Mattijs Van de Port - Candomblé in pink, green and black

C F U U L B Y XF O E K Z A ] U

Ifoeacmnµ Ifoeacmnkµ lo zlo`. d}kko foe mnfi`/ ]k#yi}lzulod ]k#yi}lzulod ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo }knldla{y gk}lufdk lo ugk z{mnli yzgk}k ah Yfnxfea}. Mfglf Ifoeacmn kµ µ . ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo yzl}lu#zayykyylao i{nu ugfu tlnn mk elyi{yyke lo ugly kyyf|. gfy mkko loukoylxkn| yu{elke m| foug}azanadlyuy/ H}ac ugk ﬆ}yu kugoad}fzgli kwzna}fulaoy lo nfuk olokukkoug#ikou{}| Yfnxfea} m| Olof ]ae}ld{ky '6<9;, ua ugk zayu#caek}o c{ylody ah C{olr Yae}µ Yae}kµ '=::=, ao ugk iaoukcza}f}| yldolﬆifoik ah µ ugk ukoekoi| gfy mkko ua gldgnldgu ugk Fh}lifo ‗dkol{y“ ugfu folcfuky ugk ifoeacmnµ ifoeacmnk. i{nu“ i{nu“yy }lu{fn }lu{fnyy foe z}fiul z}fiuliky iky// Gatkxk Gatkxk}}. ugk hai{y hai{y ly loxf}lf loxf}lfmn| mn| znfike znfike ao tgfu tgfu ly elyulo elyuloiul iulxk xk foe ylod{nf} fma{u ugk i{nu. yu}kyylod gat lu elhhk}y h}ac ugk ta}ne lo tglig lu azk}fuky }fugk} ugfo gat lu ly zf}u ah ugfu ta}ne/ Ugk ukcznk ' uk}}kl}a, uk}}kl}a, ly ahuko za}u}f|ke fy f {olxk}yk ao luy ato/ Lo ugk zfdky ugfu hannat. L tlnn f}d{k ugfu ugly fzz}afig amyi{}ky µ uga}a{dg loyk}ulao loua Mfglfo yailku|. fy tknn fy ugk lou}lifuk tf|y lo ifoeacmnµ ifoeacmnk“y tgli tg lig g Mfgl Mfglfo fo yail yailku ku| | ly loxan loxanxk xke e lo ugk ugk cf`l cf`lod od ah ugk ugk i{nu i{nu// Ua {oek {oek}n }nlo lokk c| z}aza z}azayl ylul ulao ao ugfu f yu{e| ah ifoeacmnkµ yga{ne oa naodk} mk iaoﬆoke ua ugk ukcznky ah Yfnxfea}. L z}azay z}azaykk ua yuf}u yuf}u lo fo fzz}az fzz}az}lf }lfukn ukn| | {oiaoxkou {oiaoxkoulao laofn fn znfik2 znfik2 f hfoi| hfoi| mkf{u| mkf{u| zf}na{ zf}na{}} ifnnke ifnnke Mknkrf Z{}f '‗z{}k mkf{u|“, lo f tknn#ua#ea okldgma}gaae lo Yfnxfea}/ Lu tfy ugk}k ugfu Kck}yao gfe fnk}uke ck ua fo {ziaclod kxkou lo ugk hfca{y uk}}kl}a ah f z}lkyukyy ifnnke C ˞ C ˞ fk Yuknnf/ Kck}yao tfy c| gfl}e}kyyk}. f d{| lo gly kf}n| ugl}ulky. ma}o lo ugk Mfglfo ifzlufn ah Loelfo zf}kouy foe }flyke lo Cfe}fy. m{u gfzz| ua 6 ly gat gk nl`ke ua ekyi}lmk glcyknh/ Fu ugk aiifylao µ µ mk mfi` lo M}frln/ M}frln/ M}frlnkl} Ķyylca µ Lu yu}{i` ah c| ykiaoe gfl}i{u gk gfe fn}kfe| iaohkyyke ugfu gk tfy ‗h}ac ifoeacmn k“/ ck ugfu gk tfyo“u xk}| yki}kulxk fma{u gly mklod fo fekzu ah ugk i{nu/ Gk cfek oa fuukczu ua natk} gly xalik. oa} ele gk naa` f}a{oe ok}xa{yn|. fy ly ahuko ugk ifyk tgko ifoeacmnµ ifoeacmnkµ ly ufn`ke fma{u lo z{mnli znfiky/ Uf`k. f`k. ha} kwfczn kwfcznk. k. gly h}lkoe h}lkoe Uaologa aologa.. tga L fnya fnya gfzzko gfzzko ua òat/ òat/ Uaologa aologa ta}`ke ta}`ke lo f zgauad}fzg| ygaz ao ]{f ek Iglnk. ugk znfik tgk}k L ta{ne uf`k c| ﬆncy ua mk ekxknazke/ Tk òkt kfig augk} h}ac yack df| mf}y ugfu tk maug h}kv{kouke. foe ha} caougy gk gfe ykko ck iaclod ua zli` {z zliu{}ky }knfuke ua ugk ifoeacmn kµ {olxk}yk µ .= fnuf}y. iknkm}fulaoy. foe ya ao,/ Tglnk 'ifoeacmnµ 'ifoeacmnkµ ck}igfoelyk. yufu{ky ah ugk a}lwfy. fy tk gfe kxko elyi{yyke yack ah ugk ukigolifnlulky ah ugkyk zgauad}fzgy foe gk gfe 6 Ugk kwz}kyylao kwz}kyylao ia{ne mk mk u}foynfuke u}foynfuke fy fy ‗{uuk}n| ‗{uuk}n| M}frlnlfo“/ M}frlnlfo“/ µ f}k ugk yzl}lu{fn koululky f}a{oe tglig ugk i{nu ly ikou}ke/ = A}lwfy

Yailfn Foug}azanad| '=::;,. 69. 6. 9’=8/ ¬ =::; K{}azkfo Fyyailfulao ah Yailfn Foug}azanadlyuy

EAL2 6:/6:64!Y:<85:=7= 6:/6:64!Y:<85:=7=:5::6:44 :5::6:44 Z}louke lo ugk [oluke @lodeac

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iacckouke ao ugk aoky ugfu gk nl`ke. gk gfe okxk} dlxko ck f glou ugfu gk tfy fo fekzu ah ugk i{nu/ Aon| tgko L cku glc e{}lod f iknkm}fulao lo ugk uk}}kl}a ah Zfl Ba ˞ Ba ˞ fa lo ugk Hkek Hk ek}f }fii· ˞ fa 'f zaz{nf} okldgma{}gaae, ele L nkf}o fma{u ugly hfiu/ Lu fzzkf}ke ugfu gk tfy iaookiuke ua ugk uk}}kl}a fy fo ‗ad ˞ ‗ad ˞ f#ah#ugk#òlhk“. ckfolod ugfu gk tfy lo igf}dk ah ugk `lnnlod ah yfi}lﬆilfn folcfny/ ˈ “. Kck}yao ba`ke tgko L uane glc fma{u ‗Ya |a{ gfxk ha{oe a{u fma{u a{} k`ˈ k`kel“. kel ˈ mklod ugk hkcfnk ia{ouk}zf}u ah ugk adf˞ S/ L nf{dgke/ Ugk lcfdk ah c| koia{ouk} Pk` Pk`ˈ kel Uaologa m{uigk}lod dafuy foe igli`koy tlug f òlhk gf}en| v{fnlﬆke ha} ugk fuukczuke hkclolyfulao/ Ugko fdflo. gly ekzlnfuke k|km}aty foe gldgn| hfyglaofmnk a{uﬆuy ykkcke loiaczfulmnk tlug gly }lu{fn ufy`y/ Fhuk} gfxlod cku glc lo ugk uk}}kl}a ah zfl Ba ˞ Ba ˞ fa. Uaologa yuf}uke ua loha}c ck fma{u {ziaclod kxkouy lo ugk ta}ne ah ifoeacmnkµ tgko tk cku lo ugk ygaz/ Gk ta{ne fntf|y ea ya lo f gldgn| elyi}kuk cfook} ’ cf`lod y{}k oaok ah gly iannkfd{ky a} inlkouy ia{ne gkf} a{} iaoxk}yfulao/ ‗ G ‗ G fµ µ c{lua z}kiaoiklua“. z}kiaoiklua“. gk yfle tgko L fy`ke glc fma{u gly if{ulao/ ‗Ugk}k ly f nau ah z}kb{elik“/ Lu tfy Kck}yao tga {}dke ck ua da ua ugk {ziaclod kxkou lo C ˞ C ˞ fk Yuknnf“y uk}}kl}a/ Gk dfxk ck f oktyzfzk}. yf|lod ugfu L yga{ne }kfe ugk fooa{oikckou/ ‗Iack ua ugk azkolod oldgu“. gk yfle/ Lu ta{ne mk ‗xk}| louk}kyulod“ ha} c| }kykf}ig/ Uaologa ta{ne fnya mk ugk}k. foe L cldgu dku ua òat yack ah gly augk} h}lkoey/ Fu gack. L }kfe ugfu ugk}k tfy dalod ua mk f Ykcfof I{nu{}fn ek Gk}foi·f Fh}lifof of Mfglf 'I{nu{}fn Tkk` ah ugk Fh}lifo Gk}lufdk lo Mfglf,. foe ugfu f gayu ah ofulaofn foe louk}ofulaofn yzkilfnlyuy lo ifoeacmnkµ ta{ne mk z}kykou/ L inlzzke ugk fooa{oikckou mkif{yk lu tfy y{ig f u|zlifn kwfcznk ah ugk }fugk} yk}xlnk tf| lo tglig Yfnxfea}lfo ba{}ofnlyuy }kz}ae{ik ugk elyia{}yk ah ugk ilu|“y nkfelod uk}}kl}ay. iaz|lod foe u}foynfulod \a}{m fµ uk}cy. }kyzkiuh{nn| elyulod{lyglod mkutkko ugk }knldla{y u}felulaoy ah ugk Fodanf. Bkbk foe @ku{ ‗ofulaoy“ ya fy ua ke{ifuk ugk dkok}fn z{mnli. foe yu}kyylod ugk yankcolu| foe lcza}ufoik ah fnn ugfu gfzzkoy lo ugk ifoeacmnkµ {olxk}yk/9 L nkhu ugk inlzzlod ao c| eky`. f mlu lo ea{mu fy ua tgkugk} a} oau L yga{ne da/ H}ac tgfu L }kfe. ugly tfy dalod ua mk |ku foaugk} {uuk}n| ma}lod iaclod#uadkugk} ah Yfnxfea}“y Yfnxfea}“y ifoeacmnµ ifoeacmnkµ knluk ’ zkaznk tga a}dfolyk f okxk}#koelod i|ink ah 'ahuko gldgn| yknh iaod}fu{nfua}|, ykclof}y. ekmfuky foe hfl}y/ M{u ugko fdflo. c| gfl}e}kyyk} tfy f olik d{|. foe L ﬆd{}ke lu ta{ne mk f daae azza}u{olu| ua ckku Uaologa foe gly augk} h}lkoey/ Tgko L dau yu{i` lo f u}fhﬆi bfc lo Y ˞ Y ˞ fa Daoi· fna ea ]kul}a. ]kul}a. ugk zk}lzgk}fn zk}lzgk}fn okldgma{}gaae lo tglig ugk uk}}kl}a ah C ˞ C ˞ fk Yuknnf ly ylu{fuke. L mkdfo ua }kfnlyk ugfu c| fyy{czulaoy fma{u ugk {ziaclod kxkou gfe mkko t}aod/ Uglody cldgu tknn mk elhhk}kou ugly ulck/ Tgfu c{yu gfxk mkko g{oe}key ah if}y tk}k u}|lod ua cf`k lu ua ugk azkolod oldgu ah ugk Ykcfof I{nu{}fn ef Gk}foi· f Fh}lifof of Mfglf. lczfulkoun| gao`lod ugkl} ga}oy. inaddlod {z lnn#nlu }afey foe ﬍aaenldgulod yu}kku xkoea}y. tga }fo h}ac aok if} ua ugk ugk okwu okwu yknnl yknnlod od ifyg ifygkt kt o{uy o{uy.. mkk} mkk} foe foe ylnl ylnlia iaok ok m}f# m}f#yu yu}l }lody ody// Za Zanl nlik ikck cko o tk}k tk}k fnn fnn f}a{ f}a{oe oe.. u}|lod ua iaou}an ugk u}fhﬆi foe caolua}lod ugk i}atey. tga kouk}ke ugk ikou}fn yv{f}k ah ugk uk}}kl}a“y iacza{oe lo f yukfe| yu}kfc/ Ugk ifoeacmnµ ifoeacmnkµ knluk tfy ugk}k/ L }kiadolyke yack ah ugk e}kfenai`ke fiulxlyuy h}ac µ f ifoeacmnµ Aw{cf}µ Aw{cf}k. ifoeacmnkµ ga{yk tlug fo fiulxlyu z}aﬆnk. igli nfelky tlug kwzkoylxk fh}a# z}lou h}ai`y foe u{}mfoy foe cko e}kyyke lo Oldk}lfo hfyglao. tlug tlek. iana{}h{n

9 Ha} fo fofn|y fofn|yly ly ah oktyzfz oktyzfzk} k} }kza}uy }kza}uy ao ao ifoeacmn ifoeacmnkµ lo Mfglfo oktyzfzk}y foe ugk yglhuy lo uazliy µ Uknky eay Yfouay '=:::2 87hh/, axk} ulck. ykk Bai knla

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CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

zfouy. `fhufo#nl`k ygl}uy foe nluunk gfuy lo cfuiglod z}louy/ L yaao yzauuke yack ah ugk louknnkiu{fny foe foug}azanadlyuy tga fntf|y ygat {z fu ugkyk kxkouy 'ugk nfuuk} z}amfmn| iacckoulod ao c| kuk}ofn z}kykoik lo ugkl} ﬆkne#oauky,/ L fnya lekoulﬆke yack ah ugk dl}ny h}ac ugk uk}}kl}a igal}. tga fnn mafyuke okt. knfma}fukn| m}fleke gfl}#eay foe ta}k lekoulifn tlok#}ke e}kyyky/ Ugk }kyu ah ugk f{elkoik c{yu gfxk mkko cfek {z ah f yldolﬆifou za}ulao ah ugk inlkouy. ckcmk}y foe fhﬆnlfuky ah ugk Ln ˈ k Fwµ k µ Az ˈ a Fhaobµ f ukcznk foe ’ b{edlod h}ac ugkl} znfyuli yfoefnlfy ’ f d}kfu o{cmk} ah zkaznk h}ac ugk naifn okldgma{}gaae/ Fy fntf|y. ugk znfik tfy h{nn ah df|y. zkaznk nl`k c| gfl}e}kyyk} Kck}yao 'tga gfe fnk}uke ck ua ugk kxkou, foe gly h}lkoey. gfxlod fo kxkolod a{u. zf|lod ugkl} }kyzkiuy ua ugk ukcznk. ckkulod {z tlug h}lkoey foe ﬍l}ulod f mlu tlug yu}fodk}y/ Ao f }flyke znfuha}c mkgloe f naod ufmnk ekia}fuke tlug Fh}lifo hfm}liy. }fhﬆf. µ gldg z}lkyukyy zfnc nkfxky foe e}lke z{cz`loy ao f yu}lod. yfu C ˞ fk Yuknnf ek Awayyl. ah Ln ˈ k Fwµ k Az ˈ a Fhaobµ f. tlug gk} gaoa{}ke d{kyuy/ Ugk z}lkyukyy tfy fnn e}kyyke {z ha} ugk aiifylao/ Gk} tgluk u{}mfo. cfo| iana{}ke oki`nfiky foe tgluk i}loanlok e}kyy yzf}`nke lo ugk yzaunldguy ’ fo kwauli. v{kko#nl`k ﬆd{}k. axk}ygfeatlod ugk knek}n| dkounkcko lo ulky foe y{luy tga yfu ua gk} }ldgu foe nkhu2 Dlnmk}ua Dln. ugk clolyuk} ah i{nu{}k lo ugk oktn| knkiuke. nkhulyu N{nf daxk}ockou0 Lcmfyyfg|. ugk cf|a} ah Yfnxfea}0 foe uta tknn òato foug}azanadlyuy. B{nla M}fdf foe Xlxfnea ef Iayuf Nlcf/ Ugk nfuuk} tfy }kfelod a{u na{e fo f}ulink gk gfe t}luuko ha} ugk aiifylao2 yackuglod fma{u ugk Amµ fy ah Wfod ˈ a. f ia{oiln ah utknxk ‗clolyuk}y“ ’ f gaoa}f}| h{oiulao ugly zf}uli{nf} uk}}kl}a gfy lou}ae{ike lo ugk louk}ofn ukcznk glk}f}ig|/ Ef Iayuf Nlcf gfe cfek lu gly ufy` ua gldgnldgu ugk f{ugkoulilu| ah ugfu caxk tlug ekuflnke kugoad}fzgli fiia{ouy h}ac Fh}lif/ Lu tkou ao foe ao foe ao. f yu}kfc ah ta}ey ugfu oa aok }kfnn| nlyukoke ua. m{u ugfu. fy f znf| ah ya{oey ’ Za}u{d{kyk clodnlod tlug ‗Fh}lifo“ ’ y{hﬆike ua iaoxk| ugfu Mfglf“y nlo` tlug \a}{mf i{nu{}k tfy mklod iknkm}fuke gk}k/ Tgko Dlnmk}ua Dln ﬆofnn| uaa` axk} ugk cli}azgaok. ugk igfuulod foe c{uuk}lod f{elkoik v{lkukoke eato/ Ugk okt clolyuk} lo ugk N{nf daxk}ockou ’ ﬍ato lo m| gknliazuk} yzkilfnn| ha} ugk aiifylao. Kck}yao uane ck ’ }kcloeke ugk f{elkoik ugfu µ f clolyuk} ah Wfod ˈ gk uaa tfy fo amf. a/ Fiikzulod gly okt bam lo M}fyµ Ķnlf. gk yfle. gfe mkko d}kfun| hfilnlufuke m| ugk hfiu ugfu gk gfe fn}kfe| mkko f clolyuk} ‗fu ugly z}lcf}|. ugfu ly. ugk yzl}lu{fn nkxkn“ naod mkha}k figlkxlod gly i{}}kou zaylulao fy f clolyuk} ah yufuk/ Gk z}flyke Wfod ˈ a. ugfu ‗d}kfu yflou“. foe kwz}kyyke gly ekkzkyu }kyzkiu foe ugk }kyzkiu ah fnn ugk clolyuk}y foe ckcmk}y ah zf}nlfckou lo M}fy µ Ķnlf ua C ˞ fk Yuknnf. ua ugk iacc{olu| ah Fwµ k. ua ugk ]acf Okd}f ugfu ly Yfnxfea}. ua ugly Mfglf. ugk ‗mnkyyke nfoe ah ugk A}lwµ fy“/ Ulck foe fdflo. gk }kiklxke f yufoelod axfulao h}ac ugk f{elkoik/ Uknkxlylao ifck}fy z{ygke ha}tf}e. u}|lod ua dku fy inayk fy zayylmnk ua ugk yzkf`k}/ Zkaznk lo ugk f{elkoik uaa` zliu{}ky fy tknn/ F d{| lo h}aou ah ck tfy }kia}elod ugk kxkou ao gly eldlufn ifck}f/ Zkk`lod axk} gly yga{nek} ao ua ugk nluunk NIE#yi}kko gk gkne lo h}aou ah glc. L ia{ne ykk gat gk lcckelfukn| raacke lo ao C ˞ fk Yuknnf foe Dlnmk}ua Dln/ B{yu aoik gk tlekoke ugk hai{y. m{u lcckelfukn| ia}}kiuke ugk lcfdk m| dalod mfi` ua f h}fck ugfu ygatke aon| ugk z}lkyukyy foe ugk clolyuk}/ Ugk azkolod ah ugk Ykcfof I{nu{}fn ek Gk}foi·f Fh}lifof of Mfglf koeke tlug f z}kykoufulao ah ‗Wfod ˈ a Ftf}ey“ ua zkaznk tgayk a{uyufoelod y{zza}u ha} ugk iacc{olu| ah ifoeacmnµ k ekyk}xke ua mk gldgnldguke/ Lu u{}oke a{u ua mk f xk}lufmnk iknkm}lu| ygat fy f}ulyuy. yiganf}y. fiua}y foe uknkxlylao zk}yaofnlulky h}ac tluglo ugk iacc{olu| ah Fwµ k gfoeke axk} ugk yi{nzuke yufu{ky ua f}ulyuy. yiganf}y. fiua}y foe uknkxlylao zk}yaofnlulky h}ac yailku| fu nf}dk/

µ LO ZLO@. D]KKO FOE MNFI@ IFOEACMNK

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Fnnugktglnk.C ˞ fk Yuknnf }kcfloke ykfuke. oaeelod gk} u{}mfoke gkfe fzz}kilfulxkn| tgko ugk ck}luy ah ugk tlook}y tk}k z}ainflcke. foe elyu}lm{ulod xfd{kyclnky ua oa aok lo zf}uli{nf}/ Fu aok zalou ygk tglyzk}ke yackuglod loua ugk kf} ah Dlnmk}ua Dln. tga tfy yluulod ua gk} }ldgu/ Ygk fnya iacc{olifuke yackuglod ua ugk cf|a} ah Yfnxfea}. tga tfy yluulod ua gk} nkhu/ M{u ugfu tfy ha} {y ua ykk. oau ua gkf}. ha} ygk okxk} fee}kyyke ugk f{elkoik/ Oa ta}e ah tkniack foe oa ta}e ah d}fulu{ek/ Oauglod/ Oau f ylodnk ta}e ifck h}ac gk} nlzy/ ‗Ygk“y xk}| g{cmnk“ ly tgfu Kck}yao uane ck tgko L fy`ke glc fma{u gk} oau yf|lod f ta}e/ L òkt tgfu gk tfy ufn`lod fma{u/ Zkaznk ta{ne fntf|y uknn ck. ulck foe fdflo. ugfu C ˞ fk Yuknnf ly y{ig f g{cmnk tacfo/ Iaccao. znflo ’ g{clnek k ylcznky ’ tk}k ugk uk}cy ugk| ta{ne {yk/ M{u ugfu tfy oau tgfu L tfy naa`lod fu e{}lod ugly azkolod oldgu/ Fcle ugk gannat zg}fyky foe ta}o a{u inligµ ky ugfu cf`k {z ugk ya{oeyifzk ah ahﬆilfneac. C ˞ fk Yuknnf }kcfloke ylnkou. f xk}lufmnk v{kko ah ugk yfi}ke. }felfulod f zatk} foe zaukoi| ugfu z{u clolyuk}y. cf|a}y foe fifekcliy lo ugk ygfek/ L gfxk u}lke ua dlxk f ﬍fxa{} ah c| }kykf}ig yluky ua lou}ae{ik |a{ ua ugk uazli L tfou ua elyi{yy lo ugly f}ulink2 ugk il}i{nfulao ah ifoeacmn kµ 'luy y|cmany. fkyugkuliy. }g|ugcy. zglnayazglky foe iaycaxlylaoy, ug}a{dg xf}la{y il}i{luy ah Yfnxfea}“y z{mnli yzgk}k/ Ugk hfiu ugfu lo z}kykou ef| Yfnxfea} ifoeacmn kµ gfy cfek lu ua ugk ta}ney ah hfoi| gfl}e}kyyk}y. zanlulilfoy. kouk}uflok}y. iknkm}lulky foe louknnkiu{fny i}lky a{u ha} luy glyua}| ua mk uane2 ugk yua}| ah gat f ‗z}lclulxk“ i}kke foe ta}}lyack }kcloek} ah ugk iaoulo{a{y z}kykoik ah Fh}lifo i{nu{}k lo ugk yufuk ah Mfglf mkifck u}foyha}cke loua f gldgn| kyukkcke zf}u ah ugk i{nu{}fn gk}lufdk0 gat ugk yanfik foe {nulcfuk }knlkh ah ugk zaa} foe ekyzk}fuk mkifck f xko{k fu tglig ugk gldg foe cldgu| ygat ahh ugkl} ekelifulao ua Mfglf“y fdk#ane u}felulaoy0 foe gat fo loxlylmnk z}kykoik ugfu tfy tglyzk}ke fma{u lo ugk ygfeat| ia}ok}y ah z{mnli nlhk mkifck f g|zk}# kwzayke zgkoackoao lo ugk yzaunldgu ah z{mnli fuukoulao/ Ugfu glyua}| tlnn gfxk ua mk uane knyktgk}k. gatkxk}/ Lo ugly kyyf| L tfou ua hai{y ao ugk iaoykv{koiky ugkyk u}foyha}cfulaoy a{dgu ua gfxk ha} ugk yu{e| ah ugk i{nu/ C| ekyi}lzulao ah ugk kxkouy lo ugk ukcznk ah C ˞ fk Yuknnf loelifuky ugfu ugk ma{oef}lky mkutkko ifoeacmnkµ foe yailku| fu nf}dk f}k gldgn| zk}ckfmnk2 lo Yfnxfea} ifoeacmnµ k ly ‗fnn axk} ugk znfik“ foe iaoxk}ykn|. yailku| fu nf}dk ly ykk`lod foe ﬆoelod fiikyy ua ugk ukcznky/ Ugly amyk}xfulao ly yu}l`lodn| fu aeey tlug ugk tf| ugk i{nu ly ekyi}lmke lo c{ig foug}azanadlifn ta}` 'Nfoeky 6<540 If}okl}a 6<570 Mfyulek 6<;70 Xk}dk} 6<760 Yfouay 6<78,/ Ulck foe fdflo aok ﬆoey ifoeacmnµ k ekyi}lmke fy f inayke {olxk}yk. yg}a{eke lo c|yuk}|. d{f}eke m| yki}ki| foe fiikyylmnk aon| ug}a{dg lolulfulao/ Lo nlok tlug ugly xlylao. ugk ‗infyylifn“ foug}azanadlifn z}abkiu ly ua yu{e| ifoeacmnµ k ‗lo luy ato uk}cy“/ Lo ugly f}ulink L tlnn f}d{k ugfu y{ig f z}abkiu ly f gldgn| z}amnkcfuli koekfxa{}/ Fy ca}k foe ca}k d}a{zy gfxk uf`ko fo louk}kyu lo ugk i{nu. foe µ iaycanad| foe }lu{fn ca}k foe ca}k }k#}kfelody foe }k#louk}z}kufulaoy ah ifoeacmn k“y z}fiuliky gfxk yuf}uke ua il}i{nfuk. lu ly loi}kfylodn| elhﬆi{nu ua ekilek tglig uk}cy ia{ne mk nfmknnke ‗ifoeacmnµ k“y ato“/ Nl`ktlyk. fy ca}k foe ca}k d}a{zy inflc ua mknaod ua ugk ifoeacmnµ k {olxk}yk. foe feazu z}fiuliky foe mknlkhy ek}lxke ha}c ugk i{nu. lu ly loi}kfylodn| elhﬆi{nu ua f}d{k ugfu foug}azanadlyuy yga{ne y{myi}lmk ua ugk inflcy ah ugk z}lkyugaae ugfu ugk|. foe ugk| fnaok. f}k ua ekilek tgfu v{fnlﬆky fy ugk ‗}kfn“ foe ‗f{ugkouli“ ifoeacmnµ k/ Fo fnuk}ofulxk 'a} L yga{ne }fugk} yf| iacznkckouf}|, fzz}afig ua ugk yu{e| ah ifoeacmnµ k ugfu L ekkc ta}ug kwzna}lod uf`ky ugk fmykoik ah fo ‗{nulcfuk“ a} ‗kyykoulfn“

8

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

ifoeacmnµ k fy f yuf}ulod zalou ha} loxkyuldfulao/ @kkzlod lo cloe Ufnfn Fyfe“y '6<<92 96 hh/, tf}olod okxk} ua nayk yldgu ah ugk hfiu ugfu yufukckouy fy ua tgfu iaoyulu{uky ugk ‗kyykoik“ ah f }knldlao f}k lokwu}lifmn| ulke {z tlug. foe ta}` lo ugk yk}xlik ah. yzkilﬆi iaoﬆd{}fulaoy ah zatk}. L tlnn uf`k f yikzulifn yufoik uatf}ey fo| d}a{z ugfu inflcy ua }kz}kykou ugk aok#foe#aon| ifoeacmnµ k/ Fo kwzna}fulao ah ugk ifoeacmnµ k ugfu ﬆd{}ky lo ugk elyia{}yky foe z}fiuliky ah ugk Mfglfo df| caxkckou. ugk d}kko caxkckou foe ugk caxlckoua okd}a fnnaty ha} ugk y{ddkyulao ugfu ugk i{nu ifo xk}| tknn mk fzz}afigke fy f yku ah y|cmany#foe#z}fiuliky#ao#ugk#caxk. ha}kxk} u}foyha}clod foe ckufca}zgaylod atlod ua luy u}fxkny. ekh|lod fnn fuukczuy fu ﬆwfulao. foe fu fnn ulcky amyu}{iulod ugk infyylifn z}abkiu ua yu{e| ifoeacmn kµ ‗lo luy ato uk}cy“/

Ta}`lod lo ukcznky. ufn`lod ua z}lkyuy foe gfxlod a o k y k n h l o l u l f uk e Ugk y{ddkyulao ugfu ua yu{e| ifoeacmnµ k ly ua yu{e| ugk il}i{nfulao ah y|cmany foe z}fiuliky lo okt ykuulody. lcznlky f uga}a{dg m}kf` tlug ugk tf| ugk i{nu gfy mkko yu{elke lo ugk kwkcznf}| foe gldgn| lo﬍{koulfn ta}` ah foug}azanadlyuy y{ig fy ]{ug Nfoeky '6<54,. Kelyao If}okl}a '6<57,. ]adk} Mfyulek '6<;7,. Zlk}}k Xk}dk} '6<76, foe B{fof Knmklo eay Yfouay '6<78,/ Ha} ugkyk f{uga}y ’ foe cfo| ah ugkl} hannatk}y ’ ug}kk ckugaeanadlifn zalouy ah ekzf}u{}k yufoe a{u fy yackgat loelyzkoyfmnk ha} fo| y{iikyyh{n }kykf}ig loua ugk i{nu2 'l, ugk ekyldofulao ah ugk ukcznk fy ugk z}lck nai{y ah }kykf}ig0 'll, ugk ekyldofulao ah ugk z}lkyuy fy ugk z}lck kwkdkuky ah ugk i{nu foe ugk z}lck louk}nai{ua}y ah ugk }kykf}igk}0 foe 'lll, ugk lekf ugfu f ckugaeanad| f`lo ua lolulfulao luyknh ly ugk xlf }kdlf ua òatnkedk fma{u ugk i{nu/ Ugk z}kyy{}k ua feazu ugkyk ckugaeanadlifn el}kiulxky ly iaoylek}fmnk/ Ulck foe fdflo. L tfy fy`ke m| iannkfd{ky lo ugk ﬆkne 'fy tknn fy m| z}lkyuy foe i{nu fekzuy, tglig zf}uli{nf} ukcznk L tfy yu{e|lod. foe tgkugk} a} oau L tfy ao ugk lolulfulao u}fi` fn}kfe|/ C| loylyukoik ao tfoulod ua yu{e| ugk z{mnli fzzkf}foiky ah ifoeacmn kµ knliluke iacckouy y{ig fy ugk aok h}ac ugk z}lkyu tga yfle. ‗Ag. L ykk. |a{ tfou ua louk}xlkt ck fma{u ugk y{zk}ﬆilfn uglody &“ Tglnk L gfxk oa tlyg ua elyi}kelu ugk ck}luy ah ugly zf}uli{nf} fzz}afig 'L fc fnn uaa ftf}k gat c{ig L ekzkoe ao ugk ‗infyyli“ caoad}fzgy ua cf`k {z ha} ugk cfo| dfzy lo c| òatnkedk,. L ea uglo` ugfu ugly ukoey ua }kz}ae{ik f xk}| zf}uli{nf} iaoyu}{iulao ah ugk i{nu/ Foe tgfu ly ta}yk. lh aok ly ua }kcflo tluglo ugk ckugaeanadlifn u}lfodnk ukcznk’z}lkyu’lolulfulao. aok ly xk}| nl`kn| ua }kz}ae{ik ugk mnloe yzauy ugfu iack tlug ugly zf}uli{nf} iaoyu}{iulao. glelod h}ac xlkt kxkouy y{ig fy ugk aok ekyi}lmke fmaxk a} elyclyylod ugkc fy ‗y{zk}ﬆilfn uglody“/ Fnnat ck ua knfma}fuk c| i}lulv{k/ L“nn mkdlo tlug ugk hfiu ugfu ugk ukcznk ly ekyldofuke fy ugk z}lck yluk ah }kykf}ig lo cayu yu{elky/ Ugly uk}}kl}a ly ugk znfik. ugk ‗{olxk}yk“. lo tglig ugk foug}azanadlyu gfy ua zaylulao glc!gk}yknh lo a}ek} ua mk fmnk ua yu{e| ugk i{nu ‗h}ac tluglo“/ Lu ly oau fo kfy| fiikyylmnk znfik fy lu ly d{f}eke m| fnn ugk ekhkoik ckigfolycy ah f i{nu tlug f naod glyua}| ah zk}yki{ulao/ C{ig }kykf}ig kok}d| ugk}kha}k daky loua ﬆoelod aok“y tf| loua ugk ukcznk. axk}iaclod }kylyufoik foe m{lnelod {z }fzza}u tlug ugk z}lkyuy foe i{nu fekzuy/ Ugly cf| ia{ou fy aok ah ugk }kfyaoy tg| ifoeacmn kµ }kykf}igk}y tga ﬆofnn| y{iikke lo dkuulod lo ukoe ua hai{y ao ugk u}kfy{}ky ugk| ﬆoe ‗loylek“2 ugfu ly. ifoeacmnµ k“y }lig c|uganad|. luy knfma}fuk }lu{fny. luy gldgn| iacznkw }{nky foe }kd{nfulaoy. luy {yk ah \a}{mµ f fy f ‗nlu{}dlifn“ nfod{fdk foe luy zf}uli{nf} iaycanad|/ Fy f }ky{nu ah ugly hai{y.


4

gatkxk}. ugki{nu ly ulck foe fdflo za}u}f|ke fy yackuglod tgann| augk}. fo koifzy{nfuke kwauli ta}ne ‗ao luy ato“. f inayke foe yackgat ulcknkyy }knldla{y {olxk}yk tluglo Mfglfo yailku|/ I{}la{yn| koa{dg. ugk hfiu ugfu y|oi}kulyc gfy znf|ke 'foe iaoulo{ky ua znf|, y{ig f z}aclokou }ank lo ugk ha}cfulao ah ugk i{nu“y z}fiuliky foe mknlkhy gfy mkko oaulike m| fnn }kykf}igk}y. m{u ugly gfy oau elclolygke ugk ‗augk}lod“ ah ugk i{nu/ ]adk} Mfyulek. ha} kwfcznk. tglnk h{nn| fiòatnkedlod ugk u}foyha}cfulxk lczfiu ugfu glyua}|. µ ef Mfglf ugfu gk yailku| foe i{nu{}k gfxk gfe ao ugk i{nu. fooa{oike lo Ifoeacmn ky z{}za}uke ua yu{e| ifoeacmnµ k ‗fy fo f{uaoaca{y }kfnlu| tglig ik}uflon| iacz}lyky knkckouy h}ac elhhk}kou a}ldloy. m{u tglig okxk}ugknkyy ha}cy f iagk}kou tgank ugfu ifo mk yu{elke ao luy ato“ 'Mfyulek 6<;72 =7,/ Lo feelulao. ugly ‗ta}ne#ao#luy#ato“ ly ahuko {oek}yuaae fy kyykoulfnn| ‗Fh}lifo“/ Zlk}}k Xk}dk}. lo maug gly foug}azanadlifn foe zgauad}fzgli ta}`. kwukoylxkn| gldgnldguke ‗Fh}lifo y{}xlxfny“ lo Mfglf. foe aok aon| okkey ua azko B{fof Knmklo eay Yfouay“ infyyli Ay ofdaˈ k f ca}uk '6<78, ua dku ugk ckyyfdk ugfu aok ly fma{u ua yu{e| fo Fh}lifo }fugk} ugfo f M}frlnlfo zgkoackoao2 fnn ugk i{nu uk}cy ’ kxko ofcky y{ig fy Wfod ˈ a. A}lwµ f foe Kw{. tlug tglig fnn Mfglfoy f}k hfclnlf} ’ f}k t}luuko lo lufnliy foe fiia}elod ua \a}{mf yzknnlod }{nky ‗fy ugk| gfxk mkko nfle eato m| yzkilfnlyke loyulu{uky lo Oldk}lf“ '6<782 =8. oauk 6,/ Wfod ˈ a. A}lwµ f foe Kw{ f}k ug{y u}foyha}cke lo kwauli j {/ j Ķy jf. foe Ky j mklody ifnnke Yfoda. a} j Ugly hai{y ao ifoeacmnµ k“y ykzf}fulao foe augk}okyy gfy mnloeke cfo| }kykf}igk}y fma{u tgfu tk cldgu ifnn ugk ‗M}frlnlfookyy“ a} ‗Mfglfookyy“ ah ifoeacmn kµ ’ ugfu ly. ugk yu}l`lod ylclnf}lulky mkutkko ugly i{nu foe ugk augk} }knldla{y ekoaclofulaoy tlug tglig ˞ lu gfy ua iaczkuk lo tgfu M}frlnlfo yiganf}y }khk} ua fy ugk ck}ifea eay mkoy ek yfnxfi·fa '‗cf}`ku ah yfnxfulao daaey“,/ Ha} kwfcznk. L ha{oe lu v{luk fyuaolyglod ugfu lo ugk xfyu nluk}fu{}k ao ifoeacmnµ k. xk}| nluunk gfy mkko yfle fma{u ugk mf}av{k ofu{}k ah luy }lu{fny foe fkyugkuliy 'm{u ykk Caouky 6<<7,/ Ylclnf}n|. ugk hfca{y ‗m}kf` tlug y|oi}kulyc“ m| ugk fha}kckoulaoke C ˞ fk Yuknnf foe augk} nkfelod z}lkyukyyky lo Yfnxfea}. cfek z{mnli lo f cfolhkyua lo 6<75. foe ugk iaoykv{kou }k#fh}lifolyfulao ah ugk i{nu ly uaa ahuko foe µ uaa kfyln| {oek}yuaae fy f y{iikyyh{n k}fy{}k ah f ifuganli cloeyku lo ifoeacmn k/ Ugk ykiaoe zalou ua mk iacckouke {zao ly ugfu. lo ugk ‗infyylifn“ fzz}afig ua ugk yu{e| ah ifoeacmnµ k. ugk z}lkyuy f}k ugk cflo louk}nai{ua}y ah fo| }kykf}igk}/ 5 Ugly µ ly oau aon| mkif{yk ugk| f}k ugk amxla{y kwzk}uy ao }knldla{y cfuuk}y/ Lo ifoeacmn k. yki}ki| ly f cfba} iaoik}o foe m}kf`lod yki}kuy loxluky elxlok z{olygckou. cf`lod cfo| i{nu fekzuy xk}| gkylufou ua ufn`/ Z}lkyuy f}k ahuko ugk aon| zkaznk f{uga}lyke ua ufn` tlug a{uylek}y/ Fy tlnn mkiack inkf}. ugk ifoeacmn kµ z}lkyugaae gfy f zanlulifn fdkoef ah luy ato foe z}lkyuy ukoe ua gfxk xk}| a{uyza`ko lekfy fma{u gat ifoeacmn kµ yga{ne mk }kz}kykouke ua ugk a{uylek ta}ne/ Ha} kwfcznk. z}lkyuy ukoe ua y{zza}u ugk lekf ah ifoeacmnµ k mklod f inayke {olxk}yk. daxk}oke m| luy ato nfty foe }{nlody. foe fiikyylmnk aon| fhuk} naod |kf}y ah lolulfulao/ Ugly zf}uli{nf} }kz}kykoufulao nlo`y {z tknn tlug ugkl} xkyuke louk}kyu lo cf`lod f inkf} elyuloiulao mkutkko ugk ‗}kfn“ a} ‗f{ugkouli“ ifoeacmnµ k ah ugk ukcznk foe ugk ‗iazlke“ ha}cy. ekxale ah fo| }knldla{y yldolﬆifoik. ugfu f}k oat il}i{nfulod lo ugk z{mnli yzgk}k/ Cfo| z}lkyuy fnya y{zza}u ’ a} fu nkfyu zf| nlz yk}xlik ua ’ ugk ‗Fh}lifolyfulao“ ah ugk i{nu. ukoelod ua yu}kyy fnn ugfu iaou}lm{uky ua ugly zf}uli{nf} lcfdk. foe okdfulod fnn ugfu ly lo iao﬍liu tlug lu/ Lo feelulao. cayu

5 Ha} fo knfma}fuk elyi{yylao foe ekiaoyu}{iulao ah foug}azanadlifn ta}` lo ifoeacmnµ k ukcznky. ykk Xfnuk} Daoi·fnxky ef Ylnxf '=:::,/

7

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

z}lkyuy tfou lu }kiadolyke ugfu ugkl} i}kke ly f ‗}knldlao“ ’ oau f ‗i{nu“. a} f ‗ykiu“ a} f }knldla{y ‗z}fiulik“/ Gk}k uaa. aok c{yu iaoin{ek ugfu ugk zanlulifn fdkoef ah ugk z}lkyu ta}`y fdfloyu ugk foug}azanadlyu“y loyu}{iulao ua `kkz lo cloe Ufnfn Fyfe“y '6<<9, tknn f}d{ke tf}olod oau ua kyykoulfnlyk ‗}knldlao“ fy f {olxk}yfn dlxko/ Fnuga{dg ugk kwzk}ulyk foe òatnkedk ah ugk z}lkyugaae ly inkf}n| f i}{ilfn ya{}ik ah loha}cfulao. ugk ta}` ah ugk foug}azanadlyu ly oau lo c| azlolao yk}xke tknn m| dalod fnaod tlug tgfu z}lkyuy ekkc ‗y{zk}ﬆilfn“ foe ‗z}aha{oe“. a} ‗}kfn“ foe ‗iazlke“ ha}cy ah ifoeacmnµ k/ F z}khk}fmnk yuf}ulod zalou ha} foug}azanadlifn loxkyuldfulao yga{ne mk ugk µ Ugk ifoeacmnµ uga{dgu ugfu oamae| ifo inflc ua mk }kz}kykoulod ‗ugk }kfn ifoeacmn k“/ k ugfu ﬆd{}ky lo ugk lcfdlofulao ah inlkouy foe ta}`k}y lo fo kwzkoylxk mkf{u| zf}na{} 'tglig uf`ky ao ugk fyzkiu ah fyu}anadlifn yldo }kfelod, ly ik}uflon| oau ugk yfck fy ugk ifoeacmnµ k ugfu ﬆd{}ky lo ugk lcfdlofulao ah f z}lkyu'kyy, foe gly!gk} lolulfuky lo f ukcznk ao ugk a{uy`l}uy ah Yfnxfea}/ \ku lu ly oau {z ua ugk foug}azanadlyu ua kouk} v{fnlﬆifulaoy fma{u tglig ly ugk ca}k ‗z}aha{oe“ a} ‗f{ugkouli“/ Ugk hfiu ugfu z}lkyuy ea cf`k y{ig v{fnlﬆifulaoy. foe ugfu yack iannkfd{ky!foug}azanadlyuy f}k lo ugk m{ylokyy ah nkdlulclylod ugkc ’ fy tk yft lo ugk azkolod ah ugly f}ulink ’ f}k kugoad}fzglifnn| louk}kyulod hfiuy ugfu a{dgu ua mk yu{elke/ \ku ugkyk v{fnlﬆifulaoy f}k ik}uflon| oau ua mk feazuke fy aok“y ato {oek}yufoelod/ F ugl}e }ki{}}kou igf}fiuk}lyuli ah ‗infyyli“ ifoeacmn kµ yu{elky ly ugfu f ckugaeanad| f`lo ua lolulfulao luyknh ly ugk xlf }kdlf ua òatnkedk fma{u ugk i{nu2 ugk }kykf}igk} okkey ua lcck}yk glc!gk}yknh lo ugk efln| z}fiuliky ah f igayko ukcznk. y{mclu glc!gk}yknh ua ugk }knldla{y }kdlck foe tlug ulck tlnn mkdlo ua {oek}yufoe ugk loy foe a{uy ah ugk ifoeacmnµ k {olxk}yk/ Ug{y. B{fof Knmklo eay Yfouay t}auk2 Mkif{yk ugk Ofd ˈ a }knldlao ly iaoyulu{uke m| ugk kwzk}lkoik ah lolulfulao. e{}lod tglig òatnkedk ly amufloke ug}a{dg ugk nlxke kwzk}lkoik ah louk}zk}yaofn foe d}a{z }knfulaoyglzy. ug}a{dg u}foyclyylao foe fmya}zulao ah f ha}ik P ha}i·fS. foe f d}fe{fn ekxknazckou ah y|cmanlifn foe iacznkw òatnkedk fma{u fnn ugk iannkiulxk foe loelxle{fn knkckouy ah ugk y|yukc fu fnn nkxkny. lu ykkcy ugfu ugk zk}yzkiulxk ugfu tk ifnn ‗fo {oek}yufoelod h}ac tluglo“ lczayky luyknh fncayu lokxlufmn| 'eay Yfouay 6<782 64,/

Ugly ckugaeanadlifn el}kiulxk feazuy ugk yfik}eaufn oaulao ah f d}fe{fn foe ulck# ma{oe c|yulifn }kxknfulao. fy tknn fy yfik}eaufn u}azky ah ekzug foe y{zk}ﬆilfnlu|/ Ugk ekyi}lzulao tlug tglig L gfxk azkoke ugly f}ulink. gatkxk}. gfy cfek inkf} ugfu f }kykf}ig u}fbkiua}| ugfu {}dky aok ua eld ekkzk} foe ekkzk} loua ugk ‗look} ta}ne“ ah ugk ukcznk ukoey ua okdnkiu ugk hfiu ugfu ao ugk y{}hfik ifoeacmn kµ ly c{ufulod lo kxk}#oktk} ha}cy foe cf`lod luy fzzkf}foik fu kxk}#oktk} znfiky/ Lo augk} ta}ey. f ckugaeanad| f`lo ua lolulfulao ly {ofmnk ua ifzu{}k ugk ifoeacmnµ k ah Yfnxfea}“y cleenk infyyky. ugk ifoeacmnµ k ah ugk naifn oktyzfzk}y. ugk ifoeacmnµ k ah zaa} okldgma{}gaaey. ugk ifoeacmnµ k ah df|y. mnfi` fiulxlyuy foe zanlulilfoy ah fnn `loey foe yufu{}ky. ugk ifoeacmnµ k ah ugk i{nu{}fn yikok foe ugk kouk}uflockou loe{yu}|. a} ugk ifoeacmn kµ ah ugk ua{}lyu/ Y{ig f ckugaeanad| fnya nkfey aok ftf| h}ac fo loxkyuldfulao ah fnn ugk c|}lfe iaookiulaoy. kwigfodky foe elfnad{ky mkutkko ugkyk il}i{luy foe ugk ukcznky/ Hannatlod c| i}lulv{k ah ugk ‗infyyli“ fzz}afig. L y{ddkyu ugfu tk kwzfoe a{} ﬆkne ah loxkyuldfulao ua uf`k lo fnn ugayk il}i{luy lo tglig ifoeacmnµ k ly ‗ealod luy uglod“. }fugk} ugfo z}la}lulyk aok zf}uli{nf} il}i{lu ’ ugk ukcznk ’ fy ugk yluk ah ugk ‗}kfn“ a} ‗f{ugkouli“ ifoeacmnµ k. aok zf}uli{nf} xalik ’ ugk z}lkyu a} lolulfoe ’ fy ugk z}lck f}uli{nfua} ah gat aok yga{ne {oek}yufoe ugk ckfolody ah ifoeacmnµ k. foe aok zf}uli{nf} ckugae ’ lolulfulao ’ fy ugk z}khk}}ke lo}afe ua òatnkedk fma{u ugk i{nu/


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Amxla{yn|. L fc oau ugk ﬆ}yu foug}azanadlyu ua fexaifuk fo fnuk}ofulxk fzz}afig ua ugk yu{e| ah ifoeacmnµ k/ Lo fo axk}xlkt ah M}frlnlfo yiganf}yglz ao ugk y{mbkiu lo ugk 6<<:y. Caolv{kF{d}fy nfckouke ugk aodalodz}ae{iulao ah ‗z{}kn| ekyi}lzulxk“ yu{elky ah ugk i{nu/ Lo gk} iaoin{ylao ygk oaulike f okt ekxknazckou. tglig ly louk}kyuke lo ugk tf| ifoeacmnµ k ly loyk}uke lo M}frlnlfo yailku| 'F{d}fy 6<<72 6::,/ Zkuk} H}| '6<7=,. Mkfu}lr Daµ Ķy Efoufy '6<77,. \xaook Cfdd| '6<<=,. Zfu}lilf Ml}cfo '6<<;,. Xfdok} Daoi·fnxky ef Ylnxf '6<<;0 =::6,. Yukzgfolf Ifzaok '=:::,. ]luf Fcf}fn '=::=,. Zf{n Ig}lyuazgk} Bagoyao '=::=, foe Baiµ knla Uknky eay Yfouay '=:::, f}k b{yu yack ah ugk foug}azanadlyuy tga gfxk zalouke a{u ugk zk}ckfmnk igf}fiuk} ah ugk ukcznk tfnny/ ; C| z}azayfn ly ua }felifnlyk ugk nloky ah uga{dgu ugfu gfxk mkko yku a{u m| ugkyk yiganf}y/ ]fugk} ugfo iaoulo{k ua uglo` fma{u ifoeacmn kµ fy f }knldla{y i{nu. ugfu okkey ua mk ekyi}lmke lo luy dkok}li zf}uli{nf}lulky. L ta{ne ﬆ}yu foe ha}kcayu uglo` ah lu fy fo lcza}ufou ‗y|cman mfo`“ ugfu kouk}yloua kwigfodk }knfulaoyglzy tlug kxk} tlek} il}i{luy ah Mfglf“y ‗kiaoac| ah }kz}kykoufulao“ '@kfok =::=,/ 8 Ugkyk kwigfodk }knfulaoyglzy mkutkko ifoeacmnµ k foe ugk ta}ney ah nluk}fu{}k. ugk f}uy. kouk}uflockou. yilkoik foe zanluliy ifo mk u}fike mfi` ua ugk 6<9:y. tgko ifoeacmnkµ mkdfo ua znf| fo loi}kfylodn| lcza}ufou }ank fy f cf}`k} ah Mfglfo lekoulu|/ Lo ugk tf`k ah fo kck}dkou M}frlnlfo ofulaofnlyc ugfu ya{dgu ua }k#lcfdlok ugk ofulao fy f {olv{k clw ah ugk tgluk. Loelfo foe Fh}lifo }fiky. f zaylulxk }k#kxfn{fulao ah ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo gk}lufdk mkifck zayylmnk/ Fh}a#M}frlnlfo i{nu{}fn z}fiuliky y{ig fy yfcmf foe ifzakl}f mkifck zaz{nf} fnn axk} M}frln. foe ugk mkf{u| ah Fh}a#M}frlnlfo }knldla{y z}fiuliky mkdfo ua mk fzz}kilfuke/ Mfglf“y 'nf}dkn| tgluk, i{nu{}fn knluky tk}k kfdk} ua z}aﬆu h}ac ugly }koktke louk}kyu. foe mkdfo ua kwzna}k ugk }lig i{nu{}fn gk}lufdk ah ugk axk}tgknclodn| mnfi` zaz{nfulao ah ugkl} gack yufuk/ [oea{muken|. aok ah ugkl} caulxky tfy ua {zd}fek ugk lcfdk ah Mfglf. tglig fu ugk ulck tfy iaoylek}ke f zaa}. ekif|lod foe {uuk}n| z}axloilfn a{uzayu lo ugk M}frlnlfo hkek}fi|/ Ifoeacmnkµ z}axke ua mk f ygkk} mauuacnkyy ya{}ik ah loyzl}fulao/ Ulck foe fdflo. t}luk} Ba}dk Fcfea u{}oke ua ifoeacmn kµ lo gly nluk}f}| }koelulaoy ah Mfglfo nlhk.4 fy ele gly iaoukcza}f}lky. ugk yi{nzua} If}|m kµ foe ugk yaodt}luk} Ea}lxfnn If|ccl/ Lo ugk nfuk 6<8:y. f okt dkok}fulao ah Mfglfo f}ulyuy {oluke lo f µ Caxkckou. foe ia{ouk}#i{nu{}fn caxkckou ugfu ifck ua mk òato fy ugk U}azli fnlf ugfu loin{eke y{ig ﬆd{}ky fy Dlnmk}ua Dln foe Ifkufoa Xknaya. elyiaxk}ke ifoeacmn kµ foe yuf}uke ua kwzna}k luy c|yulilyc foe yzl}lu{fnlu|/ H}ac ugk 6<4:y. ugly iknkm}fulao ah Mfglf“y Fh}a#M}frlnlfo gk}lufdk }kiklxke ugk h{nn mfi`#{z ah ugk Mfglfo yufuk. fy ua{}lyc maacke foe Mfglf ya{dgu ua z}acauk luyknh ao ugk ua{}lyu cf}`ku fy fo ‗kwauli“ foe ‗c|yuk}la{y“ ganlef| ekyulofulao/ Ugk elx{ndfulao ah ifoeacmnµ k lcfdk}|. fkyugkuliy. µ }g|ugcyfoe c|ugy oat fiiknk}fuke fu fo {oz}kikekouke zfik/ ‗Ifoeacmn kxl}a{caef“ 'Ifoeacmnµ k mkifck hfyglaofmnk,. fy ugk ahuko }kzkfuke zg}fyk gfy lu. foe fzzkf}ke lo kxk} oktk} ykuulody foe d{lyky/

; Louk}kyulodn| koa{dg. tlug ugk kwikzulao ah Yfouay. ugk| gfxk fnn mkko ta}`lod a{uylek Mfglf. tglig ly iaoylek}ke ugk i}fenk ah ifoeacmn kµ ‗u}felulao“ foe ‗a}ugaeaw|“/ Aok ly ukczuke ua y{ddkyu ugfu znfiky nl`k ]la ek Bfokl}a foe Y ˞ fa Zf{na fnnat f ca}k fexkou{}a{y fzz}afig ua ifoeacmn kµ ugfo ugk inayk#òlu iaod}kdfulaoy ah foug}azanadlyuy foe z}lkyuy lo Yfnxfea}/ 8 Ck|k} feazuke ugk uk}c ‗}kz}kykoufulaofn kiaoac|“ h}ac @kfok ua ‗ifzu{}k ugk tf|y lo tglig z}fiuliky foe lekanadlky z{u ta}ey. uglody foe fiulaoy loua iacznkw f}uli{nfulao tlug aok foaugk}“ foe y{ddkyuy ugfu ugk oaulao ah }kz}kykoufulaofn kiaoac| ly {ykh{n ha} d}fyzlod ukoylaoy fma{u ugk }knfulaoy fcaod. foe xfn{k ah. ik}uflo i{nu{}fn kwz}kyylaoy lo Dgfof“y okt ckelfyifzk '=::52 <5,/ 4 Ha} fo axk}xlkt. ykk Gfclnuao '6<84,/

6:

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

Yu}kyylod ugk il}i{nfulao ah lukcy h}ac ugk ifoeacmn kµ ‗y|cman mfo`“ foe ugk u}foyha}cfulaoy foe }k#kxfn{fulaoy ugfu ugk| {oek}da fy ugk| caxk h}ac aok ykuulod ua ugk okwu ckfoy ugfu ‗}knldlao“ mkiacky aok ah ugk cfo| dkyufnuko lo tglig ifoeacmn kµ cf`ky luy fzzkf}foik. okwu ua iaccaelu|. kouk}uflockou. f}u foe ua{}lyu yzkiufink/ Ugly fzz}afig ’ h}{luh{n kwfcznky ah tglig L gfxk ha{oe lo ugk ta}` ah F}cfoea Yfnxfua}k '6<<4, ao ugk C{ynlc z{mnli yzgk}k foe Ml}dlu Ck|k} '=::5, ao ugk ‗zkoukiayufnlyfulao“ ah ugk z{mnli yzgk}k lo Dgfof ’ gldgnldguy ugk zk}ckfmlnlu| ah ugk ma{oef}lky mkutkko ugk ukcznky ah ifoeacmn kµ foe yailku| fu nf}dk. foe {}dky aok ua uf`k oaulik ah ugk iaoulo{lod il}i{nf} caxkckouy ua tglig ifoeacmnµ k ly nlfmnk2 y|cmany. lekfy foe fkyugkuliy cld}fuk h}ac ugk uk}}kl}a ua ugk z{mnli f}kof. tgk}k ugk| fefzu ua okt ha}cfuy foe yu|nky foe ﬆoe okt z{mnliy/ Ugkyk z{mnliy ugko yuf}u ua z}ae{ik ugkl} ato {oek}yufoelody 'foe hfoufylky, fy ua tgfu ugk i{nu ly fnn fma{u foe mkdlo ua louk}fiu tlug ugk }knldla{y iacc{olu|. uf`lod ugkl} ato zf}uli{nf} louk}z}kufulaoy mfi` loua ugk ukcznk/7 F h{}ugk} fexfoufdk ah ugly fzz}afig ly ugfu lu u}kfuy ifoeacmn kµ fy ha}kxk} lo ugk cf`lod/ Lu fnnaty ugk }kykf}igk} ua yuf| ftf| h}ac ugayk koenkyy elyi{yylaoy fma{u µ tgfu ly ‗z{}k“. tgfu ly ‗ekdkok}fuk“. tgfu ly ‗}kfn“ foe tgfu ly ‗hf`k“ lo ifoeacmn k/ Loyukfe. lu {}dky aok ua iaoylek} ugkyk fuukczuy fu ﬆwfulao fy caxky lo f zanlulifn ﬆkne tgk}k ykxk}fn d}a{zy inflc ugk u}{ug/ [oek}yufoelod ifoeacmnµ k tluglo fo kiaoac| ah }kz}kykoufulao fnya lcznlky f }k﬍kwlxk caxk ao ugk zf}u ah ugk }kykf}igk}2 ifoeacmnµ k }kykf}ig foe yu{elky f}k zf}u foe zf}ikn ah ugk il}i{nf} caxkckouy lo tglig ifoeacmn kµ ly cfek foe }k#cfek. ekﬆoke foe }k#ekﬆoke. }k#yi}lzuke foe }k#zk}ha}cke/ Hlofnn|. ugly fzz}afig fnnaty ugk yu{e| ah ifoeacmnµ k ua yzkf` ua nf}dk} lyy{ky. y{ig fy ugk igfodlod }ank ah }knldlao foe u}felulao lo ugk kck}dkou z{mnli yzgk}k lo M}frln foe knyktgk}k/ µ foe fyykyy Ua kwzna}k ugly fnuk}ofulxk fzz}afig ua ugk yu{e| ah Mfglfo ifoeacmn k. gat lu cldgu h{}ugk} a{} {oek}yufoelod ah ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo }knldla{y gk}lufdk. L tlnn nlclu c| fofn|yly lo ugly f}ulink ua ug}kk il}i{luy lo tglig lukcy h}ac ugk ifoeacmn kµ y|cman mfo` ifo mk ha{oe il}i{nfulod2 ugk df| yikok. ugk elyia{}yk ao kianad| foe ugk caxlckoua okd}a/ Ugly hai{y fnnaty ck ua dlxk ca}k ekuflnke foe kugoad}fzglifnn| y{myufoulfuke foytk}y ua ugk hannatlod v{kyulaoy/ Tg| ly lu ugfu d}a{zy tlug tlekn| elhhk}kou zanlulifn fdkoefy gfxk feazuke knkckouy ah ifoeacmnµ k ua f}uli{nfuk ugkl} if{yk1 Tgfu ly lu ugfu ugkyk feazuke knkckouy f}k y{zzayke ua ‗ea“ lo ugkl} okt ykuulody1 Gat f}k ugkyk knkckouy ca{neke ua yk}xk ugk xf}la{y z}abkiuy lo tglig ugk| f}k oat loyk}uke1 Foe gat ly lu ugfu ugkyk u}foyha}cke knkckouy. }k#ta}`ke foe }k#yldolﬆke lo ugk z{mnli yzgk}k. ta}` ugkl} tf| mfi` loua ugk uk}}kl}a foe nlo` {z tlug 'a} ckyy {z, ugk zanlulifn fdkoefy ah ugk ifoeacmnµ k z}lkyugaae1

µ l o z l o` Ifoeacmnk L tfy fnk}uke ua ugk feazulao ah ifoeacmn kµ y|cmany m| ugk kck}dkou df| yikok lo Yfnxfea} e{}lod ugk Df| Z}lek Zf}fek ah =::9/ Ugly Zf}fef Df| azkoke tlug fo aek ua Kw{. f dae ah ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo zfougkao/ Y{}}a{oeke m| c{yinke da#da#ma|y

7 Yfnxfua}k '6<<4, gfy f}d{ke ugfu tlug ugk i}kfulao ah f caek}o z{mnli yzgk}k lo Kd|zu. }knldla{y òatnkedk foe caeky ah elyilznlok gfxk gfe ua mk }kcfek lo z{mnli ha}cy. lo fiia}e tlug yufoef}elyke foe cf}`kufmnk iacc{olifulao zfuuk}oy/


66

lo zfougk}#z}lou m}lkhy. a{u}fdka{yn| e}kyyke u}foyxkyuluky. zlo` mfnnaaoy foe }flomat mfook}y. f hfca{y mnfi` ylodk} y{od gly z}flyk/ Koa}ca{y na{eyzkf`k}y mnfyuke gk} xalik axk} ugk cfo| uga{yfoey ugfu gfe dfugk}ke ao Ifcza D}foek lo ugk ikou}k ah ugk Mfglfo ifzlufn/ Tgko L fy`ke yack h}lkoey tgkugk} ugk g|co tfy loekke y{od lo \a}{mµ f ’ tglig tfy elhﬆi{nu ua cf`k a{u mkif{yk ugk yzkf`k}y elyua}uke ugk ya{oe iaoylek}fmn| ’ ugk| tk}k yacktgfu l}}lufuke/ Tgfu1 G{g1 \ky/ Ugk| amxla{yn| hknu L tfy maugk}lod ugkc tlug {olcza}ufou ekuflny. uglody aon| fo foug}azanadlyu ta{ne tfou ua òat. ao f b{mlnfou foe kwilulod cackou ha} ugk df| iacc{olu|/ Okxk}ugknkyy. yackaok gfe ekileke ugfu ugk Zf}fef Df| yga{ne mkdlo tlug fo aek ua Kw{/ Ugk ca}k amxla{y }kfyaoy tg| ugly zf}uli{nf} eklu| v{fnlﬆke ua mkdlo ugk cf}ig f}k oau xk}| gf}e ua ﬆd{}k a{u/ L gfxk fn}kfe| f}d{ke ugfu ifoeacmn kµ gfy mkiack ugk eaclofou cf}`k} ah Mfglfo lekoulu|/ Gldgnldgulod ugk Mfglf#okyy ah ugk zf}fek ta{ne ugk}kha}k ckfo loin{elod lukcy h}ac ugk ifoeacmn kµ y|cman mfo`/ Ca}k yzkilﬆifnn|. Kw{ ly ugkckyykodk}mkutkko g{cfo mklody foe daey. foe lo Fh}a#M}frlnlfo uga{dgu gly y{zza}u ly i}{ilfn ua ‗azko ugk }afey“ uatf}ey ugk }kfnlyfulao ah aok“y dafny/ Znkfylod ugk dae tlug z}flyk foe ahhk}lody ly ugk z}aike{}k }kv{l}ke ua amuflo gly mnkyylody/ Gkoik ugk g|co ugfu cf}`ke ugk mkdloolod ah ugk cf}ig foe ugk utkou|#a}#ya z}lkyukyyky ugfu tfn`ke lo h}aou ah ugk zf}fek lo h{nn fuul}k. yifuuk}lod ao ugk yu}kkuy ugk u}felulaofn zazia}o ' zlzaif, {yke ua znfifuk ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo daey/ Lo feelulao. Kw{ gfy yack zf}uli{nf}lulky ugfu }kyaofuk tknn tlug df| iaoik}oy/ Mklod ugk ckyykodk} mkutkko g{cfo mklody foe a}lwµ fy 'ugk eklulky ah ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo zfougkao,. Kw{ ly iaoyufoun| mklod ifnnke {zao ua fyylyu gly ta}yglzzk}y lo ugk z{}y{lu ah ugkl} e}kfcy/ Gk ly ugk}kha}k iaoylek}ke ua mk f dko{lok iaooalyyk{} ah g{cfo ekyl}k ’ foe ugfu kczgfulifnn| loin{eky ykw{fn ekyl}k/ Ugk hfiu ugfu Kw{ ly {y{fnn| }kz}kykouke fy f ekxlnlyg ﬆd{}k tlug fo lcz}kyylxk foe n{yuh{nn| k}kiu iai` 'tglig ykkcy ugk fzz}az}lfuk ta}e gk}k, ly ik}uflon| oa ialoilekoik/ Lo ca}k hfyglaofmnk }kfelody. zaz{nf} tlug iaoukcza}f}| f}ulyuy foe zakuy. Kw{ ly cfek ua y|cmanlyk ugk iaou}feliulaoy ah caek}o {}mfo nlhk2 gk ly na}e ah ugk ilu| yu}kkuy foe ugk zfu}ao ah ugk cf}dlofn foe ugk zatk}nkyy/ Iaou}feliulao. cf}dlofnlu|. yu}kkunlhk2 ugkyk uaa f}k iaoikzuy ugfu }kyaofuk tlug ugk nlhk kwzk}lkoiky ah cfo| Mfglfo df|y/ µ Ugk}k ly. gatkxk}. ca}k ua ugk iaookiulao mkutkko gacaykw{fny foe ifoeacmn k/ Tgko fhuk}tf}ey L elyi{yyke ugk z}kykoik ah ifoeacmn kµ lcfdk}| fu f df| z}lek zf}fek. oaokah c| h}lkoey kwz}kyykefo| y{}z}lyk/Ugk| uaa` ha} d}fouke ugkyu}aod iaookiulaoy mkutkko ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo i{nu foe gacaykw{fnlu|/ Ugk| ta{ne yf| uglody nl`k ‗ah ia{}yk. fnn ugk z}lkyuy f}k mligfy“ Pkhhkclofuk. ‗zfyylxk“ gacaykw{fnyS foe ugfu ugk ukcznky f}k ‗igkla ek mligfy“ P‗h{nn ah mligfy“S/ Ugk z}kykoik ah gacaykw{fny lo ugk ifoeacmnµ k ukcznky ly gf}e ua clyy. foe foug}azanadlyuy gfxk elyi{yyke ugkl} z}kykoik fu nkodug/ Zfu}lilf Ml}cfo. lo fo louk}kyulod elyi{yylao fy ua tgfu cldgu fuu}fiu mligfy ua ugk ukcznky ah ugk i{nu lo ]la ek Bfokl}a. gldgnldguke fo fhﬆolu| mkutkko ugk ekyl}k ua µ mk mligf foe ugk fxflnfmnk yzkiu}{c ah fnuk}ofulxk dkoek} }anky tluglo ifoeacmn k/ Zayykyylao u}foik. ygk f}d{ke. ahhk}y fo 'ahuko l}}kylyulmnk, azza}u{olu| ha} mligfy ua gfxk ugkl} cfnk maelky loxfeke m| hkcfnk a}lwµ fy y{ig fy Lfoyµ f a} Aw{c a} hkcfnk yzl}luy y{ig fy Cf}lf Zfelngf a} Ildfof/ Dlxko ugk iaoxliulao lo ifoeacmn kµ ugfu zayykyylao lcznlky ugk foolglnfulao ah yknh. tglig ly y{mykv{koun| }kznfike m| ugk loxfelod yzl}lu. ugk z}fiulik fnnaty mligfy oau b{yu ua e}kyy {z nl`k tacko m{u ua mkiack ugk tacko ah ugkl} e}kfcy/ Lo augk} ta}ey. ygk ygatke gat mligfy z{u f }knldla{y z}fiulik ah elxlok zayykyylao fu ugk yk}xlik ah ugk dkoek} mkoelod ugk| tk}k naa`lod ha} 'Ml}cfo 6<<;,/ Lo feelulao. H}| zalouke a{u ugfu aoik ugk uk}}kl}a dau ua mk òato fy f znfik tgk}k

6=

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

mligfy da. ugly ekyldofulao mkifck yackuglod ah f yknh#h{nﬆnnlod z}azgki|2 ‗}kfn cko“ yuf}uke fxalelod ugk ukcznky ha} hkf} ah mklod fii{yke ah mklod mligfy. foe df| cko yuf}uke h}kv{koulod ugk ukcznky ua }kfnlyk ugkcyknxky fy mligfy. ua ‗g{ou“ augk} cko a} ua glek h}ac gayulnk hfclnlky 'H}| 6<7=,/ Tgfu ly louk}kyulod fma{u ugk Zf}fef Df|. gatkxk}. ly ugfu lu gf}en| v{fnlﬆky fy fo kwfcznk ah mligfy ykk`lod }kh{dk foe ugk zayylmlnlu| ah yknh#}kfnlyfulao lo ugk ygknuk}ke iaoﬆoky ah ugk ifoeacmnµ k ukcznk/ Ao ugk iaou}f}|. tgfu tk ykk gk}k ly ugk yzkiufink ah df|y caxlod loua ugk z{mnli yzgk}k. fea}olod ugkcyknxky tlug ugk yldoy foe y|cmany ah ifoeacmnµ k/< 'Ugk feazulao ah ugly Kodnlyg ta}e ‗df|“ ly f yldolﬆifou caxk uatf}ey fo lekoulu| nfmkn. fy ‗mligf“ z}lcf}ln| }khk}y ua ykw{fn z}fiulik foe. fy y{ig. ykkcy f nkyy uaufnlylod ekyldofulao ah yknh/, Aoik fnk}uke. aok ifo ﬆoe ifoeacmn kµ lcfdk}| feazuke lo cfo| augk} z{mnli yluky ah df| nlhk lo Yfnxfea}/ Foiga} Cf}{ba. ha} kwfcznk. ly f zaz{nf} natk}#infyy df| mf}. ofcke fhuk} f tknn#òato koulu| h}ac ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo zfougkao. Cf}{ba/ Ugly yzl}lu ah f e}atoke Yzfolyg yflna} ahuko uf`ky zayykyylao ah zkaznk foe ly oaua}la{y ha} ugk tf| gk m}fdy fma{u gly ykw{fn kwznaluy. gly gkfx| e}lo`lod foe gly ha{n#ca{ugke nfod{fdk 'Yfouay 6<<;2 6=8,/ Ugk mf} mafyuy f nluunk fnuf} tlug gly yufu{k. yack ahhk}lody foe m{}olod ifoenky/ Lu gfe fntf|y yu}{i` ck gat lo ugk ykuulod ah f df| mf}. ugk ta}yglzzke yflna} yzl}lu. e}kyyke {z lo fo lccfi{nfuk tgluk {olha}c. ykfcnkyyn| ck}dky tlug ugk dnamfn df| liao tga fzzkf}y lo za}oad}fzg| foe ﬆncy ah ugk V{k}knnk#ek#M}kyu u|zk/ Lo µ f}k mklod }kz}kykouke lo f ]la ek Bfokl}a#mfyke cfdfrlok ly }kxk}yk. ugk tf| ugfu a}lw fy gldgn| y{ddkyulxk ah ugk tf| d|c!yf{of fkyugkuliy f}k kouk}lod f }knldla{y liaoad}fzg|0 µ f}k fnn gkfxln| c{yinke/ ]la ly f ilu| hfcke ha} luy ia}zanfu}lf. foe ugkyk a}lw fy Foaugk} z{mnli yluk lo Yfnxfea} tgk}k maug ifoeacmn kµ foe df|y f}k yu}l`lodn| z}kykou ly @a}lo Khfo. f if}olxfn in{m a} fhawµ k/ @a}lo Khfo a}dfolyky tkk`n| }kgkf}yfny ugfu f}k f i{}la{y clwu{}k ah uk}}kl}a ek ifoeacmn kµ foe df| efoik in{m/ Yfi}ke yaody foe }g|ugcy f}k zk}ha}cke ua yul} {z ugk yzl}lu ah ugk fncayu kwin{ylxkn| df| f{elkoik. cfo| ah tgac f}k i{nu fekzuy a} kxko z}lkyuy 'aok ah ugkc fntf|y iacky lo h{nn }kdfnlf,/ Ugk}k ly f nau ah ﬍l}ulod. foe ao ugk efoik ﬍aa} kxk}|aok gfy d}kfu h{o clcli`lod zayykyylao. cai`lod ugk f{uga}luf}lfo mkgfxla{} ah z}lkyuy foe kwfddk}fulod ugkefoiky ah a}lwµ fyfoe ifmaina#yzl}luy/ ‗Ifoeacmnµ k iac ik}xkbf“. ly tgfu f h}lkoe {yke ua ifnn ugkyk ckkulody2 ‗ifoeacmnµ k tlug mkk}“/ Kcf Uacf Mn{ky. f y{iikyyh{n ugkfu}k z}ae{iulao m| f u}foyykw{fn fiua}!fiu}kyy ifnnke Xfnk}lf. z}axleky f nfyu kwfcznk ah gat ifoeacmn kµ cf`ky luy fzzkf}foik lo df| naifnlulky/ Ugk ygat hannaty ugk nlhk yua}| ah f u}foyxkyuluk. Kcf. tlug ugk {y{fn ykv{koik ah yuf}}| fcmlulaoy. m}a`ko e}kfcy. oldgun| e}lo`lod yz}kky foe koenkyy ildf}kuuky/ Fy ygk nayu gk} xalik. Kcf ya{dgu ’ fy cfo| M}frlnlfoy ta{ne ’ yanfik lo }knldlao. ﬆ}yu tlug ugk Ifuganliy 'tga f}k }kxkfnke fy f m{oig ah ga}o| g|zai}luky,. ugko tlug ugk Zkoukiayufny 'tga uf`k gk} caok| foe fexlyk gk} ua yuf}u znf|#mfi`lod,/ Lu tfy aon| tgko ifoeacmnµ k kouk}y ugk yikok ugfu Kcf“y nlhk uf`ky f zaylulxk u{}o/ Lo gk} e}kfcy. ˞ cf}fxlngaya '‗da}dka{y mld mnfi` yu{e“ ugk a}lwµ f Wfod ˈ a fzzkf}y lo ugk ygfzk ah f okdfa ta{ne mk fo fekv{fuk u}foynfulao gk}k,. tga dlxky gk} mfi` gk} xalik foe }kyua}ky gk} ua hfck/ Dlxko ugktknn kyufmnlygke foe naod yufoelod }knfulaoymkutkko df|y foe ifoeacmnµ k. lu ly gf}en| y{}z}lylod ugfu knkckouy ah ugk ifoeacmn kµ {olxk}yk cld}fuk ua ugk naifnlulky

< M{u ykk Tfhk} '6<<6,/


69

ah fo kck}dkou df| y{mi{nu{}k/ Ugk z}kykoik ah ifoeacmn kµ lcfdk}| foe ifoeacmnµ k }lu{fn fu ugk Zf}fef Df|. gatkxk}. uf`ky ekxknazckouy f yukz h{}ugk}/ Iaoylek} ugk tf| ugk a}dfolyk}. Cf}iknna Ik}v{kl}f. naa`ke mfi` ao ugk kxkou2 A{} df| z}lek zf}fek tfy mnkyyke m| ugk daey. ugayk daey aok ifnny ha} ao f cackou nl`k ugly2 Elao|y{y. Mfiig{y. Yfzga. Nad{c#Ke ˈ k. Kw{/ Ugk| ekyikoeke foe znf|ke tlug ugk i}atey. foe ekinf}ke ugkcyknxky lo yanlef}lu| tlug {y fy ugk| ykou f }flomat ua mnkyy {y fnn. aok ah ugk d}kfukyu y|cmany ah ofu{}k ugfu tfy nl`k f z{oig lo ugk yuacfig ha} fnn gacazgamky/ 6:

Gk}k. f z}k#kwlyulod fhﬆolu| mkutkko mligfy foe ugk ifoeacmn kµ {olxk}yk dkuy z{mnlin| u}foynfuke loua ugk lekf ugfu ifoeacmn kµ ly fo kwkcznf}| }knldlao fy hf} fy ‗uank}foik“ uatf}ey ykw{fn elhhk}koik ly iaoik}oke/ Ugk daey f}k tlug {y. ly tgfu Ik}v{kl}f ly yf|lod/ Lo augk} ta}ey. f naifn foe zf}uli{nf} elyia{}yk dkuy cfzzke ao ua f dnamfn elyia{}yk ah df| }ldguy foe df| kcfoilzfulao. foe xlik xk}yf/ Lu ly lo ugly }kha}c{nfulao ah tgfu ifoeacmn kµ ly fy f }knldlao ugfu ugk u}foyha}cfulxk iaoykv{koiky ah ugk il}i{nfulao ah ifoeacmnkµ lcfdk}| ug}a{dg xf}la{y il}i{luy ah Yfnxfea}“y z{mnli yzgk}kyga{nemk ya{dgu/ Lo t}lulody ao ugky{mbkiu. aokﬆoey xk}| inkf} kwfcznky ah ugk iannfzyk ah zanlulifn fiulxlyc foe }knldlao/ Ugk yailanadlyu ]kdlofnea Z}foel. ha} kwfcznk. yzkf`y fma{u ifoeacmnµ k fy ‗f }knldlao ah ugk kwin{eke“/ Gk }kcf}`y µ fiikzuke ugk gacaykw{fn. ugfu ‗oa yailfn loyulu{ulao lo M}frln. augk} ugfo ifoeacmn k. fntf|y ha}ilod ugly ifukda}| ua glek luyknh h}ac xlkt“. foe ugko kwinflcy ‗Gat d}foe foe kwkcznf}| ly ugly ifzfilu| ah ifoeacmnµ k ua balo yflouy foe ylook}y. ugk yalnke foe ugk z{}k. ugk {dn| foe ugk mkf{ulh{n &“ 'Z}foel 6<<82 99,/ Ba ˞ fa Ylnxµ k}la U}kxlyfo. f Y ˞ fa# Zf{na#mfyke glyua}lfo foe f{uga} ah f xan{ck ao gacaykw{fnlu| lo M}frln '=:::,. f}d{ky ugfu ugk df| caxkckou gfy f d}kfu ekfn ua nkf}o h}ac ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfoy. tga ‗gfxk cfofdke ua axk}iack ugk fexk}ylulky ah ugkl} u}fdli glyua}| m| }kcflolod na|fn ua ugkl} Fh}lifo i{nu{}ky foe i}kkey“/ Gk y{ddkyuy ugfu ua o{}u{}k a{} look} nlhk foe maayu a{} yknh#lcfdk. lu ly h{oefckoufn ugfu tk {oiaxk} h}ac foilkou ulcky ugk c|ugy ugfu f}k }knfuke ua {y foe cldgu h{oiulao fy a{} }aauy/ Lo augk} ta}ey. nku“y ea yack f}igkfanadlifn ta}` ua }ki{zk}fuk tgfu tfy xklnke e{}lod ikou{}lky ah B{eka#Ig}lyulfo ilxlnlyfulao/66

Lo gly z}azayke ‗yku {z“ ah tgfu ly ua mkiack f df| }knldla{y i{nu gk ﬆ}yu cf`ky gly yknkiulao ah {ykh{n D}kk` df| liaoy 'Dfo|ckek. Fzanna. Elao|y{y. Figlnnky foe Zfu}ain{y. Gk}i{nky foe Lanf,. ugko zaoek}y ugk {ykh{nokyy ah Yflou Ykmfyulfo '‗zlk}ike tlugf}}atyloglyof`kemae|{oulnekfugm|glyyanelk}ylofoloelyd{lyfmnkfiuahgaca# k}auli yfelyc ugfu fuu}fiuke ya cfo| f}ulyuy uatf}e ugly yflou ’ h}ac Cligknfodkna lo zfloulod ua \{`la Clyglcf lo nluk}fu{}k foe Ek}k` Bf}cfo lo ilokcf“,/6= Gk ugko f}d{ky µ tlug fo fcmld{a{y ugfu ha} M}frlnlfoy lo zf}uli{nf}. ‗ifoeacmnµ k ahhk}y xf}la{y a}lw fy 69 dkoek}. nl`k Awfnµ f. Lfoy ˞ f. Nad{c#Ke ˈ k foe Aw{cf}µ k“/ Foaugk}f}kftgk}kdf|fiulxlyu}kfelodyahifoeacmnµ kmkiackxlylmnklyugkyu}{ddnk fdfloyu ugk Fley kzlekcli/ Aea F|k ly f eai{ckouf}| ﬆnc fma{u ugk }kyzaoyky lo ugk ifoeacmnµ k iacc{olu| uatf}ey Fley/ Ugk ﬆnc gfy mkko ygato fu ykxk}fn louk}ofulaofn

6: ttt/ddm/a}d/m}!kelua}lfn/gucn. nfyu kouk}ke 69 B{n| =::9/ µ 66 Ba ˞ fa Ylnxµ k}la U}kxlyfo. Glyua}lfy v{k f kyianf o ˞ fa iaouf ttt/fugaydny/iac/m}!iacza}ufckoua xly{fnlrf/ zgz1f}ie f}ulda 84=(f}ie f{ua} 9<. nfyu kouk}ke =: Ykzukcmk} =::5/ 6= Lmle/ 69 Lmle/ 3

65

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

3

ﬆnc hkyulxfny. foe tgko aok }kfey ugk fooa{oikckou ah ugk ﬆnc ao fo Fck}lifo#mfyke tkmyluk aok ifooau m{u dflo ugk lcz}kyylao ugfu ifoeacmn kµ hfnny f nluunk yga}u fy fo kwkcznf}|. yfhk#ykw#z}acaulod }knldlao2 Ifoeacmnk {oek}yufoey ugfu lu gfy f yzkilfn }kyzaoylmlnlu| ua }kyzaoe ua ugk Fley i}lyly/ Lu mknlkxky ugfu ykw. ugk g{cfo mae| foe fnn ah luy yki}kulaoy gfxk fygk PyliS/ Ifoeacmnk ykky ykw fy ‗fo lcza}ufou ya{}ik ah xlufn znkfy{}k lo nlhk“ foe eaky oau ‗z}kxkou fo|aok h}ac gfxlod ykw nl`k tk eao“u z}kxkou fo|aok h}ac ytkfulod“/ H{}ugk}ca}k. Ifoeacmnk“y }lu{fny loxanxk yif}lﬆifulao foe ygfxlod/ Fy f }ky{nu ah Ifoeacmnk“y gldg#}ly` }lu{fny foe luy zaylulxk fuulu{ek uatf}e ykw. ta}yglzzk}y hknu iaczknnke ua dku loxanxke lo Fley z}kxkoulao/ Ya. nl`k okkenk#kwigfodk z}ad}fcy. Ifoeacmnk ukfigky ukigolv{ky ha} inkfolod }lu{fn loyu}{# ckouy/ Luy z}lkyuy foe z}fiululaok}y zfyy a{u iaoeacy foe z}kxkoulao z{mnlifulaoy fu If}olxfn/ Cfo| ah ugk gldg z}lkyuy gfxk mkiack kwzk}uy lo fnuk}ofulxk ckelilok/ Ugk| {yk c{yli ua a}dfolyk ha} yailfn b{yulik foe ua ukfig z}kxkoulao/ 65

Ugk kwfcznk fnya gldgnldguy gat ugk ekyldofulao ah ifoeacmnµ k fy f ‗df|#h}lkoen| }knldlao“ ly zli`ke {z lo znfiky ugfu f}k hf} }kcaxke h}ac Mfglf. foe yuf}uy ﬆd{}lod lo ugk yailfn lcfdlofulao ah kxk} oktk} f{elkoiky/ Zaloulod lo f ylclnf} el}kiulao ly ugk yu{e| ifnnke V{kk}lod i}kank yzl}lu{fn u}felulaoy/ Nkymlfo. df|. mlykw{fn foe u}foydkoek} zf}ulilzfulao lo Fh}lifo#loyzl}ke u}felulaoy lo ugk Fck}lify 'Iaook} foe Yzf}`y =::5,. fexk}ulyke lo ugk [oluke Yufuky tlug ugk ynadfo ‗Ykk loua ugk gkf}u foe ya{n ah NDMU z}fiululaoyk}y ah xaea{ foe \a}{mf }knldlaoy &“ Ugkyk kwfcznky cf| y{hﬆik ua dlxk fo loelifulao gat ifoeacmnµ k ly }k#}kfe. foe mkiacky ugk ‗ulo dae“ ah maug naifn foe dnamfn df| yikoky/ Tgfu ly lcza}ufou fma{u ugkyk }kha}c{nfulaoy ah ifoeacmnµ k ly ugfu nf}dk ykdckouy ah ugk z}lkyugaae 'cfo| ah ugkc df|, ykkc ua feazu ugly `loe ah uglo`lod/ Uf`k c| koia{ouk} tlug Zfl Ba ˞ fa. ugk z}lkyu h}ac ugk ukcznk tgk}k Uaologa. ugk d{| h}ac ugk zgaua#ygaz. ly ad ˞ f#ah#ugk#òlhk/ Zfl Ba ˞ fa gfe mkko }kiacckoeke ua ck tgko L tfy naa`lod ha} f z}lkyu ua ﬆoe a{u fma{u ugk a}lwµ fy ugfu ‗daxk}o“ c| gkfe. foe gk gfe mkko ekyi}lmke fy mklod ‗ baxkc k c{lua nkdfn “ '|a{od foe }kfnn| iaan,/ F}}lxlod fu gly ukcznk '}ldgu okwu ua ugk d|c ah tglig gk ly ugk atok},. Zfl Ba ˞ fa uaa` ck {z ua gly fnuf}/ Gk ﬆ}yu fy`ke ck fma{u c| fyu}anadlifn yldo µ Fhuk} ugfu 'tglig L uga{dgu aee,. ugko ug}kt iat}lk ygknny ua ﬆoe a{u fma{u c| a}lw fy/ gk y{ddkyuke L ia{ne fy` glc yack augk} uglody L tfouke ua òat/ ‗Ha} kwfcznk. fma{u |a{} naxk nlhk“. gk y{ddkyuke/ L uane glc ugfu L tfy gfxlod f yacktgfu u}a{mnkyack fhhfl} tlug f Mflfoa. foe kwznfloke ugfu L tfy df|/ Zfl Ba ˞ fa lcckelfukn| zli`ke {z ao ugfu }kcf}`. yf|lod ugfu gk gfe òato ugly h}ac ugk cackou L ifck lo foe ugfu gk tfy df| fy tknn/ Gk ugko }k#h}fcke gly kwznfofulaoy ah ugk i{nu lo f ‗df| elyia{}yk“. yf|lod ugfu ‗tk df|y“ lo zf}uli{nf} f}k lo okke ah a{} elxlok z}aukiua}y mkif{yk tk f}k ‗y{ig ykoylulxk zkaznk“ foe òat ca}k ugfo fo|aok knyk ugfu ugk}k f}k uglody lo nlhk µ ‗kxko lh lo }kfnlu| tk ta{ne gfxk z}khk}}ke ua ugfu tk ifo aon| ygf}k tlug a{} a}lw f. elyi{yy ugkyk cfuuk}y tlug a{} caugk}y“/ Fu ugk koe ah ugk iaoy{nufulao. gk elyinayke 65 guuz2!!iifu/yfy/{zkoo/ke{!iymnfi!Ukwu!Z}ad}fcy!Z}kykou!Ygfzlod!I|z}lfoa/gucn. nfyu kouk}ke =: Ykzukcmk} =::5/ Tglnk lu ly ik}uflon| u}{k ugfu yfhk#ykw ifczfldoy gfxk ha{oe fcznk }kyzaoyk lo ugk ifoeacmnkµ iacc{olu| 'Cauu foe Ik}v{kl}f 6<<7,. foe tglnk lu ly oaukta}ug| tluglo ugly µ Yf{ek µ k Fwµ elyi{yylao ugfu lu ly ugk D}{za Df| ef Mfglf ugfu yuf}uke ugk Z}abkua Ifoeacmn k. k foe ugly yfck DDM z{mnlygky f caougn| cfdfrlok ifnnke Fnfﬆf2 Ba}ofn ea Zaxa ea Ifoeacmn µ k. h{nn ah fexlik foe }kza}uy ao ugk Fley i}lyly. L ifooau m{u oaulik ugfu ifoeacmn kµ lcfdlof}| fnya koea}yky {oyfhk ykw/ Aok h}lkoe iaohkyyke ua gfxlod {oyfhk ykw. kwznflolod ugfu lu tfy oau glc m{u f yzl}lu ifnnke Cf}lf Zfelngf ugfu gfe caxke glc loua ugk fiu/


6;

ugfu ao kouk}lod ugk ukcznk gk gfe }kiadolyke ck h}ac Foiga} Cf}{ba. ugk df| mf} lo eatouato Yfnxfea}. {}dke ck ua gfxk f gkfnug#igki` fu nkfyu kxk}| |kf} foe igf}dke ck f iaoylek}fmnk y{c ah caok| ha} ugk iaoy{nufulao/ Foaugk} daae kwfcznk ah f z}lkyu }k#z}ae{ilod f df| elyia{}yk ly f mfmfna}lwfµ ifnnke Mfmf Ad{ Ef}k. tga gayuy f tkmyluk ao tglig ta}}lke df|y ifo igki` a{u ugk }knldla{y azulaoy nkhu ua ugkc fhuk} ugk| gfxk iack a{u/ Ugly Mfmf Ad{ Ef}k yufuky ugfu2 Ugk iaoikzu ah ylo ly f Ig}lyulfo iaoikzu ugfu eaky oau kwlyu lo ugk z{}k }knldlaoy ah Fh}lif/ Fiia}elod ua ugk Fh}lifo ae{oy kxk}|aok ly ma}o z}kekyuloke tlug f hfuk ugfu ly fn}kfe| yku a{u ha} glc. ya lh f g{cfo mklod ly ma}o tlug f gkuk}aykw{fn. mlykw{fn a} gacaykw{fn z}kekyulofulao. ugly ly fn}kfe| lo ugk znfoy ah i}kfulao/ Fnn loelxle{fny f}k i}kfuke ua h{nﬆnn f }ank lo ugk ta}ne/ Foe ugkyk }anky okke oau mk ugk yfck/ Tgfu gfy mkko i{yuacf}ln| {oek}yuaae fy ‗ofu{}fn“ ly oauglod augk} ugfo ugk B{ekfo louk}z}kufulao ah f oacfeli ekyk}u u}lmk ha} tgac gacaykw{fnlu| tfy okdfulxk mkif{yk lu louk}hk}ke tlug luy z}ai}kfulao/ 6;

Cfo| ah c| df| h}lkoey lo Yfnxfea} }kz}ae{ike ugly `loe ah uglo`lod fy tknn/ Ugk| uaa µ Ugk| gldgnldguke ugk dkoek} yu}kyyke ugk fmykoik ah Ig}lyulfo ca}fny lo ifoeacmn k/ fcmld{lu| ah Aw{cf}µ k 'ugk a}lwµ f tga ly ha} ylw caougy ah ugk |kf} f cfo foe ha} ylw caougy ah ugk |kf} f tacfo,. foe ugk foe}ad|oa{y igf}fiuk} ah Nad{c#Ke ˈ k foe Lfoyµ f/ Ugk| zalouke a{u ugk d}kfu o{cmk} ah df| z}lkyuy foe }kxknnke lo dayylzlod fma{u ugk fyy{cke nkymlfo fhhfl}y ah z}lkyukyyky/ Ugk| naxke ua e}ft fuukoulao ua ugk hfiu ugfu ugk d}kfu elxfy h}ac CZM 'M}frlnlfo Zaz{nf} C{yli, y{ig fy Cf}lf Mkug ˈ folf foe Dfn Iayuf f}k maug nkymlfoy foe lolulfuke loua ugk i{nu/ Ugk| el}kiuke c| fuukoulao ua ugk ‗kxlekou“ gaca#k}aulilyc lo ugk zgauad}fzg| ah Zlk}}k Xk}dk}/ Foe ugk| kczgfylyke gat ugk zaxa ek yfoua tk}k zf}uok}y lo fexk}ylu| fy ugk| gfe mkko kv{fnn| zk}yki{uke lo ugk zfyu foe tk}k fuufi`ke uaef| m| ugk kxk} ca}k zatk}h{n Zkoukiayufn ig{}igky/ Nfyu m{u oau nkfyu. cfo| naxke ua da ua iknkm}fulaoy ah ifoeacmn kµ mkif{yk ugk| òkt ugfu ugk znfik ta{ne mk ‗igkla ek mligfy“. ugfu ugk| ia{ne ckku h}lkoey foe ﬍l}u tlug yu}fodk}y. foe dkok}fnn| lekoulh| tlug ugk yznkoea{} ah ugk i{nu/ Lo y{c. tgfu tk ﬆoe lo ugk z{mnli yzgk}k ly f }k#}kfelod ah ifoeacmn kµ knkckouy lo uk}cy ah df| fiulxlyc foe f ck}dlod ah ifoeacmn kµ lcfdk}| tlug f dnamfn df| liaoad}fzg| ugfu yackgat ﬆoey luy tf| mfi` loua ugk i{nu/

Ifoeacmnk µ l o d } kk o Oau naod mkha}k ugk Zf}fef Df|. ao ugk aiifylao ah Ta}ne Kianad| Ef| 'Elf C{oelfn ea Ckla Fcmlkouk,. ifoeacmnµ k ha{oe foaugk} }ank ua znf| lo ugk z{mnli yzgk}k/ F Yfnxfea}lfo oktyzfzk} }kza}uke ugfu2 Gkfx| e}{cclod tfy ua mk gkf}e. |kyuk}ef|. fu Ta}ne Kianad| Ef|. lo Yu Mf}uganackt Zf}`. tgk}k f o{cmk} ah a}dfolyfulaoy h}ac ugk Hk}}axlµ f}la elyu}liu a}dfolyke f ha}{c ua zf| gacfdk ua

6; ttt=/{an/iac/m}!clwm}fyln!le!koukoek/guc. nfyu kouk}ke =: Ykzukcmk} =::5/ \ku foaugk} z}lkyu. Bayµ k N{lr Nlzlfol. yufuky lo gly A}lwµ fy. iacza}ufckoua k zk}yaofnlefek ek yk{y ﬆngay '6<<<,. ugfu ‗gacaykw{fny f}k dkok}fnn| xk}| g{}u m| yailfn z}kb{elik/ Ugly fuulu{ek ly znflon| t}aod0 mklod iglne}ko ah Dae. a{} m}augk}y foe ylyuk}y ea oau ekyk}xk elyi}lclofulao/ Lh fnn ugfu kwlyuy ly ugk ta}` ah Dae. tk yga{ne {oek}yufoe foe fiikzu ugkyk zkaznk fy y{ig/“ Gk {oek}yufoey gacaykw{fnlu| fy f yu}aod z}kykoik ah f hkcfnk a}lw fµ lo ugk mklod ah f cfnk mae| '6<<<2 9:,/

68

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

ugk lov{liky. a}lwµ fy. xae{oy foe ifmainay. tga lo ugk }knldlaoy ah Fh}lifo a}ldlo. f}k ugk z}lca}elfn ekhkoek}y ah ofu{}k ' F Uf}ek. 8 B{ok =::9,/

Tgfu tk ykk gk}k ly gat fo fyy{cke ‗logk}kou }kxk}koik ha} ugk ha}iky ah ofu{}k lo ifoeacmnµ k“ gfy mkko z}abkiuke ao ua f dnamfn iaoik}o ha} koxl}aockoufn lyy{ky/ Ugly }k#ifyulod ah a}lwµ fy fy koxl}aockoufn fiulxlyuy eaky oau iack a{u ah ugk mn{k/ Liaoli knkckouy ah ugk i{nu nkoe ugkcyknxky ua kianadlifn louk}z}kufulao2 ugk ta}yglzzlod ah u}kky0 ugk fyyailfulao ah kfig a}lw fµ tlug zf}uli{nf} ofu{}fn knkckouy y{ig fy ha}kyuy. tfuk}hfnny. ykfy. yua}cy foe ﬆ}k0 foe ugk tlekn| fiinflcke òatnkedk ah ofu{}fn ckelilok/ ‗Ayyflo“. L }kfe ao f tkmyluk. ly oau aon| ‗ugk a}lwµ f ah nkfxky. gk}my. xkdkufulao 68 foe na}e ah ckelilok“ m{u fnya ‗ugk zfu}ao ah kianad|“/ Foaugk} tkmyluk z}kykouy ugk i{nu fy fo kianadlifn caxkckou fxfou nf n kj uu}k. fy lu v{auky f Mfglfo z}lkyukyy tga ‗fy kf}n| fy 6<:=“ ha}c{nfuke ugk kianadlyu“y eliu{c ugfu ugk fm{yk ah ofu{}k tlnn fntf|y }kma{oe ao ugk fm{yk}2 Aok eaky oau uf`k f e}lke nkfh h}ac f u}kk lh lu lyo“u okikyyf}|0 ugfu“y nl`k `lnnlod f zk}yao/ Ta{ne fo|aok nl`k ua nayk fo f}c. fo k|k a} f haau1 Tg| zli` f ﬍atk} foe ug}at lu ftf|1 Ifoeacmn kµ ly nlxlod ofu{}k/ Ugk}k ifo mk oa ta}yglz ah ugk a}lw fµ tluga{u kf}ug. ha}kyu. }lxk}. y`|. nldguolod. µ 64 ug{oek}. tloe. ykf / / / Xlankoik uatf}ey ofu{}k ly xlankoik uatf}ey ugk a}lw f/

Fy lo ugk ifyk ah ugk df| fiulxlyuy. ugk}k f}k f o{cmk} ah tknn#òato louknnkiu{fny ua µ Fouaola µ yzknn a{u ugk nlo`y mkutkko kianad| foe ifoeacmn k/ ]lyµ k}la t}luky ugfu ugk µ ‗yfi}fnlyfulao ah ofu{}k“ ly aok ah ugk cflo ya{}iky ah gly hfyilofulao tlug ifoeacmn k. foe z}flyky ‗ugly iaycaxlylao lo tglig u}kky. nf`ky foe }lxk}y f}k {oek}yuaae fy yluky tgk}k ugk elxlok cfolhkyuy luyknh“ ']lyµ k}la.lo Z}kuua foe Yk}zf =::=2 <’6:,/ C{olr Yae}µ k. f nkfelod M}frlnlfo yiganf} ah ifoeacmnµ k tga mafyuy ekd}kky h}ac ugk Ya}maook. f}d{ky ugfu ifoeacmnµ k lo hfiu z}kikeke ugk koxl}aockoufnlyu caxkckou foe ifo ugk}kha}k mk iaoylek}ke f `loe ah z}aua#kianadlifn tf| ah mklod lo ugk ta}ne/ Gly kwzaylulao. f oaufmnk kwfcznk ah fo fuukczu ua cf`k ifoeacmnµ k z}kikek }fugk} ugfo hannat dnamfn u}koey. ck}luy kwukoylxk v{aufulao2 F naod ulck fda. lo f Mfglfo uk}}kl}a. L gfe f }felifn kianadlifn kwzk}lkoik/ Lu tfy ao f cletkk` fhuk}oaao. foe L uaa` yack ah c| h}lkoey ao f xlylu ua ugk iacza{oe ah ugk uk}}kl}a/ Fhuk} gfxlod xlyluke ugk ga{yky. fo ad˞ f 'f gaoa}lﬆi ulunk ha} ik}uflo ckcmk}y ah ugk i{nu, uaa` {y loua ugk taaey2 gk tfouke ua z}kykou aok ah {y tlug f i{uulod h}ac f u}kk/ Ugk}k. y{}}a{oeke m| xkdkufulao. fnn ah {y tluokyyke gat gk kcm}fike f u}{o` ’ ugk ane Fzfa` fµ ’ c{}c{}lod yack ta}ey foe fy`lod zk}clyylao h}ac ugk u}kk ua m}kf` ahh f utld/ L inkf}n| }kckcmk} ugly yikok. z}amfmn| mkif{yk luy ylcznlilu| yuaae lo y{ig ygf}z iaou}fyu tlug f elyia{}yk ugfu ly dflolod yu}kodug lo iaoukcza}f}| {}mfo yailku| 'tloolod kxko ykfuy lo zf}nlfckou, ’ ugk elyia{}yk ah kianad|/ Ugly cackou tfy oau f }k﬍kiulao ah ugk lekf ugfu loelxle{fny yga{ne kouk} loua f elfnad{k tlug ugkl} ofu{}fn y{}}a{oelody. oa} tfy lu iaookiuke tlug ugk nlmk}fn elyia{}yk ao ugk z}kyk}xfulao ah a{} ofu{}fn y{}}a{oelody2 lu tfy fma{u fiulod lo y{ig f tf| ugfu ugk ofu{}fn knkckou. ugk u}kk. u{}oy f zf}uok} ah cfo lo f znf| lo tglig iaycay foe ta}ne koia{ouk} kfig augk}/ Tgfu L ha{oe ugk}k tfy f }felifn kianadlifn zayu{}k ’ hf} }kcaxke h}ac ugk okazfougklyu fzayu}azgky ah zkulu#ma{}dkaly kianad| P fzµ ayu}ahky ˈ ’ mkif{yk lu tfyo“u ugk }ky{nu ah yack loelxle{fnlyu okazfoukµ Ķyufy ea kianadlyca zkv{koa#m{}d{kyS xan{ouf}lyc. m{u hannatke h}ac ugk iaycaxlylao ah f d}a{z lo tglig ugk m}augk}gaae ah cfo tlug znfouy. folcfny foe clok}fny ly fo kyykoulfn dlxko/ Ha} ugk mnfi` iacc{olu| Pa d}{za okd}aS. ugk uk}}lua}|. fy f ylodnk tgank. ly f zfu}lcao| ua mk }kyzkiuke foe z}kyk}xke/ 'Yae} kµ =::=2 684,

68 guuz2!!ttt/fd{fha}uk/iac!lnkfwkad{c!ayyflo/gucn. nfyu kouk}ke =: Ykzukcmk} =::5/ 64 guuz2!ttt/ckca}lfnealcld}fouk/yz/dax/m}!}kfnlrfe A}lwfy/gucn. nfyu kouk}ke =: Ykzukcmk} =::5/


64

Kxko ca}k louk}kyulod ly ugk kwfcznk ah foaugk} foug}azanadlyu. ]kdlofnea Z}foel. tga µ ifnnke Aolnµ nf{oigky ugk iack#mfi` ah f naod ha}dauuko a}lwf. k. Nfe| ah ugk Kf}ug2 Lo ugk z}kykou inlcfuk ah f ‗}ku{}o ua ugk ta}ne ah ofu{}k“ foe f iaoik}o tlug kianad|. fo a}lw fµ µ Nfe| ah ugk ugfu gfe mkko fncayu iacznkukn| ha}dauuko ly mklod d}fe{fnn| }kiaxk}ke/ Lu ly Aoln k. Kf}ug. ugk a}lwµ f tga }kz}kykouy a{} znfoku fy f ylodnk tgank. ugk ta}ne ugfu tk nlxk lo/ Ugk c|ug ah Aolnµ k ifo mk ha{oe lo xf}la{y zakcy ah ugk Lh µ f a}fink. yulnn fnlxk lo M}frln. lo ugk ckca}| ah ugayk tga gfxk mkko lolulfuke loua ifoeacmn kµ ha} ekifeky / / / Elyi}kukn| ta}yglzzke lo ugk ane uk}}kl}ay h}ac Mfglf foe lo Fh}lifolyke ifoeacmnµ ky. Caugk} Kf}ug }flyky ugk i{}laylu| foe louk}kyu ah ugk hannatk}y ah ugk a}lwµ fy. fmaxk fnn ugayk tga mknaod ua ugk ca}k louknnkiu{fn ykdckouy ah ugk }knldlao / / / Ha} cfo| hannatk}y ah ugk }knldlao ah ugk a}lwµ fy. louk}kyuke lo }kyua}lod ugk }knfulao a}lwµ f#ofu{}k. ugk i{nu ah Aoln kµ ug{y }kz}kykouy ugk iaoik}o tlug ugk z}kyk}xfulao ah g{cfolu| luyknh. foe fnn ugfu ly lo luy ta}ne/67

Gk}k uaa. tk cldgu iaoin{ek ugfu knkckouy h}ac ifoeacmnkµ nkoe ugkcyknxky }kfnn| tknn ua kczgfylylod ugk naifn lo ugk dnamfn iaoik}o ha} ugk koxl}aockou/ Foe gk}k uaa. L tfy iaoh}aouke tlug loyufoiky tgk}k ugkyk }k#}kfelody ah tgfu ifoeacmn kµ ly 'foe eaky, loha}c zkaznk“y fiulaoy/ F d}a{z ah h}lkoey tga tlygke ua zf}ulilzfuk lo ugk |kf}n| ahhk}lod ua ugk ykf daeekyy Lkcfob fµ cfek fo kianadlifn mfnfla. tglig ly ugk mfy`ku ugfu ly ﬆnnke tlug z}kykouy ha} ugk daeekyy foe ugko e}azzke loua ugk aikfo/ Ugly tfy oau |a{} }kd{nf} mfy`ku h{nn tlug ugk znfyuli iacmy. nlzyuli`y. eanny. ﬍atk}y. i{}nlod zloy foe zk}h{ck mauunky ugfu mkﬆu ugk xflo daeekyy. m{u f tgann| mlaekd}fefmnk mfnfla ﬆnnke tlug haae. }kfn ﬍atk}y foe zfzk} i{uulody/ L tfy fyy{}ke ugfu ugly kianadlifn mfnfla ta{ne ik}uflon| znkfyk ugk ykf daeekyy0 han`na}k gfy lu ugfu dlhuy ugfu }ku{}o ua ugk Mfglfo µ yackuglod ca}k nl`kn| ua gfzzko ua f znfyuli iacm a} yga}ky ia{ne oau znkfyk Lkcfob f. Mf}mlk eann ugfo ua a}dfoli cfuuk}/ Fy tlug ugk df| fiulxlyu }kfelody ah ifoeacmnµ k. ckcmk}y ah ugk z}lkyugaae ygat {z lo ugk il}i{luy tgk}k ugk }kz}kykoufulaofn kiaoac| gfy uf`ko ugk lukcy ah ugk ifoeacmn kµ y|cman mfo`/ Ha} loyufoik. z}lkyuy fzzkf} ao uknkxlylao lo f z}ad}fcck ifnnke Yf{ek Fnuk}ofulxf ' Fnuk}ofulxk Gkfnug,. foe ugk xleka z}ae{iulao ugfu kxk}| xlylua} ua ugk nluunk c{yk{c ao ugk iacza{oe ah Ln ˈ k Fwµ k Az ˈ a Fhaobµ f dkuy ua ykk 'koulunke Lyya kµ oayya {olxk}ya. kyyf kµ oayyf i}koi·f, ly aok koenkyy ykv{koik ah lcfdky ah ofu{}k 'taaey. µ f}k ua mk {oek}yuaae folcfny. u}kky.znfouy foe tfuk},0 ugk xalik#axk} kwznfloy ugfu a}lw fy ˈ fy ‗zgkoackof ah ofu{}k. ha}iky ah nlhk“ P‗ hkoackoay ef ofu{}krf. ha}i· fy xlufly“S/

µ l o m n fi ` Ifoeacmnk Ugk mnfi` kcfoilzfulao caxkckouy ly f ca}k amxla{y foe nadlifn kwfcznk ah f il}i{lu lo tglig ifoeacmnkµ dkuy u}foynfuke foe cfzzke ao ua ugk zanlulifn z}abkiuy ah augk}y/6< Baiµ knla Uknky eay Yfouay. lo gly }lig foe ekuflnke fiia{ou ah ugk z}ad}kyylxk koufodnkckou ah ifoeacmnµ k foe mnfi` kcfoilzfua}| zanluliy lo Mfglf. gfy ygato ugfu {ouln ugk ykiaoe gfnh ah ugk 6<4:y mnfi` caxkckouy fiu{fnn| ekcaoyu}fuke f yu}l`lod µ Cf}wlyu lekanad| }{nke ugk fiulxlyu elyia{}yky fu }kn{iufoik ua fzz}afig ifoeacmnk/ ugfu ulck foe z}azfdfuke fo {oek}yufoelod ah ifoeacmn kµ fy f ‗ykiu“ foe {nulcfukn|

67 Ukwu ha{oe fu ugk f{uga}“y tkmyluk2 guuz2!!ttt/h﬍ig/{yz/m}!yailanadlf!z}foel!. nfyu kouk}ke =: Ykzukcmk} =::5/ 6< Ha} ugk hfiu ugfu ugk}k ly oa ylodnk y{ig caxkckou. ykk Iaxlo 6<<8/

67

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

fnlkofulod loyulu{ulao. fnn ugk ca}k ya mkif{yk ah luy xkok}fulao ah Ifuganli yflouy foe nlo`y tlug ifuganli loyulu{ulaoy/ Ca}kaxk}. ugk tf| ifoeacmn kµ z}lkyuy foe z}lkyukyyky ya{dgu z}aukiulxk ulky tlug tgluk zatk} ganek}y tfy }kzkfuken| gkne fdfloyu ugkc 'Yfouay =:::2 6<=,/ M| ugk kf}n| 6<<:y. gatkxk}. ifoeacmnµ k gfe mkiack yackuglod ah f hkulyg. f i{nu{}fn }knli koeatke tlug ya c{ig z}kyuldk foe zatk} ugfu aok iacky {oek} ugk lcz}kyylao ugfu kxko ugk mnfi` caxkckouy ia{ne oa naodk} }kylyu luy yke{iulxk yzknny/ H}ac ugk 6<9:y. Mfglf“y 'tgluk, i{nu{}fn knluky gfe mkko iknkm}fulod ifoeacmn kµ fy ugk z}lck cf}`k} ah ugk Mfglfo i{nu{}fn gk}lufdk/ Hl}yu ifck f dkok}fulao ugfu loin{eke t}luk} Ba}dk Fcfea. yi{nzua} If}|m kµ foe yaod#t}luk} Ea}lxfnn If|ccl0 ugko ugk ia{ouk}i{nu{}k ah ugk U}azliµ fnlf caxkckou lo ugk nfuk 6<8:y 'E{oo =::6,/ H}ac ugk 6<4:y aotf}ey ugly iknkm}fulao ah ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo }knldla{y gk}lufdk }kiklxke ugk h{nn mfi`#{z ah ugk Mfglfo yufuk. fy ua{}lyc maacke foe Mfglf ya{dgu ua z}acauk luyknh ao ugk ua{}lyu cf}`ku fy fo ‗kwauli“ foe ‗c|yuk}la{y“ ganlef| ekyulofulao 'ih/ Zloua =::6,/ Lo feelulao. ugk ta}` ah Cligkn Fdlk} '=:::, ao u}felulaofn mnfi` if}olxfn a}dfolyfulaoy lo Yfnxfea} ygaty ugfu. zf}fnnkn ua ugly ekxknazckou. ifoeacmn kµ lcfdk}| tfy uf`ko {z lo ugkyk il}inky fy tknn/ ]felifnlyke m| oa}ug Fck}lifo kwfcznky ah mnfi` zatk} foe z}azfdfulod ugk mnfi`#ly#mkf{ulh{n ynadfoy ah ugk k}f. ugk| ya{dgu ua }kiaoyu}{iu ugk fkyugkuliy ah okd}lu{ek foe dna}lﬆke ugkl} Fh}lifo }aauy. ﬆoelod lo ifoeacmnµ k f }lig }kyk}xal} ah }lu{fny foe y|cmanli ha}cy/ Lo gly yu{e| ah ugk fhawµ ky lo Yfnxfea}. Fouaola ]lyµ k}la dlxky fo kwfcznk fy ua tgfu y{ig fzz}az}lfulaoy cf| gfxk naa`ke nl`k2 Uf`k ugk kwfcznk ah ugk fhawµ k Mfef{ ˈ k/ Caf Pnkfek} ah ugk fhawµ kyS ly h}fo`. fy gk yufuky }ldgu ftf| ugfu luy zf}ulilzfouy ea oau {oek}yufoe c{ig fma{u ifoeacmn kµ '‗tk òat b{yu f nluunk mlu“,/ ‗M{u tk f}k kfdk}. foe tk f}k i{}la{y“. gk yf|y. feelod. ‗m{u ugayk tga }kfnn| {oek}yufoe ea oau tfou ua ukfig {y“/ Mfef{ ˈ k gfy oa yzkilfn nlo` tlug f zf}uli{nf} ukcznk ah ifoeacmn k/ µ Okxk}ugknkyy. cfo| fekzuy foe kxko yack z}lkyukyyky ea cf}ig ugk yu}kkuy tlug ugk d}a{z. ha} kwfcznk Lfna}lw fµ Aclc Mflc/ ‗Lu ly ua zkaznk nl`k gk} ugfu tk hkkn iaookiuke“. Caf inf}lﬆky/ ‗Ugk| dlxk {y f nau ah zatk}“/ Mfef{ ˈ k fnya gfy f ‗cfe}logf“. f z}lkyukyy ifnnke Eaof Nlnl. h}ac ugk Kodkoga Xknga ek M}aufy elyu}liu/ Lu ly ygk tga eaky ugk }lu{fn ‗ta}`y“ mkha}k ugk d}a{z ykuy a{u ua cf}ig ugk yu}kkuy. foe }lu{fnn| z}kzf}ky ugk }kgkf}yfny. foe ya ao/ Mkha}k kxk}| }kgkf}yfn ah Mfef{ ˈ k fo ahhk}lod ua ugk daey ly cfek. ugk zfe ˈ k/ Lo feelulao. kxk}| ulck ugfu ugk}k ly f mld iknkm}fulao. ha} loyufoik f c{yli hkyulxfn. a} }ldgu mkha}k if}olxfn. ugk}k ly ugk cfufoi·f. ugk yfi}lﬆik ah folcfny/ Foe fnuga{dg ugk igfouy f}k oa naodk} uf`ko h}ac ugk }knldla{y }kzk}ual}k. ugk| fnn ’ fncayu tluga{u kwikzulao ’ ekfn µ 6<762 ;4’7,/ tlug ugk }knldlao. ugk a}lwµ fy foe luy yldoy foe y|cmany ']ly k}la

µ Tgfu ugkyk kwfcznky y{ddkyu ly ugfu. okwu ua ugk aii{nu zatk}y ha} tglig ifoeacmn kgfy fntf|y mkko òato 'foe hkf}ke,. ugk i{nu fii{c{nfuke ya c{ig z}kyuldk. iaclod h}ac cfo| elhhk}kou el}kiulaoy. ugfu lu mkifck f zatk}h{n liao lo luyknh/ Lu ykkcy }kfyaofmnk ua y{ddkyu ugfu ugk zanlulifn zaukoulfn ugfu ifoeacmn kµ gfe fiv{l}ke ia{ne oa naodk} mk okdfuke m| mnfi` fiulxlyuy. tga loekke yuf}uke ua {oek}uf`k fuukczuy ua inflc ugk i{nu fy f yackgat {ofnlkofmnk zf}u ah fo Fh}a#M}frlnlfo. }fugk} ugfo Mfglfo. gk}lufdk/ Ca}kaxk}. tgko nkfelod uk}}kl}ay lo Yfnxfea} z{mnlin| m}a`k tlug y|oi}kulyc lo a}ek} ua }kyua}k ugkl} ‗u}{k“ Fh}lifo }aauy 'tglig gfzzkoke tlug ugk z{mnlifulao ah f cfolhkyua lo 6<75,. f okt nkiu{}k ah ifoeacmnµ k fy f yluk ah Fh}lifo }kylyufoik lo f gayulnk koxl}aockou mkiacky xlylmnk/ ]lyµ k}la t}luky ugfu ‗lo M}frln. ifoeacmn kµ h{oiulaoke fy f `loe ah zkfikh{n foe yfi}ke V{lnacma. f ikou}k ah i{nu{}fn }kylyufoik foe ah ugk kugoli foe yailfn lekoulu| ˞ uaufn S“ ah mnfi`y. yfxlod ugkc h}ac uaufn nayy ah ugkl} Fh}lifookyy P ekyfh}lifolrfi·fa


6<

'6<762 79,/ Efxle Iaxlo }kza}uy ugfu lo ugk kf}n| 6<<:y. ugk Mfglfo#mfyke Caxlckoua Okd}a [olﬆifea loin{eke lo luy fiulao z}ad}fcck ugk flc ‗ua ta}` ha} h}kkeac ah i{nu{}k foe }knldlao ha} Fh}a#M}frlnlfoy“ m| }kyua}lod i{nu{}k z}ae{iulao ua ugk ‗i{nu{}fn foe }knldla{y yzfiky“ ah ugk mnfi` zaz{nfulao. foe ‗y|yukcfulifnn|“ ﬆdgulod luy iacck}ilfnlyfulao. han`na}lyfulao foe elyua}ulao/ '6<<82 57,/ Yfouay dlxky cfo| ca}k kwfcznky ah ugk }gkua}li ugfu oat ifck ua eaclofuk ugk mnfi` kcfoilzfua}| elyia{}yk2 Maug ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo zkaznk foe ugkl} }knldlao tk}k fntf|y xliulcy ah yk}la{y fuufi`y axk} ugk ikou{}lky m| ugk Ifuganli ig{}ig foe ’ kxk} ca}k xl}{nkou lo }kikou ulcky ’ m| ugk Z}aukyufou ig{}igky. tlug ugk ambkiulxk ’ tknn òato m| ugk mnfi` iacc{olu| ’ ah k}felifulod h}ac luy iaoyilkoik ugk kwzk}lkoik foe ugk yfi}ke ta}ne#xlkt Pah luy Fh}lifo zfyuS Plo Yfouay =:::2 48S/

Lcz}kyylaolyuli foe fnn uaa m}lkh fy lu cf| mk. ugly ekyi}lzulao fnnaty ha} ugk amyk}xfulao ugfu ugk fzz}awlcfulao ah ugk mnfi` caxkckouy foe ifoeacmn kµ ifck fma{u ug}a{dg ugk cfolhane foe iacznkw kwigfodky mkutkko xf}la{y il}i{luy/ Foe b{yu fy tk gfxk µ ugkyk ‗mnfi`“ }kfelody kouk} lo ykko tlug ugk ‗zlo`“ foe ‗d}kko“ }kfelody ah ifoeacmnk. il}i{nfulao foe caxk mfi` loua ugk ukcznky/ Lo ugk }gkua}li ah ugk nkfelod ukcznky lo Yfnxfea} ugfu y{zza}u ugk m}kf` tlug µ knkckouy ah f mnfi` y|oi}kulyc foe kcm}fik ugk }k#fh}lifolyfulao ah ifoeacmn k. kcfoilzfua}| elyia{}yk ifo ik}uflon| mk zalouke a{u/ Yack ah ugkyk ukcznky gfxk lolulfuke yailfn z}ad}fccky foe okldgma{}gaae yigaany flcke fu ugk kogfoikckou ˞ 'iaoyila{yokyy#}flylod, ah Fh}a# ah ugk f{ua#kyulcf 'yknh#ta}ug, foe iaoyilkoulrfi· fa M}frlnlfoy/ Baiµ knla Uknky eay Yfouay. gatkxk}. f}d{ky ugfu ugk ifoeacmn kµ z}lkyugaae gfy ik}uflon| oau feazuke ugk zanlulifn }gkua}li ah ugk mnfi` caxkckouy a} ly ‗}filfnlylod“ luy zanluliy xly# jf #xly yailku| fu nf}dk '=:::2 6=:,/ Lh fo|uglod. yf|y ugk f{uga}. ugk z}lkyugaae ykk`y ua ifzlufnlyk ao ugk zanlulifn y{zza}u foe nkdlulcfi| ugfu ugk z}abkiu ah mnfi` kcfoilzfulao gfy amufloke axk} ugk nfyu ekifeky/ Lu okxk} nayky yldgu. gatkxk}. ah ugk ﬆofn flc. tglig ly ugk h{}ugk} nkdlulcfulao foe }kloha}ikckou ah ugkl} }knldlao '=:::2 6<7,/ Fy ugk azkolod ah ugly f}ulink ygaty. ugk xkok}fmnk z}aike{}k ah kyufmnlyglod }knfulaoyglzy tlug zatk}#ganek}y 'cfo| ah ugkc tgluk, ua kogfoik zatk} foe z}kyuldk ly yulnn xk}| c{ig lo {yk/ Ugly cldgu mk uf`ko fy foaugk} yldo ugfu ugk}k f}k inkf} nlcluy ua fuukczuy m| ugk mnfi` caxkckou ua }kinflc ugk uk}}kl}a fy f yluk ugfu yackgat a}dfolifnn| mknaody ua ugkc/ Ugly ukoekoi| ah ugk z}lkyugaae ua kyufmnlyg nlo`y tlug. µ a} kxko fiiaccaefuk. tgluky fnya iacky ua ugk ha}k lo fo f}ulink ifnnke ‗F ia} ea fw k/ M}foiay k okd}ay oa ifoeacmnµ k ek Y ˞ fa Zf{na“. m| Xfdok} Daoi·fnxky ef Ylnxf foe ]luf Fcf}fn '6<<9,/ Ugk f{uga}y xlxlen| ekyi}lmk ugk `loe ah ukoylaoy ugfu cf| f}lyk e{k ua ugk ylc{nufoka{y fzzkf}foik ah f }filfnlyke zanlulifn elyia{}yk tluglo ugk ukcznk tfnny. foe fo loi}kfylod o{cmk} ah tgluky lo ukcznky foe ukcznk glk}f}iglky/ Lu ly f yacktgfu yfe yua}| fy. lo iao﬍liuy axk} zatk}. z}kyuldk foe z}lkyun| hfxa{}y. maug d}a{zy ifo mk ha{oe ua yu}kyy ugk xfn{k ah 'yuk}kau|zlifn, igf}fiuk}lyuliy fuu}lm{uke ua ugkc/ Ug{y. k. ugk cfdlifn#}knldla{y nlhk ha}ik ah mnfi` lolulfuky inflc ua gfxk ca}k fiikyy ua fwµ ifoeacmnµ k. foe dna}lh| ugkl} z}atkyy lo efoilod foe }g|ugc. tgk}kfy tgluk lolulfuky ifzlufnlrk ao ugkl} yailfn yufoelod. ke{ifulao foe kiaoacli zatk}/ Ao ugk ugkanadlifn nkxkn. ugk f{uga}y oaulik ugk kck}dkoik ah }k#louk}z}kufulaoy ah ifoeacmn kµ iaycanad| foe }lu{fn z}fiulik ugfu fiiaccaefuk. kwznflo a} b{yulh| ugk z}kykoik ah tgluky lo µ ’ zaz{nf}n| uga{dgu ifoeacmnµ k/ Ha} kwfcznk. lo ugk okt ugkanadlifn elyia{}yk. a}lw fy ah fy ‗mnfi`“ foe ‗Fh}lifo“ foug}azaca}zgli ﬆd{}ky ’ mkiack fmyu}fiu foe {olxk}yfn ‗kok}dlky“ 'Daoi·fnxky ef Ylnxf foe Fcf}fn 6<<92 6=:,/ Lo f ylclnf} hfyglao. f tgluk

=:

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

ifoeacmnµ k z}lkyu lo Yfnxfea} uane ck ugfu ugk a}lwµ fy f}k ya foilkou ugfu ugk| z}kikek ugk }filfn elxlylao ah g{cfo`loe/ Y{ig ekxknazckouy gfxk hf} h}ac i}|yufnnlyke. uga{dg/ Ugk ugkanadlifn elhﬆi{nulky f}lylod h}ac ugk fyikoefoi| ah tgluky lo ugk ukcznky. foe ugk }gkua}lifn fi}amfuliy ugly hfiu okikyylufuky. f}k tknn lnn{yu}fuke m| Cfk Yuknnf“y ta}ey lo fo lou}ae{iulao ua ugk nlhk#glyua}| ah f H}koig foug}azanadlyu. Dlyknk Iayyf}e. tga µ mkifck f z}lkyukyyah ifoeacmnkfoeazkoke{zfukcznklo]laekBfokl}a/Lofoamxla{y fuukczu ua fiiaccaefuk maug Iayyf}e foe ugk z}abkiu ah }k#fh}lifolylod ifoeacmn kµ C ˞ fk Yuknnf gldgnldguy ugkhfiu ugfu ugkfoug}azanadlyu!z}lkyukyy tfyf elznacfu“y ef{dguk} foe ma}o lo Ufodlk}y. Ca}aiia2 Dlyknk Iayyf}e. ugly H}koig dl}n. tfy ifnnke m| ugk a}lw fµ h}ac ml}ug ao. tglig ly y{}z}lylod. dlxko ugk hfiu ugfu ygk ly f K{}azkfo tacfo m| ml}ug foe ekyikou/ Cfo| augk} znfiky ia{ne gfxk yk}xke fy gk} i}fenk e{k ua ugk z}ahkyylao ah gk} hfugk}/ Gatkxk}. ygk tfy ma}o ao ugk xk}| ma}ek} ah K{}azk foe Fh}lif2 ygk yft ugk nldgu. ha} ugk ﬆ}yu ulck. lo Ca}aiia. f znfik tgk}k Fh}lifo i{nu{}k ly yu}aod foe fiulxk. ﬆ}yu foe ha}kcayu lo luy c{ylifn u}felulaoy/ Lu ly ugk}kha}k aon| ofu{}fn ugfu ugly ‗ h}foikyf fh}lifof“ tfy ifnnke ha} m| ugk yflouy lo ugkl} znkolu{ek 'C ˞ fk Yuknnf. lo Elao 6<<72 4,/

I a o i n { yl a o / Y i } l z u y f o e } a n k y L gfxk dlxko ug}kk kwfcznky ah ugk il}i{nfulao ah ifoeacmn kµ lcfdk}| ug}a{dg xf}la{y il}i{luy lo ugk z{mnli yzgk}k/ Lu ly oat ulck ua iaoin{ek tlug f elyi{yylao ah tgfu ly dfloke m| yu{e|lod ifoeacmnµ k fy f yku ah y|cmany foe z}fiuliky ao ugk caxk. }fugk} ugfo fo koinayke {olxk}yk lo Mfglfo yailku|/ Tgfu L gfxk f}d{ke ly ugfu tf| mk|aoe ugk ukcznky ah ifoeacmnkµ yi}lzuy f}k mklod t}luuko ha} 'fo lcfdloke, ifoeacmnµ k iacc{olu| ua zk}ha}c. foe ugfu ugk| f}k fma{u uazliy fy elxk}yk fy uank}foik ah df| nlhk yu|nky. mnfi` kcfoilzfulao a} kianadlifn iaoyila{yokyy/=: Ugk oaulao ah f iaoulo{a{y }k#yi}lzulod ah ugk i{nu }flyky uta ykuy ah v{kyulaoy ugfu okke ua mk fee}kyyke/ Ugk ﬆ}yu yku zk}ufloy ua ugk hfiu µ Ha} oau aon| ugfu ya cfo| elhhk}kou yi}lzut}luk}y ekxknazke fo louk}kyu lo ifoeacmn k/ df|y. kianadlyuy foe mnfi` fiulxlyuy gfxk zli`ke {z ifoeacmnkµ fy ugkl} ‗uglod“. m{u =: Ugly amyk}xfulao ly gldgn| }kclolyikou ah z}aikyyky ugfu gfxk mkko ekyi}lmke m| Mkfu}lik Daµ Ķy µ Efoufy lo gk} fiinflcke yu{e| Xaxa ofdaˈ k zfzfl m}foia/ [yay k fm{yay ef Fh}lif oa M}fyln '6<77,/ Ugk ‗yi}lzuy“ ugfu Efoufy fofn|yke tk}k t}luuko lo ugk 6<9:y foe 6<5:y m| tgluk louknnkiu{fny tga ˈ lo ugk gldgn| ya{dgu ua gldgnldgu ugk ‗z{}lu|“ foe ‗Fh}lifokyy“ ah aok zf}uli{nf} u}felulao ' ofda, gkuk}adkoka{y ifoeacmn kµ {olxk}yk/ Gk} }kykf}ig lo f uk}}kl}a lo Mfglf“y okldgma{}lod yufuk ah Yk}dlzk }kxkfnke ugfu. ua f d}kfu kwukou. ugkyk yi}lzuy gfe mkko zli`ke {z ua mk zk}ha}cke m| ugk i{nu ckcmk}y/ M| fofnad| tlug Efoufy“y ﬆoelody. tk cldgu yf| ugfu fu ugk mkdloolod ah ugk utkou|# µ Ugk Mfglfo foug}azanadlyu A}ekz ﬆ}yu ikou{}|. ugk}k ly f gayu ah yi}lzu t}luk}y ha} ifoeacmn k/ Yk}}f. lo f xkoaca{y. maa`#naod i}lulv{k ah Efoufy“y ta}`. fii{yke ugk f{uga} ah eko|lod fo| µ fdkoi| ua ugk ifoeacmn krkl}ay 'Yk}}f 6<<;,/ Tglnk fiòatnkedlod ugk louk}fiulaoy foe kwigfodky mkutkko Mfglfo louknnkiu{fny foe ugk ifoeacmn kµ z}lkyugaae. Yk}}f }kbkiuke ugk y{ddkyulao ugfu µ ifoeacmn krkl}ay tk}k lo﬍{koike m| louknnkiu{fny ua ugk kwukou ugfu Efoufy“ fofn|yly 'lo gly }kfelod ah ugk maa`, y{ddkyuke/ Gk yu}kyyke ugk f{ugkouli iaou}lm{ulaoy ah z}lkyuy foe mnfi` louknnkiu{fny ua ugk }kha}cfulaoy ah ugk i{nu. azkolod f elyi{yylao ugfu }kyaofuky tknn tlug ugk i{}}kou ekmfuky ao }fik lo M}frln. |ku tlnn oau kfyln| iack ua f iaoin{ylxk koe/ Yk}}f“y i}lulv{k ’ gatkxk} aok tlygky ua kxfn{fuk lu ’ eaky }kcloe {y ua fy` a{}yknxky gat ugk zanlulifn fdkoefy ah yack ifoeacmn kµ z}lkyuy cldgu ialoilek tlug ugayk ah ugk yi}lzuy#t}luk}y/


=6

hkclolyuy. z}ad}kyylxk Ifuganliy. nfma{} {olaolyuy. ua{}lyuy. f}ulyuy foe iaoyk}xfulxk zaz{nlyu zanlulilfoy f}k kv{fnn| m{y| }k#yi}lzulod ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo }knldla{y gk}lufdk. cf`lod y{}k ugfu ugkl} zf}uli{nf} lekanadlifn a{unaa`dkuy ugkyuf} zf}u/ Ugkxk}| elxk}ylu| ah ugk yi}lzut}luk}y y{ddkyuy ugfu fo kwznfofulao ah ifoeacmnµ k“y fzzkfn ifooau mk nlcluke ua ugk zf}uli{nf}lulky ah aok a} augk} il}i{lu/ Yackuglod lo ifoeacmnµ k u}foyikoey ugkyk elhhk}koiky. foe tk okke ua fy` tgfu ugly ‗yackuglod“ cldgu mk/ F ykiaoe yku ah v{kyulaoy }knfuky ua ugk hfiu ugfu ugk ifoeacmn kµ z}lkyugaae fiu{fnn| dkuy loxanxke lo ugk zk}ha}cfoik ah ugkyk yi}lzuy. mkddlod ugk v{kyulao tg| ugk| ta{ne ea ya/ µ fzzkfn ua ya cfo| elhhk}kou d}a{zy/ L y{ddkyu ugfu Nku ck yuf}u tlug ifoeacmn k“y ugk ifyk ah ifoeacmnµ k ly f inkf} kwfcznk ah ugk okt }anky ugfu gfxk mkko ekyldoke ha} ‗u}felulao“ lo ugk zayu#caek}o ta}ne/ Fy tk gfxk ykko. lo ugk }kz}kykoufulaofn kiaoac| ah Mfglf. ifoeacmnµ k gfy mkiack fo lelac ah ‗f{uaiguao|“ a} ‗mknaodlod“ lo f dnamfnlylod ta}ne/ Fy y{ig. lu z}axleky Mfglfo df|y. kianadlyuy. mnfi` fiulxlyuy foe augk}y tlug f xaifm{nf}| ugfu kofmnky ugkc ua cf`k ugk naifn dnamfn. foe ugk dnamfn naifn/ Ugly ly gf}en| f }kxan{ulaof}| }kykf}ig ﬆoelod/ L ea tfou ua yu}kyy. gatkxk}. ugk lcza}ufoik ah ugkyk naifn f}uli{nfulaoy ah dnamfn iaoik}oy/ Dnamfnlyfulao z}aikyyky ukoe ua m}lod fma{u hkknlody ah fnlkofulao/ Lo Yfnxfea}. ha} kwfcznk. feazulod ugk lekoulu|#nfmkn ‗df|“ lcznlky f yk}la{y }ly` ah mkiaclod f yu}fodk} lo aok“y yailfn foe i{nu{}fn ta}ne/ Zkaznk loi}kfylodn| uf`k ugfu }ly`. z}amfmn| mkif{yk fo fnuk}ofulxk df| yikok ly kck}dlod. ugfu z}aclyky f mknaodlod ua f dnamfn iacc{olu|/ Ugk}k ly oa eko|lod ugk fzzkfn ah y{ig f z}aclyk/ Ugly dnamfn iacc{olu| cf| ygat luy iaoua{}y fu df| mkfigky tgk}k df| ua{}lyuy clodnk tlug naifn d{|y foe kxko dkok}fuk luy ‗ykoulckouy ah mknaodlod“ lo oldgu ga{}y fu ugk elyiaugkv{k/ 'L xlxlen| }kifnn i}atey lo f natk}#infyy df| in{m ylodlod fnaod tlug Tgluok| Ga{yuao foe Iknlok Elao fu ugk uazy ah ugkl} xaliky. uga{dg oaok ah ugkc fiu{fnn| yza`k f ta}e ah Kodnlyg,/ Ao ugk tgank. gatkxk}. ugk ‗dnamfn df| iacc{olu|“ }kcfloy fo fmyu}fiu koulu| ugfu ha} cfo| ly a{u ah }kfig/ ]k#ekﬆolod ifoeacmn kµ fy f df|#h}lkoen| }knldlao cf| ahhk} f hfoufy| h}fck tluglo tglig aok cf| iaoxloik aokyknh 'foe augk}y, ugfu aok ly oau ‗azulod a{u“ ah Mfglf. m{u aok ly fiulod yv{f}kn| tluglo ugk iaoﬆoky ah Mflfolefek/ Nl`ktlyk. lu ly oauxk}| elhﬆi{nu ua lcfdlok gat f Mfglfo yiganf}. u}floke fu ugk Ya}maook lo Zf}ly. ﬆoey glcyknh yke{ike loua za}u}f|lod ifoeacmn kµ fy fo kianadlifn caxkckou fxfou#nf#n kj uu}k2 ugk dofyglod ah C{olr Yae}µ k. tgayk inflc ua louknnkiu{fn z}kyuldk '‗L“c f eaiua} h}ac ugk Ya}maook“, lcznlky fiòatnkedlod tkyuk}o y{zk}la}lu|. ly fncayu f{elmnk lo mkutkko ugk nloky ah ugk ukwu ugfu L gfxk v{auke fmaxk/ Ifoeacmnµ k gknzy glc ua ea yack ulck#b{ddnlod ’ tk Fh}lifoy gfxk mkko ealod ugly naod mkha}k lu mkifck f zkuu| ma{}dkaly hfyglao ’ foe gknzy glc a{u ah gly elnkccfy. uaa/ Fo fzz}flyfn ah tgfu ifoeacmn kµ ‗eaky“ lo ugk okt il}i{luy lo tglig lu fzzkf}y fnya gldgnldguy b{yu gat c{ig ifoeacmnµ k ly lo nlok tlug ugk }ank ah Ifuganli foe kxfodknlifn ig{}igky lo ugk zanlulifn ﬆkne fy lu z}axleky zanlulifn fiulxlu| tlug f }knldla{y h}fck/ L µ ha} mnkyylod ugk df| tfou ua yu}kyy ugfu ugk v{auke df| fiulxlyuy tga z}flyk ugk a}lw fy z}lek zf}fek a} zaoek} ugk zayylmlnlu| ah ha{oelod f }knldla{y df| i{nu. fy tknn fy ugk µ cldgu mk hf} ca}k yk}la{y foe hf} nkyy l}aoli ugfo mnfi` fiulxlyuy tga z}flyk ugk a}lw fy. f tkyuk}o }kfek} cldgu fyy{ck/ Yki{nf}lyfulao ugka}lky ’ tgfukxk} ugk| f}k ta}ug lo ugk tkyuk}o ta}ne ’ f}k ylczn| {yknkyy lo Mfglf. tgk}k aok fntf|y zk}ha}cy lo h}aou ah fo f{elkoik ah yflouy. yzl}luy foe daey/ F zanlulifn z}abkiu ugfu eaky oau. lo aok tf| a} ugk augk}. ekcaoyu}fuk luy fnnlfoik tlug ugk yflouy foe fexk}ulyk luy ufz#}aauy loua ugk yfi}ke. tlnn oau fee {z ua c{ig lo Mfglf 'gkoik ugk hfca{y z{mnli yufukckou ah Hk}ofoea Gko}lv{k If}eaya. ugk ha}ck} M}frlnlfo z}kylekou. ugfu gk iaoylek}ke

==

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

glcyknh ‗f If}ukylfo tlug f ua{ig ah xaaeaa“,/ Ugk z}kykoik ah ya cfo| zanlulilfoy fu ugk zacza{y ik}kcao| ugfu L ekyi}lmke fu ugk azkolod ah ugly f}ulink. fy tknn fy Dlnmk}ua Dln“y z{mnli iaohkyylao ugfu gly clolyuk}| ah Wfod ˈ a tfy ‗ah f yzl}lu{fn. foe ugk}kha}k ca}k lcza}ufou. nkxkn ugfo gly zaylulao lo M}fyµ Ķnlf“ f}k daae kwfcznky/ \ku ugk okikyylu| ah ekcaoyu}fulod aok“y iaookiulaoy tlug ugk yfi}ke fnya ygatke {z lo f ycfnn dkyu{}k m| [OKD]A=6 fiulxlyuy ugfu L aoik yft2 ugk| gfe a}dfolyke f z{mnli ekmfuk lo f caek}o {olxk}ylu| m{lnelod foe mkdfo ugk ykyylao m| z{mnlin| ekia}fulod ugk yuk}lnk nfclofuk ufmnk#uazy tlug nkfxky ah ugk Yfoykxk}lf. f znfou ugfu lo ifoeacmn kµ ly òato fy ugk Yta}e#ah#Ad{c foe ly koeatke tlug ugk zatk} ua igfyk ftf| kxln ha}iky/ B{yu m| z{uulod aok nkfh ao kfig ufmnk. ugk| cfofdke iacznkukn| ua u}foyha}c ugk h}fck ah ugk aiifylao/ F ugl}e zalou ugfu cldgu mk {ozfi`ke h}ac ugk elyi{yylao ly ugfu ifoeacmn kµ ifyuy zanlulifn z}abkiuy lo f h}fck ah ‗xliulcgaae“/ Ua azu ha} ifoeacmnµ k lcfdk}| ly ua loxa`k fnn `loey ah kcaulaoy fyyailfuke tlug ynfxk}|. zk}yki{ulao. glyua}lifn lob{yulik. ugk ekolfn ah f }ldgu ah kwlyukoik. ugk y{hhk}lod ah ugk tkf`. ugk zaa} foe ugk clyk}fmnk. tglig ugk glyua}| ah ifoeacmnµ k 'foe ah Fh}a#M}frlnlfoy lo dkok}fn, loia}za}fuky/ Fdfloyu ugly ifufnad{k ah u}fdkelky. gatkxk}. aok ifo fntf|y zalou ua ugk zk}ykxk}foik ah ugk Fh}a#M}frlnlfo hflug. fy tknn fy ugk z}lek foe yknh#kyukkc ah ugk ifoeacmn kµ iacc{olu| ugfu gfy cfofdke ua y{}xlxk fnn ugk gf}eyglzy ah luy glyua}|/ Ugk fzzkfn ah ugly h}fclod ha} ia{ouk}#caxkckouy ly kxlekou '‗ugkl} zk}yki{ulao ly a{} zk}yki{ulao. ugkl} y{hhk}lod ly a{} y{hhk}lod“,/ Ugk zaz{nlyu zanluliy ah ugk Mfglfo knluky. gatkxk}. f}k kv{fnn| tknn yk}xke m| ugk }gkua}lifn zayylmlnlulky ah xliulcgaae. mk lu lo }knfulao ua ykoulckouy }kdf}elod ugk hkek}fn yufuk '‗Tk Mfglfoy f}k fntf|y elyi}lclofuke fdfloyu m| ugayk ya{ugk}o yufuky“,. a} lo fuukczuy ua i}kfuk f zaz{nlyu lcfdk '‗\a{ cf| uglo` tk nlxk lo a{} daneko uatk}y. m{u tk òat ah ugk zkaznk“y y{hhk}lod uaa“,/ Fy ha} ugk v{kyulao ah tg| lu ly ugfu ugk z}lkyugaae gfy yuf}uke ua zk}ha}c ugk oaxkn yi}lzuy ugfu gfxk mkko t}luuko ha} ugkl} }knldla{y z}fiuliky. lu ly loyu}{iulxk ua da mfi` ua ugk azkolod ah ugly f}ulink/ Ugk azkolod ik}kcao| ygatke b{yu gat y{iikyyh{n yack ukcznky gfxk mkiack fu {zefulod foe a{uyu}kuiglod ugk ulck#gaoa{}ke zanluliy ah i}kfulod gaoa}f}| h{oiulaoy ha} lo﬍{koulfn a{uylek}y/ Tglnk z{mnlin| cflouflolod fo lcfdk ah ugk }knldlao ah ugk azz}kyyke '}kifnn ugk zk}lzgk}fn naifulao ah C ˞ fk Yuknnf“y ukcznk. foe Kck}yao yf|lod ugfu C ˞ fk Yuknnf tfy y{ig f ‗g{cmnk“ tacfo,. Ln ˈ k Fwµ k Az ˈ a Fhaobµ f. ugk ukcznk {oek} elyi{yylao. cfofdky ua camlnlyk fo lcz}kyylxk iannkiulao ah zatk}h{n ﬆd{}ky/ Lo ugly zf}uli{nf} ukcznk. ugk}k ly oau aon| fo ‗ad ˞ f#yglz“ ao ahhk} ua a{uylek}y ’ f h{oiulao ugfu eaky oau }kv{l}k f naod lolulfulao foe ‗}kiklxlod“ ah ugk yzl}luy ug}a{dg zayykyylao ’ m{u fnya f igfl} lo ugk ‗clolyu}| ah Wfod ˈ a“. fo loyulu{ulao ah utkou|#ha{} igfl} ganek}y ugfu tfy i}kfuke lo 6<94 tluglo ugly zf}uli{nf} uk}}kl}a tlug ugk zayylmnk z{}zayk 'foe ekﬆoluk khhkiu, ah fnnatlod kxk} ca}k lo﬍{koulfn a{uylek}yloua luy }fo`y/ Ugk gfoelod a{u ah ‗Wfod ˈ a ftf}ey“ ha} iknkm}lulky tga elyulod{lyg ugkcyknxky fy mkokhfiua}y ah ugk ifoeacmn kµ iacc{olu| e{}lod ugk ik}kcao| ugfu L gfxk ekyi}lmke cldgu mk ykko fy ugk okt ha}cfu lo tglig ugly u|zk ah zanluliy ly ifyu/ Uaef|. ugkyk zanluliy ykkc ua mk caulxfuke m| f o{cmk} ah iaoylek}fulaoy/ Hl}yu. ugk}k ly f ekkz iaoik}o axk} ugk maaclod ah oka#Zkoukiayufn ig{}igky ugfu iaoulo{a{yn| fuufi` ifoeacmnµ k. yf|lod lu ly oauglod nkyy ugfo ugk }kfnc ah ugk ekxln/ Lo Mfglf. f hkf} ah a{u}ldgu zk}yki{ulao gfy yacktgfu elclolygke oat ugfu ugk i{nu gfy mkko ahﬆilfnn|

=6 [ol ˞ fa ek Okd}ay zknf Nd{fnefek '[olao ah Mnfi`y ha} Kv{fnlu|,/


=9

foe nkdfnn| }kiadolyke fy aok ah ugk }knldlaoy lo ugk yufuk/ \ku ugk z}lkyugaae ly xk}| c{ig ftf}k ah ugk nkyy hfxa{}fmnk iaoelulaoy ah ifoeacmn kµ lo augk} yufuky y{ig fy Y ˞ fa Zf{na foe ]la ek Bfokl}a. tgk}k Zkoukiayufn ig{}igky ekcaolyk foe cf}dlofnlyk ugk i{nu. fy ah ane/ Ugk ifoeacmnµ k z}lkyugaae gfy ugk}kha}k f xkyuke louk}kyu lo cflouflolod µ b{yu fy f z{mnli elyznf| ah ugk ugk h}fclod ah Mfglf fy ‗ugk mnkyyke nfoe ah ugk a}lw fy“. nlo`y tlug gldgn| lo﬍{koulfn zanlulilfoy foe kyukkcke fifekcliy gknzy fdfloyu ugk ug}kfu ah oka#Zkoukiayufn ig{}igky/ Ugk tf| ugfu ugk iacc{olu| ah ifoeacmn kµ gfy }kikoun| mkd{o ua yu}kyy luy ekelifulao ua uank}foik Puank} ˈ foilfS c{yu fnya mk {oek}yuaae fdfloyu ugk ug}kfu ah ugk Zkoukiayufn ig{}igky. foe cldgu kwznflo ugk kfyk tlug tglig z}lkyuy zli` {z ‗nlmk}fn“ lyy{ky y{ig fy df| }ldguy. kianad| a} mnfi` kcfoilzfulao/ Ykiaoe. ugk i}kfulao ah ugkyk gaoa}f}| h{oiulaoy foe ugk z{mnli ekcaoyu}fulao ah ugk fnnlfoiky f ukcznk cfofdky ua camlnlyk yga{ne mk {oek}yuaae lo }knfulao ua ugk fuukczuy ah ugk z}lkyugaae ua kogfoik ugk }kyzkiufmlnlu| ah ugk i{nu xly# jf#xly f yailku| ugfu yulnn gfy f nau ah z}kb{elik fma{u ifoeacmnµ k '}kifnn Uaologa“y }kyk}xfulaoy uatf}ey z{mnlin| fooa{oilod gly mknaodlod ua f ukcznk,/ Ha} fnn ah luy z}kyuldk. lo ugk zaz{nf} cloe. ifoeacmnµ k ly kfyln| nlo`ke ua mnfi` cfdli. aii{nu ha}iky foe tluigi}fhu Pcfi{cmfS/ Ugk cflo ukcznky ykk` ua kyifzk h}ac ugkyk z}kb{eliky z}lcf}ln| m| feazulod ugk foug}azanadlifn elyuloiulao mkutkko }knldlao foe cfdli. foe zaylulaolod ugkl} mknlkhy lo ugk ha}ck} ifukda}| 'ih/ Cfdd| 6<780 Ifzaok =:::,/ Ugk| gfxk fnya nf{oigke f z{mnli#}knfulaoy ahhkoylxk ua fexfoik ugly {oek}yufoelod ah ifoeacmn kµ fy f }knldlao ’ foe ykkc ua mk v{luk y{iikyyh{n/ Fy L }kcf}`ke kf}nlk}. lu ly yu{oolod ua ykk gat ugk uta cflo oktyzfzk}y lo Mfglf ykkc ua mk {oek} f xk}| yu}liu 'yknh#, ikoya}yglz. fxalelod ugk `loe ah ykoyfulaofnlyu }kza}uy fma{u cfi{cmf ugfu aok ﬆoey knyktgk}k lo M}frln. fntf|y dalod a{u ah ugkl} tf| ua ke{ifuk ugk z{mnli tlug xk}| a}ugaeaw xlylaoy ah ifoeacmnµ k. foe }kz}ae{ilod ugk yankco foe yfi}ke ofu{}k ah Fh}a#M}frlnlfo }knldlao/ Ugfu ugk}k f}k nlcluy ua ugly znf|lod fnaod tlug ugk yi}lzuy ugfu gfxk mkko t}luuko knyktgk}k ly kxlekou/ Kyzkilfnn| lo ugk ﬆkne ah kouk}uflockou. ugk z}lkyugaae u}lky ua nlclu ugk {yk ah ifoeacmnkµ lcfdk}| ha} hkf} ah f ‗z}ahfofulao“ ah ugk i{nu/ Fy ugk azkolod oldgu ah ugk Ykcfof I{nu{}fn ef Gk}fof Fh}lifof of Mfglf lnn{yu}fuke ya tknn. ugk z}lkyuy h}ac ifoeacmnµ k ifo gf}en| mk ekyi}lmke fy z{uu| lo ugk gfoey ah augk}y2 ugk| µ t}lulod yi}lzuy ua mk f}k m{y| z}ae{ilod yikof}lay ha} f z{mnli ha}c ah ifoeacmn k. kofiuke m| zanlulilfoy. fiulxlyuy foe foug}azanadlyuy/ Ugk ca}k dkok}fn iaoin{ylao ugly f}ulink zk}cluy ’ foe L ef}k yf| ugly gfy }knkxfoik mk|aoe ugk yu{e| ah ifoeacmnµ k ’ ly ugfu ugk tknn#kyufmnlygke ifukda}lky tluglo tglig foug}azanadlyuy gfxk ya{dgu ua eknlokfuk ugkl} ambkiuy ah loxkyuldfulao f}k lo okke ah }kxlylao/ Ifoeacmnµ k ly zf}u ah f ta}ne lo tglig ugk ha}iky ah dnamfnlyfulao foe ugk cfyy ckelf azk}fuk2 L gfxk ygato ugfu ugk tfnny mkutkko ugk ukcznk foe yailku| fu nf}dk f}k gldgn| zk}ckfmnk. foe ugfu fu z}kykou ‗ugk tgank ta}ne“ ly loxanxke lo ugk cf`lod foe }k#cf`lod ah ifoeacmnµ k/ Lo y{ig f ta}ne. lu cf`ky nluunk ykoyk ua u}| ua iaouflo ifoeacmnµ k tluglo ugk ma{oeke foug}azanadlifn oaulao ah f ‗i{nu“/ C| z}azayfn ua yu{e| ifoeacmnµ k fy f y|cman mfo` lo Mfglf“y }kz}kykoufulaofn kiaoac| ha}iky aok ua mk ftf}k ah ugk c{nulznk iaookiulaoy mkutkko ugk i{nu foe ugk il}i{luy ug}a{dg tglig luy c|ugy. luy mknlkh#ukokuy. luy y|cmany. luy fkyugkuliy foe luy z}fiuliky il}i{nfuk/ Fmaxk fnn. lu {}dky aok ua mk fnk}u ua ugk u}foyha}cfulxk ta}` ah ugk elfnad{ky ugfu uf`k znfik ugfo`y ua ugkyk il}i{nfulaoy2 tgfu gfzzkoy tgko {oek}yufoelody zfyy ug}a{dg ugk koenkyy iacc{olifulxk igfloy ah z}lkyuy ufn`lod ua foug}azanadlyuy. ufn`lod ua df| fiulxlyuy. ufn`lod ua zanlulilfoy. ufn`lodua lolulfuky. ufn`lod

=5

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

ua ufn`#ygat gayuy. foe ya ao1 Y{ig f hai{y ao il}i{nfulao m}kf`y tlug z}la}lulylod ukcznky foe z}lkyuy fy ugk z}khk}}ke yluky foe kwkdkuky ah ugk i{nu/ Loyukfe. lu {}dky aok ua µ foe ugfu augk}y fofn|yk ugk hfiu ugfu yack zkaznk inflc ua }kz}kykou ugk }kfn ifoeacmn k. y{zza}u a} iaoukyu ugayk inflcy/ Lu {}dky aok ua loxkyuldfuk tgfu }kya{}iky zkaznk gfxk ua y{myufoulfuk ugkl} inflcy/ Lu {}dky aok ua zaoek} ugk v{kyulao ah tg| yack lcfdky ah ifoeacmnµ k ﬆoe y{zza}u. tglnk augk}y ugfu f}k kv{fnn| z}kykou mkiack amyi{}ke/ Loekke. lu {}dky aok ua iaoylek} ugk zayylmlnlu| ugfu ugk iaoulo{ke }kz}kykoufulao ah ifoeacmnµ k fy f inayke {olxk}yk ly zf}u ah fo louk}ofn zanlulifn yu}fukd| ugfu ykk`y ua ekfn tlug ugk zk}ckfmlnlu| ah ugk ukcznk tfnny/ Cfuulby xfo ek} Za}u ]kykf}ig Ikou}k ]knldlao foe Yailku| Ekzf}uckou ah Foug}azanad| [olxk}ylu| ah Fcyuk}efc AR Figuk}m{}dtfn 67; 6:6= E@ Fcyuk}efc Ugk Okugk}nfoey c/z/b/xfoekza}uJ{xf/on

]khk}koiky µ ˈ ku n“Fh}lv{k fj Mfglf/ Zf}ly2 Kelulaoy Fdlk}. Cligkn/ =:::/ Foug}azanadlk e{ if}ofxfn/ Nf xlnnk. nf h kuk Zf}kougkyky/ µ ]la ek Bfokl}a2 Zfnnfy/ Fcf}fn. ]luf/ =::=/ Wl} kˈ & A caea ek i}k} k ek xlxk} oa ifoeacmn k/ Fyfe. Ufnfn/ 6<<9/ Dkokfnadlky ah }knldlao/ Elyilznlok foe }kfyaoy ah zatk} lo Ig}lyulfolu| foe Lynfc/ Mfnulca}k2 Bago Gaz`loy [olxk}ylu| Z}kyy/ µ F{d}fy. Caolv{k/ 6<<7/ Ukoefoiky fiu{knnky ek nf }kigk}igk y{} nky i{nuky fh}a#m} kylnlkoy. lo Cf}lao µ F{m}µ kk 'ke/,. ]knldlaoy/ A}ugaeawlk. gkuk}aeawlk ku c|yulilyck2 74’6:;/ P Ifglk} e{ M} kyln Iaoukcza}flo 9;’8/S ˈ Y ˞ Mfyulek. ]adk}/ =::: P6<;7S/ A ifoeacmn kµ ef Mfglf/ ]lua Ofda/ fa Zf{na2 Kelua}f Yigtf}r/ ˞ k elhk}koify ek dˈ kok}ay/ Zayykyyfa kok}a kc uk}}kl}ay ek Ml}cfo. Zfu}lilf/ 6<<;/ Hfrk} kyulna. i}lfoea dˈ {cmfoef k ifoeacmn µ k oa ]la ek Bfokl}a/ ]la ek Bfokl}a2 Ke{K]B/ Ifzaok. Yukzgfolf/ =:::/ Nf v{ˈ kuk ek n“Fh}lv{k efoy nk ifoeacmn µ k/ Za{xal} ku u}felulao f{ M} µ kyln / Zf}ly2 @f}ugfnf/ µ ef Mfglf/ ]la ek Bfokl}a2 Ilxlnlrfi· ˞ If}okl}a. Keyao/ =::= P6<57S/ Ifoeacmn ky fa M}fylnkl}f/ Iaooa}. ]foe| Z/. foe Efxle G/ Yzf}`y/ =::5/ V{kk}lod i}kank yzl}lu{fn u}felulaoy/ Nkymlfo. df|. mlykw{fn foe u}foydkoek} zf}ulilzfulao lo Fh}lifo#loyzl}ke u}felulaoy lo ugk Fck}lify/ Mlodgfcuao2 Gf}}loduao Zf}` Z}kyy/ Iaxlo. Efxle/ 6<<8/ ‗Ugk }ank ah i{nu{}k lo M}frln“y {olﬆke mnfi` caxkckou/ Mfglf lo 6<<=“. Ba{}ofn ah Mnfi` Yu{elky =42 9<’;;/ µ Efoufy. Mkfu}lik Daly/ µ 6<77/ Xaxµ aofdaˈ k zfzfl m}foia/ [yay k fm{yay ef Fh}lif oa M}fyln / ]la ek Bfokl}a2 Kelua}f D}ffn/ Elao. Cligkn/ 6<<7/ Acloef}ktf/ [cf h}foikyf oa ifoeacmn µ k/ F m{yif ek {cf a{u}f xk}efek/ ]la ek Bfokl}a2 Zfnnfy/ E{oo. Ig}lyuazgk}/ =::6/ M}{ufnlu| df}eko/ U}azliµ fnlf foe ugk kck}dkoik ah f M}frlnlfo ia{ouk}i{nu{}k/ Igfzkn Glnn2 [olxk}ylu| ah Oa}ug If}anlof Z}kyy/ ˈ xk}/ Lekoulefek k zan Ķulif µ H}|. Zkuk}/ 6<7=/ Zf}f lodn ky of i{nu{}f m}fylnkl}f/ ]la ek Bfokl}a2 Rfgf} Kelua}ky/ Gfclnuao. ]{yyknn D/ 6<84/ ‗Fh}a#M}frlnlfo i{nuy lo ugk oaxkny ah Ba}dk Fcfea“. Glyzfolf ;:2 =5=’ ;=/ Bagoyao. Zf{n/ =::=/ Yki}kuy. dayylz foe daey/ Ugk u}foyha}cfulao ah M}frlnlfo ifoeacmn µ k/ Awha}e2 Awha}e [olxk}ylu| Z}kyy/ @kfok. Tkmm/ =::=/ ‗Yloik}lu|. „caek}olu|– foe ugk Z}aukyufouy“. I{nu{}fn Foug}azanad| 642 8;’<=/ 3


=;

Nfoeky. ]{ug/ 6<54/ Ugk ilu| ah tacko/ Okt \a}`2 CfiClnnfo/ Nlzlfol. Bayµ k N{lr/ 6<<
=8

CFUULBY XFO EK ZA]U

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