LA QUENA
Introducción: Intr oducción: La Quena es el instrumento de viento más antiguo que el hombre ha concebido en tiempos de la prehistoria. Según la clasificaci clasificación ón de instrument instrumentos os universales universales realizada realizada por Sachs y Hornbostel las Quenas son flautas sin canal de insuflación, longitudinales, aisladas, abiertas y de medio tapadillo, con agueros y muesca, que se encuentran principalmente en !erú. "l material ideal para la construcción de la Quena es la ca#a. !ero igualmente se pueden encontrar Quenas hechas de calabaza, de hueso de llama o de pel$cano, de metal, de madera, de arcilla, de piedra, de plástico e incluso de tibia humana. Quiero animar a todo el que se adentre en el estudio de la Quena, a que sepa traspasar el umbral que se nos vetó hace muchos a#os ya. % que sepa volver a las cosas sencillas, a la tierra. Que entienda que entre las manos no va a tener más que a s$ mismo, lo cual no es poco, y cuya puerta que comunique con nuestro interior en forma de Quena adquiera adqu iera por lo tanto carácter mágico.
"n ciertos lugares aún v$rgenes de la tierra, donde el hombre es un elemento más insertado en el microcosmos, en sus horas de descanso, tras la caza de monos, armadillos o tigrillos, o tras la cosecha de yuca, toman su Quena y con ella suenan con el viento. !ara fabricarse las Quenas usan todo tipo de ca#as, maderas, huesos de páaros, monos, cangreos, tigres y según el uso que vayan a darle, les ponen sus nombres, habiendo Quenas para uso nocturno, uso diurno, descanso, ensayos, fiestas, tristezas, entierros, luchas... "s un hecho cierto que principalmente es usada por hombres, pero debido a lo patriarcal de estas sociedades es &normal& que sea as$, y no se descarta su uso se'ual, como reclamo o advertencia de disponibilidad. %ll$ todav$a la sencillez del mundo no ha sido enturbiada por cables y botones. !or eso la Quena no puede ser diferentes, no tiene necesidad de &evolucionar&, de complicar con llaves su t(cnica, ella ya ha llegado al limite de s$ misma, que por cierto está muy por encima de otros instrumentos. "l que no entienda entienda (sto no podrá disfrutar al má'imo má'imo de ella y de s$ mismo, mismo, ya que es &viento hecho sonido, el alma que se escapa por sus orificios&. !or lo tanto animo a que tomen &el testigo& otros y sigan investigando y profundizando sobre el tema.
Historia de la Quena e ncontrar Quenas En el mundo: )ebido al origen asiático de los pueblos americanos no nos e'tra#a de encontrar como las que se han cultivado en *apón y en +hina. "l S%-%+/ apon(s, -%L/L medio0 oriental y %L% de los antiguos griegos y romanos son los eemplos más destacados.
En la región Andina: +abe destacar el conocimiento y desarrollo importante del chanfle aplicado a un tubo en su parte alta o en un lado de (ste, es decir con soplo directo o indirecto, por los artesanos andinos. "l desarrollo europeo se ha truncado en el primer caso y sólo ha sabido desarrollar el segundo. Sin e mbargo estos artesanos andinos demostraron su mayor nivel musical respecto de los artesanos europeos en (p oca
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colonial. "s de sobra conocido por las narraciones de los primeros cronistas espa#oles, el asombro de los europeos que entraban en contacto con tacto con las diversas e'presiones andinas, ante la perfección perfecc ión alcanzada por los indios del &!irú&, en la construcción y ta#er$a de flautas.
En la sociedad actual: La Quena es sin duda al instrumento de viento más importante dentro de la música fol1lórica andina. "n la actualidad la Quena se utiliza u tiliza en tres sectores determinados. "l primero y el más antiguo es como flauta social, utilizada en fiestas con bandas de flautistas, en actos religiosos o mágicos, y en el trabao diario para el cuidado de los reba#os. "n el segundo la Quena es utilizada como flauta solista o de acompa#amiento en grupos g rupos criollos o en bandas el(ctricas, y tambi(n en orquestas sinfónicas. "2 ultimo sector es tan personal que se limita a las mismas personas como solistas por entretenimiento. %l má'imo se dan orquestinas de cámara pero siguen siendo a nivel puro de aficionados. 3 es que el
solo se puede entender al
gozo que siente el músico cuando toca la quena
tocarla uno mismo. . Descripción Descripción de la Quena Clases de Quena: Las Quenas reciben distintos nombres según su tamaño y tonalidad. Encontramos así Quenas que van desde los 15 cms. hasta las que alcanzan los 12 cms . !egún "sto los nombres que reciben son # shilo $ pingollo$ 1enali$ la4ata$ mahala$ quena$ pin1illo$ chayna, qquenacho$ choquela$ 1ena pusi$ mama quena$ clarin$ 1ena1ena$ phusipia$ phala4ata$ flauta chaqallo$ ph5alaata$ puli puli$ pusippiataica$ san borga quena$ flauta de sandia$ mollo$ hila4ata$ pin15ollo$ machu quena$ etc... %or su mayor divulgaci&n$ en toda %m(rica latina$ la Quena de '( a ') cm.$ y que *or lo tanto tiene el tono de Sol mayor relativo de 6i menor$ es la m+s im*ortante. , "sto es *robablemente debido a la in-luencia que los instrumentos de cuerda han eercido sobre las -lautas andinas$ ya que como se *uede notar en estos días$ es el tono *re-erentemente utilizado en la música criolla. /ay otra Quena que es un *oco m+s grande y que se suele llamar 0Quena en Sol0$ *ara di-erenciarla de la Quena en La$ que arriba he descrito. , es que el tono de la Quena lo da la nota m+s grave que "sta *roduce$ *ero en estas dos Quenas el nombre les viene de la digitaci&n tradicional que *oseen$ y que veremos m+s adelante.
Nombre y tono de la Quena:
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se *ueden citar untos$ *or eem*lo # Quena en La de tono Sol mayor.
3e esta manera no habr+ ninguna con-usi&n.
Escala de la Quena: !iendo el tono de Sol mayor tendremos las notas siguientes # S7L L% S/ )7 9" 6/ :%;
/ay que decir que los grados que se*aran las notas a lo largo de toda la escala se re-lean en las Quenas de -orma *arecida generalmente. 4sí que es *osible imaginar que se est+ tocando una Quena en La$ cuando *or eem*lo se toque una en a sostenido$ ya que lo único que varía es la altura de las notas$ habi"ndose des*lazado el conunto en una misma medida$ -acilitando de "sta -orma la lectura de las laves del *entagrama.
Los grados de nota a nota quedan re-leados en los ori-icios de la Quena$ que bao un modelo gen"rico y variando las dimensiones globales$ cambian así mismo el tono. omo *odemos observar este ti*o de construcci&n *uede su*onerse marcado *or los c+nones de la música euro*ea.
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Orificio de afinado, llamado SONDO!: 3e los seis agueros visibles en la *arte delantera de la Quena$ el m+s bao se llama S78%)79 . !i la Quena modelo en un *rinci*io est+ destinada$ con este número y dis*osici&n de los ori-icios a *roducir siete notas$ hubieran bastado con seis de ellos y haber hecho la -lauta un *oco m+s corta. Esta Quena es llamada Quena india.
7iendo el esquema$ se *uede dar la e6*licaci&n de que la -inalidad de este aguerito es el recti-icado y a-inado -inal de la Quena. En "sto in-luyen ciertos -actores que e6*licaremos m+s adelante. 4 *esar de todo este ori-icio nos da$ de esta manera$ *osibilidades mayores que si no lo tuvi"ramos$ y la m+s clara$ que nos enriquece la escala con un !ol grave$ en "ste caso la nota m+s baa de la Quena y que a su vez da la tonalidad de la -lauta.
"a embocadura de la Quena: La embocadura de la Quena es la que caracteriza este instrumento. /asta ahora se sigue llamando 0embocadura *recolombina0$ *uesto que las embocaduras de las -lautas rectas euro*eas di-ieren de "sta *or tener canal de insu-laci&n$ llam+ndose *or ende -lautas de *ico. !in embargo estudios *ro-undos han hallado -lautas *recortesianas con embocadura de *ico$ lo que e6*lica que la construcci&n de las Quenas y tambi"n de las 7carinas *recolombinas tuvieran otro ti*o de embocadura$ no *or ignorancia del canal de insu-laci&n sino como modelos di-erentes *ensados *ara otra t"cnica de so*lo. Lo que m+s e6traña al *ro-ano en estas -lautas$ es la -alta de toda construcci&n es*ecial *ara la emisi&n del sonido. La -lauta met+lica
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El chanfle de la Quena: E6isten varios ti*os de chan-le$ *ero aquí designaremos los m+s im*ortantes # los llamados en =$ en +$ en y el recto. omo se *uede ver tambi"n aquí la e6*erimentaci&n ha hecho que el corte vaya abri"ndose hasta no tener ya ninguna curva.
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El chanfle en + es$ en mi o*ini&n$ unto con el chanfle en $ el m+s *er-ecto ya que reúne todas las condiciones *ara el ti*o de sonido ideal que tiene nuestra conce*ci&n de Quena # *otente y dulce. du lce. 4unque hay que matizar que en la música aut&ctona "sto no tiene ningún valor$ ado*t+ndose el chanfle recto$ que res*onde a valores est"ticos *ro*ios.
El chanfle en = es m+s *otente que "stos y *or ello necesita m+s *otencia de so*lo. ;ambi"n el sonido es m+s chill&n y se alea del algodonamiento del chanfle en que redondea las notas. El chanfle recto es muy usado en el altiplano y aunque se hi*otetiz& err&neamente su origen en la co*ia de -lautas euro*eas$ hoy y gracias a hallazgos arqueol&gicos$ su origen se *ierde en la antig
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Salida inferior de la Quena: La *arte in-erior de la Quena$ usto *or donde acaba$ suele ser cortada en el nudo de la caña$ *or "sto *resenta un engrosamiento de la misma$ si no est+ limada. El aguero de salida es una *er-oraci&n del nudo. /ay constructores que tratan una caña a todo lo largo$ desde el comienzo hasta el -inal de ella$ sin que "sta tenga nudo$ y en sustituci&n de "ste colocan un disco de madera o de otro nudo de caña. Esto les *ermite utilizar cañas casi *er-ectas sin que el nudo in-luya en las mismas$ con un cilindro *er-ecto a su vez en toda su e6tensi&n. La salida del nudo o ta*&n$ con aguerito es llamada S"6/<%!%)/LL7$ e6istiendo tambi"n multitud de Quenas que carecen de "l$ siendo la salida com*letamente abierta$ y *or lo tanto el tubo m+s largo.
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utilizar cañas donde la distancia $ de entrenudos es demasiado corta. Los tubos suelen ser de tres clases# gordos$ medianos y -inos. 3ir" que cuando la Quena es gorda$ m+s *otentes son las notas graves y menos las agudas$ y cuando es -ina$ m+s *otentes son las notas agudas y menos las graves$ lo que no quiere decir que la Quena ideal sea la mediana$ *ero tam*oco a-irmo lo contrario. Que una Quena sea *otente en todas sus escalas de*ende de otros -actores que los constructores guardan celosamente.
%ara -inalizar la descri*ci&n del tubo dir" que "stos *ueden ser rectos horizontalmente y curvos hacia la derecha o izquierda$ igual que *ueden ser curvos hacia abao o arriba y rectos direccionalmente. Las combinaciones que se *ueden hacer son =2 y si a "sto añado que la curva *uede *roducirse en un sector determinado de la caña$ se multi*lican ulteriormente. En los dibuos se han e6agerado la curvas *ara dar una
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"os a#u$eros de la Quena: Los siete agueros destinados *ara los dedos varían de tamaño y de distancia entre ellos en las Quenas de los constructores modernos. !in embargo las Quenas antiguas mantienen unas distancias iguales$ lo mismo que la dimensiones de los ori-icios$ no *or ignorancia musical$ sino *or una conce*ci&n c&smica$ que sigue unas medidas m+gicas que nos cuesta com*render. La *rogresi&n sim"trica de los agueros en las -lautas de *ico euro*eas no se re-lea en las -lautas andinas y en
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El material: E6isten di-erentes ti*os de cañas que se utilizan *ara la construcci&n de las Quenas. %odría di-erenciarlas en cañas americanas$ euro*eas y asi+ticas. 3e todo modos el *arecido entre ellas es grande$ aunque las de meor calidad sean las americanas y las asi+ticas 8sic.9. Lo *rinci*al es que la caña sea ideal *ara el modelo que nos hayamos *ro*uesto realizar.
Corte de la ca%a: ?n vez que hemos elegido la caña y que adem+s "sta tiene las curvas deseadas$ se *rocede al corte$ recto o anat&mico según los gustos de cada uno. %ara saber la longitud e6acta de la Quena se calcula en base a la siguiente -&rmula#
Siendo> L @ longitud del tubo = @ velocidad del sonido a @ vibraciones de la nota e6*resadas en /z. 8con el sonador desta*ado9
Construcción de la
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Los bordes verticales$ así como la curva de la boquilla van a-inados con la lima$ *ara o-recer la mínima resistencia al aire.
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de la -ibra vegetal tam*oco o-rezcan resistencia al aire.
La limadura interior es m+s *ro-unda que la e6terior y se suele hacer de dos maneras una corta y otra larga$ a gusto del constructor. /ay que decir que la *ro-undidad de esta limadura de*ende es*ecialmente del ti*o de chanfle elegido$ *orque la ubicaci&n de "ste varía según el modelo.
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Horadación de los a#u$eros: %ara la ubicaci&n e6acta de los ori-icios de la Quena se recurre desde tiem*os ancestrales a 0trucos0 muy ingeniosos. ?no de ellos consiste en introducir la Quena semi acabada$ o sea con el chanfle y el aguero in-erior ya acabado$ en un líquido$ *osiblemente agua$ y so*lar en ella *ara luego vali"ndose de una tabla com*arativa$ trazar una rayita en la su*er-icie de la caña donde el nivel del líquido marque el lugar a*ro6imado. La tabla com*arativa que doy aquí$ muestra en la *rimera columna los ori-icios que al ser desta*ados *roducen la nota de la segunda columna. En la tercera columna viene dada la nota que al introducir la Quena en el agua verticalmente *roducir+ cuando el nivel del liquido raye a*ro6imadamente la *arte su*erior del ori-icio hi*ot"tico. omo a*reciar+n hay una distancia de un tono entre las notas.
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*ara re*roducir otras tantas imitaciones de la *rimera. %ara % ara obtener dicha Quena maestra se nos *lantea el mismo *roblema$ *ero no hay que olvidar la habilidad de los artesanos rurales y el -actor selectivo. 3e todas -ormas la manera m+s l&gica sigue siendo la em*írica *ues cada *ersona so*la de una -orma y *or lo tanto distorsiona el sonido originalmente *ensado en base a la *ro*ia intensidad e inclinaci&n del so*lo del constructor. Lo meor sería *or lo tanto una Quena a 0medida0$ *ero tambi"n hay que saber dominar una Quena cualquiera ya que si "sto no se consigue$ sim*lemente es *or -alta de *r+ctica. /ay que su*oner que si una Quena est+ bien construida debe de ser maneable *or todos. El c+lculo matem+tico de la ubicaci&n e6acta.$ a *arte de ser bien com*licado carece de sentido visto lo anterior$ *ues C qu" -actores determinan la *ro*ia *ersonalidad de cada músico *ara que dicho c+lculo sea e6acto D. Lo meor en todo caso es dis*oner de un buen número de Quenas donde elegir una que$ aunque no sea la *ro*ia ideal 8 ya que es muy di-ícil dar con ella 9 se a*ro6ime a ella. En la horadaci&n de los agueros hay que seguir la siguiente regla # abrir y acabar cada uno de los agueros *or se*arado y desde el m+s bao$ *ara arriba. La altura del sonido es determinada *or la distancia del chanfle al ori-icio y *or el esca*e de aire o su*er-icie abierta del mismo y de los restantes 8si los hay9 in-eriores. Es *or esto que no se debe a-inar antes un ori-icio de arriba que otro de abao$ sino todo lo contrario. El *rimero ser+ *or lo tanto el e6tremo distal al -inal del tubo y *or debao de la base de "ste$ que la mayoría de las veces coincide con el nudo y que es llamado 0semitapadillo0. Luego viene el sonador$ y detr+s todos los otros *ara acabar en el *osterior que comúnmente ta*ar+ el *ulgar izquierdo en el maneo de la Quena. En las Quenas de uso *o*ular el sonador no se ta*a *or lo tanto hay que entender su im*ortancia *or encima del ori-icio del semitapadillo$ *ues el sonador es el que se usa *ara a-inar el tono de la -lauta$ y no el de abao. !in embargo ya que yo sí recomiendo el 0uso0 del Sol grave$ el *a*el del 0sonador0 lo asume entonces el semitapadillo$ y *or ende debe ser a-inado. En el +mbito rural como he dicho "ste no se a-ina y se dan dos ti*os *rinci*ales$ uno com*letamente abierto$
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!i tenemos en cuenta que se han establecido unos di+metros ideales *ara cada nota$ lo di-ícil en "ste caso es situar el centro del círculo del aguero. %or eso se *odr+ observar un leve retocado -inal al ori-icio$ elevando su *arte su*erior con limat&n$ -resa o hierro incandescente. incand escente. 4sí que todo constructor *recavido har+ los agueros m+s *equeños *ara *oder luego corregir su entonaci&n. !i un ori-icio se hiciera m+s arriba de lo debido y su tamaño diera la nota ligeramente sostenida$ no hay otra -orma de arreglarlo que *egando un trozo de caña$ cola$ em*laste$ etc.$ en su *arte su*erior$ *ara rebaarlo así de su ubicaci&n.
/ay que *rocurar *or todos los medios no llegar a esta situaci&n. 7isto que la -inalidad del di+metro consiste en dear salir el aire usto *ara que de esa manera el instrumento vibre al m+6imo doy los di+metros a*ro6imados como guía de la Quena mediana G gorda.
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La dis*osici&n de los agueros en la Quena$ como he dicho$ se va encuadrando últimamente dentro de un *atr&n que se alea de la igualdad interdistal tradicional$ caracteriz+ndose *or un notable acercamiento del tercero al segundo. 3icho ori-icio es el que desta*ado *roduce la nota )o$ lo cual me hace su*oner que la llamada 0digitación argentina0 sea m+s antigua$ *ues "sta conserva el aguero situado m+s alto$ dando el )o ligeramente sostenido. Btra notable característica innovadora es la dis*osici&n del sonador. En la Quena tradicional todos los ori-icios siguen una verticalidad con los e6tremos distales$ mientras que en la Quena moderna el sonador es desviado normalmente hacia la derecha$ visto desde arriba$ o hacia la zquierda visto de -rente. Esto va íntimamente ligado a la digitaci&n$ *ues al ser usado$ su *osici&n es tenida en cuenta y sobre todo *orque en ciertas digitaciones modernas la mano derecha ta*a cuatro agueros tocando al sonador el dedo meñique$ que es m+s corto$ y *or ello se -acilita su labor acerc+ndole el aguero. uriosamente "sta es una digitaci&n muy tradicional$ *ues al no necesitar ta*ar el sonador$ no e6iste la necesidad de usar el meñique y entonces la mano derecha usa s&lo tres dedos sin ser 0-orzada0.
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Estos *untos suelen ser -iados estrechamente mediante ataduras hechas con tendones$ cuerdas o hilo de nylon. 4l *arecer la -inalidad *rinci*al es la de *roteger la caña de los cambios de tem*eratura y humedad$ que hacen que las -ibras vegetales se dilatan y contraen. %or otro lado 1a constante humedad a la cual es sometida la Quena es *rotegida *or el *osible resquebraamiento de la caña$ con dichas ataduras. %ara ello adem+s en ciertos lugares *intan la su*er-icie entre la atadura su*erior y su e6tremo$ con laca de uñas generalmente$ con lo cual se *rotege ulteriormente esta zona que es la m+s a-ectada *or la humedad. ;ambi"n toda la Quena es sumergida en aceite 8de linaza9 *ara aislarla *or com*leto. En teoría si la Quena no est+ hecha de un material -ibroso y *oroso como la caña o la madera *odría *rescindir de las tres ataduras antes mencionadas$ *ero aquí entran en liza los *artidarios de este sistema$ ya que al *arecer en estos *untos se *roducen vientres de oscilaci&n *or la vibraci&n de la columna de aire$ y *or ende se ven *otenciados con esta t"cnica es*ecial.
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. Di#itación Di#itación y '(cnica de la Quena 'ipos de di#itaciones, en la Quena:
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K a*oyo de la Quena contra la barbilla K a*oyo del anular de la mano izquierda entre el cuarto y quinto aguero K a*oyo del *ulgar de la mano derecha a*ro6imadamente debao del cuarto aguero K a*oyo del meñique de la mano derecha a*ro6imadamente a la altura del sonador En la segunda digitaci&n los cuatro *rinci*ales *untos de a*oyo o suecci&n son # K a*oyo de la Quena contra la barbilla K a*oyo del meñique de la mano izquierda$ a*ro6imadamente entre el tercer y el cuarto aguero K a*oyo del *ulgar de la mano derecha a*ro6imadamente debao del segundo y tercer aguero$ m+s *r&6imo al *rimero de los dos K a*oyo del meñique de la mano derecha a*ro6imadamente entre el sonador y el ori-icio de salida de la Quena
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una nota en un tubo abierto se *roduce desde la entrada hasta la *rimera salida que encuentra$ que des*u"s de "sta el tubo vuelva a ser cerrado in-luye en baa medida$ *orque el aire que *asa a trav"s de "1 es mucho menor$ ya que el resto del total que se había emitido$ se ha esca*ado *or el aguero de la nota que se quiere alterar. %ara los que quieran utilizar estas *osturas com*letas de las alteraciones$ doy las *osibles hasta el :% de la segunda escala$ ya que des*u"s de "sta nota$ sí se utilizan *osturas com*letas que no requieren la utilizaci&n de los medios agueros.
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%or las razones que ya he e6*licado las *osturas que se utilizan generalmente *ara las alteraciones de las notas$ consisten sim*lemente en ta*ar medio aguero$ con lo cual se consigue dicha alteraci&n$ con m+s *otencia y lim*ieza. /ay dos maneras generales de ta*ar a medias los agueros$ la *rimera consiste en ta*ar el aguero lateralmente$ mientras que la segunda lo ta*a en la *arte su*erior o in-erior. 4 su vez esta media cobertura co bertura del ori-icio se hace de dos maneras # una$ corriendo el dedo hacia la *osici&n ideada$ y la otra levant+ndolo desde la *unta o el lado y sin des*egarlo del tubo en la base de a*oyo. La *osici&n ideal y m+s di-ícil es la de correr el dedo hacia arriba.
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