1.0 OBJECT OBJECTIVE IVE 1.1 To obtain obtain a relationship relationship between between the pressure pressure and temperature temperature of saturated saturated steam, in equilibrium with water, at all pressure between atmospheri and ! bars 1." To ompare ompare between alulated alulated #alues from e$periment e$periment data to the data obtained from steam table for #f% and hf% . ".0 T&EO' T&EO'( ( Thermod)namis is defined as a stud) related to the transfer of heat and wor* between a s)stem and the surroundin%, under%oin% a proess ausin% an) of the properties of the s)stem han%e. +n ideal %as obe)s the equation of state that relates the pressure, speifi #olume or densit), and absolute temperature with the mass of moleule and the %as onstant, '. mRT PV = M
dT T ( v g −v f ) T v g = = dP hfg h fg here Vf speifi #olume of water V% speifi #olume of steam hf enthalp) of water h% enthalp) of steam hf% enthalp) of water .0 E/I2E3T 4 ++ ++'+T '+T5 5 6 2aret Boiler
7.0 'OCE 'OCE8' 8'E E 7.1 The hand #al#e #al#e of the 2aret Boiler Boiler was open. 7." 5with on the the power suppl) suppl) and the heater. 7. a ait it and obser#e the steam release from the hand #al#e. 7.7 +fter steam release about 1 minute and then lose the hand #al#e. 7.9 The heatin% proess until the the pressure %au%e reahes the ma$imum readin% of !.0. 7.: 8urin% the heatin% heatin% proess, pressure and temperature was inreased.
7.; Ta*e both the temperature readin% started at 1.0 bar. 7.< Continue the readin% until !.0 bars. 7.! One pressure inrease until !.0 bar, the heater will be swith O==. 9.0 C+>C>+TIO3 ? +3+>(5I5 9.1 @raph of Temperature A C #s +bsolute ressure Abar. °
Graph of Temperature (℃) vs Absolute Pressure (bar) 200
T e m p e r a t u r e
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40
A ℃
20 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
+bsolute ressure Abar
9." The slope of dT and d at data between pressure 9 to : bar in %raph was measured and ompare with the theoretial result.
−150.1 6.0 − 5.0
157.2
2easured slope
-
-
;.1
( 0.0728 + 0.0677 )∗100 Theoretial 'esult
-
6
2
;.0
9. The Theoretial alulation startin% from ; to ! bars. Calulation of 5team 5peifi Volume, #% startin% from ; to ! bars. +bsolute ressure Abar
Temperature 'eadin% A
°
C
5team 5peifi Volume, # % Am4*% 2065.6 2065.6
;.0
1:.7
− vg
−2082.0
=
−163.4 165.0−160.0 165.0
v g=2070.8
2048.8 2048.8
;.9
1::."
−vg
−2065.6
−166.2 170.0 −165.0
= 170.0
v g=2061.6 2048.8 2048.8
<.0
1:<.!
−vg
−2065.6
=
−168.9 170.0 −165.0 170.0
v g=2052.5 2031.7 2031.7
<.9
1;1.9
−vg
−2048.8
−171.5 175.0 −170.0
= 175.0
v g=2043.7 2031.7 2031.7
!.0
1;.!
−vg
−2048.8
−173.9 175.0 −170.0
= 175.0
v g=2035.5 6
Calulation of Enthalp) of E#aporation, hf% startin% from ; to ! bars. +bsolute ressure Abar
Temperature 'eadin% A
°
C
Enthalp) of e#aporation, h f% A*4*% 0.2724 0.2724
;.0
1:.7
−v g
− 0.3068
=
−163.4 165.0 −160.0 165.0
v g=0.2834 0.2426 0.2426
;.9
1::."
−vg
−0.2724
=
−166.2 170.0 −165.0 170.0
v g=0.2653 0.2426 0.2426
<.0
1:<.!
−vg
−0.2724
=
−168.9 170.0 −165.0 170.0
v g=0.2492 0.2166 0.2166
<.9
1;1.9
− vg
−0.2426
=
−171.5 175.0 −170.0 175.0
v g=0.2348 0.2166 0.2166
!.0
1;.!
− vg
−0.2426
=
−173.9 175.0 −170.0 175.0
v g=0.2223
6
Calulation of Theoretial 'esult startin% from ; to ! bars.
+bsolute
Temperature
ressure
'eadin% AD
Abar
5team 5peifi
Enthalp) of
Volume, #%
e#aporation,
Am4*%
hf% A*4*%
Theoretial 'esult 436.4 ∗0.2834
;.0
436.4
0."<7
"0;0.<
2070.8
∗
439.2 0.2653
;.9
439.2
0.":9
"0:1.:
2061.6
∗0.2492
441.9
<.0
441.9
0."7!"
"09".9
2052.5
∗0.2348
444.5
<.9
444.5
0."7<
"07.;
2043.7
∗0.2223
446.9
!.0
446.9
0."""
"09.9
2035.5
= 0.0597
= 0.0565 = 0.0537 =0.0511 =0.0488
:.0 8+T+ 'E5>T5 E$perimental 8ataAE$perimental +bsolut e ressure
Temperature
ressure
Temperature
'eadin%, T
8ifferene
8ifferene,
AD
, d Abar
dT AD
367.8
380.9
390.4
397.8
404.3
409.9
414.8
6 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
6 1.1 !.9 ;.7 :.9 9.: 7.! 7." 7.1 .: .9 ." .0 ".< ".; ".: ".7
, Abar
1.0 1.9 ".0 ".9 .0 .9 7.0 7.9 9.0 9.9 :.0 :.9 ;.0 ;.9 <.0 <.9 !.0
'esult
419
423.1
426.7
430.2
433.4
436.4
439.2
441.9
444.5
446.9
Theor) 8ataA5team Table 5team
Enthalp) of
2easured
5peifi
E#aporation
5lope, D4bar
Volume, V% Am4*%
, hf% A*4*%
1.!!9! 1."!; 0.!::: 0.;;90 0.:79: 0.99! 0.7<:0 0.79 0.!1: 0.9<7 0."!0 0.071 0."<7 0.":9 0."7!" 0."7< 0."""
"";0.1 ""9. ""0!. "1<<.; "1:!.! "19.9 "1<.! "1":.1 "11.9 "10".1 "0!1.0 "0<0.; "0;0.< "0:1.: "09".9 "07.; "09.9
6 ":." 1!.0 1<.< 1.0 11." !.< <.7 <." ;." ;.0 :.7 :.0 9.: 9.7 9." 7.<
'esult Calulated 5lope
K ( m 3 / k ( kj / kg )
0.3234
0.2211
0.1708
0.1409
0.1203
0.1054
0.0943
0.0858
0.0784
0.0728
0.0677
0.0633
0.0597
0.0565
0.0537
0.0511
0.0488
erenta%e error between e$perimental result and theoretial result. +bsolute ressure, Abar
1.0 1.9 ".0 ".9 .0 .9 7.0 7.9 9.0 9.9 :.0 :.9 ;.0 ;.9 <.0 <.9 !.0
2easured 5lope, D4bar
Calulated 5lope D4*a
D4bar
6 ":." 1!.0 1<.< 1.0 11." !.< <.7 <." ;." ;.0 :.7 :.0 9.:
0.3234
32.34
0.2211
22.11
0.1708
17.08
0.1409
14.09
0.1203
12.03
0.1054
10.54
0.0943
9.43
0.0858
8.58
0.0784
7.84
0.0728
7.28
0.0677
6.77
0.0633
6.33
0.0597
5.97
0.0565
5.65
9.7
0.0537
5.37
9."
0.0511
5.11
7.<
0.0488
4.88
erenta%e Error, 6 1<.90 11."7 .7 <.0: :.": .!" ".10 7.9! 1.10 .70 1.11 0.90 0.<< 0.9: 1.;: 1.:7
;.0 8I5C55IO3 +38 /E5TIO35 ;.1 Briefl) disuss the e$perimental results. =rom the e$periment, the data obtained shown that the hi%her the pressure, the smaller the inrease of temperature. ;." h) do we need to release the air4%as from the equipment before the e$perimentF It is neessar) to release the air4%as from the boiler before the e$periment as this ould affet the aura) of the e$perimental results. ;. Compare the e$perimental result with theoretial result. @i#e )our omments. The perenta%e error between e$perimental result and theoretial result is about 0.9 to .7. This is beause there mi%ht be some error between the atual and ideal #alue that we obtained. Those error ma) be the stabilit) of materials and the aura) of the measurement readin%. ;.7 8efine the relationship between pressure and temperature. Based on the @raph of Temperature A C #s +bsolute ressure Abar, the absolute °
pressure is diretl) proportional to the temperature while there is a small de#iation between the e$perimental slope and the theoretial slope. ;.9 If we inrease the pressure, what will happen to the temperatureF The temperature will sli%htl) inrease if we inrease the pressure of 2aret boiler. <.0 CO3C>5IO3 =rom the e$periment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to be diretl) proportional. Comparison between the theoretial slope and the e$perimental slope from the e$periment showed a small de#iation between them beause of ertain errors. The perenta%e of error ran%ed from 0.9 to .7 whih an #alidate this e$periment. The e$periment an be onsider suessful but still an impro#e the result of the e$periment b) repeatin% the e$periment and ta*in% the a#era%e #alue or some insulation materials were *ept on the 2aret boiler to redue heat loss so that the e$periment ould be more aurate.
