KATA PENGANTAR Penulis mengucapkan syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas selesainya buku ini sebagai sarana bagi para mahasiswa untuk belajar mandiri. Buku ini membahas masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan anak-anak luar biasa, khususnya anak tunanetra dalam melakukan orientasi dan mobilitas. Buku ini sebagai materi perkuliahan dan Mobilitas yang disajikan kepada para mahasiswa, khususnya mahasiswa PLB Bagian A, karena mereka itulah yang dipersiapkan untuk menangani anak tunanetra. Maka dengan adanya buku ini diharapkan dapat membantu mereka apabila mereka telah menjadi guru SLB/A. Penyajian materi perkuliahan Orientasi dan Mobilitas itu tidak terlepaskan dari adanya kekurangan-kekurangan. Oleh karena itu penulis bersifat terbuka untuk menerima tegur sapa dan kritik yang membangun dari pihak siapapun datangnya, dengan penyempurnaan penulisan selanjutnya. Akhirnya penulis mengharapkan semoga buku ini bermanfaat bagi para pembaca. Amin.
Tim Penulis.
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PENDAHULUAN - Karena keterbatasan rangsangan visual menyebabkan anak tunanetra kurang mampu untuk berorientasi lingkungannya dan akibat lebih lanjut kemampuan untuk bergerak akan terlambat. Salah satu program khusus di SLB/A sesuai dengan kurikulum yaitu ORIENTASI DAN MOBILITAS. Tanpa program khusus ini dalam pendidikan anak tunanetra mereka tidak sekaligus tahu bahwa di hadapannya ada sebuah benda. Bahwa di kelasnya ada berbagai barang, bahwa di halaman ada tanaman dan bunga-bungaan, bahwa dilihat dari roman muka guru sedang marah dan lainlain. Oleh karena itu penting kiranya pengajar atau calon pengajar anak tunanetra mendalami ORIENTASI DAN MOBILITAS ini - Untuk dapat mempelajari masalah ini dengan baik diperlukan pengetahuan / ilmu yang mendukungnya misalnya : latihan sensomotorik anak luar biasa, identifikasi dan evaluasi anak luar biasa. - Secara berturut-turut dikemukakan mengenai : Latar belakang dan problema orientasi dan mobilitas, Pengertian, tujuan, dan Sejarah Orientasi dan Mobilitas, Konsep-Konsep dan Komponen-Komponen Orientasi dan Mobilitas dan yang terakhir adalah masalah kemampuan dan Teknik-teknik Oriantasi dan Mobilitas. Dengan mempelajari buku ini dan buku referensi yang
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DAFTAR ISI Halaman PENDAHULU PENDAHULUAN AN ................................................ i DAFTAR DAFTAR ISI ....................................................... ......................................................... .. ii BAB I LATAR BELAKANG DAN PROBLEMA 1 A. Hubungan Hubun gan Orientasi dan Mobilitas .. 1 B. Tongkat Tongkat ........................................... 1 C. Personal Personal Guide ................................ 2 D. Problema Problema ......................................... 5 BAB II PENGERTIAN, TUJUAN DAN SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN ORIENTASI DAN MOBILITAS MOBILITAS ......................................... 9 A. Pengertian Orientasi dan Mobilitas .. 9 B. Tujuan Orientasi dan Mobilitas ....... ...... . 10 C. Sejarah Perkembangan Orientasi dan Mobilitas Mobilitas ......................................... 11 BAB III KONSEP-KONSEP DAN KOMPONENKOMPONEN ORIENTASI DAN MOBILITAS MOBILITAS ......................................... 14 A. Konsep-Konsep Orientasi dan Mobilitas Mobilitas ......................................... 14 B. Komponen-komponen Orientasi dan Mobilitas Mobilitas ......................................... 18 BAB IV KEMAMPUAN DAN TEKINK ORIENTASI DAN MOBILITAS .......... ...... .... 23 A. SIGHTED-G SIGHTED-GUIDE UIDE .......................... 23
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E. Teknik Penggunaan Alat-alat Mobilitas Elektronik ............. ....... ............. ........... .... 52 DAFTAR DAFTAR PUSTAKA PUSTAKA ........................................... 55
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BAB I LATAR BELAKANG DAN PROBLEMA O.M Orientasi dan mobilitas termasuk dalam kurikulum SLB/A. Seperti kita ketahui setiap penderita tunetra gangguan yang paling dirasakan yaitu hilangnya kemampuan untuk bergerak dengan bebas dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain. Selama gangguan ini belum teratasi mereka akan merasa tak berdaya dan menggantungkan dirinya kepada orang lain. Keadaan seperti itu sudah barang tentu menghambat kegiatan pendidikan dan kegiatan lain di samping berpengaruh pada kehidupan mental yang kurang sehat. Untuk itu berikut ini diuraikan persoalan-persoalan pokok berkenaan dengan Orientasi dan Mobilitas. Mob ilitas. A.
HUBUNGAN ORIENTASI DAN MOBILITAS Alat yang paling efisien untuk mengadakan orientasi yaitu mata. Orang awas dengan matanya mudah mengenal segala sesuatu yang berada di sekitarnya lebih jelas dibandingkan dengan penderita tunanetra. Di samping itu orang awas mudah bergerak dari sesuatu tempat ke tempat yang lain. Jadi mata adalah salah satu alat utama dalam orientasi. Gangguan orientasi bagi penderita tunanetra berakibat terganggunya mobilitas mereka. Sebagai gantinya maka orientasi tunanetra dilakukan dengan mengonsentrasikan dirinya lewat: pendengaran, perasaan, ingatan dan bahkan penciumannya atau dengan tingkat sensori-motoriknya.
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(mobilitas) sampailah mereka ke tempat tujuannya. Untuk ini perlu ada latihan dengan seksama. B.
TONGKAT Tongkat berwarna (barcat) putih adalah tongkat khas bagi tunanetra. Warna tongkat yang demikian itu sudah menjadi lambang tongkat kaum tunanetra yang diakui secara internasional baik di Amerika, Eropa, Asia maupun di Indonesia sendiri. Bagian tengah tongkat putih tersebut dicat merah selebar 3 cm warna ini sebenarnya merupakan tanda khusus bagi pemakainya yaitu : tunanetra sebagaian “atau , , partially blind” sedang bagi tunanetra yang tergolong tunanetra total “atau , , totally blind” seharusnya menggunakan tongkat berwana putih polos. Akan tetapi tongkat putih dengan tanda merah ditengahnya itulah yang umum digunakan oleh para tunanetra. Warna putih dan merah tersebut mudah terlihat dari jarak jauh bagi orang lain (masyarakat ramai) sehingga sangat menolong dalam perjalanannya. Bagi sopir-sopir kendaraan umum maupun polisi pengatur lalu lintas mudah mengenal bahwa pemakainya adalah penderita tunanetra yang perlu dimaklumi. Berjalan dengan tongkat paling penting bagi tunanetra karena dengan tongkat itu akan merasa bebas tidak terganggu demi keselamatannya di samping menambah kepercayaan dirinya. Oleh karena itu di SLB/A dimaksudkan latihan mobilitas dengan tongkat dalam kurikulumnya dengan teknik-teknik yang disempurnakan. Adapun tongkat yang baik menurut Richard, E,Hoover
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badan bila sewaktu-waktu terbentur di perlajanan di samping menghindari kemungkinan-kemungkinan lain. Ujung tongkat (bawah ) sebaiknya memakai lapisan karet, agar tidak lekas aus dan tidak merusak ataupun permadani bila masuk di rumah. C.
PERSONAL GUIDE Personal guide atau manusia penuntun adalah alat mobilitas tunanetra yang tertua dan masih digunakan sampai dewasa ini. Walaupun tunanetra sudah mahir menggunakan tongkat putih sekali waktu masih memerlukan personal guide terutama bila ia ke suatu tempat untuk pertama kalinya, tempat yang terlalu ramai, tempat yang ada benda-bendanya berbahaya ataupun ke tempat-tempat pertemuan yang susunannya sulit. Oleh karena itu walaupun tidak termasuk dalam kurikulum SLB/A kiranya calon guru dan pekerja sosial perlu mengenal terutama teknik dan etikanya. Berituk ini dikemukakan teknik dan etika personal guide. 1. Jika anda menawarkan bantuan kerjakan dengan segara dan nyatakan kepada , , Bolehkan saya menolong anda? “Berkatalah dengan nada biasa
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Jangan mengacau tangan orang buta itu, karena tidak akan mengikuti gerakan anda. 3. Pada saat berjalanlah dengan d engan kecepatan biasa berbuathlah seperti agak ragu-ragu pada saat akan melangkahkan kaki naik atau turun. Janganlah dia anda seret pada saat melampaui belokan jalan dan lain-lain. Setelah menyeberang jalan perhatikan apakah ia telah mengarah kearah jalan yang telah ditujukannya dan peringatkanlah dia apabila di muka ada rintangan-rintangan yang tidak biasa ada di situ. 4. Pada saat memberikan petunjuk arah jangan menunjuk. Berkatalah tiga blok ke muka seberangilah perempatan yang ke tiga, belok kiri dua setengat blok, dan gedung itu ada di sebelah kanan anda. Jangan menunjukkan persilangan-persilangan jalan dengan nama jalan-jalan itu ia tak mungkin membacanya. Jangan menyebutkan : , , gedung putih yang tinggi, ia tak akan melihatnya. 5. Pada saat membimbing untuk duduk di kursi letakkan tangannya pada sandaran kursi itu dan
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akan minta bantuan nada. Walaupun demikian baiklah anda tawarkan bantuan itu sebelumnya. 7. Bila anda bercakap-cakap kepada orang buta, pergunakan nada dan istilah yang biasa. Mungkin ia akan memberikan penghormatan dengan mengatakan: “Mudah-mudahan “Mudah-mudahan kita berjumpa kembali”. Dapatkanlah dengan menghadap langsung kepadanya. Jika anda menghadap ke tempat lain suara anda akan mengikuti arah itu dan akan menyinggung perasaan orang buta lawan bicara anda, di samping pembicaraan itu tidak ditangkap. 8. Jika anda menukar uang kepada kepada orang buta lebih dari selambar, berikan lembaran itu satu persatu dan katakanlah harga masing-masing kepadanya. Dengan rabaan ia akan mengetahui harga uanguang kertas itu. 9. Jika anda seorang anggota tertentu misalnya polisis, tunjukkan diri anda itu. Mungkin orang buta itu akan meninta bantuan mengetahui hal-hal yang tidak akan dimintanya dari orang lain. 10. Dan yang terakhir lebih penting jangan
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D.
PROBLEMA Problema-problema yang berkaitan dengan mobilitas dapat dikemukakan berukut ini : 1. Sikap tunanetra a. Sebagai akibat ketunaanya anak tunanetra kurang percaya pada diri sendiri. Perasaan ini berpengaruh pula terhadap kemampuan mobilitasnya sehingga akan selalu diliputi perasaan was-was akan kemungkinan tertumbuk pada benda, terperosok ke selokan dan sebagainya. Sikap demikian dalam mobilitas terang tidak menguntungkan karena ia akan selalu ragu-ragu dan terlalu berhati-hati. b. Adanya keengganan dari sementara tunanetra untuk menerima dan mengubah kebiasaan-kebiasaan lama dalam menggunakan tongkat cara yang lebih baik sebagai pengganti personal guide. c. Sikap tidak ingin terlalu direpotkan oleh tongkat terutama untuk mobilitas di ruang-ruang yang sangat familiar seperti di rumah sendiri atau di kantor. 2. Sarana Masalah yang berkenaan dengan sarana dapat
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3.
Situasi Kesulitan yang menghambat mobilitas berkanaan dengan situasi ini menyangkut : a. Penguasaan situasi medan dan orientasi diri. Bila tunanetra belum menguasai situasi medan maka mobilitas akan sangat terhambat. Misalnya dalam gerak maju ia secara otomatis akan memperlambat langkah sambil merabakan tongkatnya dengan konsentrasi penuh. Konsentrasi ini setalah beberapa lama akan meminatkan dan pada gilirannya akan mengurangi kesigapan mobilitas lebih lanjut. Untuk ini maka perlu diberi gambaran situasi medan secara global misalnya : - dalam gedung/ruang : letak pintu dan jendela, perabotan dan jarak relatif antara yang satu dengan lainnya. - dalam medan yang terbuka dan terbatas : membujurnya jalan, parit, selokan dan persimpangan, pohan-pohon tertentu atau tamanan khas, dataran rendah dan lain-lain. b. Situasi khusus yang tak mungkin teraba oleh tongkat. Misalnya : dahan yang menjorok rendah
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hukum bagi tunanetra yang sedang mempergunakan jalan umum. Misalnya ; - Peratuaran yang mengharuskan semua kendarakan untuk berhenti bagi tunanetra yang membawa tongkat putih. - Peraturan yang memberikan kelonggaran bagi tunanetra untuk bebas menyeberang jalan. - Peraturan yang memberikan sangsi bagi pengendara yang melanggar seorang tunanetra yang dengan tongkat putih di jalan umum. - Belum ada peraturan yang menjamin secara melembaga yang memberi kemudahan bagi tunanetra mempergunakan sarana transportasi umum. 5.
Masyarakat
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6.Tongkat Tongakt selain berfungsi sebagai pengganti tangan untuk meraba, sebagai penimbul suara, sebagai alat pelindung dari segala rintangan juga sebagai pengganti polisi lalu lintas untuk menghentikan kendarakan pada waktu menyeberang. Di beberapa Negara tongkat ini dilindungi oleh hukum serta gambar tongkat bersetrip merah putih telah dicantumkan dalam papan rambu lalu lintas artinya bila rambu itu dipasang di suatu tempat di situ terdapat sekolah anak tunanetra. Di Indonesia tongkat dapat dibuat dari rotan yang diluruskan, di ujungnya diberi bahan dari besi yang tumpul dengan maksud bila ditekukkan tidak menusuk tanah terlalu dalam dan bila diketukkan dapat menimbulkan suara yang keras.
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BAB II PENGERTIAN, TUJUAN DAN SEJARAH ORIENTASI DAN MOBILITAS A.
PENGERTIAN ORIENTASI DAN MOBILITAS Pada Bab I telah banyak dikemukakan kata orientasi dan mobilitas. Kedua kata tersebut apabila kita pahami secara etimologis mempunyai pengertian sebagai berikut: Orientasi (orientation) berarti mudah bergerak/pedoman. Mobilitas (mobility) berarti mudah bergerak/dipindahkan. Jadi keduannya berarti mencari arah/pedoman dengan jalan bergerak/berpindah. Secara terminologis pengertian dari kedua kata itu dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut:
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Dari pengertian-pengertian tersebut, maka jelaslah bahwa orientasi dan mobilitas merupakan kemampuan yang berkaitan bahkan harus dimiliki oleh seorang tunanetra, agar dengan demikian ia dapat mencapai kebutuhannya dengan cepat, tepat dan aman. Dia dituntut untuk berusaha mengatasi kekurangannya dengan cara yang tepat dan efektif dan tidak bisa tergantung lagi pada penglihatannya untuk mencapai tujuannya. Indra-indranya yang masih normal itulah yang harus mengambil alih fungsi matanya. Dengan indra pendengarannya, penciumannya dan perasaan yang peka, ia dapat mengetahui di mana ia berada, dan dapat memiliki orientasi tentang lingkungannya. Bila kemampuan berorientasi telah dimiliki kemampuan selanjutnya yang harus dimiliki ialah bagaimana ia harus menuju/memperoleh sesuatu yang diingini.
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2. Mempertajam indra-indra lain yang masih normal secara efektif, seperti indra pendengaran, indar penciuman, perasa dan sebagainya agar tangan demikian mereka lebih yakin bahwa dirinya mampu untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya tanpa menggunakan indra penglihatan. Kedua macam tujuan tersebut dapat dicapai melalui latihan-latihan yang baik disertai dengan orientasi yang benar tentang lingkungannya. Apabila hal tersebut berhasil dipenuhi, maka sorang tunanetra akan berhasil memasuki setiap lingkungan baik yang biasa dikenal, yang telah dikenal maupun yang baru (asing) baginya dengan selamat (tanpa adanya gangguan atau hambatan), efisien, lincah, gerakan dan tingkah lakunya wajar/normal tanpa dipengaruhi oleh kelainnya dengan mempraktekkan kombinasi dari dua keahlian tadi (orientasi dan mobilitas).
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Dari Amerika perkembangan orientasi dan mobilitas berkembang dengan pesat, terbukti dengan adanya sejarah perkembangan para pelatih orientasi dan mobilitas yang berawal pada tahap permulaan Perang Dunia II, I I, tatkala para korban mulai tiba dari medan perang. Di antara korbankorban itu terdapat sekelompok kecil yang sangat memerlukan perhatiannya, yaitu kelompok orang-orang yang penglihatnya telah rusak sebagian atau total. Ketika itu disadari bahwa di samping pengobatan ada kebutuhan
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Jadi mereka diindoktrinir mengenai segala sesuatu yang dilakukan orang buta, menetapkan cara melakukan sesuatu yang paling efektif, memperbaiki konsep pribadi mereka dan meninjau kembali mengenai alat bantu khusus dan kadang-kadang membuat alat Bantu sendiri. Boston Collage di Amerika mulai dengan penyelenggaraan kursus untuk melatih para instruktor orientasi dan mobilitas di dalam tahun1960, dan tidak lama kemudian disusul oleh Estern Michigan University dan
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secara keseluruhan, termasuk program penataran, langsung ditangani oleh tenaga ahli dari Indonesia sendiri. Tugas para lulusan hasil penataran, selain mengajar di sekolah-sekolah terpadu di Bandung dan Yogyakarta, juga memberikan pelayanan orientasi dan mobilitas kepada klien-klien tunanetra di luar panti atau di luar lembaga. Perkembangan program orientasi dan mobilitas di Negara kita cukup menggembirakan, yaitu dengan adanya kerjasama antara Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan
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BAB III KONSEP-KONSEP DAN KOMPONEN-KOMPONEN ORIENTASI DAN MOBILITAS Sebagaimana kita ketahui bahwa latihan bergerak dan berorientasi bagi setiap manusia sudah dimulai sejak kecil, terutama sejak ia ia bisa berjalan. Bahkan secara naluri, anak yang beberapa minggu dilahirkan sudah berusaha berorintasi. Misalnya bila ia mendengar suara ibunya, ia
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1.` Kemampuan orientasi dan mobilitas begitu erat hubungannya, sehingga untuk menjadi seorang pejalan yang baik, ia harus menguasai kedua bidang ini. Konsep tersebut mengandung pengertian bahwa kemampuan berorientasi dan kemampuan bermobilitas, keduanya tidak bisa dipisahkan. d ipisahkan. Seorang tunanetra yang mempunyai kemampuan berorientasi yang baik tidak ada artinya, apabila tidak ditunjang oleh kemampuan bermobilitas yang baik pula.
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3.
Sebelum mengorientasikan diri pada lingkungan, seorang tunanetra harus mempunyai konsep tentang dirinya (konsep ini disebut body – image), sadar dan
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Pada tahap ini seorang tunanetra mulai mengenal apa yang dilakukan oleh suatu obyek, misalnya berjalan, lari, dan sebagainya, atau apa yang dilakukan manusia terhadap
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ketergantungannya, keterbiasaan, sumber, jenis dan insensitasnya. c. Selection yaitu proses memilih data yang sudah
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1. Petunjuk-petunjuk tempat 2. Tanda-tanda/petunjuk 3. Sistem penomoran
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waktu itu, hal ini dinamakan dominant – clue (Petunjuk dominana). Ciri khusus suatu tempat atau suatu obyek adalah merupakan dominant – dominant – clue. clue.
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rendah dan jauh didepan kaki si penolong supaya tidak menghalangi jalannya/langkahnya. ad. C Menyeberang di zebra-cross yang memakai lampu menyeberang. Biasanya ditempat yang ramaikan dan banyak lalu lintas sehingga banyak orang menyeberangi tidak memperoleh kesempatan untuk menyeberang. Maka disediakan tempat menyeberang (zebra-cross) yang memakai lampu merah dan hijau sebagai tanda boleh menyeberang atau tidak. Cara menyeberang juga sama dengan yang tersebut diatas. Biasanya ditempat tersebut terlalu banyak orang yang menunggu tanda boleh berjalan untuk menyeberang, sehingga siswa susah untuk menemukan pinggir trotoir. Maka usaha selanjutnya apabila semua orang mulai bergerak utnuk menyeberang, ia harus mengikuti dibelakang mereka dan menggunakan metode A yang digeserkan diatas trotoir, kekanan dan kekiri untuk mencari pinggir trotoir dan langsung melangkahkan kaki ke aspal. Disini tidak usaha digunakan tanda pertama dan kedua untuk menyeberang, tetapi langsung menggunakan metode C. Jika pada waktu menyeberang dihadapan kita terdapat mobil yang diparkir, maka usaha kita yang pertama ialah mendari belakang mobil dan berjalan ketempat agak kebelakang sedikit. Hal ini kita lakukan karena yang mula-mula kita hadapi ialah kendaraan-kendaraan
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itu akan segara melihat kita dan tahu bahwa kita akan menyeberang. Kalau kita berada didepan mobil yang diparkir, ada kemungkinan mobil itu akan berjalan agak kelewatan ada kemungkinan disambar kendaraan. E. TEKNIK PENGGUNAAN MOBILITAS ELEKTRONIK
ALAT-ALAT
Alat bantu mobilitas elektronik penggunaanya telah dirancang sedemikian rupa, sehingga penggunaannya sudah tidak memerlukan proses yang rumit dan kompleks seperti alat bantu mobilitas yang lain. Bahkan diciptakan alat bantu tersebut adalah dalam rangka mengetasi segala kelemahan alat bantu mobilitas yang lain dan mempermudah tunanetra dalam melakukan mobilitas. Karenanya penggunaanya dirangcang pula seperti alat-alat elektronik pada umumnya. Sudah barang tentu untuk pertama kalinya, mereka harus diperkenalkan cara-cara penggunaanya yang sesuai dengan petunjuk-petunjuk yang ada pada alat bantu mobilitas tersebut. Sebenarnya alat Bantu tersebut sudah mulai dibuat manusia sejak Perang Dunia II. Pada saat itu National Reseach Council diminta untuk mengedakan riset membuat suatu alat elektronis yang dapat menolong tunanetra dalam perjalanan. Sejak saat itu kira-kira 44 buah alat elektronik telah dibuat. Namun hanya sedikit yang dicobakan dipasarkan.
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berubah dan kegiatannya dipusatkan kepada pembuatan alat-alat dengan fungsi tertentu. Adapun alat-alat bantu mobilitas itu ialah: 1. Sensory Enchoncement Devices, yaitu alat bantu mobilitas yang dibuat utnuk meningkatkan daya pendangan. 2. Stepdown Detectors, Detectors, yaitu alat bantu mobilitas yang yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi lungang-lubang dan jenjang turun. 3. Object Detectors, yaitu alat bantu mobilitas yang berfungsi untuk mendeteksi benda-benda dijalan yang dilalui pemakai. Alat ini tidak dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya lubang atau jenjang turun disekitar jalan yang dilalui pemakai. 4. Linear Walking Devices, Devices, yaitu alat bantu mobilitas yang berfungsi untuk membantu seorang tunanetra agar dapat berjalan lurus. 5. Sound Beicons, yaitu alat bantu yang dapat mengeluarkan bunyi yang pereodik dan dapat menunjukkan tempat tertentu dalam lingkungan 6. Combination Mobility Devices, ialah alat bantu mobilitas yang menggunakan tiga pancaran, yaitu untuk mendeteksi penurunan dan jenjang turun, benda-benda yang menghalangi perjalanan dan rintangan diatas setinggi kepala. Alat-alat yang memberikan harapan kepada tunanetra beredar di pasaran ialah:
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bahwa penggunaanya terbatas pada penyensor lingkungan dan dipakai bersama-sama dengan tongkat. 8. The Russell Travelpath Sounder Alat ini dibuat untuk mendeteksi penghalang jalan dari pinggang ke atas. Para pencipta menandaskan bahwa alat itu digunakan bersama-sama dengan tongkat panjang. 9. Laser Cane Alat ini berbentuk tongkat panjang, mengandung tiga sinar laser. Yang atas mendeteksi benda-benda di atas dan sekitar kepala dengan mengeluarkan bunyi, bernada tinggi. Sinar horizontal, mendeteksi benda-benda penghalang di tanah dan sinar bawah mendeteksi segala sesuatu yang ada di bawah permukaan ataupun jenjang turun dengan mengeluarkan bunyi nada rendah. Dengan beberapa medote / teknik mobilitas di atas, perlu ditegaskan bahwa tidak ada satupun yang sanggup mengatasi kebutuhan setiap orang. Penggunaan salah satu metode adalah pilihan pribadi. Metode manapun yang dipilih, keaktifan pemakai tidak kalah pentingnya dengan kemampuan mobilitas. Oleh karena itu setiap guru (instruktur) memikul tanggung jawab untuk mengembangkan kemampuan mobilitas sedini mungkin.
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA Achmad Ali, Drs.dkk., Pedoman Pelaksanaan Orientasi dan Mobilitas. Depdikbud,1983/1984. Blair, T.J, Orientasi dan Mobilitas, Makalah Disampaikan Dalam Penataran Guru-Guru SLB Bagian C tahun 1978/1979 di Bandung. “Brosur Kursus Orientasi Orientasi dan Mobilitas Untuk Para Tunanetra”, Tunanetra”, PLB IKIP Bandung 1978. Depdikbud, Pendidikan Anak-Anak Tunanetra. Depdikbud, Petunjuk Praktis Penyelenggaraan Sekolah Luar Biasa, Bagian A/Tunanetra. Habib Damain, Drs. Orientasi dan Mobilitas Untuk Para Tunanetra, PLB FIP Surakarta. Lydon, T.William dan M.Loretta Mc.Graw, Pengembangan Konsepsi Untuk Anak-Anak Buta, sebuah Tuntunan Untuk Para Guru dan Para Ahli Lainnya yang Bekerja Dalam Lingkungan Pendidikan, Terjemahan John Daniels, Depertemen P dan K Jakarta,1978. Mohmudi, BA,dkk, Orientasi dan Mobilitas Untuk Para Tunanetra,Pedoman Bagi Para Guru,Petugas Rehabilitasi, Instruktur dan Orang-orang yang Berhubungan dengan Para Tunanetra, PLB IKIP Bandung, 1978. Rajiyo Siswaatmojo, Drs. Dkk, Pedoman Ringkas Pendidikan Olah Raga, Kesehatan, Orientasi dan Mobilitas Untuk Para Tunanetra, Proyek Pendidikan Olah Raga pada penataran Dosen IKIP & SGPLB se
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Soekini Pradopo, Ts,Dra,dkk, Teknik Brejalan dengan Tongkat Putih Untuk Para Tunanetra, Depdikbud,Dikmenum, 1974/1975.
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