a* ' +% * /a +0b'%cac%9, /ab%6 '* $a $c$* c** ac/%* c*'ab*a*. P* ''*, 3a /5 ++aa* 0* a/7c0'*, /0%*, /6c%ca 3 &0#*.
D D> ;;>./;
A@@
;$. >$.
C$$ECCIE%
@ > @U @ > <, P@ Q> H> @ H @ @>, @ > N@ > @ (III.>@.).
$ G@
AK; 3 - . 12 A> - J;, 2010 DS $>: %A 1211/2007 1211/2007 E@ K >@ %N> # <>; ><>;// ; ; <>/ /;; >, <>; /;;, <;> />;, ;>. "> ;>/, < /;/; :
;@/>;./;
.<-;>./; ./>;./;
%'MA$I @P> > - $ '..................................... '........................................................316 ...................316 > @ @ >@>>, - %@>>..........318 P@ @N, @N, - $ ........................320 AS@ > > @ @ - $ ....................320 ....................320 %@ @ K - $ ..............................321 @ @ - %@> %@....................................... ...............322 > @ @ F@@ - D'L, E@>, "@ L.....323 DH >>@, >>@, @ > @........................................ ........328 DH >>@ - @ G@.................................................329 % K - F@-A> F@-A>................................................331 ................................................331 >>@, @ @S@ - A> F.............332 >>@, > @R @ > @ - "@ %...................333 >>@, X@ > > H!............................................ ............335 F@@ C> @@ - DH >>@...............................336 % HS@ > @> - DH >>@...................................339 S@ S@ K @Q - G &H ............................341 @ <, - %> A@> A@> G.....................................................344 G................................. ....................344 3133 31
%
@ @ > L> . N@>. @ > @ @ >> > @ @P>, > A>J E>>K. E> @ @ @S@ S> > > , [L> U \, K > @@ @, <@ @ @ B@ B>. K @ @ @ @ P @ , @ Q @ >>. ' > K >, @ > @ >, > > > @ .
HL @, H H> > > @S@ , K @ > @: 1 Z > <, @@ > K > > > L > S @ > @ K > H> > > > <. 2 Z > @, > K H> > @ EE %%' %'&`&, >> > > > @.
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
EFEC&
M&D $ > < > HK @ @ > , @ > <, K @ . > > @ H. %K @, @ 26. E @ > @ K @ @ @ >. @
316
W& > @? P@>, X>@ @@!
MAGICADA% E@ > @ @ H > @ H < @, P@ >@ @ > H @, @@
CARTOMAGIA
@ @ @ @U , > 1 @@, @ @ @ @U @@ @ > 2, > H@< > H @ H> @@@ , > H@< @ @@ H @ @, @ H>@, N@ @ . % H > , > @>L > >QJ, @: - WP > 8 LS@ K @ > 7 P>?- XE > < @ ! E@ @ >... K : -HK @@>, @ @L @- @ @ J>> > > N H@ . XP @ @ @ @ !
317
ARTCULO TEBRICO
"A$&E I
%@>> Q $;>;
M, P ; <>;; >;- L/. C;// %;/. L & /; = ;; //> ;> : QE I;; Q>/;; <>// /;//;R. E > >/; ; /<; ; ; <><>/ ;, , -"; A/>.
$ HK @ H: @ @@ @ @ L. W& @ @@ @ @? W& @ > @S > @ > L K HQ > @@ @ @? W @ @? AQ > <;> <>. B H>L> >> @ @ @Q K @@@ @ > @. B H>L> @ @@ K @ @@. > @ @ > @. >. E K > @ > Q. > >Q. > >S@. > . % D %N D @@ L. $ > @@ L K H . $ > H@. @, <>, @ > P> %, [$ S@ > N@\. @ @ @, @ > K <, [@ @ > > @<\ Q F>, > P> : C @^ @ . [E @ @ \. ¿Cómo que no es una pipa? “Trátele de ponerle tabaco” N %.
C>, > @@ > >>Q, @ > , > @@ @ . D @ , Q @ <; Q @ . A, @ , @ >JS@ > @S@. @ >
318
N@ @@. @ > L > >.
N+ "$ #' DIG &D E%&? , > @ @ > ; <> ;;. @ S> > >, @ P@ > , > > @ > , > P@ K @ > P. E > >@ , @ @, @ /; /;//; K > N @ @ @ >@ , > @>, @ @ @ @ > @ @ . N> @ P@ @ >Q@ N P. A > C@S@ > @ H. E@ > > @ @ HS@ [>>\, @ @ H N > @ @ @ > <>// /; Z K > @J @ N@ @- > Q > @S@. AQ > , > , > S K @ @ J>K@, > @ P@ @ , > @@ @ @ P, > , @ U>, > >, > > >Q , > %. E@ @H, N @ @ > C> @ @, , @ @ @ K [>\ @, @@, , @@ > (S> @), >Q, , . , @ @ @ > , > C@S@ > [> S@ @ >L@ @ @ > N @ > <\ (1). ' N @>>@ C@S@
[ S@ @\. $ >> @ >U@ @, @ N @@ > (2). @ > @ > >, @ >> @ @ @, @ L @, @ @ >. & >U@ @. @N, <>, > @J @ > @ @ L @ . E> > @ > > H @ @ > >> >@ ; @ > @ @ @, @ . & @@ < Q@ J> @ > P> C M; ( @>). D >@ @, @ @ > <; K @ />. > <@, @ @ @S@ @>, @ @ @ @ >@ @ @ > H . @ @ @H, @ @Q, @ @ @. C < @ Q > %L, [$ , > <, @ @ @H
>, @ > @@ @> @ >L@ @S@, N@ @ > N @ R> @. (Y) %L >L > @ @> > @ @@ J>@ > NJ S>\ A, H > @, @ @ <. “Too many people eat on the streets”
( @) [D @ @ > >>\. W > > N?
"'E% BIE, Q> ( [\ N@ H): < @ > > > , > @J @ > , > < >L, >> , > K > P@ > @ - K - > R K >>H > N @ N. E@ >@ @>L, @@, > @ : ) <>, ) ; ;;, /) /;; (/>; />;), ) // // @ > @S@ @ . & , <>, @ @J > > N @@. % P @L @ > , <>, > L< >N @H@ @ @ -[ @ \ K @ [ @ \ [ U> > @ @ > S@ @ H\. ' R>
H @ > @S@ H@ @ >K@ > @, @ @H@ > > @ >, K @. ' Q > N @@ @ > >@ >L (Q >> @ > @, <>). ' H > > LN @ > >L @ >< >, N @ @ < . , >, , @ P > S>; @P > K. K @ @, > P J> , , S K @. % HP C %L ( K @ @), " $ B, GQ $, D, " @K, D@ BI@ K @ @> > @H>@. C@ >> H > /</ <> <;/ >@L > > > @S@ > >@ H > @@. > >< K > > HL. @ > K >< @ @ > @ @ >@>> H @ @ @ L.
1."U %Q@ B, [D > > @\. 2.A @, W > @ ?. C> Q. D , @ > @@ > @ >. D > @ @ H > @> @ @ (@ @, @ ) K H> @ > @ > , <>, > @ > N @@ S @ > @ @ @. N > @ @ > S> E> S@ @ > @@ S@ K > @@ @@ > @.
319
NUMISMAGIA
TÉCNICAS NUMISMÁGICAS PARTE III
LUIS PIEDRAHITA @ > N. 308
Q+ = /> / <;> <;>>. H = ; ; >>; = ; ; >;.R
A"A$ICIU B$'&AL DE C'A&$ MEDA% . $1005
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
320
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
L; ' 3 D ; @ 3 D 7 6 3Q 8 3 9 A F
> @< K > @@ > P. C@ @ > @ > : %-
A
@, @, >>, @, N @ > S@ < > H> K > >L K @@@ > @.
MEDA I%"I$ADA + E%"I$ADA . $1006
A
@ @ , @ N. S> @ @ @. E . @ HL > H "@ C@> @ >@L@ K . F @ > @@ @ > J>S > [> \ Q @ > L >@L@. E >@L@ @Q @ @ > >@ , @H> > < @. E> P @Q @ > R K @L @ @ @ > Q@, K @> > > , > > > @ >@, @ > Q@ K @> @@ > @ > @ K > . AQ, > > > @ > @ < > @>, P > . E Q> @ > @ N K >.
K > @L, K K > @ > > 'I. DP < > @ K > @ @ > L. D > > P > @ > @ > K > @S@ >@ > @.
E> >@ @ : @S@ K S@. $ @S@ @ @ > @ @ @ @ > @L. @: @ @@ > @ > , > N@> > K > @ > L. DP @ > @ K U @ HQ. E > N @>>. P@ A H@ > @@, > S@. A > @ @ @ , > @ L K J@ @L. C@ > Q@ @> L K > > J> > H @. L> @ H. %@ @ @ > @ N @ L K > > @ S@ > >@L@ @@ . C@ > @ P > @ > > ( 2). E @ @>, K @ > @ >@ > K H@ > . C@ > HL > @ > > @ L, K > . $ @S@ N > @ > @ @>. E > > > > @> @ @ @.
321
CARTOMAGIA
E
> @ @> >L H < > > @L > @>. @ > >Q@ [@H\ K > >S@ >>, > J@ > S > @ @@ > L @ @ P@ L> K @ H >@ @@ @ Q .
DE%A$$LL: E@ > < L>. A> > @H, H @ @ HL > . E N> J@@ HQ @ N @ @ > K @ >< . E> > P@ ]>^ > > L@ @ @@ > Q@ J@, @ > <. @ > 2 . N @ Q. EJ@@ @ @ @ > @ @ , >@
1
2
322
"E%ADICI%A
+* Ma0' M*/
3
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
4
]C>^ (]J^: > >>H < > J@S@) K > @@ Q > (F 3). @ N N@ K >> > U> ( > L) N@> N >@ K @ [ > Y\ K > @ (F 4: @ > 10 ). @> @> @ @ K P H>H> . A> > J@S@, > > N < > J@S@, > >@ < > (F 3, @ > @), @ > > L. C >@ K < > L @N@> > [@\ @ . D> > @ @ HL > K @ [ N >..13YX@, > 12! % HY\ K @ @ N@ >, N> @: [X&, > 10! XA @, > @! B@, X< @ > !\ L @ N > K Q> K > . E@, Q N @Y
323
%EG'DA "A$&E
TERTULIA en <;> D D$&I - &>/> <;> A;; I>>
J
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
324
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
< 301 @ @ . $ @ @ S@ K N@ @ >>. E H > @ U, > S@ > P@, @>, > > > >, @@, >> K >, > @@N. % >< @@@ @ @>, , >. > > > S@ HH > H @ < , > , @ . A >@@ > Q, > .
D: WCN> > < N @ @? WCN> @ N @ > >? J: C@ <H@, > @, > @ HP > . $ -, > >HS@. EQ@ P@. E@ > > H L@, @ >> [$ @@ > \. D: WP K @ > > L@ @@ @@, > >> @ ? N @ @H@ @ @ K L@. J: & > , H @ @ @ @ H (). H @H @ L@ K @, @ @ . $ > @ > H> > @HS@. A> @ > @, @ @ , @ @HS@. $ @ > > @ @ H @ @, H@ >@ K @ @, @ > . D: @ @ L@, Q > > @S@ <, > P> >L. > @ < H, R. J: @ >Q@ @S@, K HP> K H>> > [ HK @ @ > < K > @>\. @ @ @ @ H, >, J@ @ K @. %@, P> K R >. >H > , @ K > >L
325
> J > @Q>. $, @ >> R, K H>H @. E@@, > @, > K > @> > @@ > >@ K @ > @ > K > @>, >L > > @ <. E > > H <.
P @ P @>. E@ @Q K @, [$ @>\.
D: WCN> K , S@, < ? [$ > @ @>\ @ @>. K , @ > S@ > >> @. K @ >> [E> @@ L\ @ 3 H@, LN @ > N H>> . [$ @@ > \, [ K >H\ (@ HS@), [E@ K @@@\. K , @ K @@. (). E> U> > > , >> [$ \. E @ @ @ @@, @ K @ > < @ > <, >@, @, @ > .
D: D @@.
>H@ @. A> @ > >Q > N @ > > -@.
J: > @ S N@ @ > > @, > @ , K >. U@ > @ >, >@ @ > [%\ K > [ @ \, > >K@ @ @ > Q K K >K@ > . @ > <> > , @ K , > > @ @> @ < > < > @, @ N > K >>H> > > > > > . E N >< . E@ > %@, @N@ %@ > >>, @ @ >Q@, > K @ K @H@>. <>, > @ @ > F>. D: A@ Q, >@> @ K @ > Q, N @H. J: C P> > > Q > @ @ F@, > @ @ Q > @>. $ N J> K > @ > <, N >@ P> , @ @ S>. & @H, @ @@ K >>. D: WCN> > @ , @@, < @? J: @ K H, @Q < @. [E> S A@@\ @ >>L @>, [E> >\ @ , . $ [@S@ P\ @>, < > >, K @ @ > @, N @ N >< > >. $ @S@ >
326 326
D: "@, @ @ <. @ @ >U@ S K U N@ @ @ >>.
J: $ S@ > , HH, @@. > . D: A A@. J: E> @ U > , @ @ > >, H K Q> H>>, @L > P@. D: F@. J: E> N@> > , > , N @@ @ N. D: %>. J: & > @Q @ @, @HS @ . @ > P@ @ >. D: (>K@) J: $ @ N . A >, > , . @ @ @ @ > >. (). D: .F . J: E> > , > @ > , @ > S. $ >@ @. C>: K @ K A> G@ @ P> > N@> @ > @H@@ K @. D: L@. J: E> @ > K > > , . D: @. J: E> H>@S > K >@ > > K > @S@ > . D: ("@ L) J: A> N > @ > . D: A @, WP , "@?
;L, "G3@ 3?3 : @ 57 7 3 B G > ;3. A G3@ 7 >3 7 6 L, ; ' 3 D 3@ ; >?. F 67 D ; ;3@ E@9 4 C K L ; D3@ ; D3'
J: . @ R, @P > K Q @ @ > > Q @ : <, , @H @ @ @ @, @ @ @ . C K @ HH, @ > 3 4 J@ P>. A> > >, @ Q 3 4 R @ HL 3 4 . % P @H K P @Q N . A> @>, @ > @ 3 4 @@@. () %@ > P HK @@ @ , > SJ, > P @. W @ @@? %>@. E@ P@ @ , @ @ > , @Q >. E@ > D@>, K . ()
>, @ > @, @ H, > @@. E @ @, P N@ > @ H> K @@@.
D: @ @@@, >@ > E>, 2 R, >S > @> K H>. WCN> @S@? WP @ N ?
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
32 7
E +*/aa ? 1 @ > . A ; 8 " : J 2 > 3 ; @ ; F
; ? 9 5 8 8 5 ) 0 5 B D 1 0 J 2 > 3 ; @ ; F
' >; /;
D
> @S Q @ > N CH>>, 100 R, HQ @ R @ @< @ @>> . C , >>@ S @ > 8 R K > > > S . C@LS @ @ @ > @ > R @, @ > < . E S > @, % >K, > @ > > . @ , % K DH, @ >>@ < > K > @ @ > @ . ES > , S I K @LS @ >R, I >@, K @ > H@ >@. C@ @Q 13 R, > N >>@ > @, %@. [E>> @ , @, C>S@\, >>@. [E@@ @ @ > @L.\ %@ @ C>@, @ > R 1981, @S > @ > @ S@ > B% (@@@> B %@) K > @ > > EJ>@ [G> C AI\, @ > Q . D @, RQ > [F@ 500\ K H< >
328 32 8
@, @>K@ ER, >, @>, F@, F@>@ K C@.
D ;
< @ DH C> K DH B>@, @L > K S @ > ->> >> [>>@^ @.\
<;> % G>>
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
E
@ J@ @ @ > I @ @>. $ @@ @ @> @ @, P@> K @ S@. DP U@ > @ > K > <> @ @. EJ@ > @, K >@ K @ K @. E @ @S@ @ @, @ S> @ @, @ @ , > Q > @H @ @ >@. % S@ @ > K . @H@ > @ >>I @ DH >>@, @ SJ I, K @ >. E@ HL P < K P. @ > [ @ > N H @ > >\,
DH >>@ K >L @ S@. [$ >
DH @ B>>K, K @ > @ D @@ ( ), @ N .
329
@ @. E @ @ @ >@, K @ @ >> @>>. >@ LS@, > @R Q @ >@ K @ > @@ @ > , > N@ @ . $ > @@ > - @ @L@ K @>, @P @ >>. C@ . > U@@, > >> -@ G@ @ @ @@- @- > HH >>. @ >. X @- @H@S@ K N@ > > @ > > N@ > U> @ > K @ H>H <.\ @ Q @ @ S Q > C@ S ' ! EJ @ >L @ > @ , %, P @ > K @ S> @ HH @ > N @@ D.C. K @ < . XE 20 R, >>@ @S @ N ! S @Q @ @ < @ > > > > <. D Q -
>LS > @ I @P, K J@S > @ . [A @ @ > > Q @ K @ H@ >\, Q >>@. [$ , @ K @ >>. N@ @ H@@. XLN > @H @ K@ @ @^ DK!\. E> @P >>@ > >>, S@, H@ , %, > @ @R. DP > < > , >> S > @S@ @ > @ <@. EH@>@ > S, K @ >L@ H>@ @ > @R. [C @ S@\, @ >>@.
I=>: Q @ G@. D>/: FQ % %>@. I>;>: DH @ % C (Q % C)
330 330
M ;> F>//-A/>
@ @ C@ @ $@ @ @Q @ JR @< HQ @ @ > > @ > @ @. E@ P> K "@ L Q@ > @ H @. @>>@ >@S @ K @ > , @ > @ P . E@ @ > @ K @ , DH >>@ @ @ < @ S @ @. $ S@ P> @ @ > R >>, > N 30 @ K @Q @ > H >N @ Q @. AQ > , > 30 @ P @ P> @ > R, K @ @, @ @ @, Q >>Q @ Q > @ @ @ . @, > . E@P K > , Q @ KY@, @ Q @. % @ > @ > R KY. @ . > @> K >. C> @ H @ @ @ @ > > H@@ @H> > > P@ K >YCACA"ADA ' D'E. A@ S@, > @, P @ > > @ > > @>>. [E' EDA&D' $A %AGA DE $' EGC'\. @ HL > C@, @ > E A', @@ >>@ @ HS@
@@H K @ > @ P> J @ > , H > Q. % < DAD ' <@ @ @ > @ K K > @Q >. > P K > S. A @@S@, @ @ > > @@H@@ %A C'& CAA >LS %CAE$ A%%A @ S@ $@@, @@ > % <@@ @ AE$' AA'. @ @ @ > @ @ > < @ > @ > @>>@ < > J > K > @> > , >L P < > , > > , @ > , N@> >>Q. @ @S@. % S @@S@ Q >L @ @ < @ . C> @ H > >@@>@ > @ > 4 , K > %CAE$ A%%A >@ > @ @ @ > > >N K @ @ K @ > > @ E&C'E > >. @ > J N H>> <N Q H, >@ < @@ @ , @ @ >@ P@, > Q > @ K > K S@, DAD $$A%'&.
331
;, <>/ <;> A>; F>;
@@ , > N>: A A@, "@ L K G; N @>> U@ @ K @ @S@: DH >>@. >> < N @ @ @ >> N >>@ @ @S@ @ >@ P @L< N. EK HN H -
H H < < @ @ > H @ HL >L > K @ S Z >H > HL H L > @ K > > @ > < > N > @ @ R >-. P >H <N > HL H >>@ @ C@---@: > L @ > @S@ K , ; K L@ @Q > @> X@ H @ @ S>! P @ H @ @ > . D @@ @@ < @ @ , K < Q > >, @ JS@: [K \, [F@@ > @@\, [C>\, [@@\, [>@>@\, [C K @>>\, [@S@ K \, [E> < > 3 \, [K@\ K[E> @L\. A>@ >> -
@ K@ , @ @ P>, @ H@, , Q @@, @ @ , P K . DH @ @ H> R: > > @ > ; @ > > @, @: [ @ >, @ >\, K @ Q > @ U> K @ > > @, @ N @ > @ @>. @> @ , J @ > , @ > , @ > >>> > @ @ > @S@ @ > @ > H @ > @ @ @>. @ >> > > @ @ @ >@ > U>. E > > < @ > <, K Q , > @ @ >@L@. > L >>@ J@, > > @ @ @> @ @S@, > P@ @ J@ N >>N > @ > <. E@ @ K > > >Q. L @ @ EE @@ @ @ < >@ , @ @ Q> >> > > > @>; >Q K J@Q @ > K @ > H@ K > >> N @R. C@ > S > @ >>@ >@@ K > @@ Q P> @ > @ > H @, K > > J> @ > E@, @ N @ @. > @ A >>@, K > , > Q H @ Q @ @ @ K [> Q K, @ > @ \. F DH >>@, >L@ @H@S@ @ > > >HS@ ER> -C@ C@-, "@ L.
@@ @, K @ DH @ @ @@ , > @@ , @ S @ > . > H H, K > H , @ > @S@ P> @ > K @ U U> @ N > > @ K . > N > @: @ @ P> @ > @> $, K @ @ @@ @ < P> Q Q @ @ > @@ K @ @ > @Q N H@ > @. % @S: WP ? @ > HV@L K > P @ R H@ > @, @@ N @S @<. C> Q @, > Q @, > @@, Q @ R @< @, @ > > @> @ K @
A [AK, <, <, Q > Q\. ' @P , @, @ S @ @ @< @ 15 HL, @ H> @ > @ K @N@> Q> > >R >L >@ > Q >, K P> @ @Q . L . ' H@ > L > >>@ @ G, @ [@@\, > Q > HP > . DS @ > Q : [@ > < H K @ @ @ S > \. @, @ , [ \, Y @ @ @L , @ @ >, @ @ @@ K @ @ R DD, @ @ > N J@, > J>@ , @@ @ @ @ @@ @ P>, P> >@ U@ >.
;, K; ; <;> J;= M
%
D@ @ > >>@ K > @ @ @ > , > >> @ A@ P@ @ : [$ K @@ @R @ > @\. >>@ @ @ .
@<, @ > < K @>@ @@, @ @ > @ @ @ @L. @< > @NH, K > > R>. & K @ >@ @ > >. P@ > K @ Q. AU@ > HL > H @ @, @ > @>
333
E@ > Q , DH >>@ >L@ >>, @ [$ %N 2009). FQ "P $. A > , > > > DH >>@, @, @ 1989.
> 2000 @ $. CS @ @RS @ @@ @ @ @ K > < ([ F@@ C> @@\), @ @ > Q > @ H. E@ @ K @ @ >> , @ L < @ [> L > \ (> @ @ > @ >). A K @Q > <, > @S@ > H S > @ @ K HL > [ @ >\ < @ @. DH >>@ N >N @. " [@S@ K \, [ K \, [> < > 3 \, [@ @@ K @@\ (%@K >) [51 > >>>\ N@ H@ @ > >. @ >
334 334
@> @ @ @ HS@ @ > A> F K . AN, @ > @@U@ < @ , [@ @\ (@ @> >@ > @ > @ > @ > S@) K > @ @@, @@ <K [<\, [> >@\ @> @< > @>. >@ @ > , HS@ K @S@ I@ @ (> H @ > >QJ @ < @ > @ > < > U>) @ @ U> R > P> N [@ >>\ @ > > >, > J>@ @ K P@ . A@ @ Q Q @ @ > .
;, O ; ! <;> D D>
E
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
335
CARTOMAGIA
& F> C;;> %> <;> D ;
E
@ S@ > >>@ [C> @@\ ( @ C>), > . > @ > @ @> @ J, K @ > < . , @@ > @ @>, @ P >L N @ >. $ > @ @> > @>S@ @> > , > @@N@ @ > [ % ' > \, @ @ > N@ 55 > H>@ [ A A@@\. C@L @@ @ (>) @ @ > > > <. , <>, @ < @ > > @ < L>. J>S@ H @ @ K . $ S@ > > @ > <, (@ > K ) L>, >. Q K H> >@ @ @ @ < <, K > K > < > @L > . D @ Q, > < @ @ < K > P>. , @ P @@@@. C> > P >, > < @ > >>> L > , > N N >@ @ [>\. >L @ L> , @@ > > >, @ @ @ @ > <, K <@ H > < > > >, L@ Q @ < <. @ H > > @ [@U\,
336 33 6
> >@ > @ > < @ > >L @ > , @ L> @ @>, K N > @ >U@ . @>>@ > > < @ < Q @@ @ < <. C@ K @ @, > <> D @@, K > @ @ @ > < @ N H>> H <N. EJ> > U> , @ @ @ @ > C>> %N, @ $ _@>, K @ @ R, H > @@ @ < . G > < @@ H H> @ > <, > <, > > @ <. > G N@ @ @>, > > Q K . @ , K >@ @ > > <. E@ @ J@S@ @ > @, > , K @ > , >>L > > (@ @ <> > K ), K > >>H > @ > <, J@. N > (> @ ), > @ @ @> < > J@S@ ( C>>) , H > > >, @ @ L> , @@@ > > (K @ H>H J@ > > @>). C > J@S@, K > >, H > @ S@ @ > K L>. E@ H L > K
AL>. > @ @ [FL< D>@\, @ <. C@ > @ (>@ N > K AL>), H > <, @ > > > K < @H < K < > <, N > @ > <., K N @ S@ @ P>. A H > > < > , @ > < L>>, N@> @ > @ L> , @ > @ , >@ @ L> @ K < (@ @ @). $ N > @ > @ @> > , @ @ R HS@ > @@ @R @., > @HS@ ` ('> H %H). >>, > @ >< > < <, K @ S@ , @ > L (K @ @ S@ @ > K <) F. 1. E@ > @ > N@ @ > S@, N@> @ > > > J K > > > > @ (F. 2).A N@ H > @H (> K <) @: A @ H@ >L >@ @Q, K > > H@ , > @ @ @ > > < > ><, @ N > (@ > > @, > ) > HL > @ L > >H@ (@ @ > < > ><) @
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
337
4
5
6
7
> < N >@ > <, <N@> @ > @ K > <, > J K > , H>@ > K . D @, > @ L N @@ > K > > @ < > <, , @ > > L (> ) K > < (> ) (F. 6). L @ > K >N<, > > < @>. AH@ > ><@ , H > K < @ @ > @ L, > L> N < > <
338
@ @ > @ . >>, >H@ > > L, >
>: &@U@ <N @ > @. @>L, L @ > @ @ > , K Q> >@@ <, @ Y X L>! E@@, > R L @ @ S@ < > > > > < (> K <). @@ H S > < > > . >>, K > <, <, > K L> @ @ > @ ,
N, N@> @ > > <. AH@ > S@ Q < > K <, @ > >, >H@@ @ > @ > , <@ H, @ , > > >, H@ @ K , > Q . $ HN@ < > K P@ L>. AK > > > > K >L > N @ > > @ > >,
< > <, N@>. F@>@, J@ @ > @ > <, <@ H Y X > @ L>!... C @ > < , > K <. @>, @ > J@S@ @ > @ L > < > K <, K @ > J > @ @ > >>> L, > K @ > >>>, > HL > <. G > < @ > K, , > @ H@ @ .
M ;>
E E DH >>@ A Q > S
A
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
> @, N @ S@ > @ > . @ , @ >@ P, @ >L > H@ @ > L K > , > > Z> K @< @ > > Z K H. C@ @>P > H@, N@> @ @, @@P > < >L > > L: & >@ @ > < > > > > > <, N@> , @ N > > @ > <. E , >L <. > H@ > > L, >L@ > >L@ > L K > ([@ > H@ > @ > N R\). AU@ @ @ @H> @ > [S@\ K > , > > > N -
339
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
340
> > . 'H > > Q > @ @H@ > > L. %@ >L > , > > L @ @ > S@: >H@ >@ @ > @ > @ >L > < K >> N@> @. >N@@ > L H K , @ > K P> @ > , < > >> @Q@. A> > , N@ @ Q @ @ @@.
@ K P > @ @, > HL N, > @ P>. E @ @@ @ J < > @ > @ @ > @ > . @>@ > @ >H@@ > K, @ > <, >U@ @ , @@ P >L > : @ L @ S@ @.
$ S@ @ > @@ > @S@, N@ @ > @, > P > , DP > @ ><. $ @ > > > < < @ <@ @H@, K K > > @ , > @>@, >L > . @ L H @H- @@ > @ > L, >
"$E%&IDIGI&ACIU + GA%&$MIA <;> G >>; > >@ P > H K > @H@ , @ @ < >@. $ Q @ @ > R @ , > K L > >. ; @ 5 > / ? A 9 8 E : J 2 > 3 ; @ ; F
AFIIDADE% A L LA$G DE LA HI%&$IA
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
G
E
341
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
342
@ @ @ @ K @ > @>. K P@ @ , >> , , > >>, @ > > K S@. AN N J@ > > @ @ H>Q@ >> < @ @@ N K @ @ (N @) > > Y @ > > @Q @@ @ @ @ , @ , @ @ @ . D , @ K @@ Q> @ K K @ @ @ K @@ @@L @ > @>@ > H@ . $ N@ > K > Q> @ N >@ N@ > @H K N N@ > . % K @ @, H@@ K X @<@! C @ R H<, > @Q K > @ : $ -
I <>;> J &> QC CR, ; /> ; J &> <>/ /;; QG</;
@ @ @> @ N @ @ @ Q@, Q @ @ Q@ @ > > @ N> . & Q P>.
L% CAMI% %E %E"A$A
@ @ @ @ @ H. @ @ K > . & HK @L Q @ > L@. '@>@ H >@ > @ , > @>, > @ . @ > > > @ H> > @ > <, @ @ > @H> @ > J@@ > HV@L > Y A > @ > B>> A, > > @ %>> > %P K > <. A A>SH @ > @@ @ C > @H H. A > @> D. A@ > Q@ A. A > U > @ > Q> . Q H >U@ Q @ @ > > K U@ @< U> @ @ >N K >, @ >@ @ @ > N @ @@ @: DT> @ @ >> @ @ K B>@ @ > K @ C>@, AP. $ @ F C@@ > @ @ @ B>@, F>@ > S @ > @ $. >. > % K > @ K @@ J@ N.
NJ @@ >: "@ L K F@ AO, R> @H> K > < > @ @ >. & K @ > /@ R> @ > N > K @ @ @ AO @ >H >, @ > K > @. L, @ , @@ > > N Q S@: [GL\. @ > @@ AO > > , @ U> > @ S@ "@ L P@ @ @ @ K > @ . >> @ R @LS N > @ @. E> N>, >> % > , @Q @ 80 < @ Q> >@ K @ E@, E@, , C@, E>, K @. D Q, > >Q S@ .
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
343
ESTUDIO MONOGR@FICO
Un !iaje. %> _@> ";>
GEA
PARTE IX
&EMA% FIALE%. LA &$AM"A + %' EL'CIU:
%
H > H>H > P@ > H< @, @ : $ Q > N @, > >@ N >, @Q @ @ >@> K @>>: >L @ P@, > S, K > @ H< @ @ > . C@ >@>, @ S@ @@ @, Q @ P@ K P > Q. E> @@ > > K > @ J>H@ @ @ H > . E> > > @@ @ > > , U@ @ @R K >, . > > S@ Q , H@ @ > @ @, @ > P@.
@U > H P@ K @HS@ , K L >@ , >, @, K @ , > H @@ N , K @ N @>. > K , > P@ ><, @ K Q > >@> K > @@ @@ @ N @H. Q@ @ L > @ K J@Q@ @ > < > @, H >N@ @ S> <. @ @R > P@, >@ > H > @>. @@U @ > R H@.
FICCIU & @ @ @ H K , > S@, @ > @> > G, >@ @ > @ K @ K @ K > >@ @ @>.
$ @ @@ > U> > > > P. $> > H>S@ E@ @, > @@ > S@ @ @ > > , @ > K J@@ K > , @ K >U@ @@, @ @ B, @, > @ > @ @ @ @@, C>K> >K@. > , @ > B. $ H B K > >S@ B, > @ P @ > @. $ K H>- $ S@ K N, @ @ H< S@ N @ > H P@, @ @ @ >, K > > @Q@ @H > S, @H - U>. > S@ H > @ H @Y N, @H , - <@, LS@ , K , @> JH < >N, > N @H. C@J>L > H< @ @ L H. @ @H @ K N H > @, > @. $ @@>@ >> @ E @, @ K @ @ H- > @ @@@ , > "Q@ &H< @ @ >@@. E@ @ > S@ >N N>, ER A> H @ >. E P > > @ K N P@ K > > > @ Q. @- Q , > @ H<@ @
344
345
L 7 6 @ 3 @ D 7 A H 3 E G 7 6 3 Q 8 3 D 9 A A F
J >. $ Q @ , N H>@ @ K > > @@ >. % H@ > @ > @ > N, > @ @ @> @ . A> > Q > , , $Q GQ. @ , K @ Q, > N@ >>H@ @H@ @ @: "H B@QL H>>, @> > @, @@K, K %> %RL %, @> >S@ @ > K @L $@. @@ @@ >@L@ @ @ . E @ @>@ K @ @ > > K @ < . $ JS@ H @ , @ @ >>H@ > @: @ >. > >> > @ @@ @ < . > @J>> @ @ @, > > > H > @< @ > .
@. > @ @, @ >H > @> > S@, @> > . E> @<, N P@ > K > S@ >@, @ K @ > S@, > @ > > @ > N >.
, >@ HN@ @> @H >Q. E@ > @@ @, K U@ @P > @>@ N @ . @ S@, , @ @Y @ > , > @@@ >@L> > @ >.
> > >Q > , > S@ >N > <, H >Q >> > > N > >. K @ @@@ @ @ @ @ @ H< @ @ @ @ , > J@ > , > >@, > , > >, . @ > S@
E*"$E%IU
346 346
% K < > @ N @ >, > @ >@< J@ HP >>. C@ @ >, @ @ @< @, @S@ @, @ @ K @ . $ @ @
@ @ <. 1. >: @ H< N @ @ > @ Q , >, < N >Y > > @ @, Q> , K @ > >@ [@\, K Q @ > H, @, U@ H. &, @ , @ @ @ @ Q> @ @>, K Q H@ @H@ $ GQ K "@ L R, @ >> @ > >, @ > < >N. N @ @ Q> . E@ > P K > @@ , > @ >@P, @ >> @ @ Q> H@ > Q> @>. $ Q> @Q@ >
@@, @ > S, @ @ >> @@ Q> S> @ >>. @ < <@ @ > @ H > J, Q> @ > >> > @ > > @@@ >H, >> > @ >@. 2. E> Q> @ @ @ @< N @, @ >. @ @ @< @ @@, HP Q>, P @ > @ > U> @ > @@. @ > @L @H> @@@ >>, @ @>K > @< HP Q>.
@@ @ > , K > P @ H > >, K > H< H . E> > H< K @ @ > @@ > U>. LN @ H@ @ @ , @@ @R@. @ @@ @ @ > <, K Q@ <@ @@@. $ @@@ @ > L > H>, K N@, @ H > @ K @@ > @S@ N.
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
347
S > @ > > @ K > > > . E> @H > @ > , @ S> > > > > @ @ S > > , @ > JH @ . A> > @ > @S@ H@, P N @ H< > @, L L. E N H@ > @ > H> > @ . AN > > @ > > @ @, @@ N @ K @@. @ >@ > @ @ > , @@ , > >> > > >>L > . , > >>L @ S> H @ @.
E %ID DEL EFEC& E> @ @>@ J>H@ > @ , @ K > >. $ @ > @ @ K @. E> > @, @ , S @ @@S@ >@. E> @ > @, @ @ @@S@ @ @ > @. E@ @ , > S> @@ @ > @ > K @ @@ > @ K > P. <> @ > @ @ Q @ , @ > @ > >, Q @ > @ @ @ @ Q @ @@U@ @ N @ . D > @ >Q N K Q @Q > @R @ N. P@ @ @@ > @ > @ , @ K @ @ @ @ @, @@ > @> > H<. E@ > H > , @ > @ H@ @ K @@U@ @, < > @ > N N N, > U@ @ > . E@ @> K P
348
@ @ @ @ > @ @@ @@. C > @ > K > @ @ @@ @ @ J K N. E> @ > @ @ > , < H, > @, K @ >>. G@ @ K N>, @ @L @> >> > N Q>. K @ @@ K @ @ @ @, @ >@ @ , K N, @ > K @ @ N. @ @@ > >@ @ @ @ @@@, K @ @ > , S@ @>Y E& E$AC`& A &A E`&: @>L Q @ @N > @>@ > < S> @ @ S@. > < S>, @ N >, S> @ >Q: > < @ > @ > @ @ @ @ , > N . > < N @ @ S@ @ < > > @ S@. K @ , N @ > @ @ > U>, @ K H< @ @ K @, @ @ @ > S@Y > @> K @ .
>< K @@ < @ <. & , @@ @ > @ H @ > @ < @ . $ @ K @ @ @ K @ @Q @ S@ @, P@ K < > @@@, > >, > L @ @ @ @. @ <, S@, S@ K L @ L @ @N@. D@ R @@ @ @ H @ <, @ N, >@ @ @ H>@ @ K @ @ @ > N @, @ @ @ K S, , @QY @ @ L> @ @ @. @ H K < H @ H>@, @ @; @ @ @ @>Q K @ @ @ > .
CCL'%IE% FIALE% & HK @>@ @>, >@ @ >S@ @>@ P H R > @ @.
K @ > > U> N. C >@ @ > <, @, > @ Q, @ K @, K @ H, L @ > @ @@ @ > S@ @, > H@ @ S@. & P > @ N. & > > , @ > > P@, > Y @ H@ <@, Q > H @ K >@ N @ > @@ @ @ H Y K @ > @@ Y @ P K @ @@S@ N < > , @ @> @ P. > Y K @ @ > @LL@ @ @ <, > < K > @ >@@ @ @- @ > @ U@. Q , K H @ > @ J@. C@P@ @ > @, @ C K @ S@ H, @ , @ @ , - H > H, > @ @ < > @ U@ HK - @ >> @@U@ >@@ > , @ @ >.