighboring area to increase the efficiency of the boiler.
19. Mention the various modern ash handling systems. (April/May 2010)
a. Pneumatic Ash Handling system
b. Hydraulic Ash Handling system
20. What are the factors affecting cooling of water in cooling tower?
(April/May 2010)
a. Temperature of the air.
b. Humidity of the air.
c. Velocity of air entering the tower.
d. Size and height of the tower.
21. What are the processes in a Rankine cycle? (Nov/Dec 2010)
The Rankine cycle is an idealised thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that
converts heat into mechanical work.

22. Define FBC. (Nov/Dec 2010)
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) is a combustion technology used in power
plants. Fluidized beds suspend solid fuels in upward-blowing jets of air
during the combustion process. The result is a turbulent mixing of gas and
solids. The tumbling action, much like a bubbling fluid, provides more
effective chemical reactions and heat transfer.
23. Name important high pressure boilers?
a. La Mont boiler
b. Benson boiler
c. Loeffler boiler
d. Velox boiler.
24. What consists of air and flue gas circuit?
Air and flue gas circuit consists of forced draught fan, air-pre-
heater, boiler, furnace, super heater, economiser, dust collector,
induced draught fan and chimney.
25. What consists of feed water and steam flow circuit in steam power?
The feed water and steam flow circuit consists of feed pump,
economiser boiler drum, super heater, turbine and condenser.
26. What consists of cooling water circuit and coal & ash circuit in steam
power plant?
The cooling water circuit consists of a pump, condenser and cooling
tower. The coal and ash circuit consists of coal delivery,
preparation of coal, handling of coal to the boiler furnace, ash
handling and ash storage.


27. What is the main purpose of high-pressure boilers?
The high-pressure boilers are used to increase the efficiency of the plant
and to reduce the cost of electricity production.
28. State important advantages of high-pressure boilers?
The amount of scale formation is less, since the velocity of water through
pipes are more. All parts of the system are heated uniformly, so there is
no danger of overheating.
29. Write about prime movers?
Prime mover converts the kinetic energy of water into mechanical
energy to produce electrical energy. pelton wheel, turbine, Francis
turbine, Kaplan turbine and Propeller turbine are prime movers used in
hydraulic power plants.
30. What are-the different types of stokers? (APRIL/MAY 2017)
a. Over feed stokers
b. Travelling grate stokers
c. Spread stokers
d. Under feed stokers
e. Single retort stoker and Multi retort stoker
31. What is a pulverizer and why it is used? (NOV/DEC 2015)
The pulverizer is used to pulverize the coal in order to
increase the surface exposure.
Pulverized coal enables rapid combustion. The different types o f
pulverising mills are
a. Ball mill
b. Hammer mill
c. Ball and race mill.
32. What are advantages of unit (or) direct system of pulverised fuel
firing?
a. The layout is simple and economical
b. It gives direct control of combustion
c. Coal transportation system is simple
33. What are once through boilers ? (APRIL/MAY 2016)
Once-through boilers are generally associated with high pressure
operation and the feed water enters at high sub-critical (>180 bar) or
supercritical pressure whilst superheated steam leaves at a pressure
some 20–30 bar lower. Sliding pressure operation is adopted to
accommodate requirements of part-load running.
34. What do you understand by the term boiler draught? ( NOV/DEC 2016)
Draught is defined as the movement of air through full bed which produces a
flow of hot gases through the boiler and the chimney requires a pressure
difference between gas pressure and atmospheric pressure. The difference in
pressure required to maintain the constant flow of air and discharge the
gases known as draught.
35. Define steam rate and heat rate. ( NOV/DEC 2016)
It is the capacity of a steam plant is expressed in tems of steam rate or
specific steam consumption(SSC).It is defined as the rate of steam flow
(kg/h) required for producing unit shaft otput(1Kw)Steam rate SSC=Mass of
steam/Work Output
Heat rate
Heat rate of a power plant is defined as the heat input neede to
produce one unit of power output.
Heat Rate=Heat supplied/Work output(kJ/kWh)
36. Define compounding of steam turbines(APRIL/MAY 2017)
In the simple impulse turbine the expansion of steam from the boiler
pressure to condenser pressure takes place in a singke stage
turbine.The velocity of steam at the exit of turbine is high,so there
is considerable loss of kinetic energy.Also the speed of rotor is
high.There are several methods of reducing this speed to alower
value.Compunding is a method of absorbing the jet velocity in stages
when the steam flows over moving blades.












































































Unit-1
Sixteen Marks
1. Explain the construction and working of Steam power plant with a layout.
(16) (April/May 2010) (Nov/Dec 2010)
2. Describe the operation of a balanced draught system with neat sketch.(6)
(Nov/Dec 2010)
3. Name the various methods of ash handling. Describe the pneumatic system
of ash handling.(8) (Nov/Dec 2010) (May/June 2012)
4. Draw a Rankine cycle for a coal fired and steam thermal power plant.
State the means of increasing the efficiency of the plant.(16) (April/May
2011)
5. How are cooling towers classified? Explain any one of them with a neat
sketch.(16) (April/May 2010)
6. (a)(i) With the help of a neat sketch describe the working of any one
type of ash handling system. (8) (May/June 2012)
(ii) What do you understand by fluidized bed combustion? (8) (May/June
2012)
(b) (i) Explain with the aid of sketches forced draft and induced draft
system. (8) (May/June 2012)
(ii) Why is coal pulverized? Explain any one type of pulverized systems
used now-a-days. (8) (May/June 2012)
7. (a)Briefly discuss the Loeffler boiler and enumerate its advantages(16)
(May/June 2015)
(b).Describe with neat sketches the operation of the following condensers.
(i).Jet Condenser(8)
(ii)Evaporative condenser(8) (May/June 2015)
8. (a)Describe the different types of overfeed stokers and discuss the
merits and demerits of each over others(16) (May/June 2013)
9. Explain with a neat sketch the function of Bension Boiler and give its
advantages(8) (May/June 2013)
10. Explain the air cooled cooling system(8) (May/June 2013)
11. (a) Write short notes on: (NOV/DEC 2015)
(i) Ash handling system(8) (NOV/DEC 2015)
(ii) Different draught systems.(8) (NOV/DEC 2015)
12. (b) Explain with a neat sketch the working of a thermal electric
power plant station and discuss the function of major components in it.(16)
(NOV/DEC 2015)
13. (a).Briefly discuss the Loeffler boiler and enumerate its
advantages(APRIL/MAY 2015)
(b).Describe with neat sketches the operation of the following condensers.
(APRIL/MAY 2015)
(i).Jet Condenser
(ii)Evaporative condenser
14. (a) Explain the types of coal handling systems? Write anyone method
with a neat flow diagram.(NOV/DEC 2014)
Or
(b) Explain with a neat sketch about the following: (NOV/DEC 2014)
(i) Super heater .
(ii) Deaerator

15. (a)(i) Descirbe the working of FBC boiler with a neat diagram.(8)
(APRIL/MAY 2016)
(ii) Explain the arrangement and operation of asurface condenser(8)
(APRIL/MAY 2016)
(b)(i) Discuss the functions of air heater types.(8) (APRIL/MAY 2016)
(ii) Describe with a neat sketch the working of a mercury-water binary
cycle. (8) (APRIL/MAY 2016)
16. Draw a general layout of steam power plant with neat diagram and
Explain the working of different circuits.(16) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
17. (b)Explain the follwing with neat diagram: ( NOV/DEC 2016)
(i) Benson boiler.(8) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii) Any one type of coogeneration power plant.(8) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
18. Explain the following subsystems of thermal power plant
i) Fuel handling system(8) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
ii) Ashs handling system(8) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
19. (i) Explain any one type of cooling tower with neat sketch.(8)
(APRIL/MAY 2017)
(ii) Describe with the help of a neat sketch working of induced draught
cooling tower.(8) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
20. a) i) Discuss the various steps involved in coal handling systems.ii)
Briefly discuss the commonly used ash handling systems(APRIL/MAY 2018)
21. Explain the working and advantages of a fluidized bed combustion
system. (13) (APRIL/MAY 2018)
22. The following data refer to a simple Steam Power Plant.

"No. "Location "Pressure "Quality/Temp'"Velocity "
" " "Bar "C "m/s "
"1 "Turbine "60 "380 "--- "
" "Inlet " " " "
"2 "Condenser "0.1 "0.90 "200 "
" "Inlet " " " "


Calculate :
a. Power Output of the Turbine
b. Heat Transfer Rate in Boiler and Condenser
c. Quantity of Cooling Water circulated. ( NOV/DEC 2017)
23. b) i) With a neat diagram explain the function of FBC Boilers. (
NOV/DEC 2017)
ii) Super Critical Boilers( NOV/DEC 2017)
24.
























UNIT-2
"DIESEL, GAS TURBINE AND COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS "
"Otto, Diesel, Dual & Brayton Cycle - Analysis & Optimisation. Components of"
"Diesel and Gas Turbine power plants. Combined Cycle Power Plants. "
"Integrated Gasifier based Combined Cycle systems. "


TWO MARKS
1. Draw the P-V diagram of dual cycle. (APRIL/MAY 2018)

2. What are the applications of gas turbine power plants ? (APRIL/MAY 2018)
Gas turbine power plants are used to supply peak loads in steam or hydro-
plants.
They are used as standby plants for hydro-electric power plants.
Gas turbines are used in jet, aircraft and ships.
3. Justify : Auxiliary Power Consumption of Brayton Cycle is almost twice
that of Rankine Cycle despite the thermodynamic processes adopted are
similar. (NOV/DEC 2017)
The actual efficiency of the Brayton cycle is lower than the theoretical
value. This is because:
The compression and the expansion are not isentropic. Typical compressor
and turbine efficiencies are around 85%.
The compressor requires a high percentage of work. Typically, between 40-
80% of the turbine's output is used by the compressor, leaving only 60-
20% as a useful work. This may seems surprising when we compare this
percentage with the one required by the pump for a Rankine cycle (around
1-2%). This can be explained by the fact that in a Rankine cycle the pump
compresses a liquid (very small specific volume), whereas in a gas
turbine, air is compressed.


4. State the significance of Load Factor and Capacity Factor of a Gas based
Power Plant. (NOV/DEC 2017)
Load factor means how efficiently we use energy. It is the measure of the
utilisation of electrical energy during a given period to the maximum
energy which would have been utilised in that period. The load factor plays
an important role in the cost of generation per unit (kWh). The higher the
load factor the smaller will be the generation cost for the same maximum
demands.
The capacity factor is defined as the ratio of the total actual energy
produced or supply over a definite period, to the energy that would have
been produced if the plant (generating unit) had operated continuously at
the maximum rating

5. Mention the major difference between otto cycle and diesel cycle.
(NOV/DEC 2015)
" "OTTO CYCLE "DIESEL CYCLE "
"1 "Heat addition takes place at "Heat addition takes place at "
" "constant volume. "constant pressure. "
"2 "Petrol engines work on this "Diesel engines work on this "
" "cycle. "cycle. "
"3 "At constant volume, heat "in diesel cycle also the heat "
" "rejection takes place. "rejection takes place at constant"
" " "volume. "
"4 "Compression ratio is less. It is "Compression ratio is more. It is "
" "7:1 to 10:1. "11:1 to 22:1. "
"5 "Efficiency is less. "Efficiency is more. "
"6 "Adiabatic expansion takes place "After the heat addition is "
" "during the complete backward "cut-off in the backward stroke, "
" "stroke of the piston. "the adiabatic expansion takes "
" " "place during the remaining "
" " "portion of stroke. "


6. Why power generation by gas turbine is more attractive than other
turbines? (NOV/DEC 2015)
Gas turbines big advantage is rapid startup of 10 to 15 minutes plus
low initial capital cost simple cycle. That's why they are used for
peak and reserve generators. Siemens claims 40% efficiency gas turbine
open cycle.
Combined cycle with steam using gas turbine exhaust can reach over 60%
efficiency but take 30 minutes or more so start up
7. Name the essential components of a diesel electric power plant.
(APRIL/MAY 2015)
a. Engine
b. Air Intake System
c. Engine Starting system
d. Fuel System
e. Exhaust System
f. Cooling System
g. Lubricating System
8. Give some examples of combined cycle power plant(APRIL/MAY 2015)
A combined-cycle power plant uses both a gas and a steam turbine
Gas turbine and Diesel Engine combined cycle power plant


9. What do you mean by super charging of diesel engines? (APRIL/MAY 2015)
A supercharger is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density
of air supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake
cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more
work, thus increasing power.
10. Why is gas turbine best suited for peak load? (APRIL/MAY 2015)


11. What are the main differences in work output and thermal efficiency of
gas turbine? (NOV/DEC 2014)
Thermal efficiency indicates the extent to which the energy added by heat
is converted to net work output
If the work output per cycle is fixed the thermal efficiency of each
cycle considered here can be increased by enlarging the heat engine and
operating it a less than maximum work output per cycle.
12. What types of cycle is used in Gas Turbine? (NOV/DEC 2014) (NOV/DEC
2016)
The ideal cycle for the simple gas turbine is the Joule or Brayton cycle
which is represented by the cycle 1234 in the p-v and T-S diagram (Figure
4.3). The cycle comprises of the following process.

13. Compare gas turbine with diesel engine power plant. (MAY/JUNE 2014)



14. Air enters the compressor of a Brayton cycle at 100kPa,3ooK,with a
volumetric flow rate of 5m3/s.The compressor pressure ratio is 10.The
turbine inlet temperature is 1400°K.Determine the thermal efficiency for
the cycle. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
Rp=10
Efficiency in terms of compression ratio==71.56%
15. Write the classification of gas turbine. (NOV/DEC 2013)

16. Write two advantages of diesel power plants. (NOV/DEC 2013)
i. Very simple design also simple installation
ii. Limited cooling water required
iii. Low fuel cost
iv. Smaller storage is required for the fuel
17. How the solid injection system is classified? (APRIL/MAY 2013)
v. Unit injector system.
vi. Individual pump and nozzle system.
vii. Distributor system.
viii. Common rail system.
18. What do you mean by regeneration in gas turbine power plant? (APRIL/MAY
2013) (May/June 2012)
Here, the hot exhaust gases from the turbine are passed through a heat
exchanger, or regenerator, to increase the temperature of the air leaving
the compressor prior to combustion. This reduces the amount of fuel needed
to reach the desired turbine-inlet temperature. The increase in efficiency
is, however, tied to a large increase in initial cost and will be
economical only for units that are run almost continuously.
19. What are the methods by which thermal efficiency of a gas turbine power
plant be improved? (NOV/DEC 2012)
stationary gas turbines where components may be added to increase
efficiency. Improvements could include (1) decreasing compression work by
intermediate cooling, (2) increasing turbine output by reheating after
partial expansion, or (3) decreasing fuel consumption by regeneration.
20. What is the basic difference between a diesel engine and a steam
turbine? (NOV/DEC 2012)
01) The combustion of fuel (petrol or diesel), taken place inside the
engine cylinder in case of internal combustion engine, while in steam
engine fuel is burnt in a boiler to raise the steam which in turns is used
in the engine cylinder.
02) The working temperature and pressure inside the internal combustion
engines are much higher than those in the steam engines.
03) Material with better resistance are required for I. C. Engine as there
are very high temperature and pressure in internal combustion engine
comparing to steam engine.
04) Stuffing box glands for connecting rod are avoided in internal
combustion engine as these are mostly single acting cylinder engine. In
steam engine stuffing box glands are required for piston rod.
05) The efficiency of internal combustion engine is as high as 35 to 40 %
as compared to that of steam engines which have efficiency is near about 10
to 15%.
Advantages of internal combustion engine over steam engine.
01) It can be started instantaneously, in steam engine boiler has to be
fired and steam raised before the engine can be started.
02) It has low weight to power ratio because of its compact design.
03) It has higher efficiency.
1. State the applications of diesel power plant.(APR/MAY 2017)
As such these plants are installed where supply of coal and water is not
available in sufficient quantity or where the power is to be generated in
small quantity or where stand by sets are required for continuity of supply
such as in hospitals, telephone exchanges, radio-stations and cinemas.
2. What are the applications of gas turbine plant? (April/May 2010)
(Nov/Dec 2010)
a. Gas turbine power plants are used to supply peak loads in steam or
hydro-plants.
b. They are used as standby plants for hydro-electric power plants.
c. Gas turbines are used in jet, aircraft and ships.
3. List the various components in a diesel engine power plant. (Nov/Dec
2010)
a. Fuel Tank.
b. Lubricating Tank.
c. Jack Water
d. Cooling tower


4. What is combined cycle power plant?. (April/May2011)
In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat
engines that work in tandem off the same source of heat, converting it into
mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators. The
principle is that the exhaust of one heat engine is used as the heat source
for another, thus extracting more useful energy from the heat, increasing
the system's overall efficiency. In an ordinary (non combined cycle) heat
engine the remaining heat (e.g., hot exhaust fumes) from combustion is
generally wasted.
Combining two or more thermodynamic cycles results in improved overall
efficiency, reducing fuel costs. In stationary power plants, a widely used
combination is a gas turbine (operating by the Brayton cycle) burning
natural gas or synthesis gas from coal, whose hot exhaust powers a steam
power plant (operating by the Rankine cycle). This is called a Combined
Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) plant, and can achieve thermal efficiency of
around 60%, in contrast to a single cycle steam power plant which is
limited to efficiencies of around 35-42%. Many new gas power plants in
North America and Europe are of this type. Such an arrangement is also used
for marine propulsion, and is called a combined gas and steam (COGAS)
plant. Multiple stage turbine or steam cycles are also common.
5. What are the methods by which the efficiency of an open cycle gas plant
can be improved? (May/June 2012)
Intercooler
Regenerator
Reheater
6. State the merits and demerits of closed cycle gas turbine over open
cycle gas turbine power plant. (April/May 2010)
Advantages of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine:
For a given output the size of the Compressor and the Turbine are very
small. This is all happened due to Low Specific Volume of Air which
enters into Compressor, as Air is pre cooled in Pre coolers also the
Pressure at the inlet to the Compressor can be kept well above the
Atmospheric and maintained around the whole cycle.
There is no Corrosion and Accumulation of Deposits of Carbon or Tar on
the Blade and Nozzles of the turbine no internal cleaning required.
Any Fuel of High Calorific Value may be used, as the products of
combustion do not mix with the working fluid.
By making an Inert Gas like Helium as the working medium, use can be made
for materials in the Turbine Design, like Molybdenum Alloys. This has
High Stress Properties at elevated Temperature above 1000 degree
centigrade. By such means the Turbine Plant efficiency at over 50% can be
achieved.
The waste Heat of the Combustion Gases from the Heat and Re-heaters can
be further used for Heating Water. This can be used for Hot Water supply
for Industrial or Domestic purpose.
Disadvantages of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine:
i. External furnace for combustion process
ii. More complicated and costly
iii. System must be strong enough to resist high pressures.
iv. Coolant is used for pre-cooling whereas no coolant is required
in open cycle gas .



7. What is the use of draft tube?
The draft tube is used to regain the kinetic energy of water coming out
of reaction turbine. It enables the reaction turbine to be placed over
tailrace level.
8. What is the function-of cooling system in Diesel power plant?
The function of cooling system is to remove heat from the
engine cylinder to keep the temperature of the cylinder in low range
and extend engine life.
9. Define turbo charging in combined gas turbine and diesel cycles?
In the combined cycle, the exhaust gas from the diesel engine is
expanded in the turbine, which is coupled with compressor which
supplies pressurized air to the diesel engine. This increases
diesel engine output. This arrangement is known as turbo charging.
0. What are the important advantages of Re-heating?
Due to reheating, network done increases
Heat supply increases
Thermal efficiency increases
Due to reheating, the turbine exit dryness fraction increases so
moisture decreases - so blade erosion becomes minimum - so life of
the turbine will be increased.
1. Name different methods of reheating?
i. Gas Reheating
ii. Live - steam reheating
iii. Combined gas live steam re heater.
2. Define bleeding in steam power plant?
a. Assume I kg o f steam is expanded in the turbine. Before
complete amount of steam -is expanded, some amount of steam (m
kg) is extracted ' Extracting the steam in the turbine before
exhaust is called bleeding. This bled steam is used to heat the feed
water.
3. State the fuels used in the gas turbine power plants. . (April/May2011)
i. Liquid fuels
ii. Gaseous fuels (Natural gas, manufactured generator gas
4. What is reheating and regeneration of gas turbine? ( NOV/DEC 2016)
b. The process of heating the expanded air coming out of the first
turbine which will be supplied to the second turbine for further
expansion is called reheating
c. The fraction of steam bled for process operations in the power plant
cycle is called regeneration.
5. List down the various processes of the Brayton cycle? (APRIL/MAY 2017)
Process 1-Isentropic Compression
Process 2-Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3-Isentropic expansion process
Process 4-Constant pressure heat rejection













Unit-2
Sixteen Marks
1. Discuss briefly the methods employed for improvement of thermal
efficiency of open gas turbine power plant.(16) (April/May 2010)
2. State the advantages and disadvantages of gas turbine power plants over
diesel and thermal power plants.(16) (Nov/Dec 2010) ( NOV/DEC 2017)
3. Draw the layout of diesel engine power plant and explain the various
functions of various components of diesel engine power plant.(16) (Nov/Dec
2010) (April/May 2011) (May/June 2012) (APRIL/MAY 2015) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
4. Write in detailed technical note on the following: (April/May 2011)
i) Reheating ii) Regeneration.
5. Draw diagrams and explain the difference between open cycle and closed
cycle gas turbine plants.(16) (May/June 2012) ( NOV/DEC 2017)
6. (a) Explain the working of open cycle and closed cycle gas turbine
power plant and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.(16) (NOV/DEC
2015) ( NOV/DEC 2017)
(b) (i) Explain in detail about the construction and working of
IGCC.(10) (NOV/DEC 2015) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
(ii) Draw and explain PV and TS diagram of Brayton cycle.(6) (NOV/DEC 2015)
7. (b) An open cycle gas turbine uses heavy oil is fuel. The maximum
pressure and temperature in the cycle are 5 bar and 650°C.The pressure and
temperature of air entering into the compressor are 1 bar and 27°C.The exit
pressure of the turbine is also 1 bar. Assuming isentric efficiencies of
compressor and turbine to be 80% and 85% respectively, find the thermal
efficiencies of the cycle.The overall A:F ratio used is 60:1. (APRIL/MAY
2015)
i) Take Cp(for air and gas)=1.004 KJ/Kg°C and ϒ (for air and gas)=1.4
ii) If the plant consumes 5kg of fuel/sec,find the power generating
capacity of the plant.
8. a)(i) With the help of a diagram,explain the functins of essential
components of diesel power plant. (10)
(ii) What is IGCC system? Brief.(6)
(b) (i) Bring out the difference between closed cycle and open
cycle gas turbine power plants.(8)
(ii) Discuss why combined cycle power generation is so important in
present day energy scenario.(8)
9. (i) Derive an expression for the work ratio using Brayton cycle.(8) (
NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii)Discuss the working of anyone type of combined cycle power plant
.(8) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
10. List the the types of gas turbines power plant and explain in detail
with neat diagram.(16) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
11. A 4.5 MW gas turbine generating set operates with two compressor
stages. The overall pressure ratio is 9 : 1. The high pressure turbine
drives the compressor while the low pressure turbine drives the generator.
The temperature of gases at entry to the HP turbine is 625°C . The exhaust
gases leaving the LP turbine are passed through a heat exchanger to heat
the air leaving the HP stage compressor. The compressors have equal
pressure ratios and intercooling is complete between the stages. The air
inlet temperature is 20°C . The isentropic efficiency of each compressor
stage is 0.8 and that of each turbine stage is 0.85. The heat exchanger
thermal ratio is 0.8. Assume a mechanical efficiency of 93% for both
power shaft and compressor turbine shaft. Neglecting other losses, compute
Thermal Efficiency
Work ratio of the plant
Mass flow rate [Take Cp = 1.0 kJ/kg K,γ= 1.4
for air
Cp = 1.15 kJ/kg K, γ = 1.33 for exhaust gases] (13) ( NOV/DEC 2017)
12. Describe the functions and types of fuel injection systems. (APRIL/MAY
2018)
13. i) Write a brief note on starting systems of gas turbine. (APRIL/MAY
2018)
(ii)With the help of neat diagram, explain the working of combined gas
turbine and steam turbine plant. (APRIL/MAY 2018)
PART C
1. A 2-cylinder C.I. engine with a compression ratio 13:1 and cylinder
dimensions of 200 mm x250 mm works on two stroke cycle and consumes 14
kg/h of fuel while running at 300 rpm. The relative and mechanical
efficiencies of engine are 65% and 76% respectively. The fuel injection
is effected up to 5% of stroke. If the calorific value of the fuel used
is given as 41800 kJ/kg, calculate the mean effective pressure
developed.
2. A four-stroke diesel engine has a piston diameter of 16.5 cm and a
stroke of 27 cm. The compression ratio is 14.3, the cut-off a 4.23% of
the stroke and the mean effective pressure 4.12 bar. The engine speed is
264 rpm and the fuel consumption is 1.076 kg of oil per hour, having a
calorific value of 39150 kJ/kg. Calculate the relative efficiency of the
engine.

































UNIT-3
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
"Basics of Nuclear Engineering, Layout and subsystems of Nuclear Power "
"Plants, Working of Nuclear Reactors : Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), "
"Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), CANada Deuterium- Uranium reactor (CANDU),"
"Breeder, Gas Cooled and Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors. Safety measures for "
"Nuclear Power plants. "


TWO MARKS
1. List out the important components of a nuclear reactor. (APRIL/MAY 2018)
The core of the reactor contains all of the nuclear fuel and generates
all of the heat. It contains low-enriched uranium (<5% U-235), control
systems, and structural materials. The core can contain hundreds of
thousands of individual fuel pins.
The coolant is the material that passes through the core, transferring
the heat from the fuel to a turbine. It could be water, heavy-water,
liquid sodium, helium, or something else. In the US fleet of power
reactors, water is the standard.
The turbine transfers the heat from the coolant to electricity, just
like in a fossil-fuel plant.
The containment is the structure that separates the reactor from the
environment. These are usually dome-shaped, made of high-density,
steel-reinforced concrete. Chernobyl did not have a containment to
speak of.
Cooling towers are needed by some plants to dump the excess heat that
cannot be converted to energy due to the laws of thermodynamics. These
are the hyperbolic icons of nuclear energy. They emit only clean water
vapor.


2. What are breeder reactors ? (APRIL/MAY 2018)
A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates more fissile
material than it consumes.
3. Define "electron Volt" with reference to Nuclear Power Plants. (NOV/DEC
2017)
A unit used to measure the energy of subatomic particles. It is equal to 
the energy gained by an electron that isaccelerated until its electric po
tential is one volt greater than it was before being accelerated.
4. Give typical examples for Control Rods. (NOV/DEC 2017)
Boron, Hafnium, Cadmium, Silver (Ag) and Indium (In)
5. What do you understand by moderator? Why it is essential?(APRIL/MAY
2015) (Nov/Dec 2010) (NOV/DEC 2012)
Moderator. Material in the core which slows down the neutrons released from
fission so that they cause more fission. It is usually water, but may be
heavy water or graphite.
The problem lies in the fact that whenever a thermal neutron causes fission
it also leads to the release of fast neutrons. Now these fast neutrons have
to be slowed down and brought to lower energy levels if they have to cause
successful fission in turn. It is here that the concept of a moderator
comes in the picture.
6. List the function of control rods. (NOV/DEC 2015) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
To control the rate of fission
To start the nuclear chain reaction when the reactor is started from
cold
To shut down the reactor under emergency condition
To maintain chain reaction at steady state
7. How do you cater for safety of nuclear power plant? (NOV/DEC 2015)
The main safety concern is the emission of uncontrolled radiation into the
environment which could cause harm to human both at the reactor site and
off site. The nuclear power industry has improved the safety and
performance of reactors and it has proposed new and safer reactor designs
8. Distinguish between fertile and fissile materials? (APRIL/MAY 2015)
The fissile material is the one which undergoes nuclear fission (splitting
of atom) upon bombardment by slow/fast neutrons. The fissile materials used
are Uranium 235, Plutonium239 and Uranium233. (India is the only country in
the world to use U 233 fuel, used in Purnima & Kamini Reactors. Fertile
material is the one which by itself is not fissionable but will capture the
neutron and will get converted to a fissile material. Examples are Uranium
238 becoming Plutonium 239. Thorium 232 becoming Uranium 233 etc.
9. What is a nuclear fission? (NOV/DEC 2014)
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a
nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an
atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei). The fission process often
produces free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays), and
releases a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of
radioactive decay


10. What do you understand by Radioactive decay? (NOV/DEC 2014)
Radioactive decay is a process that occurs amongst atomic nuclei that are
too large and are unstable in their naturally occuring state. The large
atomic nucleus emits radiation in the form of an alpha particle, a beta
particle, or gamma radiation, where it emits a part of itself, and in so
doing, decays to a more stable element. A good example would be the
element carbon-14, where it emits radiation to its decay daughter element
nitrogen. Radioactive decay was first discovered in 1896 by Henri
Becquerel in his experiments with a phosphorescent uranium salt. 
11. Compare Nuclear fission with fusion processes. (MAY/JUNE 2014)

"FACTORS "Nuclear Fission "Nuclear Fusion "
"Definition "Fission is the splitting"Fusion is the fusing of two or "
" "of a large atom into two"more lighter atoms into a "
" "or more smaller ones. "larger one. "
"Natural "Fission reaction does "Fusion occurs in stars, such as"
"occurrence of "not normally occur in "the sun. "
"the process "nature. " "
"Byproducts of "Fission produces many "Few radioactive particles are "
"the reaction "highly radioactive "produced by fusion reaction, "
" "particles. "but if a fission "trigger" is "
" " "used, radioactive particles "
" " "will result from that. "
"Conditions "Critical mass of the "High density, high temperature "
" "substance and high-speed"environment is required. "
" "neutrons are required. " "
"Energy "Takes little energy to "Extremely high energy is "
"Requirement "split two atoms in a "required to bring two or more "
" "fission reaction. "protons close enough that "
" " "nuclear forces overcome their "
" " "electrostatic repulsion. "
"Energy Released"The energy released by "The energy released by fusion "
" "fission is a million "is three to four times greater "
" "times greater than that "than the energy released by "
" "released in chemical "fission. "
" "reactions, but lower " "
" "than the energy released" "
" "by nuclear fusion. " "
"Nuclear weapon "One class of nuclear "One class of nuclear weapon is "
" "weapon is a fission "the hydrogen bomb, which uses a"
" "bomb, also known as an "fission reaction to "trigger" a"
" "atomic bomb or atom "fusion reaction. "
" "bomb. " "
"Energy "Fission is used in "Fusion is an experimental "
"production "nuclear power plants. "technology for producing power."
"Fuel "Uranium is the primary "Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium "
" "fuel used in power "and Tritium) are the primary "
" "plants. "fuel used in experimental "
" " "fusion power plants. "






12. What are the desirable properties of a good moderator? (MAY/JUNE 2014)

13. Define Demand for Electricity. (NOV/DEC 2013)
Electricity demand is the amount of electricity being consumed at any given
time
14. What are isotopes? (NOV/DEC 2013)
An isotope is a form of a chemical element whose atomic nucleus contains a
specific number of neutron s, in addition to the number of proton s that
uniquely defines the element. The nuclei of most atom s contain neutrons as
well as protons. (An exception is the common form of hydrogen, whose
nucleus consists of a lone proton.) Every chemical element has more than
one isotope.
15. What is an LMBFR?Why is a liquid metal the preferred coolant in a fast
breeder reactor? (APRIL/MAY 2013)
Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor
The most common coolants like water and heavy water cannot be used as
coolants in
a fast reactor. Non-moderating materials like Helium and liquid metals like
sodium, lead, lead-bismuth eutectic qualify to be coolants owing to their
non-moderating nature.
16. What do you mean by mass defect? (APRIL/MAY 2013)
During the interaction two or more particles to combine together,the
total mass of the system will decrease and it will be less than the
sum of the msses of the individual particles.The stronger the
interaction becomes and more the mass will decrease.It decrease the
mass of the system called mass defect.
17. Name the different types of fuels used in a nuclear reactors. (NOV/DEC
2012)


"Reactor Type "Coolant "Moderator"Fuel "Comment "
"Pressurised "Light "Light "Enriched "Steam "
"water reactors "water "water "uranium "gener-ated in "
"(PWR, VVER) " " " "secondary loop"
"Boiling water "Light "Light "Enriched "Steam from "
"reactors (BWR) "water "water "uranium "boiling water "
" " " " "fed to turbine"
"Pressurised "Heavy "Heavy "Natural " "
"heavy water "water "water "uranium " "
"reactor (PHWR) " " " " "
"Gas-cooled "CO2 "Graphite "Natural or " "
"reactors " " "enriched " "
"(Magnox, AGR, " " "uranium " "
"UNGG) " " " " "
"Light water "Press-uris"Graphite "Enriched "Soviet design "
"graphite "ed boiling" "uranium " "
"reactors (RBMK) "water " " " "


18. Write about atomic number?
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons. The number of protons in a
given atom is an atomic number (Z). The atomic number for H is 1 and He
-is 2.
19. What is meant by nuclear fission? (May/June 2012)
Uranium exists in different isotopes of U238, tP34 and U235. Out of these,
EP35 is most unstable. When unstable heavy nucleus is bombarded with
high- energy neutrons, it splits up roughly into two equal
fragments and about 2.5 neutrons are released and a large amount
of energy is produced. This process is called nuclear fission
20. What are the requirements of fission process? (April/May 2010) (Nov/Dec
2010)
An induced fission reaction. A neutronis absorbed by a uranium-235 nucleus,
turning it briefly into an excited uranium-236 nucleus, with the excitation
energy provided by the kinetic energy of the neutron plus the forces that
bind the neutron. The uranium-236, in turn, splits into fast-moving lighter
elements (fission products) and releases three free neutrons. 


21. What are the essential components of a nuclear reactor? (April/May
2010)
a. Control rods.
b. Moderator.
c. Heavy Water
d. Shielding
17. What is nuclear fission? . (April/May2011)
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either
a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of
an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei), often producing free
neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays), and releasing a very
large amount of energy, even by the energetic standards of radioactive
decay. 
18. Name the three moderators commonly used in nuclear power reactor.
(May/June 2012)
Commonly used moderators include regular (light) water (roughly 75% of the
world's reactors), solid graphite (20% of reactors) and heavy water (5% of
reactors).[1] Beryllium has also been used in some experimental types,
and hydrocarbons have been suggested as another possibility.
19. What are the advantages of gas cooled reactor nuclear power plant?
a. Fuel processing is simple
b. The use of C02 as coolant completely eliminates the possibility
of explosion in reactor.
c. No corrosion problem
20. What is breeding in nuclear reactor?
The process of producing fissionable material from a fertile material such
as uranium 238 (U238) and thorium 232 (Th 232 ) by neutron absorption is
known as breeding.
21. Write about isotopes of an element?
Some elements have th e same number of protons in the nucleus but
different number- of neutrons. As a result, these elements have
the same atomic number but different mass number. such type of
elements which ' have the same atomic number – same number of
protons - the -same chemical properties but different mass numbers
due to different number of neutrons, are known as I the isotopes of
an element.
22. What are the requirements to sustain fission process?
a. The bombarded neutrons must have sufficient energy to cause
fission
b. The number of neutrons produced must be able to create the r ate
of fission
c. The fission process must generate energy
d. The fission process must be controlled
23. Define fertile materials and breeding in reactors
There are materials like U 235 and Th 232 which are not fissile
but can be converted into fissile materials by the bombardment of
neutrons. Such materials are known as fertile materials. The process of
converting mo re fertile material into fissile material in a reaction is
known as breeding.
24. Name few types of reactors.
Fast reactors, Thermal reactors, natural fuel reactors, Enriched
Uranium reactors, water moderated reactors, heavy water moderated
reactor, graphite moderated reactor, gas cooled reactors and Sodium
cooled reactors.
25. What are the advantages using CO as coolant?
a. Gases do not react ch emically with the structural materials
b. Gas can attain any temperature fo r a particular pressure
c. They do not absorb neutron
d. The leakage of gas will not affect the reactivity








26. Distinguish between PHWR and LMFBR. . (April/May2011)
PHWR (Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor)
Breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor capable of generating more fissile
material than it consumes because its neutron economy is high enough to
breed fissile fuel from fertile material like uranium-238 orthorium-232.
Breeders were at first considered attractive because of their superior fuel
economy compared to light water reactors.
LMFBR. (Liquid metal fast breeder reactor)
Liquid metal fast breeder reactors (LMFBR) cooled by liquid sodium. These
have been of one of two designs:
Loop type, in which the primary coolant is circulated through primary heat
exchangers outside the reactor tank (but inside the biological shield due
to radioactive sodium-24 in the primary coolant)
Pool type, in which the primary heat exchangers and pumps are immersed in
the reactor tank.
27. What is critical mass of nuclear fuel? ( NOV/DEC 2016)
A critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material neede for a
sustained nuclear chain reacton.It depends on nuclear properties(Nuclear
fission cross section),its density,its shape,its enrichment,its
purity,its temperature and surroundings
28. Why shielding is necessary in nuclear power plants? ( NOV/DEC 2016)
To protect walls of the reactor vessel from radiation damage and it also
protects the operating personnel from exposure of radiation
29. What is function of pressurizer in PWR? (APRIL/MAY 2017)
The pressure in the primary circuit should be high for boiling of water
at high pressure. It enables the water to carry more heat from the
reactor. An electric coil in the pressurizer boils the water to form the
steam which is collected in the dome. More steam is forced into the dome
by boiling and its pressure rises.




















Unit-3
Sixteen Marks
1. Explain the construction and working of Nuclear power plant with a
layout. (16) (April/May 2010)
2. (a) With neat sketch explain the boiling water reactor power plant. (8)
(April/May 2011)
(b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plant? (8)
3. Explain the following terms: (April/May 2010)
Fission of nuclear fuel.
Distribution of fission energy.
The chain reaction. (May/June 2012)
4. (i)Explain with neat sketch the working of fast breeder reactor
plant.(8) (Nov/Dec 2010)
(ii)Discuss why? Nuclear power plants are used only as base load
plants.(4) (May/June 2012)
5. A nuclear reactor needs a moderator material.(6) (May/June 2012)
6. Control rods are used in nuclear power reactor.(6) (May/June 2012)
7. (a) Explain with a neat diagram the various parts of nuclear power
plant and mentioning the function of each part.(16) (NOV/DEC 2015)
(b) (i) Explain CANDU reactor with neat sketch.Give its advantages and
disadvantages.(8) (NOV/DEC 2015)
(ii) Explain what is chain reaction in connection with a nuclear
reactor.(8) (NOV/DEC 2015)
8. (a)Describe the general components of nuclear reactor. (APRIL/MAY 2015)
(b). Draw the diagrams of PWR and BWR and explain the advantages and
disadvantages. What are the conditions, which prefer PWR and BWR and vice
versa? (APRIL/MAY 2015)
9. Write about principles of nuclear energy. List out the various power
plants station in India. With neat sketch explain anyone. (NOV/DEC 2014)
10. Explain the characteristic features of BWR. What do you mean by
internal and external circulation. (NOV/DEC 2014)
11. (a)(i) Explain the functions of reflectors and cladding.(8)(APR/MAY
2016)
(ii) Explain the necessity of pressurizer in a PWR power plant.(8)
(APR/MAY 2016) (APRIL/MAY 2018)
(or)
(b)(i) List the brief the characteristics features of a BWR.(8)
(APR/MAY 2016)
(ii) Write a note on India's three stage nuclear power programme.(8)
(APR/MAY 2016)
12. (a)(i)Explain CANDU(Canadian-Deutrium-Uranium) reactor with neat
diagram also mention it merits and demerits. (10) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii) Discuss about the safety measures adopted in modern nuclear
plants.(6) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
(OR)
(b) Explain the construction and working of nuclear power plant with
a layout.(16) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
13. (a) Explain with neat diagram various components of nuclear reactor
with layout of power plant (16) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
(OR)
(b) (i) With neat diagram explain boiler water reactor also mention its
advantages and disadvantages.(8) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
(ii) Explain nuclear fission and chain reaction.(8) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
14. Compare the working, merits and demerits of P W R and B W R. ) (
NOV/DEC 2017)
15. i) What is CANDU Type Reactor? Explain with a neat sketch its main
features.(8) ( NOV/DEC 2017)
ii) Name the 4 reactions involving Deuterium in a fusion reactor. Which one
is achieved quite early ?(5) ( NOV/DEC 2017)
16. a) i) Write a note on nuclear fuels. (APRIL/MAY 2018)
ii) Write the points to be considered for selecting sites for nuclear power
plant. (APRIL/MAY 2018)
17. b) Explain the working of a pressurized water reactor with a schematic
diagram. (APRIL/MAY 2018)

































UNIT 4
"POWER FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY "
"Hydro Electric Power Plants – Classification, Typical Layout and "
"associated components including Turbines. Principle, Construction and "
"working of Wind, Tidal, Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV), Solar Thermal, Geo "
"Thermal, Biogas and Fuel Cell power systems. "


TWO MARKS


1. How are winds formed ? (APRIL/MAY 2018)
Wind forms when the sun heats one part of the atmosphere differently
than another part. This causes expansion of warmer air, making less
pressure where it is warm than where it is cooler. Air always moves
from high pressure to lower pressure, and this movement of air is
wind.


2. What is a fuel cell ? (APRIL/MAY 2018)
A fuel cell is a lot like a battery. It has two electrodes where the
reactions take place and an electrolyte which carries the charged
particles from one electrode to the other. In order for a fuel cell to
work, it needs hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). The hydrogen enters the
fuel cell at the anode. A chemical reaction strips the hydrogen
molecules of their electrons and the atoms become ionized to form H+.
The electrons travel through wires to provide a current to do work.
The oxygen enters at the cathode, usually from the air. The oxygen
picks up the electrons that have completed their circuit. The oxygen
then combines with the ionized hydrogen atoms (H+), and water (H2O) is
formed as the waste product which exits the fuel cell. The electrolyte
plays an essential role as well. It only allows the appropriate ions
to pass between the anode and cathode.


3. Define Tidal Range (R). (NOV/DEC 2017)
The tidal range is the vertical difference between the high tide and the
succeeding low tide.

4. Name 2 types of Geothermal Energy Deposits. (NOV/DEC 2017)

Direct Dry Steam


Flash and Double Flash Cycle

5. Mention the various advantage of wind power. (NOV/DEC 2015)
No Pollution
Less capital cost
Less maintenance
Remote area power geneartion
6. What are the limitations of tidal power plant? (NOV/DEC 2015)
Construction in sea is difficult
Output is not uniform
More corrosion will occur
Difficult for grid connection
7. What are the different factors to be considered while selecting the site
for hydro electric power plants? ?(APRIL/MAY 2015)

8. Write about types of turbines(NOV/DEC 2014)
Francis turbine
The most commonly used turbine in Hydro-Québec's power system. Water
strikes the edge of the runner, pushes the blades and then flows toward the
axis of the turbine. It escapes through the draft tube located under the
turbine. It was named after James Bicheno Francis (1815-1892), the American
engineer who invented the apparatus in 1849.
Kaplan turbine
Austrian engineer Viktor Kaplan (1876-1934) invented this turbine. It's
similar to the propeller turbine, except that its blades are adjustable;
their position can be set according to the available flow. This turbine is
therefore suitable for certain run-of-river generating stations where the
river flow varies considerably.
Each Kaplan turbine at Brisay generating station weighs 300 tonnes...
That's the weight of 50 African elephants.
Propeller turbine
Since they can reach very high rotation speeds, propeller turbines are
effective for low heads. Consequently, this type of turbine is suitable for
run-of-river power stations.
Pelton turbine
Named after its American inventor, Lester Pelton (1829-1908), this turbine
uses spoon-shaped buckets to harness the energy of falling water.
1. Pelton turbines - It is impulse turbine which is normally used for more
than 250 m of water head.
2. Francis - This is a reaction turbine which is used for head varying
between 2.5m to 450m.
3. Kaplan - It is propeller type of plant with adjustable blades which are
used for heads varying between1.5m to 70m.
4. Propeller - It is used for head between 1.5 to 30m.
5. Tubular - This is used for low and medium height projects. Normally for
head less than 15 m.
9. What is a surge tank?Why it is important in hydro power plant? (NOV/DEC
2014)
Whenever the requirement of Water suddenly decreased, the Valve must
suddenly close, resulting a very High Pressure developed in entire pipe
line between the Reservoir and the Turbine. This is happened due to Water
Hammer.
To overcome this problem, a Storage Reservoir called as "Pen Stock" is
fitted at some opening made on the pipe line in order to store Water when
the Valve is suddenly closed, or to discharge Water when increased
discharged is required. Such a Storage Reservoir is known as "Surge Tank". 
Functions of Surge Tank.
01) To control the Pressure Variations, due to rapid changes in the
pipeline flow, thus eliminating Water Hammer possibilities.
02) To regulate the flow of Water to the Turbine by providing necessary
retarding Head of Water.
The Surge Tanks are placed near to the Turbine. The Height of Surge Tank is
generally kept above the maximum Water Level in the supply Level Reservoir.
10. Differentiate storage with pondage. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
Pondage (small storage:days-week)
The collection of water just behind the dam at the plant and increase the
stream capacity for a short period of about a day to maimum a week
Run of river hydro power plants with storage are said to be pondage
Can be used to schedule production
Low head
Storage-(seasonal)
Collection of water in the upstream reservoirs to increase the capacity of
stream over a period of several months
Medium head
11. What do you mean by water hammer? (MAY/JUNE 2014)
The water hammer is defined as the change in pressure rapidly above or
below normal pressure caused by sudden change in the rate of water flow
through the pipe, according to the demand of prime mover i.e. turbine
12. For which purpose Hydro projects are developed? (NOV/DEC 2013)
The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive
source of renewable electricity.
13. Define Run-off. (NOV/DEC 2013)

14. What is the function of draft tube? (APRIL/MAY 2013)
In a Reaction turbine such as a Francis turbine or Kaplan turbine, a
diffuser tube is installed at the exit of the runner, known as Draft Tube
A draft tube at the end of the turbine increases the pressure of the
exiting fluid at the expense of its velocity. This means that the turbine
can reduce pressure to a higher extent without fear of back flow from tail
race. The Draft tube gives an advantage of placing the turbine above the
tail race so that any required inspections can be made easily. Moreover, it
also converts the wasteful kinetic energy at the exit of the runner into
the useful pressure energy.
15. List any four advantages of hydro-electric power plant. (APRIL/MAY
2013)
"1. Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate. "
"2. If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity "
"generation. The water can be saved for use another time when electricity demand is "
"high. "
"3. Dams are designed to last many decades and so can contribute to the generation of"
"electricity for many years / decades. "
"4. The lake that forms behind the dam can be used for water sports and leisure / "
"pleasure activities. Often large dams become tourist attractions in their own right."
"5. The lake's water can be used for irrigation purposes. "
"6. The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, "
"when the water is released to produce electricity. "
"7. When in use, electricity produced by dam systems do not produce green house "
"gases. They do not pollute the atmosphere. "
" " "


16. What is the purpose of using of dams? (NOV/DEC 2012) 
Most of the dams are single-purpose dams, but there is now a growing number
of multipurpose dams. Using the most recent publication of the World
Register of Dams, irrigation is by far the most common purpose of dams.
Among the single purpose dams, 48 % are for irrigation, 17% for hydropower
(production of electricity), 13% for water supply , 10% for flood control,
5% for recreation and less than 1% for navigation and fish farming.
17. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of hydropower plants.
(April/May 2010) . (April/May2011)
Advantages
a. Does not depend on costs of uranium, oil, or other fuels
b. Pollution is rarely created
c. It doesn't require as many employees
d. It can be set up in many sizes
e. Stations can operate and run for long periods of time
f. Reduces greenhouse emissions
g. Relatively low maintenance costs
h. Can be used throughout the world
i. It is renewable
j. Hydroelectricity produces no gas emissions or waste.
Disadvantages
a. High investment costs
b. Dependent on precipitation
c. Sometimes messes up wildlife
d. Loss of fish species
e. Change in river or stream quality
f. Cost for construction
18. What is a surge tank? (April/May 2010)
A surge tank (or surge drum) is a standpipe or storage reservoir at the
downstream end of a closed aqueduct or feeder or a dam or barrage pipe to
absorb sudden rises of pressure, as well as to quickly provide extra water
during a brief drop in pressure.
19. What is the function of a surge tank in the hydro electric power plant?
(May/June 2012) (Nov/Dec 2010)
It is used to maintain the constant pressure inside the penstock.
20. What is the purpose of trash rack?
It is used to prevent the debris entry in to the penstock.
21. Classify the hydro electric turbines with respect to high medium and
low head. . (April/May2011) (NOV/DEC 2012)
a. Low Head- Francis, Propeller or Kaplan type turbines.
b. Medium Head- Francis, Propeller or Kaplan type turbines.
c. High Head- Francis turbine.
22. On what factors does the selection of a water turbine for hydel plants
depend on? (May/June 2012)
a. Rotational speed.
b. Specific speed .
c. Part load efficiency.
d. Maximum possible efficiency.
23. What is the main purpose of the dam?
The main purpose of the dam is to increase the h eight of water
level and also to increase the working head of the hydraulic power
plant.
24. Why trash rack is used?
The trash rack is used to prevent the entr y of debris, which
might damage the turbine runners and chock up the nozzle of impulse
turbine.
25. Explain about penstock?
The pipe between surge tank and prime mover is known as
penstock. It is designed to withstand high pressure. It is made up
of reinforced concrete. In very cold areas, the penstock is buried to
prevent ice formation and to reduce the expansion joints.
26. What is the use of spill Ways?(APR/MAY 2017)
Spillway is like a safety valve of the dam. It discharges major flood
without damaging the dam. It keeps the reservoir level below the maximum
level allowed.
27. Enumerate the factors affecting the suitability of the site for tidal
power plant. (APRIL/MAY 2015)
Wind velocity
Average wind velocity through out the year
Transportation of huge blades




28. What is the principle of operation of MHD generators? (APRIL/MAY 2015)
The MHD generation or, also known as magneto hydrodynamic power generation
is a direct energy conversion system which converts the heat energy
directly into electrical energy, without any intermediate mechanical energy
conversion, as opposed to the case in all other power generating plants.
Therefore, in this process, substantial fuel economy can be achieved due to
the elimination of the link process of producing mechanical energy and then
again converting it to electrical energy
29. What are the types of Solar collector? (NOV/DEC 2014)
30. Give example of geothermal resources? (NOV/DEC 2014)
Geothermal energy uses the heat of the earth to provide direct heat or
electricity production. Direct heat geothermal uses low to moderate
temperature water to heat structures, grow plants in greenhouses, and in
industrial processes such as drying food or fish farming .
31. What is the principle of OTEC plant? (MAY/JUNE 2014)
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature difference
between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface ocean waters to run a
heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of electricity.
OTEC is a base load electricity generation system, i.e. 24hrs/day all year
long. However, since the temperature differential is small, the efficiency
is low, decreasing the economic feasibility of ocean thermal energy for
electricity generation.
32. Specify the significance of power production using MHD plant. (MAY/JUNE
2014)
In the MHD generator the advantage of having no moving parts allows to work
at higher temperatures than a conventional energy conversion. It is
possible to work with temperature around 3000K, and a these temperature the
maximum theoretical efficiency would be near 90%. In the section of near
future MHD power generation system the plant efficiency can be increased by
increasing the working temperature, do notuse condenser of steam-turbine to
reduce exhaust heat, and to construct energy re-circulating type system.
33. Define Law of conservation of Energy. (NOV/DEC 2013)
The law of conservation of energy is a law of science that states that
energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form into
another or transferred from one object to another
34. Write the use of thermionic converter. (NOV/DEC 2013)
Thermionic converters have several advantages over traditional
electromechanical converters: the absence of moving parts, compactness,
high reliability, and the possibility of operation without regular
servicing. As of the mid–1970's, a continuous operating life of over 40,000
hours had been achieved for an individual thermionic converter. A promising
application of thermionic converters is their use as high-temperature units
of multistage energy converters—for example, in combination with
thermoelectric converters operating at lower temperatures
35. What do you understand by zero energy houses? (APRIL/MAY 2013)
The total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is
roughly equal to the renewable energy created on the site




36. What are the classification of geothermal energy?(APRIL/MAY 2013)
o Hydrothermal connective system
o Geopressured resources
o Magma resources
o Volcanoes
37. What is a solar cell? (NOV/DEC 2012)
A sloar cell is a semiconductor device which directly converts light
energy into electrical energy
38. List out the types of geothermal resources? (NOV/DEC 2012)
a. Hydrothermal resources
b. Low Temperature: "Direct Use" or Heating
c. High Temperature: Producing Electricity
d. Two main types of hydrothermal resources are used to generate
electricity:
e. dry steam (vapor-dominated) reservoirs, and
f. hot water (liquid-dominated) reservoirs.
39. A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel
into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another
oxidizing agent.[1] Hydrogen is the most common fuel, but hydrocarbons such
as natural gas and alcohols like methanol are sometimes used. 
40. What are the advantages and limitations of tidal power plant?
(April/May 2010)
Advantages: 
The energy produced is clean and non polluting. 
There is no carbon dioxide or any other by-products released
It is a renewable energy that will help reduce our reliance on the burning
of fossil . 
Disadvantages:
Holding back the tide allows silt to build up on the river bed.
The dams and barrages sometimes interfere with shipping. 
You will need to find a way to connect the electricity to the grid.
Pose same threats as large dams, altering the flow of saltwater in and out
of estuaries, which changes the hydrology and salinity and possibly
negatively affects the marine mammals that use the estuaries as their
habitat
41. Define photovoltaic cell. (Nov/Dec 2010)
A photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is a specialized semiconductor diode that
converts visible light into direct current (DC). Some PV cells can also
convert infrared (IR) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation into DC electricity.
Photovoltaic cells are an integral part of solar-electric energy systems,
which are becoming increasingly important as alternative sources of utility
power.
42. Define MHD power generation. (Nov/Dec 2010)
The MHD (magneto hydrodynamic) generator transforms thermal
energy and kinetic energy directly into electricity. MHD generators are
different from traditional electric generators in that they operate at high
temperatures without moving parts. MHD was developed because the hot
exhaust gas of an MHD generator can heat the boilers of a steam power
plant, increasing overall efficiency. MHD was developed as a topping
cycle to increase the efficiency of electric generation, especially when
burning coal or natural gas. MHD dynamos are the complement of MHD
propulsions', which have been applied to pump liquid metals and in several
experimental ship engines.
43. State the applications of solar thermal system. . (April/May2011)
Solar Thermal System is different from and much more efficient than photo
voltaics, which converts solar energy directly into electricity. While
existing generation facilities provide only 600 megawatts of solar thermal
power worldwide in October 2009, plants for an additional 400 megawatts are
under construction and development is underway for concentrated solar
power projects totaling 14,000 megawatts.
44. What are the different types of geothermal fluid and give its
temperature range? . (April/May2011)
Geochemical studies of the geothermal fluids clarify the following:
Most geothermal fluids obtained from reservoirs developed for geothermal
power generation are of the neutral Na-CI type.
Geothermal fluids originate from a combination of meteoric water/air (i.e.
deeply circulated subsurface water) and magmatic/volcanic emanations (or
"fossil seawater" altered from deeply circulated subsurface seawater,
formation water or connate water).
As concentrations and compositions of geothermal fluids become equilibrated
chemically and isotopically with the surrounding rocks and minerals of
geothermal reservoirs, geochemical thermometers (silica concentration-,
alkali ratio-, gas composition- and isotopic composition- geo thermometers)
are used to record these processes.
45. What is a solar cell? (May/June 2012)
A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that
converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic
effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical
characteristics—e.g. current, voltage, or resistance—vary when light is
incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an
electric current without being attached to any external voltage source.
46. What is the principle of a thermoelectric power generator? (May/June
2012)
Thermoelectric generators (also called Seebeck generators) are devices
which convert heat (temperature differences) directly into electrical
energy, using a phenomenon called the "Seebeck effect" (or "thermoelectric
effect"). Their typical efficiencies are around 5-8%. Older Seebeck-based
devices used bimetallic junctions and were bulky while more recent devices
use semiconductor p-n junctions made from bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), lead
telluride (PbTe),[1] calcium manganese oxide, or combinations
thereof,[2] depending on temperature. These are solid state devices and
unlike dynamos have no moving parts, with the occasional exception of a fan
or pump.
47. What are the waste materials, which can be used for fuel for power
generation?
Municipal waste
Industrial waste
Paper waste
Rubber waste.
48. Define the term waste heat recovery?
Waste heat is the heat which is not at all used and exhausted
out as a waste product. Waste heat is normally available from the
industry in the form of process steam and water at high
temperature. Also, the waste heat is discharged with the exhaust
gases in so many industries. This heat can be recovered for
useful purpose. This process is known-as waste heat recovery.
49. What is meant by 'Desulphurization' and name the methods
adopted for
Desulphurization?
Desulphurization of fuel is the process of reducing the sulphur
content in the fuel. The following methods are adopted for
desulphurization.
a. Chemical treatment
b. Forth flotation
c. Magnetic separation
50. What are the methods adopted to remove' SO2 flue gases?
a. Wet scrubbing
b. Solid absorbent
c. Catalytic oxidation
51. What is biogas? Give the advantages. ( NOV/DEC 2016)
Biogas is organic matter produced by plants or both by terrestrial and
aquatic.
Advantages.
No pollution
Waste materials can be segregated
Atmospheric or surrounding are clean

52. List the difference between Francis and Kaplan turbine. ( NOV/DEC 2016)
"Sl.No "Francis Turbine "Kaplan turbine "
" "Mixed flow reaction turbine "Axial flow reaction turbine "
" "Runner vanes are not "Runner vanes are adjustable "
" "adjustable " "
" "Medium head application "Low head application "
" "Water flow is axial "Water flow is radial "
" "Friction loss is less "Friction loss is more "

53. What is fuel cell? State the advantages? (APRIL/MAY 2017)
A fuel cell is a device which uses hydrogen and oxygen to create
electric.It is an electrochemical device in which the chemical energy of a
conventional fuel is converted directly and efficiently into low voltage
dc.
Compact in size
Mobile application
Portable
Low rating application






















Unit-4
Sixteen Marks
1) Explain with a neat diagram of wind electric generating power plant.(16)
(April/May 2010)
2) Describe open cycle MHD system with suitable sketch.(16) (April/May
2010)
3) Discuss the three types of direct energy conversion devices.(16)
(Nov/Dec 2010)
4) Classify and explain in detail about the Tidal Energy Conversion
System.(16) (April/May 2011)
5) Write a technical note on the following: (May/June 2012)
Fuel Cell
Thermionic converter.
Geothermal power generation.(16)
6) Explain the construction and working of hydel power plant with a layout.
(16) (April/May 2011) (May/June 2012)
7) Explain with a neat sketch a pumped storage power plant. (16) (April/May
2010) (May/June 2012)
8) What is the function of a hydraulic turbine? How are the turbines
classified? Explain any one with a suitable sketch.(16) (April/May 2010)
9) What are the factors to be considered while selecting a site for
hydroelectric power plant?(8) (Nov/Dec 2010)
10) Describe the selection factors for a hydraulic turbines.(8) (Nov/Dec
2010)
11) (a) (i) Draw a schematic diagram of hydro plant and explain the
operation.(10) (NOV/DEC 2015)
(ii) Write a short note on Bio energy.(6) (NOV/DEC 2015)
12) (b) (i) Briefly explain solar PV system.(8) (NOV/DEC 2015)
(ii) What are the various kinds of fuel cell and explain the working of
anyone? (8) (NOV/DEC 2015)
14. a)Classify the hydro electric plants according to availability of head
and nature of load. (APRIL/MAY 2015)
(b). Discuss the pumped storage hydel plant with neat sketches and
highlight their advantages. (APRIL/MAY 2015)
13) (a) Write. about selection of Water Turbine? Explain anyone Turbine
with neat sketch used in Hydro electric power plants. (NOV/DEC 2014)
Or
(b) Explain with neat sketch pumped storage plant. What are its advantages?
.(NOV/DEC 2014)
14) What is meant by Thermoelectric power generation and Thermionic power
generation. Discuss in detail with suitable sketch. (NOV/DEC 2014)
15) Write short notes on: (NOV/DEC 2014)
(i) Fuel cell
(ii) MHD power generation
(iii) OTEC
(iv) Tidal power plants.
16) a)(i) Write on the factors that should be considered while selecting a
site for a hydroelectric plant.(8) (APR/MAY 2016)
(ii) What is pumped storage plant ? Explain with a sketch.(8) (APR/MAY
2016)
(or)
(b)(i) Describe the functions of a solar PV electric plant.(8) (APR/MAY
2016)
(ii) Enumerate the advantages of fuel cell power sources with specific
reference to environment.(8) (APR/MAY 2016)
17) (a) (i) Explain the construction and working of fuel cell also mention
its merits and demerits .(12) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
(ii) List the advantages and disadvantages of wind Energy system.(4) (
NOV/DEC 2016)
(OR)
(b) Explain the layout of hydro electric power plant with neat diagram.(16)
( NOV/DEC 2016)

18) (a) With neat diagram explain the working of biogas plant and solar
photovoltaic system with advantages and disadvantages.(16) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
(OR)
(b) Explain the layout of hydro electric power plant with neat
diagram.(16)(APRIL/MAY 2017)
19) Briefly state the advantages and thermo electricity generation to
electricity generation by solar PV system.Explain the construction and
working of parabolli solar collectors. (APRIL/MAY 2015)
20) Explain the working of the vertical axis windmill mentioning special
arrangements of the blades.Also state how the volatility in wind power is
managed in practice. (APRIL/MAY 2015)
21) "Solar Thermal Power cycles can be broadly classified into Low, Medium
and High temperature cycles". Elaborate this statement with suitable
examples and relevant sketches. ( NOV/DEC 2017)
22) i) The wind velocity is 10 m/s at 22°C . Turbine diameter is 10 m. The
wind machine operates at 35 rpm at a peak efficiency of 40%.
Compute the following:
Total power density of wind stream.
Actual power density.
Turbine power output. ( NOV/DEC 2017)
ii) Describe the energy generation cycle of'Single Basin Single Effect' and
'Single Basin Double Effect' systems. ( NOV/DEC 2017)
23) a) i) Explain briefly the essential features of hydroelectric power
plant. (APRIL/MAY 2018)
24) ii) State the advantages of inward flow reaction turbine over
outward flow reaction turbine. (APRIL/MAY 2018)
25) b) i) Explain the operation of a fixed dome type digester biogas plant.
(APRIL/MAY 2018)
26) ii) Describe the working of hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell. (APRIL/MAY 2018)
27)












UNIT 5
" "
"ENERGY, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF POWER PLANTS "
"Power tariff types, Load distribution parameters, load curve, Comparison "
"of site selection criteria, relative merits & demerits, Capital & "
"Operating Cost of different power plants. Pollution control technologies "
"including Waste Disposal Options for Coal and Nuclear Power Plants. "


TWO MARKS
1. What are chronological load curves ? (APR/MAY 2018)
Typical load curves for a large power system are shown in Fig. 3.6. These
curves are for a day and for a year and these show the load demanded by
the consumers at any particular time. Such load curves are termed as
"Chronological load Curves".

2. Define Utility Factor (UF) (APR/MAY 2018)
Utility Factor is defined as "the ratio of maximum demand of a plant to
the rated capacity of the plant"
a. Utility Factor = Maximum demand of the plant Rated capacity of
the plant
Maximum Demand = Maximum Load x LF Define 'Green House Effect'. (NOV/DEC
2017)


3. How 'smog' is defined ? (NOV/DEC 2017)
Smog is a type of air pollution caused by tiny particles in the air.
The word comes from a mixture of the words smoke and fogand was first
used to describe the hazy mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide produced
by the burning of large amounts of coalin London in the early 1900s.


4. What is the significance of load curve? (NOV/DEC 2015)
Load curves give the full information about the incoming and help to
decide the installed
capacity of the power station and to decide the economical sizes of
various generating units.
These curves also help to estimate the generating cost and to decide the
operating schedule of the power station, i.e. the sequence in which
different units should be run. where, E = Energy produced (kWh) in a
given period, C = Capacity of the plant in kW, and t = Total number of
hours in the given period.
5. What are the equipment used to control the particulates? (NOV/DEC 2015)
Various particulate equipments are settling chambers, cyclones,
bagfilters and electrostatic precipitators
6. Define load curve?
Load curve is a graphical representation between load in kW and time in
hours. It. shows variation of load at the power station. The area under the
load curve -represents the energy generated in a particular period.
7. Define load factor?
Load factor is defined as the ratio of average load to the peak load (or)
maximum demand
8. What includes fixed cost? (APR/MAY 2017)
Fixed cost includes the following cost. 1. Cost of land 2. Cost of building
3. Cost of equipment 4. Cost of installation 5. Interest6. Depreciation
cost 7. Insurance 8. Management cost
9. What includes operating cost? (APR/MAY 2017)
Operating cost includes the following cost. 1. Cost of fuel 2. Cost of
operating labour, 3. Cost of maintenance labours and materials. 4. Cost of
supplier like
Water for feeding boilers, for condenser and for general use. Lubrication
oil and, grease. Water treatment chemicals.
10. What is the need of depreciation cost?
Depreciation cost is the amount to be set aside per year from the income of
the plant to meet the depreciation caused by the age of service, wear and
tear of the machinery and equipments. Depreciation amount collected every
year helps in replacing and repairing the equipment.
11. What are the waste disposal options for Nuclear Power Plant? (APR/MAY
2017)
Incineration:
Storage:
Shallow Burial:
Deep Burial:
In water:
Recycling:
12. Define plant use factor. ( NOV/DEC 2016)
It is defined as,Plant use factor =Actual energy produced/(Plant
capacity * plant operation time in hours)
13. What are types of Tariff ?
Simple tariff
Flat rate tariff
Block rate tariff
Two part tariff
Maximum demand tariff
power factor tariff
Three part tariff
14. Define Simple Tariff:
When there is a fixed rate per unit of energy consumed, it is known as
simple tariff (Uniform Rate Tariff).
. This is the most simplest of all tariff.
. In this type, the price charged per unit is constant.
. It means, the price will not vary with increase or
decrease in number of units used.
Disadvantages:
. The cost per unit delivered is high.
. There is no discrimination among various types of
consumers.
. 12.Define Flat Rate Tariff:
Definition: When different types of consumers are charged at different
uniform per unit rates, it is said to be Flat rate Tariff.
. In this type, the consumers are grouped into different
classes.
. Each class is charged at different uniform rate.
. the different classes of consumers may be taken into
account of their diversity and load factors.
. Since this type of tariff varies according to the way of
supply used, separate meters are required for lighting load, power
load etc.
. 13.Define Block rate tariff:
When a given block of energy is charged at a specified rate and the
succeeding blocks of energy are charged at progressively reduced rates is
called as block rate tariff.
. In this type, the energy consumption is divided into many
blocks and price per unit is fixed in each block.
14.Define Two Part tariff:
When the rate of electrical energy is charged on the basis of maximum
demand of the consumer and the units consumed it is called two-part tariff.
. In this type, the total charge to be made from the
consumer is split into two components.
. ie, fixed charges and running charges.
. The fixed charges depend upon the number of units consumed
by the customer. Thus the consumer is charged at a certain amount per
kW of maximum demand + a certain amount per kWh of energy consumed.
. Total charges = Rs (X x kW + Y x kWh)
. It is easily understood by the consumer.
. It recovers fixed charges which depend upon the maximum
demand of the consumer independent of the units consumed.
Disadvantages
. Consumer has to pay the fixed charges irrespective of the
fact whether he has consumed or not the electrical energy.
. There is always error in assessing the maximum demand of
the consumer.
15.Define Maximum demand tariff:
It is similar to two-part tariff. The only difference is the maximum demand
of the consumer is calculated by installing a maximum demand meter at his
premises. This type of tariff is mostly applied to the bulk consumers.
16.Define Power factor tariff:
The tariff in which the power factor of the consumers is taken into account
is known as power factor tariff.
17.Define Three part Tariff:
When the total charges to be made from the consumer is split into three
parts, fixed charge, semifixed charge and running charge, it is known as
three-part tariff. This type of tariff is applied to big consumers. The
principle objection of this type of tariff is the charges are split into
three components ( fixed charge, charge per kW of maximum demand, charge
per kWh of energy consumed)
18.Define Maximum demand?
It means the maximum power that the circuit is likely to draw at any
time.
19.Demand factor?
It is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load. Demand factor has to
be less than one.
20. Define Diversity factor.
It is the ratio of sum of individual maximum demand to the maximum demand
of the whole power system. It is always greater than one.
21.Define Coincidence factor.
Coincidence factor is the ratio of the maximum demand by the sum of the
individual maximum demands. It is always less than one.
22.What is meant by Load diversity?
It is defined mathematically as,
Load diversity = Sum of individual loads – Peak of the combined load
23.Define Contribution factor
It is the contribution of a particular load, in per unit of the individual
demand, to the group maximum demand.
24.Define Loss factor
It is the ratio of average power loss to power loss at peak load.
25.Define Load factor.
It is the ratio of average demand to maximum demand. Load factor = Energy
produced in a given time/(maximum demand * hours of operation in the given
period)
26.Define Plant capacity factor.
It is the ratio of average annual load to the plant rated capacity.
Also, Plant capacity factor = Energy produced in one year/(Plant rated
capacity * 8760)
27.Define Plant use factor.
It is defined as,
Plant use factor =Actual energy produced/(Plant capacity * plant operation
time in hours)
Utilization factor: It is the ratio of maximum load to rated capacity.
28.Define Spinning reserve.
It is the generating capacity which is connected to a
bus (common connection) and is ready to take the load.
29.Define Cold reserve.
It is that reserve generating capacity which is available for service but
not in operation.
30 Define Hot reserve.
It is that reserve generating capacity which is in operation but not in
service.
31 What is the use of Load Curve:
It is useful as it gives –
Maximum demand (peak of the curve)
Energy produced (area under the curve)
Load factor (The ratio of the area under the curve to the total area
under the rectangle in which it is contained gives the Load factor
for the period).
Average loading (The area under the curve divided by the number of
hours gives the average demand
32.Draw the Load curve.

33.What is load duration curve.
All the loads are rearranged in descending order.

. 34. Define Capacity Factor (CF)
1. Capacity factor is defined as "the ratio of the actual o/p of a
power plant over a period of time to it's o/p if it had operated
at full rated capacity during the same period of time."




























UNIT 5
Sixteen Marks
1. (a)(i)Explain the analysis of pollution from thermal power plants.(10)
(NOV/DEC 2015)
(ii) Elucidate the objectives and requirement to tariff and general form of
tariff.(6) (NOV/DEC 2015)
(b) (i)Write a short on nuclear waste disposal.(8) (NOV/DEC 2015)
(ii) A central power station has annual factors as follows.Load factor-
60%,Capacity factor=40% and use factor=45%.Power station has a maximum
demand of 15000 KW.Determine the annual energy production,reserve capacity
over and above peak load and hours per year not in service.(8) (NOV/DEC
2015)
2. (a)(i) List and discuss any 4 power tariff structure adopted by
TANGEDCO?(8) (APR/MAY 2016)
(ii) Name the pollution control technologies adopted in thermal power
plants and describe any one.(8) (APR/MAY 2016)
(or)
(b)(i) Name and elaborate on the elements that contribute to the total
cost of electricity. (8) (APR/MAY 2016)
(ii) Brief: Base load, peak load and average load of thermal power
plant.(8) (APR/MAY 2016)
3. (a) Explain the methods to control pollution in thermal and nuclear
power plants.(16)
(OR)
(b) (i)explain site selection criterion of hydro powwer plant.(8) ( NOV/DEC
2016)
(ii) A peak load on the thermal power plant is 75 MW.The loads having
maximum demands of 35 MW,20 MW and 18 MW are connected to the power
plant.The capacity of the plant is 90MW and aanual load factor is
0.53.Calculate the average load on power plant,energy supplied per
year,demand factor and diversity factor.(8) ( NOV/DEC 2016)
4. (a) (i) Mention the objectives and requirements to tariff.(8) (APRIL/MAY
2017)
(ii) Define demand factor,load factor,diversity factor,reserve factor.(8)
(APRIL/MAY 2017)
(OR)
(b) Explain the methods to control pollution in thermal and nuclear power
plants.(16) (APRIL/MAY 2017)
5) List various pollutants released by the coal based thermal power
plants and detail the techniques adopted to mitigate them. ( NOV/DEC
2017)
6) (i) Indicate and discuss any 4 methods adopted for the disposal of
radioactive
waste materials. ( NOV/DEC 2017)
ii) A generating station supplies four feeders with maximum demands (in MW)
16, 10, 12 and 7. The overall maximum demand of the station ia 20 MW and
the annual load factor is 45%. Calculate the diversity factor and number of
Units generated annually. ( NOV/DEC 2017)
7. a) i) What are the basic requirements of energy tariffs ? (APRIL/MAY
2018)
ii) Explain the elements of operating expenditure of a power plant.
(APRIL/MAY 2018)
b) Determine the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant and its coal
bill per annum using the following data : (APRIL/MAY 2018)
Maximum demand = 24000 kW, Load factor = 40%, Boiler efficiency = 90%
Turbine efficiency = 92 %, Coal consumption = 0.87 kg/Unit
Price of coal = Rs. 280 per tonne.
PART C
i) Develop the procedure you would adopt to establish the unit cost of
power generation from coal, solar and wind based power generation systems
(Hint : Life cycle cost analysis technique).
(ii)Draw the Schematic of Anderson cycle based on OTEC and discuss it.
( NOV/DEC 2017)
(i)Explain the terms : i) Breeding ratio ii) Converter iii) Doubling.
ii) What is tariff? Discuss with suitable examples of two part tariff and
three part tariff. ( NOV/DEC 2017)