VOLVO ARTICULATED HAULERS
PERFORMANCE MANUAL HOW TO CALCULATE PERFORMANCE ED 11
Performance Manual Volvo Articulated Haulers
Edition 11
1 Purpose and layout of the book .................. 4 2 Profitability in bulk transport of materials 5 3 Volumes and densities ..................................... 6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Bank, loose and compacted volumes ..............6 Density .....................................................................7 Swell ........................................................................8 Table of different material weights ....................9
9 Loading time for different loading equipment ........................................... 57 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5
Loading times for wheel loaders .................... 58 Loading times for hydraulic excavators ......... 59 Loading times for hydraulic excavators, front shovels ........................................................ 61 Loading times for crawler loaders .................. 62 Loading times for draglines ............................. 63
4 Calculation of load volume ...........................10
10 Choice of crawler dozer at dumping area ...................................................... 64
5 Excavation classes ............................................11
11 Tables ..................................................................... 66
6 Operating conditions .......................................12 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10
Rolling resistance ............................................... 12 Rolling resistance table .................................... 12 Grades .................................................................. 13 Total resistance .................................................. 13 Measuring grades ............................................... 15 Curves .................................................................. 15 Ground structure ................................................ 17 Hauling long stretches downhill ...................... 21 Traction ................................................................. 22 Load-bearing capacity of the ground ............. 23 Lowest acceptable ground-bearing capacity. 26
7 Calculation of machine performance ......27 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14
Work cycle of transport machines .................. 27 Loading ................................................................. 28 Work at loading area ......................................... 28 Traveling loaded ................................................. 29 Traveling unloaded ............................................. 32 Maneuvering to dump and dumping .............. 36 Maneuvering for loading ................................... 38 Productive time ................................................... 39 Production ........................................................... 40 Production calculation ...................................... 40 The right number of transport machines ....... 43 Hourly cost .......................................................... 44 Example of hourly cost calculation ................. 49 Calculation of cost per production unit ......... 51
8 Maneuvering times ...........................................53 8.1 8.2 8.3
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Time needed for maneuvering at loading area ......................................................... 53 Time needed for maneuvering at dump area and dumping .................................. 54 Turning around in tunnels ................................. 56
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8
Material weights and swell factor ................... 66 Excavation classes ............................................ 67 Ground structure classes ................................. 67 Rolling resistance and coefficient of traction for different surfaces .......................... 67 Load-bearing capacity of the ground ............ 68 Grade conversion table .................................... 68 Measurement units and conversion ............... 69 Transformation between travel time and speed ........................................................... 70
12 Formulas ............................................................... 71 14 A25D Specification and Performance .... 73 14.1 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16
Dimensions, Volvo A25D 4x4, unloaded ..... 73 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 6x6, unloaded with 23.5R25 tires ............................................. 74 Weights ............................................................... 75 Body ..................................................................... 75 Body volumes .................................................... 76 Ground pressure and cone index .................. 77 Drive ...................................................................... 77 Transmission ....................................................... 77 Travel speed ....................................................... 77 Steering system ................................................. 77 Frame and bogie ................................................ 77 Engine .................................................................. 78 Brakes .................................................................. 78 Cab ....................................................................... 78 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance ........................... 79 Operating on slopes ......................................... 79 Diagram................................................................. 80 Rimpull - Retardation ........................................ 84
Performance Manual 15 A30D Specification and Performance .... 87 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16
Dimensions, Volvo A30D with tires 750/65R25, unloaded 87 Weights ................................................................88 Body ......................................................................88 Body volumes ......................................................89 Ground pressure and cone index ...................90 Drive ......................................................................90 Transmission .......................................................90 Travel speed ........................................................90 Steering system ..................................................90 Frame and bogie ................................................90 Engine ...................................................................91 Brakes ...................................................................91 Cab ........................................................................91 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance ..............................92 Operating on slopes ..........................................92 Diagram .................................................................93 Rimpull - Retardation .......................................97
16 A35D Specification and Performance .... 99 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16
Dimensions, Volvo A35D with tires 26.5R25, unloaded....................................99 Weights ............................................................. 100 Body ................................................................... 100 Body volumes ................................................... 101 Ground pressure and cone index ................ 102 Drive ................................................................... 102 Transmission .................................................... 102 Travel speed ..................................................... 102 Steering system ............................................... 102 Frame and bogie ............................................. 102 Engine ................................................................ 103 Brakes ................................................................ 103 Cab ..................................................................... 103 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance ........................... 104 Operating on slopes ....................................... 104 Diagram .............................................................. 105 Rimpull - Retardation ...................................... 109
17 A40D Specification and Performance . 111 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16
Dimensions, Volvo A40D with tires 29.5R25, unloaded .................................111 Weights ..............................................................112 Body ....................................................................112 Body volumes ...................................................113 Ground pressure and cone index .................114 Drive ....................................................................114 Transmission .....................................................114 Travel speed ......................................................114 Steering system ................................................114 Frame and bogie ..............................................114 Engine .................................................................115 Brakes ................................................................115 Cab .....................................................................115 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance............................116 Operating on slopes .......................................116 Diagram...............................................................117 Rimpull - Retardation .......................................121
C-model Diagrams................................................. 123 18.16 18.16 18.16 18.16
A25C Diagrams ...............................................123 A30C Diagrams ................................................127 A35C Diagrams ................................................131 A40 Diagrams....................................................135
Special Vehicles ..................................................... 140 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.1
A25D-A30D Terrain Chassis, Dimensions 140 A25D-A30D Twin Steer, Dimensions...........143 A25D Container Hauler, Dimensions ...........145 A35D Container Hauler, Dimensions ...........147
Articulated Haulers in Underground Mining/ Tunneling ............................................................ 149
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1 Purpose and layout of the book This book is intended as an aid for planners, estimators and machine owners in forecasting the cycle time, production and cost for performing bulk movement of materials with Volvo articulated haulers. The result gained by using the book can be regarded as fully reliable, providing that the nature of the ground and other factors are correctly evaluated and that the operator is of normal competence. Since working conditions vary so widely between different operating sites, it has not been possible to take into account all the factors affecting performance and cost; therefore, we cannot accept responsibility for any differences that may arise between calculations and actual results. To make proper use of this book, a certain amount of experience in the planning of bulk movement of materials, time studies and technical terms occurring in the business is necessary. Metric units of measure are in normal type, followed by U.S. units of measure in bold type face. In this publication decimals are indicated with a point (.) and comma (,) is used to divide thousands.
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2 Profitability in bulk transport of materials Many different types of machines can be used for the bulk transport of materials, the hauling distance generally being of decisive importance. The existence of, or proposed road network, load carrying capacity of the ground, availability of suitable base courses, the amount of material to be transported and the loading equipment are factors which rule the choice of machine for carrying out the work most efficiently and profitably.
Articulated haulers are most profitable where: • Operating conditions call for good negotiability. • The haul route is good, but the loading or dump areas become so soft and slippery in wet weather that other types of haulers get bogged down. • The load or dump areas are so restricted that on highway dumptrucks and rigid haulers have to turn or backup for long distances. • The road is so narrow that on highway dumptrucks, rigid haulers and scrapers are only able to pass each other at special passing points, while the articulated haulers can meet and pass everywhere, using the terrain beside the road.
• The material is such that sufficient traction is available for scrapers to load themselves. To obtain maximum profitability in the bulk transport of materials, it is necessary to match the correct loading equipment and optimum number of transport machines with the desired transport volume per unit of time and the total volume of material to be transported. If a quantity of less than 10,000 Bm3 13,000 Byd3 has to be transported a short distance of about 200 m 650 ft., this can generally be done in a shorter time with a couple of articulated haulers. If no road exists and the ground has sufficient loadbearing capacity, it is usually cheaper not to build a special road for this short job but instead to run slowly off-road and use one or two additional articulated haulers. If the quantity of more than 10,000 Bm3 13,000 Byd3 has to be transported over a long distance of approximately 1,000 m 3,300 ft., it is usually cheaper to build a special road and keep it in good condition. This allows the transport machines to run at high speed and means that fewer are needed. Part of the total cost will then be reflected by the road and road maintenance instead of by machines and operators.
On highway dumptrucks are most profitable where:
This book enables an estimate to be made of the performance of Volvo articulated haulers under different conditions.
• Public roads are used for distances of more than 500 m 1650 ft. The loading and dump areas are level and sufficiently large to permit turning around without loss of time, and that loading and dumping can continue without periodical interruption by inclement weather conditions.
By calculating different alternatives and estimating the cost of the alternatives offered, it is possible to make theoretical calculations for the optimum combination of loading equipment, transport machines, road and road maintenance.
Rigid haulers are most profitable where:
By fully utilizing the specific properties of the articulated hauler it is possible to:
• Quantities in excess of 500,000 Bm3 650,000 Byd3 have to be moved on the same road. The road must be built on firm ground and have a width of 2.2 times that of the machine. Furthermore, the distance should exceed 1000 m 3300 ft. in one way direction, and the loading time should be less than 1.5 minutes. Operation must be possible in wet weather.
Scrapers are most profitable where: • The ground is dry, has a high bearing capacity but is easy to excavate and free from stones and boulders. • The excavation is made in a cut, and the dumping is performed on an embankment. • The transported volume is large, at least 500,000 Bm3 650,000 Byd3.
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• reduce costs for building and maintaining loading areas • reduce costs for building dump areas • reduce the need for dozers at the dump areas • reduce costs for building and maintaining haul roads
3 Volumes and densities 3.1 Bank, loose and compacted volumes
In the earthmoving industry, volumes can be expressed in different ways, depending on which stage of excavation the material is in. In this section the most common ones; bank, loose and compacted volume will be explained.
Bank volume Loose volume Compacted volume
Fig. 1
Bank volume (Bm3, Byd3) is the undisturbed material in the ground, before excavation. Note that the volume that is actually excavated often is somewhat larger than the one calculated from drawings. Loose volume (Lm3, Lyd3) is the volume of the material when it is loaded on the transport machine. The loose volume is larger than the bank volume since the material expands when excavated. This difference is called swell.
Compacted volume (Cm3, Cyd3) is the volume of the material after leveling and compaction on the site. This volume is smaller than the loose and can be either larger or smaller than the bank volume depending on the material properties. As for bank volumes, it is important to note that the actual filled volume often is larger than the volume calculated from drawings. The graph below shows an example of how the volume of material can vary during excavation and transport (Fig. 2).
Volume
Transport Leveling and compaction
Loose
Swell
Compacted Loading
Bank
Blasting
Fig. 2 Volume variation during excavation and transport
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3.2 Density The relationship of the weight of a material to its volume is called density. Density =
We i ght ----------------------Volume
Density is expressed in kg/m3 Ib/yd3.
Density and swell of a material vary with grain size and moisture content. To make an accurate determination of density and swell, measurements have to be made on the site, but rough estimates can be made from table 3.4. The graph below shows an example of how the density of a material can vary during excavation and transport (Fig. 3).
Density of the same material may be different depending on whether it is in the bank, loose or compacted form. The difference is noted by using the same abbreviations as for volumes, e.g. 1700 kg/Lm3 2870 lb/Lyd3 means that one loose cubic yard (meter) of the material weighs 1700 kg 2870 lb.
Density
Blasting Bank Loading Compacted Loose
Leveling and compaction
Fig. 3 Density variation during excavation and transport
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3.3 Swell When soil and rock materials are loaded into a dumper, the volume increases due to expansion of the material. This increase is called swell. This is usually expressed as a swell-factor which is the loose volume divided by the bank volume, see below, but it can also be expressed as a percentage. For conversions between bank and loose forms the following formulas are used: Swell =
Loose volume Bank volume
Volume changes: Loose volume = Bank volume x Swell Bank volume =
Loose volume Swell
Density changes: Loose density =
Bank density Swell
Bank density = Loose density x Swell
EXAMPLE: Dry clay has a bank density of 1700 kg/Bm3 2870 lb/Byd3 and the swell-factor 1.3 (it swells 30%). What is the weight of 1 Lm3 1 Lyd3? Loose density =
1700 1.3
= 1308 kg/Lm3 2208 lb/Lyd3
What is the weight of a full load in a 16.5 m3 21.6 yd3 dumper body? Load weight = Load volume x Loose density = 16.5 Lm3 x 1308 kg/Lm3 = 21,600 kg = 21.6 Lyd3 x 2208 lb/Lyd3 = 47,726 lbs If 75,000 Bm3 98,100 Byd3 are to be excavated, how many Lm3 Lyd3 are to be transported? Loose volume = 75,000 Bm3 x 1.3 = 97,500 Lm3 98,100 Byd3 x 1.3 = 127,530 Lyd3
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3.4 Table of different material weights MATERIAL Ashes, soft coal with slagg Bauxite Brick Cement Caliche Clay: dry wet + gravel, dry + gravel, wet compacted Coal: anthracite bitumous ignite Concrete: dry wet Copper ore Earth: dry wet + sand and gravel + 25% stone loam Granite Gravel: dry moist, wet Gypsum: blasted crushed Iron ore: Hematite Limonite Magnetite Kaolin Lime Limestone: blasted loose, crushed marble Mud: dry (close) wet (moderately comp.) Rock: hard well blasted + stone crushed Sandstone Sand: dry wet + gravel, dry + gravel, wet Shale: soft rock riprock Slag Slate Top soil Traprock
lb/Byd3 1010–1520 3200 – 2950 3790 2870 3790 2870 3030 3370 2190–2610 1850 2110 3200–4210 – 3200 2870 3200 3030 3370 2530 4380–5060 2870 3710 4890 5230 4720–6570 8600–11800 4720–6570 2870 – 4380 – 4550 3710–5060 5060–5900 4800 4800 4210 3200 3540 3200 3710 3030 2950 5060 4720 2360 5060
These weights are only approximate. The densities vary with moisture content, grain size, etc. 9
kg/bm3 600–900 1900 – 1750 2250 1700 2250 1700 1800 2000 1300–1550 1100 1250 1900–2500 – 1900 1700 1900 1800 2000 1500 2600–3000 1700 2200 2900 3100 2800–3900 5100–7000 2800–3900 1700 – 2600 – 2700 2200–3000 3000–3500 2850 2850 2500 1900 2100 1900 2200 1800 1750 3000 2800 1400 3000
lb/Lyd3 840–1350 2360 2700–3200 2440 2110 2190 2700 2360 2530 2870 1690–2020 1350 1520 2360–3030 3620 2700 2190 2700 2700 2700 2110 2780–3030 2530 3370 2700 3030 3880–5390 3880–5390 3880–5390 2190 1350 2700 2530 2700 3030–4210 4210–4890 2850 2850 2530 2870 3200 2870 3370 2190 2110 2950 3540 1690 3370
kg/lm3 500–800 1400 1600–1900 1450 1250 1300 1600 1400 1500 1700 1000–1200 800 900 1400–1800 2150 1600 1300 1600 1600 1600 1250 1650–1800 1500 2000 1600 1800 2300–3200 2300–3200 2300–3200 1300 800 1600 1500 1600 1800–2500 2500–2900 1700 1700 1500 1700 1900 1700 2000 1300 1250 1750 2100 1000 2000
Swell 1.1 1.3 – 1.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 – 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.7-2.2 1.2 1.3 – 1.6 – 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.5
Tests must be carried out to determine exact material characteristics
4 Calculation of load volume The load capacity is expressed in tons sh ton. The load is expressed in m3 yd3, struck load SAE and heaped load SAE. (SAE Standard 3741a.) The struck load volume of a hauler body represents the actual volume enclosed within the walls of the load space as restricted by a straight line running along the upper edges of the sides. The struck load volume is expressed in m3 yd3 to one decimal place. For a hauler body open at one end, the volume at this end is restricted by a line running from the lower rear edge of the open end at an upward and inward slope of 1:1.
The heaped load volume of a hauler body represents the sum of the struck load volume and the volume enclosed by four surfaces at an inward and upward slope of 2:1 from the upper edges of the sides and ends and their load carrying extensions. For a hauler body with an open end, the slope of 2:1 for heaped load volume originates from the upper edge of the 1:1 slope as used for determining the struck load volume. For a load space having a struck load volume of less than 10 m3 10 yd3, the heaped load volume is given to the nearest half m3 yd3. For a load space having a struck load volume of 10 m3 10 yd3 or more, the heaped load volume is given to the nearest whole m3 yd3.
Fig. 4
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5 Excavation classes Different materials have different excavation characteristics and therefore require a varying amount of power and time in order to loosen them for digging. To determine the performance of the loading machine, it is necessary to assess the excavation characteristics of the material to be moved.
Soil types can be grouped in five excavation classes: Class 1 = little resistance to loosening and high degree of bucket filling, i.e. high performance of loading equipment. Class 5 = high resistance to loosening and small degree of bucket filling, i.e. low performance of loading equipment, under normal conditions. Blasting or ripping is required for excavation of class 5 material.
Classification guidance table: CLASS
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1
Easy digging – unpacked earth, sand-gravel, ditch cleaning.
2
Medium digging – packed earth, tough dry clay, soil with less than 25% rock content.
3
Medium to hard digging – hard packed soil with up to 50% rock content well blasted.
4
Hard digging – shot rock or tough soil with up to 75% rock content.
5
Tough digging – sandstone, caliche, shale, certain limestone, hard frost.
6 Operating conditions 6.1 Rolling resistance When operating the hauler, energy is absorbed by the deformation of tires and ground. An example of this is rutting. The restraining effect this has on the machine is called rolling resistance.
6.2 Rolling resistance table (The table is appropriate for Volvo articulated haulers.) The rolling resistance is affected by several factors, such as: • type of soil • condition of the ground • moisture content • tire load • diameter and width of the wheel Tables are used for practical assessment of the rolling resistance of the traveling surface, where the rolling resistance is shown as a percentage of the Gross Machine Weight (GMW). Rolling resistance %
Type of traveling surface
Sinkage of tires cm in.
Coefficient of traction
Concrete, dry
2
–
–
0.8 – 1.0
Asphalt, dry
2
–
–
0.7 – 0.9
Macadam
3
–
–
0.5 – 0.7
Gravel road, compacted
3
–
–
0.5 – 0.7
Dirt road, compacted
3
4
1.6
0.4 – 0.6
Dirt road, firm rutted
5
6
2.4
0.3 – 0.6
Stripped arable land, firm, dry
6
8
3.2
0.6 – 0.8
Soil backfill, soft
8
10
4.0
0.4 – 0.5
Stripped arable land, loose, dry
12
15
6.0
0.4 – 0.5
Woodland pastures, grassy banks
12 – 15
15 – 18
6–7
0.6 – 0.7
Sand or gravel, loose
15 – 30
18 – 35
7 – 14
0.2 – 0.4
Dirt road, deeply rutted, porous
16
20
8.0
0.1 – 2.0
Stripped arable land, sticky wet
10 – 20
12 – 25
5 – 10
0.1 – 0.4
Clay loose, wet
35
40
16
0.1 – 0.2
Ice
2
–
–
0.1 – 0.2
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6.3 Grades Grade resistance is caused by the fact that as the machine moves forward it is also lifted to a higher level. Calculation of the necessary rimpull is done by splitting the force of gravity into vectors. See Fig. 5.
Resistance to grade
The resistance is usually expressed as a percentage of the GMW. In order to run uphill, therefore, a tractive effort corresponding to the grade percentage times the GMW is needed. Since the grade resistance is shown as a percentage of the GMW in the same way as the rolling resistance, both values can be added together or subtracted from each other.
Force normal to ground
Gross machine weight (GMW)
Fig. 5
6.4 Total resistance Total resistance = rolling resistance + grade resistance
ÿ
The grade resistance is positive (+) uphill and negative (–) downhill. In our example, the “Site Summary”, we are describing positive grade with , negative grade withÿ and flat ground with Ÿ Uphill
Downhill
Grade resistance
=
2%
–2%
Rolling resistance
=
8%
8%
Total resistance
=
10%
6%
By adding the rolling resistance and grade resistance and using a graph showing the time needed for traveling at different total resistance, it is possible to calculate how long it will take to cover a particular distance with loaded or unloaded machines. Note: There is one graph for a loaded machine and another one for an unloaded machine.
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EXAMPLE: A fully loaded Volvo A25D has to travel up a hill 200 m 656 ft. with a grade of 2%. The rolling resistance is 8%. How long will it take? Start from 200 m 656 ft. in the graph (Fig. 6), follow a vertical line until intersecting the 10% line. Then follow a horizontal line and read off the traveling time axis, which gives a time of 0.90 minutes. Return trip (unloaded): Start from 200 m 656 ft. in the graph (Fig. 7), follow a vertical line until intersecting the 6% line. Then follow a horizontal line and read off the traveling time axis, which gives a time of 0.22 minutes.
Traveling time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, loaded. Total resistance Ground structure
Time in min.
40%
3.0
35%
30% 28% 26%
2.5 24%
2.0
22% 1.0
20% 18%
1.5
16% 14% 12% 10%
1.0
8% 6% 0.8 4% 0.6 2%
0.5
0.00.4 Distance in m
0 0
20
40
60
80
0
100
120
140
160
300
180
200
in ft.
Fig. 6
600
Traveling time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, unloaded. Time in min.
40%
1.0
1.4 1.2
35%
30% 28% 26% 24% 22% 20%
1.0 0.8
18%
0.6
0.8
16% 14% 12% 10%
0.4
0.6
0.4 8% 4%-6% 2%
0.2
0.00.2
0 0 0
20
40
60
80
100 300
120
140
160
180 600
200
Distance in m in ft.
Fig. 7
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6.5 Measuring grades Grades are measured by means of an inclinometer. Any attempt to estimate grades without some form of accurate measurement usually results in large errors; so a suitable instrument should always be used. There are several different instruments on the market which register the grades in percentage and degrees. One example is shown in Figure 8. This particular instrument is used as follows:
Stand at the bottom of the grade and look through the instrument. Have an assistant whose height at eye level is almost the same as your own stand at the top of the hill. Sight the instrument as shown in the sketch and read the percentage scale off the instrument at the index mark.
Fig.8
6.6 Curves
EXAMPLE:
Curves can be taken at different speeds depending on the radius. When taking a curve, the speed of the machine should not be higher than that which permits ground grip and lateral acceleration to stay well within the limits of stability and comfort.
Radius: 20 m 66 ft.
To determine the traveling time through a particular curve, it is necessary to know the curve radius and arc length. From the graph (Fig. 10) it is possible to read off the time required to negotiate curves of different radius and arc lengths.
Fig. 9
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Arc length: 50 m 164 ft. Travel time: 0.19 min. Use the graph in Fig. 10: “Total time through curves with different arc length and radius.” • Follow a vertical line from 50 m 164 ft. on the distance axis up to line 3, radius 20 m R65.6 ft. • Follow a horizontal line from this intersection to the time axis and read off the time needed for passing the curve. • The time = 0.19 min.
Total time through curves with different arc length and radius. Time in min.
1
2
3
4
5
6
LINE
RADIUS
Distance in m in ft.
Fig. 10
Calculation of radius In cases when the radius is unknown, use the following formula for calculation (Fig. 9:1). EXAMPLE: Arc length: 70 m 229 ft. Angle: 100° Travel time: 0.18 min. r=
360 x b 360 x 70 = = 40.1 m α x 2π 100 x (2 x 3.14)
Use the graph in Fig. 10: “Total time through curves with different arc length and radius.” r=
360 x b α x 2π
Fig. 9:1
r=
radius in m
b=
arc length in m
α=
angle in degrees
π=
3.14
• Follow a vertical line from 70 m 229 ft. on the distance axis up to line 5 radius 40 m 131 ft. • Follow a horizontal line from this intersection to the time axis and read off the time needed for passing the curve. • The time = 0.18 min.
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6.7 Ground structure It is not always the rolling resistance, gradient or sharpness of curves that determine the speed of the machine. Roughness of the surfaces of the loading area, haul route and dump area also affect how the speed of the vehicle can be utilized. The roughness does not have to be particularly severe to subject both operator and machine to high stresses due to shaking and vibration.
The operator instinctively adapts the speed to a level which is easy on both the machine and himself. This speed varies with the roughness of the surface and comfort and safety of different machines. Depending on the size and nature of the obstacles, the running surface can be classified in the following ground structure class:
. Group
Max. distance between obstacles, 5 m 16 ft. Ground structure class
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1. Hard ground with solid obstacles i.e. gravel road Size of obstacles in cm in.
0–2
2–3
3–4
4–6
6 – 10
10 – 30
0 – 0.8
0.8 – 1.2
1.2 – 1.6
1.6 – 2.4
2.4 – 4.0
4 – 12
2. Soft ground with soft obstacles i.e. wet clay Size of obstacles in cm in.
0–3
3–4
4–6
6 – 10
10 – 30
30 – 40
0 – 1.2
1.2 – 1.6
1.6 – 2.4
2.4 – 4.0
4 – 12
12 – 16
Description of ground structure classes The photographs indicate the ground structure class, the length of the test surfaces (5 m = 5.5 yd) and the wheel track spacing (2.5 m = 8.2 ft).
Group 1 – Hard ground with solid obstacles
Group 2 – Soft ground with soft obstacles
The traveling surface is hard and stony, e.g. a gravel or dirt road of such a nature that the obstacles are not greatly affected and retain their original size.
The traveling surface is of soft nature, e.g. clay, backfill, dirt road or similar, where the traffic has compacted the material. Underlying stones, rocks, etc. form ridges and ruts, and due to its construction and characteristics, the machine can also form pot holes and obstacles itself. The nature of such a traveling surface may vary from time to time during the work.
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Group 1 – Hard ground with solid obstacles
Class 0.0
Class 0.6
• Height or depth of obstacles = 0–2 cm 0–0.8 in.
• Height or depth of obstacles = 4–6 cm 1.6–2.4 in.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
• Surface size of obstacles affect the wheel and are not “swallowed” by the tire or stuck in the tire tread, e.g. small stones and similar.
Class 0.2
Class 0.8
• Height or depth of obstacles = 2–3 cm 0.8–1.2 in.
• Height or depth of obstacles = 6–10 cm 2.4–4.0 in.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
Class 0.4
Class 1.0
• Height or depth of obstacles = 3–4 cm 1.2–1.6 in.
• Height or depth of obstacles = 10–30 cm 4–12 in.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
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Group 2 – Soft ground with soft obstacles
Class 0.0
Class 0.6
• Height or depth of obstacles = 0–3 cm 0–1.2 in.
• Height or depth of obstacles = 6–10 cm 2.4–4.0 in.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
• Surface size of obstacles affect the wheel and are not to be “swallowed” by the tire or stuck in the tire tread.
Class 0.2
Class 0.8
• Height or depth of obstacles = 3–4 cm 1.2–1.6 in.
• Height or depth of obstacles = 10–30 cm 4–12 in.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
Class 0.4
Class 1.0
• Height or depth of obstacles = 4–6 cm 1.6–2.4 in.
• Height or depth of obstacles = 30–40 cm 12–16 in.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
• Max. distance between obstacles 5 m 5.5 yd.
19
Volvo articulated haulers can run over solid obstacles with a height or depth of 40 cm 16 in. without causing damage to the machine. However, it is recommended that the height of solid obstacles should not exceed 30 cm 12 in. To determine the time it takes to run a Volvo A25D over different surface structure classes, use the graphs in Fig. 6 or 7. These graphs also show the traveling time needed to pass different total resistances.
EXAMPLE: On a stretch of hard gravel road, you have estimated the height of the obstacles to be 6 – 10 cm 2.4 – 4.0 in. spaced at less than 5 m 5.5 yd. The stretch is 200 m 656 ft. long. How much time does it take a loaded Volvo A25D 6x6 to cover this stretch? 1. Surface structure class for obstacles 6-10 cm 2.4 – 4.0 in. = 0.8. 2. Stretch length = 200 m 656 ft. 3. Use the graph in Fig. 6. Follow a vertical line from 200 m 656 ft. on the distance axis to the 0.8 line (dashed). Then follow a horizontal line from this intersection to the travel time: 0.42 minutes, on the time axis. It takes 0.42 minutes for a loaded Volvo A25D 6x6 to cover this stretch if the total resistance is below 5%.
30 cm 12 in. Fig.11
20
6.8 Hauling long stretches downhill When operating on downhill grades, you can be forced to keep the total speed down by using the retarder system.
To determine the travel time on such a stretch, use the graph “Travel time at different negative total resistance.”
This especially applies to stretches longer than 50–100 m 150–300 ft. where the wheelbrakes could experience fading due to overheating. EXAMPLE: A 280 m 919 ft. long stretch with a –15% grade and 3% rolling resistance with a loaded Volvo A25D. The surface structure is 0.6. How long is the required traveling time? 1. –15% grade and 3% rolling resistance gives –12% total resistance. The table in, Fig. 12, shows that we follow line 3 in the graph. 2. We enter the graph at 200 m 656 ft. on the distance axis and follow a line vertically to the line marked 3. From this point, go horizontally to the time axis and read off the traveling time: 0.73 minutes. Enter the time graph at 80 m 264 ft. and go vertically to line 3. Go left to the time axis and read of the traveling time: 0.27 minutes. The total traveling time for 280m 920 ft. is 0.73 + 0.27 = 1.0 minutes. 3. We check the travel time needed to drive 280 m over ground structure 0.6 in Fig. 6 and find this shorter.
The graph is used as follows: 1. Find the gear that can be used in the table. 2. Enter the graph at the distance. Go vertically to the line of the chosen gear, and from this intersection move horizontally to the desired travel time axis. 3. Check if the surface structure on the stretch gives a longer travel time.
Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A25D with hydraulic retarder and exhaust brake Time in min.
1
2.0 1.8
LINE
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.6 1.4 1.2
LOADED
26% 26% 14% 14% 10% 10% 7% 7% 5% 5%
UNLOADED
30% 30% 21% 21% 15% 15% 12% 12%
2
1.0 0.8
3
0.6
4
0.4
5 6
0.2 0 Fig.12
21
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Distance in m in ft.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
6.9
Traction
The tractive force of the machine is transmitted to the ground by the wheels. The limit of the tractive force transmitted by a wheel is set by the ground conditions, the design, condition and inflation of the tire and the load on the wheel. The traversability of the complete machine is also affected by weight distribution, differential locks and the number of driven wheels or the number of wheels with ground contact at the moment.
As a measure of the highest possible traction a wheel can transmit to the ground, the “coefficient of traction” is used. This is defined as the highest possible tractive force divided by the load of the wheel. A coefficient of traction around 0.1–0.2 corresponds to a surface of very slippery wet clay or wet ice, and 0.7–0.9 corresponds to an asphalt surface. A table of traction coefficients can be found in Section 6.2.
EXAMPLE: What total resistance can a Volvo articulated hauler negotiate if the coefficient of traction is 0.2? See Fig. 13. Draw a vertical line from coefficient of traction 0.2 until it intersects the diagonal line in the graph. Read out the total resistance on the resistance scale, in this example 20%.
Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance. Total resistance
All-wheel drive differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0 Fig. 13
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 Coefficient of traction
22
6.10 Load-bearing capacity of the ground The method described below for determining the loadbearing capacity of the ground can only serve as a guide. It is possible to establish certain important factors, but experience and judgement must determine whether a machine is able to cross a particular stretch of ground or if it is possible to choose another route or take other preliminary actions such as clearing obstacles, reinforcing the riding surface, etc. The load-bearing capacity of the ground varies for different types of soils and depends on weather conditions, ground moisture content, etc. and represents a function for the ability of the ground to resist shearing forces. This can be determined by means of a cone penetrometer (see Fig. 14) and is expressed as the cone index of the ground. This can alter depending on the loading or the extent to which the ground is disturbed during use. Alterations in weather conditions naturally cause wide variations in the load-bearing capacity of the ground and thereby its negotiability. In wet weather fine-grained soils absorb a lot of moisture, thereby making it more fluid, reducing the load-bearing capacity.
The cone penetrometer is an instrument used for determining the traversability of the soil. It consists of a round rod with a 30° tapered point, a coil spring and a graduated scale. When the point is pressed into the ground the coil spring is compressed proportionately to the force needed to overcome the resistance of the ground. The force needed for the point to sink down slowly through the surface layer of the ground is thus directly proportional to the resistance and tenacity of the soil and can be read off on the scale. This value indicates the strength of the ground and is known as its cone index.
The cone penetrometer described here is obtainable from Volvo Articulated Haulers, Växjö, Sweden, and the values mentioned herein always refer to this particular cone penetrometer.
Volvo cone penetrometer
Cone penetrometer values obtained on a particular occasion only apply to that specific occasion or to similar conditions and cannot be used under other circumstances or for other stretches of land. Depending on the cone index of the ground, its loadbearing capacity can be divided into five classes, where class 1 represents very good load-bearing capacity and class 5 very poor. The cone index of most interest lies between 50 and 70 (ground with moderate load-bearing capacity). Only the most traversable machines, such as wide-tracked crawler tractors, can run on ground with cone indexes as low as 30–50 (ground with poor load-bearing capacity). Rigid dump trucks require cone a index above 90 (ground with very good load-bearing capacity). CLASS
Cone index value
Very good bearing capacity
> 90
Good bearing capacity
70–90
Moderate bearing capacity
50–70
Poor bearing capacity
30–50
Very poor bearing capacity
< 30
23
Fig. 14
Normal ground profile In normal ground the cone index readings will be more or less the same in different places. The measurements are taken at a 25 cm 10 in. depth.
Abnormal ground profile An abnormal ground profile is characterized by big differences in cone index values. The lowest cone index is used to estimate the traversability of the area. The measurements are taken at a 25 cm 10 in. depth.
Ground with a soft surface layer and hard sub-structure The resistance of the sub-structure layer and the soft surface layer together must not give a larger sinkage than the ground clearance of the machine. If a large sinkage occurs, the machine will only be able to move along very slowly, meaning an increase in fuel consumption, tire wear and costs, as well as a decrease in performance. The cone index is measured in the harder soil under the soft layer.
15 – 25 cm 6 – 10 in.
Fig. 15
Fig. 14:1
24
Ground with a hard surface layer and soft sub-structure
cone index is lower than 50, measurements need only be made to establish the limits of the area concerned.
The upper layer of the ground usually has a covering of vegetation which contributes to the load-bearing capacity, or a fairly hard and compacted surface which has the same effect. If the top layer can be kept during continuous hauling, the cone index is measured in this. If not, it is measured in the sub-structure, see Fig. 16.
In all cases, the traction of the traveling surface must be sufficient to permit the machine to move.
15 – 25 cm 6 – 10 in.
If there is sufficient space, you can, by changing the path, increase the possible number of crossings. As the rolling resistance is reduced when changing the path, a higher velocity is thus ensured.
It is only necessary to take a few readings on areas with a cone index of more than 70. If the readings come within 50–70, it is necessary to make several measurements to guarantee that the area is fully covered. At least three readings should be taken at each measuring point. If the
Fig. 16
. Load-bearing classes of ground 5 – Very Poor
4 – Poor
3 – Moderate
2 – Good
1 – Very good
No movement of materials recommended without ground reinforcement.
No movement of materials recommended without ground reinforcement.
About 1 – 15 runs with a fully-loaded dump truck in the same tracks without reinforcement.
About 15 – 100 runs with a fully-loaded dump truck in the same tracks without reinforcement.
More than 100 runs with a fully-loaded dump truck in the same tracks without reinforcement.
Cone index
Cone index
Cone index
Cone index
Cone index
< 30
30–50
50–70
70–90
> 90
Frozen ground The cone penetrometer cannot be used for assessing the load-bearing capacity of frozen ground, but the frost in the ground contributes to a high load-bearing capacity. If the cone index for a particular level area is greater than that of the machine, it is possible to make repeated runs without much risk. On the other hand, if the index is less than that of the machine there will be a danger of the machine getting bogged down even after a few runs.
25
26
55 50 >30
60
66
67
70
75
77
79
85
90
95
100
A30D 6X6 30/65 R25
A40D 6X6 875/65 R29 A35D 6x6 800(775) 65R29
A25D 6x6 23.5R25
A40D 6x6 29.5R25
A30D 6x6 23.5R25
Volvo Articulated Haulers
Lowest acceptable ground-bearing capacity.
A35D 6X6 26.5R25
A25D 4x4 23.5R25 29.5R25
68-85 T GMW 4x2 18.00-33 21.00-35
20-30 T GMW 6x6 11.00-20 12.00-22.5
20-35 T GMW 6x4 12.00-20
Class 4 5 Poor
Class 3 Moderate
Class 2 Good
Class 1 Very good
7 Calculation of machine performance 7.1 Work cycle of transport machines It is always possible to divide a work cycle that is continuously repeated during the work day into the following stages: • Loading • Traveling loaded • Maneuvering for dumping • Dumping • Traveling unloaded • Maneuvering for loading When calculating the performance of transport machines, the time needed for each of the steps is first calculated. After which the times are added together, thereby giving the time required for the total work cycle.
Loading Traveling loaded
Maneuvering
Maneuvering
Dumping
Fig. 17
27
Traveling unloaded
7.2 Loading When calculating the number of buckets that can be loaded on the transport machine, it is first necessary to know the excavation class of the material and the load volume of the transport machine. The tables under Section 9 show the most suitable bucket volumes for different loading equipment. The volumes are shown in Lm3 Lyd3,
i.e. the volume the material has when loaded on the transport machine. When it is known how many buckets are required on the dumper, it is possible to calculate the loading time. The loading time of the articulated hauler is measured from when it has stopped under the loader bucket, until travel begins.
EXAMPLE: A contractor and a quarry owner have an A25D articulated hauler with a body volume of 15 Lm3 19.6 Lyd.3 The machine is to be loaded with wet earth, material of excavation class 1. A Volvo EC 460 excavator is used for the loading. To find the appropriate excavator bucket volume for different material class, see section 9.2, Fig. 47. Follow the line across to the column “Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class.” Under class 1, it is found that the average volume per bucket load in this material with the machine fully utilized is 2.9 Lm3 3.8 Lyd3 (this volume is used in Fig. 21 as an example of “practical bucket volume”). The number of buckets that can be loaded in the dumper body can now be calculated as follows: 15 = 5.2 2.9 Although the volume is not quite right, as soon as the excavator operator has learned to estimate how much the dump truck can negotiate, he will adapt the bucket load so that 6 passes give a full load.
7.3 Work at loading area When hauler B has received its last bucket, hauler A should be standing as shown in the sketch. Hauler B starts traveling loaded, while the loader fills the first bucket. Hauler B then passes by dumper A, which is reversed into position for loading. Hauler A stops immediately before the position for loading and waits until the loader has moved with the loaded
bucket raised to where the loader operator wishes the hauler to stand. Hauler A then reverses under the bucket. The time for loading the first bucket is measured from when the hauler has stopped until the first bucket has been emptied. The time is 0.1 minute for wheeled loaders, crawler loaders and excavators and 0.2 minute for draglines. For subsequent bucket loads, the hauler has to stand for a time corresponding to the cycle time of the loader, times the remaining number of buckets.
. EXAMPLE:
A
In the preceding example it was found that with a Volvo EC 460, six bucket loads in earth-moving class 1 gave a full dumper load. How long will the loading time be? Looking again at the table on fig. 47, follow the line opposite EC 460 across to the column headed “Cycle time in minutes in excavation class,” it is found under class 1 that the time for filling a full bucket load is 0.28 minutes. The loading time can now be calculated as follows: Bucket load 1 = 0.10 Min.
B
11 m Fig. 18
Bucket load 2 = 0.28 Min. Bucket load 3 = 0.28 Min. Bucket load 4 = 0.28 Min. Bucket load 5 = 0.28 Min. Bucket load 6= 0.28 Min. Loading time = 1.5 Min. This loading time is used in the example in Fig. 21. The loading time for wheel loaders, crawler loaders and draglines is calculated in a similar manner, see tables under Sec. 9.
28
7.4 Traveling loaded The time needed for traveling loaded naturally depends on the speed that can be maintained throughout the whole distance. As mentioned in Section 6, the speed depends on the various terrain factors, such as ground structure, rolling resistance, gradients and curves. The speed can also be restricted by other activities on the site, such as other machines or narrow passages. In order to calculate the travel time, it is first necessary to describe the total travel distance and divide it into sections with regard to the various terrain factors. A special form, Site Summary, can be used for this purpose, see Fig. 20.
Fig. 19 The total travel distance is divided into sections
29
Other general information concerning the jobsite is also entered on the form, including space for a sketch. The form can also be used for calculating the necessary travel time. The methods used for measuring the various terrain factors and for calculating the time required for covering stretches of different length have previously been explained in Section 6. The time needed for covering each strech of the route is now calculated, and by adding these times together, the total time for running loaded can be obtained.
30
Bank
Road section
Practical bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Cycle time of loading equipment
Fill factor
Rolling resistance %
TOTAL resistance unloaded, % Coefficient of traction
Curve radius m or yd. Ground structure class Note
Travel time min.
Lengt m or yd.
Grade % loaded
unloaded
Fleet production
Number of haulers
Volume per hour Bm3/h or Byd3/h Volume per hour Lm3/h or Lyd3/h Tons per hour or tonnes per hour
Cycles per hour
Total cycle time
Planned activities
Maneuvering to load
Traveling unloaded
Dumping time
Maneuvering to dump
Traveling loaded
Loading time
PRODUCTION
Productive time minutes per hour
Operating hours per year
Body volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load volume Bm3 or Byd3 Load volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load mass tons or tonnes
Transport machine
HAULER
Date:
Bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3
TOTAL resistance loaded, %
Form filled in by:
Working shift per year
LOADER
Loose
Earth with sand and gravel
Jobsite:
Loading equipment
Swell factor
Density
Excavation class
Material
Total excavated volume Bm3 or Byd3
Company:
SITE SUMMARY
Fig. 20
EXAMPLE: A haul route consists of four streches as shown in Fig. 21. How long will it take to cover the whole distance with a fully-loaded Volvo A25D? From the graph in Fig. 22, it can be seen that the coefficient of traction will not cause any problems on any of the sections. On the other hand, it cannot be clearly seen whether it is the gradient plus rolling resistance, ground structure class or curves that restrict the speed on the sections. It is therefore necessary to calculate the time for all these factors and then choose the longest one.
Strech A – B
Strech C – D
Length = 305 m 1001 ft.
Length = 20 m 66 ft.
Total resistance = 13%
Total resistance = 2%
Ground structure class = 0.4
Ground structure class = 0.2
From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded:
From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded:
• At 13% resistance = 1.7 min. (200+105 gives 1.1+0.6 = 1.7 min.)
• At 2% total resistance = 0.03 min.
• At ground structure class 0.4 = 0.40 min.
Curve radius = 10 m 33 ft.
The longest time is used
• From graph in Fig. 25, travel
Travel time for strech A – B loaded is 1.7 min.
time due to curve radius = 0.11 min.
Strech B – C
The longest time is used
Length = 400 m 1312 ft.
Travel time for strech C – D loaded is 0.11 min.
Total resistance = 2% (read off at the lowest resistance in the graph)
Strech D – E
Ground structure class = 0.2 From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded: • At 2% total resistance = 0.50 min. (200+200 gives 0.25+0.25 = 0.50 min.) • At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.45 min. The longest time is used Travel time for strech B – C loaded is 0.50 min.
• At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.02 min.
Length = 90 m 295 ft. Total resistance = 13% Ground structure class = 0.8 From graph in Fig. 23, travel time loaded: • At 13% total resistance = 0.50 min. • At ground structure class 0.8 = 0.20 min. The longest time is used Travel time for strech D – E loaded is 0.50 min. Total travel time loaded: Strech
Time
A–B
1.70 min.
B–C
0.50 min.
C–D
0.11 min.
D–E
0.50 min. 2.81 min.
31
7.5 Traveling unloaded The time needed for traveling unloaded is calculated in a similar manner as for traveling loaded. Remember that uphill stretches will now be downhill and vice versa if the same route is used for the return trip. If a different route is used, it will be necessary to make a new description for the return trip. EXAMPLE: Using the same example as shown in Fig. 21, how long will it take to cover the whole distance with an unloaded Volvo A25D?
Strech C – B
Strech E – D
Total resistance = 4% (read off at the
Length = 90 m 295 ft.
lowest resistance in the graph)
Total resistance = 7%
Ground structure class = 0.2
Ground structure class = 0.8
From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded:
From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded:
• At 4% resistance = 0.48 min. (200+200 gives 0.24+0.24 = 0.48 min.)
• At 7% total resistance = 0.15 min. • At ground structure class 0.8 = 0.28 min. The longest time is used Traveling time for strech E – D unloaded is 0.28 min.
Strech D – C Length = 20 m 66 ft. Total resistance = 2% Ground structure class = 0.2 From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded: • At 2% total resistance = 0.03 min. • At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.02 min. Curve radius = 10 m 11 yd. • From graph in Fig. 25, travel time due to curve radius = 0.11 min. The longest time is used Travel time for strech D – C unloaded is 0.11 min.
Length = 400 m 1312 ft.
• At ground structure class 0.2 = 0.45 min. The longest time is used Travel time for strech C – B unloaded is 0.48 min.
Strech B – A Length = 305 m 1001 ft. Total resistance = 1% Ground structure class = 0.4 From graph in Fig. 24, travel time unloaded: • At 1% total resistance (read off at the lowest total resistance in the graph) = 0.34 min. (200+105 gives 0.22+0.12 = 0.34 min.) • At ground structure class 0.4 = 0.48 Min. (200+105 gives 0.32+0.16 = 0.48 min.) The longest time is used Travel time for strech B – A unloaded is 0.48 min. Total travel time unloaded: Strech
Time
E–D
0.28 min.
D–C
0.11 min.
C–B
0.48 min.
B–A
0.48 min. 1.35 min.
Note 1: There may be other factors apart from the terrain that restricts the running speed. On a confined construction site with a large number of people and machines, this has to be taken into consideration when calculating the travel time. This can be noted in the “Note” column.
Note 2: The graphs include a time allowance for acceleration and braking. Therefore it is not necessary to pay particular attention to the entry and exit speeds on the various sections when calculating the travel time for the whole distance.
32
Company: Total excavated volume Bm3 or Byd3 Material
1,600
Loose
Excavation class Density Swell factor
75,000
1.2
1,900
1
Earth, wet
Bank
LOADER
Jobsite:
SITE SUMMARY Form filled in by:
Date:
HAULER
Transport machine
Body volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load volume Bm3 or Byd3 Load volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load mass tons or tonnes
Working shift per year
Operating hours per year
Volvo EC460 2.4
Loading equipment Bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3
Productive time minutes per hour
A25D
15
Road strech
305
Lengt m or yd.
-1
6
Grade %
2
3
7
Rolling resistance %
2
2
13
2
4
1
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.3
Coefficient of traction
10
Curve radius m or yd.
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.4
Ground structure class
0.50
0.11
0.50
1.70
loaded
0.28
0.11
0.48
0.48
unloaded
Maneuvering to load
Traveling unloaded
Dumping time
Maneuvering to dump
Traveling loaded
Loading time
2.81
1.50
PRODUCTION
AB 400 0
7
2.9
1.2
Travel time min.
Fill factor
Note
0.28
TOTAL resistance unloaded, %
Practical bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Cycle time of loading equipment TOTAL resistance loaded, %
BC 20
13
1.35
CD
10
Planned activities
3
1.35
90
2.81
DE 815 m
Total cycle time
Cycles per hour
Number of haulers
Volume per hour Bm3/h or Byd3/h Volume per hour Lm3/h or Lyd3/h Tons per hour or tonnes per hour
Fleet production
Fig. 21
33
Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance. Total resistance
All-wheel drive with diffrential locks. Loaded/unloaded.
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 Fig. 22
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Coefficient of traction
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, loaded. Total resistence Ground structure
Time in min.
40%
3.0
35%
30% 28% 26%
2.5 24%
2.0
22% 1.0
20% 18%
1.5
16% 14% 12% 10%
1.0
8% 6% 0.8 4% 0.6 2%
0.5 0 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Fig. 23
0
300
200
0.00.4 Distance in m in ft.
600 34
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, unloaded. Total resistence Ground structure
Time in min.
40%
1.0
1.4
35%
1.2
30% 28% 26% 24% 22% 20%
1.0 0.8
18%
0.6
0.8
16% 14% 12% 10%
0.4
0.6
0.4 8% 4%-6% 2%
0.2
0.00.2
0 Fig. 24
Distance in m
0
20
40
60
80
0
100
120
140
160
300
180
200
in ft.
600
Travel time through curves with different length and radius. Time in min.
1
0.5
2
3
4
5
6
LINE
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.4
RADIUS
5 m 16 ft. 10 m 33 ft. 20 m 66 ft. 30 m 98 ft. 40 m 131 ft. 50 m 164 ft.
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 Fig. 25
0 0
35
50 150
100 300
150 450
200 600
250 750
Distance in m in ft.
7.6 Maneuvering to dump and dumping Since the working cycle steps “turning and maneuvering for dump” and “dumping” take place immediately after each other, they can be combined under the heading “dumping” and given a total time for both operations. Dumping can be done in different ways, but the quickest one should naturally be used to achieve the highest possible production. Time requirements for the different cases are found in Section 8.
Case 1 The sketch shows the most common dumping procedure. The time is counted from when the hauler has stopped at “A” until return travel begins.
Fig. 26
Case 2 The hauler can be used for compacting loose materials in wet conditions. The operator reverses straight into the material and then dumps the load. The advantage of this method is that a large amount of material can be deposited on a relatively small surface. If necessary, final leveling of the material can be carried out when dry. A tailgate can be used if the material is free from large stones.
Fig. 27
A 36
Case 3 If a dozer is used for leveling the dump area, the material should be deposited in a pile, as shown in the sketch. Normally the operator of the dozer indicates where the load is to be spotted. The dump area is normally flat.
Fig. 28
Case 4 Thanks to their good off-road traveling characteristics, Volvo articulated haulers can be utilized for dumping as shown here. The advantage of this method is that a narrow embankment can be built up quickly since there are no haulers blocking the area while maneuvering to dump. This method allows a high flow of machines and gives a short dumping time.
Fig. 29
37
7.7 Maneuvering for loading Case 1 Normally the articulated hauler is turned and reversed to the loading area. Due to their off-road mobility, Volvo haulers can drive through slopes and ditches to carry out this maneuver. The articulated hauler frame steering enables the machine to turn to one side to make room for the loaded hauler to leave.
11 m Fig. 30
Case 2 If the available space at the load area is large and loading is done with a hydraulic excavator or dragline, it should be arranged in such a way that the haulers can drive around. Due to their articulated frame steering, Volvo haulers can be lined up next to the hydraulic excavator.
Fig. 31
38
7.8 Productive time Productive time is the actual time the transport unit works effectively during every hour. This time is important because from this time the machine performance is estimated, see Section 7.9. If the transport unit were to work at 100% efficiency, then it would be working 60 minutes every hour throughout the working day. However, it is not possible to work with a machine with such efficiency due to unavoidable factors like occasional waiting in front of the loader, supervisory conversations, machine breakdown, machine service, maintenance and other delays of varying duration. The amount of “unavoidable” job delays is of course to a certain extent depending on how the jobsite is planned and organized. The productive time is usually expressed as the average number of minutes per hour the machine works. Estimation of the productive time can be achieved by carrying out work studies on the site concerned. This estimation will be relatively accurate as all the factors involved in the production will be measured. If the job has not yet started, and the operation is still in the planning stage, the productive time has to be estimated using experience gained from previous similar applications and by using the following formula.
t x 60 (min/h) t+U T (min/hour) is the productive time the transport unit works on average every hour. FORMULA
T=
t is the cycle time of one transport unit, including load time + haul time + dumping time + return time + maneuvering time + planned activities. Planned activities should include such items as weighing the load and other delays that occur every cycle, i.e. when using a single track haul route with selected passing places. U is the unavoidable, irregular job delays expressed in minutes per machine cycle. This includes time for occasional waiting in front of the loader, supervisory conversations and other work on the site which may affect the performance of the transport unit. This also includes time for service and maintenance when these occur during the actual working shift. Note: The unavoidable job delays do not account for longer delays due to weather, major overhauls or repairs. You must account for such factors based on experience and local conditions. Operating time F = cycle time + unavoidable delays. U = unavoidable job delays. Operating hours/years = operating hour/day x working days/year.
EXAMPLE: In the following example the load has to be weighed, but no ticket is required. The transport unit is driven onto the weigh-bridge, weighed with load and driven off. The estimated time being 0.30 minutes.
Unavoidable job delays can only be estimated. We estimated total unavoidable job delays to be 1.75 minutes per cycle. Productive time per hour will be:
Cycle time (t) will be:
T=
Load time
1.50
Haul time
2.81
Maneuvering to dump and dumping
0.50
Return time
1.35
Maneuvering for loading
0.40
Planned activity
0.30
Total cycle time
6.86
The estimated cycle time (t) will be 6.86 min.
39
t t+U
x 60 min/h
t = 6.86 min. U = 1.75 min. T=
6.86 min. 6.86 min. + 1.75 min.
x 60 min/h
T = 48 Estimated productive time per hour T = 48 min/h.
7.9 Production Having estimated the number of minutes per hour – productive time – a transport unit works every hour, it is now possible to estimate the hourly performance of a transport unit, or any number of transport units, assuming that they all have identical load volumes, productive times and cycle times. The production is estimated using the formula: P=Q x
T t
P the production per hour expressed in Bm3 Byd3 or Lm3 Lyd3 or tonnes tons. Q load volume or weight. T the productive time in minutes/hour (refer to Section 7.8). t the cycle time, including – load time + haul time + dumping time + return time + maneuvering time + planned activities. T t
= the number of cycles/h.
EXAMPLE: What would the estimated production of one transport unit be when the load volume is 15 Lm3 19.6 Lyd3, the hourly productive time is 48 minutes and the cycle time is 6.86 min?
P = 15 x
48 6.86
P = 105
The estimated hourly production of the transport unit will be 105 Lm3/h 137 Lyd3/h.
7.10 Production calculation We will now finish calculating the example started in Section 7.4 and at the same time continue to fill in the calculation form.
In order to calculate the loading time, it is necessary to indicate the type of loading equipment, bucket volume and cycle time of the loading equipment.
Information concerning company, material and loading equipment
Information concerning transport machine
On the top and left side of the calculation form (see Fig. 32) there is some general information regarding the jobsite, material and loading equipment. This starts with the name of the company and jobsite and then the total amount of material to be moved, which is usually given in bank volume. Fill in the type of material “Earth wet”, density 1900 kg/Bm3 3200 lb/Byd3, swell factor 1.2 and excavation class 1 (already filled in).
On the top right side of the calculation form, fill in the date and name of the person filling in the form. This is followed by the type of transport machine and its body volume. Then the load volume, both bank and loose, and the load weight. Finally fill in the number of hours in each shift and the productive time in min/h.
40
Sketch of jobsite
Maneuvering for loading
In the middle of the form at the top, there is space for a sketch showing details of the jobsite. This should indicate the extent of the transport route and how it is divided into various subsections. It should also indicate how to turn and maneuver when loading and dumping.
The time needed for turning around and maneuvering for loading is estimated to 0.40 minutes (Section 8.1, Case 1).
Description of haul route On the bottom left side of the form a description is given of the haul route strech, where the length, grade, rolling resistance, total resistance, coefficient of traction, curve radius and ground structure class are shown for each strech. The note column is used for noting (e.g.) other site activities which could limit the travel speed.
Planned activities The planned activites are estimated to be 0.30 minutes per cycle.
Cycle time The times for sub-operations are then added. Loading time
= 1.50 min.
Traveling loaded
= 2.81 min.
Maneuvering to dump and dumping
= 0.50 min.
A description of the various terrain factors and how they are assessed is given in Section 6.
Traveling unloaded
= 1.35 min.
Maneuvering for loading
= 0.40 min.
Calculation of travel time and production
Planned activities
= 0.30 min.
When all of the above information has been filled in, start calculating the travel time and eventually finish with the production section located on the bottom right part of the form.
Cycle time
= 6.86 min.
Loading time
P=Qx
From Sections 7.2 and 7.3 we have the number of buckets to load the hauler and the loading time. The loading time is 1.50 min., which we filled in earlier.
If the productive time is 48 minutes per hour worked, we obtain: T 48 = = 7.0 complete cycles per hour. t 6.86
Traveling with load The time for traveling loaded was fully explained for each strech of the route in Section 7.4. It is necessary to check the coefficient of traction and other factors to make sure that the machine can, in any case, traverse the section concerned. If not, the transport route must be altered or some other suitable measure taken. Any terrain factors likely to limit the travel speeds must be considered and the travel time calculated using the graphs in Fig. 23-25. The travel times over the various route sections are then added together. The times have already been entered both under the column “Travel time min. loaded” in the middle of the form and in the production summary on the right.
Maneuvering to dump and dumping The time needed for turning and maneuvering to dump and dumping is estimated to be 0.50 minutes (Section 8.2, Case 1). Here we do not distinguish between the two suboperations but enter 0.50 minutes on the form.
Traveling unloaded The time for traveling unloaded is calculated in the same way as for traveling loaded (Section 7.5).
41
Production T t
By multiplying the number of cycles per hour by the load volume and load weight, we obtain the transported volume and weight per hour.
Load volume Bank volume =
Loose volume Swell factor
=
15 = 12.5 Bm3 1.2
Load mass Bank volume x Bank density 12.5 Bm3 x 1900 kg/Bm3 = 23.8 t 26.4 sh ton.
Performance 12.5 Bm3 x 7/h = 88 Bm3/h 115 Byd3/h 15 Lm3 x 7/h = 105 Lm3/h 137 Lyd3/h 23.8 t. x 7/h = 167 t/h 185 sh ton/h
Number of haulers To find the right number of haulers, we are refering to section 7.11. N=
t (Transp) n x t (Load)
=
6.86 6 x 0.28
= 4.1
42
1,600
Ground structure class Note
Travel time min.
305
400
20
90
Road strech
AB
BC
CD
DE
815 m
Lengt m or yd.
3
0
1
6
Grade %
10
2
3
7
Rolling resistance %
13
2
2
13
7
2
4
1
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.3
10
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.4
2.81
0.50
0.11
0.50
1.70
loaded
1.35
0.28
0.11
0.48
0.48
unloaded
7 Cycles per hour
Fleet production
Number of haulers
4
167
105
88
6.86 Total cycle time
Volume per hour Bm3/h or Byd3/h Volume per hour Lm3/h or Lyd3/h Tons per hour or tonnes per hour
0.30
0.40
1.35
0.50
2.81
Planned activities
Maneuvering to load
Traveling unloaded
Dumping time
Maneuvering to dump
Traveling loaded
Loading time
1.5
Curve radius m or yd.
0.28 Coefficient of traction
PRODUCTION
2.9
Practical bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Cycle time of loading equipment
48
1.2
Fill factor
1600
200
23.8
15
12.5
15
A25D
Productive time minutes per hour
Working shift per year
Body volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load volume Bm3 or Byd3 Load volume Lm3 or Lyd3 Load mass tons or tonnes
Transport machine
HAULER
Date:
Operating hours per year
TOTAL resistance unloaded, %
Form filled in by:
2.4
TOTAL resistance loaded, %
Jobsite:
Bucket volume Lm3 or Lyd3
Volvo EC460
1.2
1,900
1
Earth, wet
75,000
Bank
LOADER
Loading equipment
Swell factor
Density
Loose
Excavation class
Material
Total excavated volume Bm3 or Byd3
Company:
SITE SUMMARY
Fig. 32
7.11 The right number of transport machines How do you find the number of transport machines that matches the size of the loading equipment? It is very rare that the production of the transport machines and the loading equipment is exactly the same. Usually one of the cases below occurs.
Calculation of the number of transport machines The number of transport machines that matches the loading equipment is calculated with the formula: t (transp) N= n x t (load) N = the number of transport units
Oversized transport equipment
t (transp) = the cycle time of the transport units
This will result in transport machines waiting at the loading area. This is followed by a decreased work pace as the operators find it better to drive a little bit slower instead of waiting at the loading area. If there is a shortage of time, this might still be the best choice since the overall production is somewhat higher in this case.
n = the number of buckets on a load
Oversized loading equipment This is preferred as it gives the loading unit time to do clean-up work at the loading area, and it is possible for the transport units to keep a high pace if the loader is always waiting with the bucket raised when they return to be loaded. This is also more economical since only one unit is not fully utilized instead of the whole fleet of transport machines. EXAMPLE: In our example in Fig. 32 t (transp) = 6.86 min. n = 6 buckets t (load) = 0.28 min. The suitable number of machines is: N=
t (transp) n x t (load)
=
6.86 6 x 0.28
= 4.1
As we prefer to have the loading equipment (EC 460) a bit oversized, we choose four A25D’s.
43
t (load) = the cycle time of the loader Instead of comparing transport unit cycle time with loading time, we can get the same result if we compare loader production with production of one transport unit using this formula: P (loader) N= P (transp) N = number of transport units P (loader) = loader production per hour P (transp) = production per hour for one transport unit
7.12 Hourly cost Two forms are used in calculating the hourly cost of the machine, “Hourly cost calculation” (Fig. 33-34). The hourly cost arrived at by this calculation represents a net cost for the machine which must be added to management and administration costs. An addition must also be made for the machine owner’s profit.
e) Depreciation cost This is the yearly drop in value of the machine during the depreciation time. The total drop in value represents the purchase price excluding tires (b), minus the residual value (d), divided by the number of years in which the machine is depreciated (c).
A new cost calculation, adjusted for the local conditions and with up-to-date prices etc., is made for every new contract.
f) Interest
We will now go through the forms step-by-step to show how the calculation is made.
g) Interest cost
Form “Hourly cost calculation” Fig. 33. This example is for representation only.
Conditions Enter the type of work and whether payment is made by the hour or piecework, etc.
Machine type Apart from showing the type of machines, a note should also be made if the machine is provided with any extra equipment. Such extra equipment increases the purchase price of the machine and also the hourly cost.
The interest obtainable if the money had been otherwise invested. For the sake of simplicity, this is taken as being the average yearly interest during the depreciation time. It is calculated as the interest on the purchase price plus the residual value divided by two, which must be added to the interest on the remaining value. The interest cost for borrowed money has to be calculated separately.
h) Machine tax Enter the annual machine tax. Note: Articulated haulers can be operated legally on-road in some European countries only.
i) Insurance Enter the total annual insurance premiums paid for the machine.
j) Fuel cost
a) Purchase price
The price per liter/gallon paid for fuel.
The delivery price paid by the customer.
k) Fuel consumption
b) Purchase price excluding tires
The fuel consumption in liters/gallons per hour. Note that the fuel consumption varies depending on the type of work and how hard the machines are run.
Since tire wear is regarded as a separate cost item, the purchase price of a set of tires is deducted from the purchase price of the machine. The purchase price of a set of tires is entered under item “n”.
c) Depreciation time This largely depends on how hard the machine is to be used. Machines used in normal work are usually depreciated in 8,000–10,000 hours, which in a single-shift operation represents 6–7 years.
l) Oil cost This is the average price which has to be paid for different types of oils, grease and filters.
m) Oil consumption This includes consumption per hour of all oils, grease and filters.
d) Residual value This is the value of the machine at the end of the depreciation time, i.e. the price which could be obtained for it if sold. Here local conditions must be considered, as used equipment values vary widely around the world. Factors which have great influence on residual value are the number of hours on the machine at the time of sale or trade, the type of jobs and the operating conditions in which it worked and the physical condition of the machine.
44
n) Tires Enter the cost of a complete set of tires.
o) Lifetime of tires
Factors for assessing the life of tires on transport machines
This is shown in hours. The lifetime of tires can vary considerably with differences in haul road, speed etc. Material conditions are critical in estimating the lifetime of the tires, particularly when working in rock or other abrasive materials. As an optimum, the lifetime for a set of radial tires is 7000 hours and 9000 hours for a set of low profile tires. These figures, however, have to be reduced depending on the operating conditions.
Wheel position
p) Repair and maintenance
No overload 10% overload 20% overload
Repair costs include the cost of spare parts, mechanics wages and shop costs. Maintenance costs include washing down, daily inspections and periodic service. Repair and maintenance costs can vary considerably depending on the type of work, operating method and age of the machine. The best way to arrive at these costs is to keep accurate statistics. These costs are normally calculated as a percentage of the purchase price during the depreciation period.
Drive axle: Continuous four wheel drive (6x4) Continuous six wheel drive (6x6)
1.0 0.9
Inflation pressure Pressure recommended for given load With 10% under inflation
1.0 0.9
Load 1.0 0.9 0.8
Speed (average) 16 km/h 10 mph 32 km/h 20 mph
1.0 0.9
Operator’s experience More than 6 months Less than 6 months
1.0 0.9
Terrain or site road condition
The following model for estimation of the maintenance costs is based upon purchase price and gives the total maintenance cost during the depreciation period.
Well-maintained site road with smooth gravel Poorly-maintained site road with ungraded gravel Scattered blasted rock
The model is recommended when making rough calculations in connection with machine purchases and prognosis of machine cost. It should be used carefully, as the purchase price in some countries can be strongly affected by transport costs, duties and taxes, etc.
Maintenance of loading and unloading areas Excellent Poor
1.0 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.9
Curves None or smooth Sharp
1.0 0.9
Grades Continuous four wheel drive (6x4) No exceeding 6% Exceeding 6% Continuous six wheel drive (6x6)
0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0
EXAMPLE: A Volvo A25D is equipped with radial tires.
This gives the following equation:
What is the expected life time of the tires on the driving wheels?
0.9 x 1.0 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 0.9 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.9 x 1.0 = 0.59
• Recommended inflation pressure
On this operation, the expected lifetime of the tires will be 0.59 x 7000 = 4130 hours.
• Overload 10% • Poorly maintained site road with ungraded gravel • Poorly maintained loading and unloading areas • Smooth curves • Grades not exceeding 6% • Average speed about 32 km/h 20 mph • Skilled operator
45
q) Operator cost This includes all costs for the operator during the year such as base wages, travel expenses, employee benefits and insurance contributions.
r) Operating hours per year
Model for calculation of maintenance cost Repair and maintenance cost during the depreciation period in percent of the purchase price Depreciation time, hours
Operating hours per year = the no. of operating hours per shift x the no. of shifts per year.
Repair and maintenance cost, % of purchase price C-series
D-series
4000 6000
6 12
4 8
8000 10000
20 35
13 25
12000 14000
48 65
34 46
Correction factors Jobsite
EXAMPLE:
Very good conditions Good conditions; mixed hauling clay, sand Normal conditions; gravel pits, road building Difficult conditions; mines, quarries Very difficult conditions
A quarry owner is going to buy a Volvo A25D. What maintenance cost should our contractor and quarry owner calculate with, assuming that he mainly uses the machine in the quarry. He uses experienced operators, maintains his machines according to recommendations and has a service organization of his own. The depreciation period is 12,000 hours.
Operator
The purchase price is 1,500,000.
D-series, no daily maintenace Recommended Poor Very poor
The percentage the quarry owner must calculate with is: 34 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.05 = 42.8 The total maintenance cost is: 0.428 x 1,500,000 = 642,000 or if spread out per operating hour: 642,000/12,000 = 53.50
Operator experience:
more than 1 year 6 months to 1 year less than 6 months
0.75 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.1 1.2
Daily maintenance 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3
Repair and maintenance Service contract with authorized VCE workshop Authorized VCE workshop Own service organization Use of other outside shop facilities
0.9 1.0 1.05 1.15
46
Hourly cost calculation Conditions: Machine type:
a
Purchase price
b
Purchase price excluding tires
c
Depreciation time
d
Residual value
e
Depreciation cost
f
Interest
g
Interest cost
h
Machine tax
i
Insurance
per year
j
Fuel price
per l per gal
k
Fuel consumption
l/h gph
l
Oil price
per l per qt
m
Oil consumption
l/h qt per hour
n
Cost of a set of tires
o
Lifetime of tires
h
p
Repairs and maintenace
per year
q
Operator cost
per year
r
Operating hours
per year
Fig. 33
47
years per year
b–d -------------c
% f ----------- x 100
a+d -------------2
per year
Hourly cost calculation
Machine type:
A
Fixed cost per hour Depreciation
e --r-
Interest cost
g ---r
Machine tax
h --r-
Insurance
i r
Total fixed cost B
Variable cost per hour Fuel
j×k
Oil grease and filters
l×m
Tires
n --o
Repair and maintenance p --r
Total variable cost C
q r
Operator cost --- per hour Total costs per hour
A+B+C
Fig. 34
Fixed cost, i.e. the total cost of the machine whether it’s working or not.
The oil cost per hour is calculated by multiplying the price (l) by the consumption (m).
The depreciation cost per hour is obtained by dividing the yearly depreciation cost (e) by the number of operating hours per year (r).
The tire cost is obtained by dividing the price of a set of tires (n) by the lifetime of the tires (o).
The interest per hour is obtained by dividing the yearly interest cost (g) by the number of operating hours per year (r). The tax and insurance costs are obtained in a similar manner by dividing the yearly taxes (h) and yearly insurance premiums (i) by the number of operating hours per year. Variable costs depend on how much the machine is run and how hard it is used. The fuel cost per hour is calculated by multiplying the price (j) by the consumption (k).
Repair and maintenance costs are obtained by dividing the yearly cost (p) by the number of operating hours (r). The operator cost is obtained by dividing the yearly cost (q) by the number of operating hours (r). By adding all these costs we obtain the cost of the machine per hour. As previously mentioned, this cost does not include administration costs or the machine owner’s profit.
48
7.13 Example of hourly cost calculation Hourly cost calculation Conditions: Earthmoving in road construction Machine type:
A25D
a
Purchase price
1,500,000
b
Purchase price excluding tires
1,405 000
c
Depreciation time
d
Residual value
e
Depreciation cost
f
Interest
g
Interest cost
h
Machine tax
i
Insurance
per year
j
Fuel cost
per l per gal
k
Fuel consumption
l/h gph
20
l
Oil cost
per l per qt
15
m
Oil consumption
l/h qt per hour
0.3
n
Cost of a set of tires
o
Lifetime of tires
h
p
Repairs and maintenance
per year
85,600
q
Operator cost
per year
320,000
r
Operating hours
per year
1600
years
300,000 per year
b–d -------------c
% f ----------- x 100
a+d -------------2
per year
158,000 10 90,000 20,000* 5000 2.50
95,000
Fig. 35 *Articulated Haulers can be used legally on-road only in some European contries.
49
7
4130
Hourly cost calculation
A25D
Machine type:
A
Fixed cost per hour Depreciation
e --r-
98.75
Interest cost
g ---r
56.25
Machine tax
h --r-
12.50
Insurance
i r
3.10
Total fixed cost B
170.60
Variable cost per hour Fuel
j×k
50.00
Oil grease and filters
l×m
4.50
Tires
n --o
23.00
Repair and maintenance p
75.60
--r
C
Total variable cost
131
Operator cost --- per hour
q r
200.00
Total costs per hour
501.60
A+B+C
Fig. 36
The hourly cost of one hauler is 502. In our example, we needed 4 haulers, so the total hourly cost of the haulers is 4 x 502 = 2008. The hourly cost of the excavator is calculated in the same way. To avoid repeating ourselves, we assume that the result of this calculation was 900 for the Volvo EC 460. The total hourly cost for our fleet is then 2008 + 900 = 2908. Note in Fig. 36 those items that are important when calculating the total hourly cost and those that have less significance:
Fuel consumption and tire wear largely depend on the type of work the machine is used for, but much can be gained by running the machine correctly and using the correct type of tires. Repair and maintenance are heavy items which demand particular attention. Repair and maintenance costs can be reduced by using proper operating methods, conscientious daily maintenance and periodical service. This also reduces unexpected and expensive breakdown times as well as increasing the service life of the machine. Repair costs increase with the age of the machine.
Depreciation and interest are heavy items, but since the depreciation time and interest rate are generally fixed at the time of purchase, it is difficult to influence these costs afterwards.
50
7.14 Calculation of cost per production unit We must now coordinate the performance calculation described in Section 7.10 with the hourly cost calculation in Section 7.13. It is not sufficient to only look at the performance or the hourly cost. We have to look at the cost of the work performed, i.e. cost per transported unit. A calculation can have different purposes. It concerns: • Machine purchase. By comparing alternative machine types, it is possible to choose the most suitable machines for carrying out the work. • Machine distribution. A large contractor may have several different machine types and different types of work to be performed. By suitable calculation he can decide which machines should be placed on which jobs so the total cost of the job can be reduced to a minimum. • Cost forecast. Before starting a job it is desirable to calculate how much it will cost, as it may form the basis for a bid. Whatever the purpose, the calculation procedure is always the same: • Production calculation • Hourly cost calculation • Coordination of production and hourly cost to arrive at a cost for the work to be performed.
51
For the sake of simplicity, we disregard that there are sometimes limiting factors which mean that a certain type of machine must be chosen even though it may not be the most profitable one. However, in the majority of cases, it is the profitability expressed in cost per production unit which is the decisive factor in choosing types of machines for a particular job: The cost per produced unit is calculated from the following formula: C K= P where: K = the cost per unit C = the hourly cost P = the production per hour
EXAMPLE: We assume the production example in Section 7.10 applies to the same hourly cost example in Section 7.13. Production per hour: 352 Bm3 (4 haulers x 88 Bm3) 460 Byd3 (4 haulers x 115 Byd3) The total hourly cost for our fleet: 2908 2908 352
The cost per Bm3: K = The cost per Byd3: K =
2908 460
= 8.26/Bm3 = 6.32/Byd3
We are trying to estimate the cost of a contract that includes transporting 75,000 Bm3 98,040 Byd3. The results of the production and hourly cost calculations can now be summarized in a table: Type of machine Number of machines Performance
3
Bm /h Byd3/h
Cost per hour Cost per
Bm3 Byd3
Volvo A25D
Volvo EC 460
Total system
1
4
1
5
88 115
352 460
352 460
352 460
502
2 008
900
2 908
5.70 4.36
5.701) 4.36
2.562) 1.95
8.25 6.31 619,5003)
Total cost
2134)
Duration of work, hours This summary shows how much the whole operation will cost and how long it will take. It is assumed that the transport machines do not interfere with each other, and that the loading capacity is matched to the number of machines used.
1) 2 008 = 5.70 352 2) 900 = 2.56 352 3) 75,000 x 8.26 = 619,500 4) 75,000 = 213 352
Fig. 37 Note: Values are rounded off
52
8 Maneuvering times 8.1 Time needed for maneuvering at loading area Case 1 The time includes 10 m 33 ft. reversing from point A (stop before reversing) to point B (loading position). For a reversing distance of more than 10 m 33 ft. additional allowance should be made for each meter yard.
Needed time Type
from A to B, in minutes
Extra allowance for each additional meter (yard), in minutes
A25D
0.40
0.01
A30D
0.40
0.01
A35D
0.40
0.01
A40D
0.40
0.01
11 m Fig. 38
Case 2 If the available space at the loading area is large and loading is done with a hydraulic excavator or dragline, it should be arranged so that the haulers can drive into loading position without stopping and reversing. With its articulated frame steering, the hauler can position itself next to the excavator, eliminating the maneuvering time.
Fig. 39
53
8.2 Time needed for maneuvering at dump area and dumping Case 1 The operation includes 10 m 33 ft. reversing from where the hauler has stopped at A, to the dump location (B), and until the return transport begins. Due to its good off-road characteristics and maneuverability, the hauler can generally be turned around directly on the dump area. Should the road be so narrow that the machine has to be reversed for a longer distance, an additional allowance must be made for each meter yard exceeding the first 10 m 33 ft.
Type
Needed time from A to B including dumping, in minutes
Extra allowance for each additional meter (yard), in minutes
A25D
0.50
0.01
A30D
0.50
0.01
A35D
0.50
0.01
A40D
0.50
0.01
B Fig. 40
A
Case 2 The time includes 10 m 33 ft. reversing from where the hauler has stopped at A, to the dump location (B), and until return transport begins.
Type
Needed time from A to B including dumping, in minutes
Extra allowance for each additional meter (yard), in minutes
A25D
0.50
0.01
A30D
0.50
0.01
A35D
0.50
0.01
A40D
0.50
0.01
B
A
Fig. 41
54
Case 3
.
This time is calculated from when the hauler stops for dumping until the return transport begins.
Type
Needed time, in minutes
A25D
0.25
A30D
0.25
A35D
0.25
A40D
0.25
Fig. 42
.
Case 4 This time is calculated from when the hauler stops for dumping until the return transport begins.
Fig. 43
55
Type
Needed time, in minutes
A25D
0.30
A30D
0.30
A35D
0.30
A40D
0.30
8.3 Turning around in tunnels In the table below you find the time needed to turn around Volvo articulated haulers in tunnels. Turning time in minutes and number of reversals.
. Tunnel width
13 m
43 ft.
12 m
39 ft.
11 m
36 ft.
10 m
33 ft.
9.5 m
31 ft.
Time Minutes
No. of reversals
Time Minutes
No. of reversals
Time Minutes
No. of reversals
Time Minutes
No. of reversals
Time Minutes
No. of reversals
A25D 4x4
0.5
1
0.7
2
–
–
–
–
A25D 4x4 with turn-around equipment
0.4
–
0.4
–
0.4
–
0.4
–
A25D 6x6
0.5
1
0.9
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
A30D 6x6
0.5
1
0.9
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
A35D 6x6
0.9
2
1.2
3
–
–
–
–
–
–
A40D 6x6
0.9
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Fig. 44
. Fig. 44b
56
9 Loading time for different loading equipment When calculating the number of bucket loads which can be accomplished on the transport machine, it is first necessary to know the excavation class of the material and the load volume of the transport machine. The following tables show the most suitable bucket volumes for different loading equipment. The volumes are shown in Lm3 Lyd3, i.e. the volume the material has when loaded on the transport machine.
57
9.1 Loading times for wheel loaders Assumptions: • Loading with wheel loader carried out as shown in sketch. • Jobsite level and smooth. • Skilled operator.
4m 13 ft.
6–7m 20 – 23 ft. 3 – 10 m 19 – 33 ft.
3–5m 10 – 16 ft.
Fig. 45
Wheel loader
Basic bucket m3 yd3
Output SAE 1349 net kW hp
Weight kg lbs.
Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 1
2
3
4
5
Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class: 1
2
3
4
5
L50D
1.2 1.6
71 96
8,500 18,739
1.4 1.8
1.2 1.6
1.2 1.6
–
– 0.35 0.43 0.55
–
–
L70D
1.6 2.1
90 122
11,000 24,250
1.9 2.5
1.8 2.3
1.6 2.1
–
– 0.35 0.43 0.52
–
–
L90D
2.2 2.9
113 154
15,000 33,069
2.7 3.5
2.5 3.3
2.4 3.1
2.2 2.9
– 0.37 0.45 0.57 0.67
–
L120E
3.3 4.3
165 224
19,000 41,888
3.7 4.8
3.4 4.4
3.4 4.3
3.3 3.9
– 0.38 0.45 0.53 0.62
–
L150E
3.8 5.0
199 270
24,000 52,910
4.0 5.2
3.8 5.0
3.8 5.0
3.8 4.6
– 0.38 0.43 0.52 0.58
–
L180E
4.4 5.7
221 300
27,000 59,525
4.8 6.3
4.6 4.6 6.0 5.75
4.4 5.5
– 0.38 0.43 0.52 0.58
–
L220E
4.9 6.4
259 352
31,300 69,004
5.4 10.5
5.2 9.0
4.9 8.6
4.6 8.6
– 0.38 0.45 0.52 0.58
–
L330E
6.5 8.5
370 503
51,000 112,435
8.0 10.5
6.6 9.0
6.6 8.6
6.6 8.6
– 0.43 0.48 0.58 0.67
–
58
9.2 Loading times for hydraulic excavators Assumptions: • Excavation depth is roughly equal to the length of the dipper arm.
45°
• A skilled operator. • Excavator and haulers are well matched.
Exc. class
Fill factor
1
1.2
2
1.0
3
0.8
4
0.6
2–4m 5 – 12 ft.
Fig. 46
Slew angle 45 degrees Excavator
Excavator weight t sh t
Hauler placed below the excavator Bucket m3 yd3
Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 1
2
3
4
5
Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class: 1
2
3
4
5
EC 210B
20.5 – 21.9 22.8 – 24.3
1.0 1.3
1.2 1.6
1.0 1.3
0.8 1.0
0.6 0.8
– 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.23
–
EC 240B
23.5 – 24.9 25.5 – 27.6
1.2 1.6
1.4 1.9
1.2 1.6
1.0 1.3
0.7 0.9
– 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.25
–
EC 290B
27.8 – 29.6 31.0 – 32.9
1.5 2.0
1.8 2.4
1.5 2.0
1.2 1.6
0.9 1.2
– 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.27
–
EC 360B
35.1 – 38.1 39.0 – 42.3
1.7 2.2
2.0 2.7
1.7 2.2
1.4 1.8
1.0 1.3
– 0.22 0.23 0.27 0.30
–
EC 460B
44.3 – 46.0 49.2 – 51.5
2.4 3.1
2.9 3.8
2.4 3.1
1.9 2.5
1.4 1.9
– 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.32
–
EC 650 Not in production
64.9 – 66.8 72.3 – 74.2
3.3 4.3
4.0 5.2
3.3 4.3
2.6 3.4
2.0 2.6
– 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.35
–
EC 650 ME Not in production
64.9 – 66.8 72.0 – 74.2
4.4 5.7
5.3 6.9
4.4 5.7
3.5 4.6
2.6 3.4
– 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.35
–
59
Assumptions: • Excavation depth is roughly equal to the length of the dipper arm. • A skilled operator. • Excavator and haulers are well matched.
Excavation class
90°
Fill factor
1
1.2
2
1.0
3
0.8
4
0.6 2–4m 5 – 12 ft.
Fig. 47
Hauler placed on the same level as the excavator
Slew angle 90 degrees Excavator
Excavator weight t sh t
Bucket m3 yd3
Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 1
2
3
4
5
Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class: 1
2
3
4
5
EC 210B
20.5 – 21.9 22.8 – 24.3
10 1.3
1.2 1.6
1.0 1.3
0.8 1.0
0.6 0.8
– 0.23 0.24 0.27 0.29
–
EC 240B
23.5 – 24.9 25.5 – 27.6
1.2 1.6
1.4 1.9
1.2 1.6
1.0 1.3
0.7 0.9
– 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.31
–
EC 290B
27.8 – 29.6 31.0 – 32.9
1.5 2.0
1.8 2.4
1.5 2.0
1.2 1.6
0.9 1.2
– 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.32
–
EC 360B
35.1 – 38.1 39.0 – 42.3
1.7 2.2
2.0 2.7
1.7 2.2
1.4 1.8
1.0 1.3
– 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.35
–
EC 460B
44.3 – 46.0 49.2 – 51.5
2.4 3.1
2.9 3.8
2.4 3.1
1.9 2.5
1.4 1.9
– 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.37
–
EC 650 Not in production
64.9 – 66.8 72.3 – 74.2
3.3 4.3
4.0 5.2
3.3 4.3
2.6 3.4
2.0 2.6
– 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.38
–
EC 650 ME Not in production
64.9 – 66.8 72.0 – 74.2
4.4 5.7
5.3 6.9
4.4 5.7
3.5 4.6
2.6 3.4
– 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.38
–
60
9.3 Loading times for hydraulic excavators, front shovels Assumptions: • Loading with front shovel carried out as shown in sketch. • Jobsite level and smooth. • Skilled operator.
3–5m 10 – 16 ft.
90° – 180°
Fig. 48
Front shovel output SAE kW hp
Approx. weight kg lbs
1
61
Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class:
Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
190 260
40,000 88,180
2.7 3.5
2.7 3.5
2.5 3.3
2.5 3.3
–
0.35
0.37
0.40
0.47
–
280 380
60,000 132,280
3.8 5.0
3.8 5.0
3.5 4.6
3.5 4.6
–
0.39
0.41
0.44
0.53
–
300 410
40,000 154,380
4.5 5.9
4.5 5.9
4.0 5.2
4.0 5.2
–
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.54
–
430 585
40,000 242,510
6.5 8.5
6.5 8.5
6.0 7.8
6.0 7.8
–
0.42
0.44
0.47
0.56
–
640 870
40,000 396,830
10.0 13.1
10.0 13.1
9.0 11.8
9.0 11.8
–
0.46
0.48
0.51
0.60
–
9.4 Loading times for crawler loaders Assumptions: • Loading with crawler loader carried out as shown in sketch. • Jobsite level and smooth. • Skilled operator.
3–5m 10 – 16 ft.
Fig. 49
Crawler loader output SAE kW hp
Approx. weight kg lbs
Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class:
Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
75 102
12,000 26,400
1.5 2.0
1.4 1.8
1.3 1.7
1.2 1.6
–
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.58
–
100 136
16,000 35,270
1.9 2.5
1.7 2.2
1.6 2.1
1.4 1.8
–
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.58
–
150 204
22,000 48,500
2.7 3.5
2.5 3.3
2.4 3.1
2.1 2.75
–
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.58
–
200 272
35,000 77,160
4.1 5.4
3.8 5.0
3.6 4.7
3.2 4.2
–
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.58
–
62
9.5 Loading times for draglines Assumptions: • Loading with dragline carried out as shown in sketch. • Skilled operator.
3–5m 10 – 16 ft. 90° – 180°
10 – 20 m 33 – 66 ft.
Fig. 50
Dragline output SAE kW hp
Approx. weight kg lbs
1
63
Cycle time in minutes (6 seconds – 0.1 minutes) in excavation class:
Loaded volume Lm3 Lyd3 per cycle in excavation class: 2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
66 90
18,000 39,680
0.8 1.0
0.7 0.9
–
–
–
0.40
0.40
–
–
–
66 90
16,000 35,270
0.8 1.0
0.7 0.9
–
–
–
0.40
0.40
–
–
–
112 152
26,000 57,320
1.6 2.1
1.4 1.8
–
–
–
0.45
0.45
–
–
–
10 Choice of crawler dozer at dumping area If the dump area is to be leveled, a crawler dozer is used. A crawler dozer can also be used at the loading site to loosen and move the material to the loader.
The performance also varies depending on the type of material. Broken rock with large fragmentation is more difficult to move than round stones of medium size.
Here we only deal with crawler dozers and articulated haulers at the dump area. The dozing distance can be kept short since the articulated haulers are able to transport the material to the edge of the site even if it is soft. This means that the work of the crawler dozer is principally to move the material a short distance over the edge of the fill, while at the same time leveling the spoil bank.
The performance when moving broken rock with large fragmentation is therefore read at the lower part of the respective shaded areas opposite the appropriate moving distance. Wet clay is more difficult to move than slightly moist clay, so the performance is also read at the lower part of the shaded area.
Voids and ruts in the area can also be filled in if the load is placed where the roughness starts and then leveled off with the crawler dozer. The graph (Fig. 51) shows how the performance of the crawler dozer varies with the dozing distance. The performance also varies depending on the skill of the operator. In the graph, it is assumed that the machine is operated by an experienced person. Lyd3
1800
Note that three different machine sizes are given on the graph so you can decide which one is the most suitable. If the material is moved downhill, the performance is read at the upper part of the shaded area. If conditions are judged to be normal, the performance is read in the middle of the shaded area. The graph is plotted on the assumption that the working time is 60 min/h.
Lm3
1400 1300
1600 1400
1200 1100 1000
1200 1000
Crawler dozer Total weight approx. 22.5 t 25 sh ton
900 800 700
800 600
600
Crawler dozer Total weight approx. 17 t 19 sh ton
500 400
400 200
300 Crawler dozer Total weight approx. 6.3 t 7 sh ton
200 100 0
m
0
5 10
10 20
30
15 40
50
20 60
25 70
80
30 90
ft.
100 Fig. 51
64
EXAMPLE: Material is to be moved to form a spoil bank and pushed over the edge of the bank. The amount to be transported is 128 Bm3 167 Byd3 or 154 Lm3 201 Lyd3. On the average, the material is to be dumped 5 m 16 ft. from the edge. The material consists of gravel. Using the graph in Fig. 51, we can now choose the most suitable size of crawler dozer. Looking at the graph: at a transport distance of 5 m 16 ft. we follow vertically upwards to the shaded area “Crawler dozer. Total weight approx. 6.3 t 7 sh ton.” The material to be moved is easily handled, and the dump area is level so we look at the upper edge of the shaded area. Then running horizontally to the left, we can read a value of 260 Lm3 340 Lyd3. This represents the performance of the machine in this material when used effectively for 60 minutes per hour. In our example, it is assumed that the machine is used effectively for 50 minutes per hour. Performance =
260 x 50 60
= 216
This means that the performance of the crawler dozer will be 216 Lm3 282 Lyd3/h. Since the amount to be transported is 154 Lm3 201 Lyd3/h a 6.3 t 7 sh ton crawler dozer can be utilized.
65
11 Tables MATERIAL Ashes, soft coal with clinkers Bauxite Brick Cement Caliche Clay: dry wet + gravel, dry + gravel, wet compacted Coal: anthracite bitumous ignite Concrete: dry wet Copper ore Earth: dry wet + sand and gravel + 25% stone loam Granite Gravel: dry moist, wet Gypsum: blasted crushed Iron ore: Hematite Limonite Magnetite Kaolin Lime Limestone: blasted loose, crushed marble Mud: dry (close) wet (moderately comp.) Rock: hard well blasted + stone crushed Sandstone Sand: dry wet + gravel, dry + gravel, wet Shale: soft rock riprock Slag Slate Top soil Traprock
11.1 Material weights and swell factor lb/Byd3 1010–1520 3200 – 2950 3790 2870 3790 2870 3030 3370 2190–2610 1850 2110 3200–4210 – 3200 2870 3200 3030 3370 2530 4380–5060 2870 3710 4890 5230 4720–6570 8600–11800 4720–6570 2870 – 4380 – 4550 3710–5060 5060–5900 4800 4800 4210 3200 3540 3200 3710 3030 2950 5060 4720 2360 5060
kg/bm3 600–900 1900 – 1750 2250 1700 2250 1700 1800 2000 1300–1550 1100 1250 1900–2500 – 1900 1700 1900 1800 2000 1500 2600–3000 1700 2200 2900 3100 2800–3900 5100–7000 2800–3900 1700 – 2600 – 2700 2200–3000 3000–3500 2850 2850 2500 1900 2100 1900 2200 1800 1750 3000 2800 1400 3000
lb/Lyd3 840–1350 2360 2700–3200 2440 2110 2190 2700 2360 2530 2870 1690–2020 1350 1520 2360–3030 3620 2700 2190 2700 2700 2700 2110 2780–3030 2530 3370 2700 3030 3880–5390 3880–5390 3880–5390 2190 1350 2700 2530 2700 3030–4210 4210–4890 2850 2850 2530 2870 3200 2870 3370 2190 2110 2950 3540 1690 3370
kg/lm3 500–800 1400 1600–1900 1450 1250 1300 1600 1400 1500 1700 1000–1200 800 900 1400–1800 2150 1600 1300 1600 1600 1600 1250 1650–1800 1500 2000 1600 1800 2300–3200 2300–3200 2300–3200 1300 800 1600 1500 1600 1800–2500 2500–2900 1700 1700 1500 1700 1900 1700 2000 1300 1250 1750 2100 1000 2000
Swell 1.1 1.3 – 1.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 – 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.7-2.2 1.2 1.3 – 1.6 – 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.5
These weights are only approximate. The densities vary with moisture content, grain size, etc. Tests must be carried out to determine exact density. 66
11.2 Excavation classes CLASS
1
Easy digging – unpacked earth, sand-gravel, ditch cleaning.
2
Medium digging – packed earth, tough dry clay, soil with less than 25% rock content.
3
Medium to hard digging – hard packed soil with up to 50% rock content, well blasted.
4
Hard digging – shot rock or tough soil with up to 75% rock content.
5
Tough digging – sandstone, caliche, shale, certain limestone, hard frost.
11.3 Ground structure classes Group
Max. distance between obstacles, 5 m 16 yard Ground structure class
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1. Hard ground with solid obstacles, i.e. gravel road. Size of obstacles in cm in.
0–2
2–3
3–4
4–6
6 – 10
10 – 30
0 – 0.8
0.8 – 1.2
1.2 – 1.6
1.6 – 2.4
2.4 – 4.0
4 – 12
2. Soft ground with soft obstacles, i.e. wet clay. Size of obstacles in cm in.
0–3
3–4
4–6
6 – 10
10 – 30
30 – 40
0 – 1.2
1.2 – 1.6
1.6 – 2.4
2.4 – 4.0
4 – 12
12 – 16
11.4 Rolling resistance and coefficient of traction for different surfaces Rolling resistance %
Type of surface
Sinkage of tires cm in.
Coefficient of traction
Concrete, dry
2
–
–
0.8 – 1.0
Asphalt, dry
2
–
–
0.7 – 0.9
Macadam
3
–
–
0.5 – 0.7
Gravel road, compacted
3
–
–
0.5 – 0.7
Dirt road, compacted
3
4
1.6
0.4 – 0.6
Dirt road, firm rutted
5
6
2.4
0.3 – 0.6
Stripped arable land, firm, dry
6
8
3.2
0.6 – 0.8
Earth backfill, soft
8
10
4.0
0.4 – 0.5
Stripped arable land, loose, dry
12
15
6.0
0.4 – 0.5
Woodland pastures, grassy banks
12 – 15
15 – 18
6–7
0.6 – 0.7
Sand or gravel, loose
15 – 30
18 – 35
7 – 14
0.2 – 0.4
Dirt road, deeply rutted, porous
16
20
8.0
0.1 – 2.0
Stripped arable land, sticky wet
10 – 20
12 – 25
5 – 10
0.1 – 0.4
Clay, loose, wet
35
40
16
0.1 – 0.2
Ice
2
–
–
0.1 – 0.2
67
11.5 Load-bearing capacity of the ground The cone indices of most interest come between 50 and 70 (ground with moderate load-bearing capacity). Only the most traversable dozers such as wide-tracked crawler dozers can run on ground with a cone index between 3050 (ground with poor load-bearing capacity). Rigid haulers require cone indices above 90 (ground with very good load-bearing capacity).
. CLASS
Cone index value
Very good bearing capacity
> 90
Good bearing capacity
70 – 90
Moderate bearing capacity
50 – 70
Poor bearing capacity
30 – 50
Very poor bearing capacity
< 30
11.6 Grade conversion table Grade %
slope
angle
%
slope
angle
1:2000
0.27°
30
1:3.3
16.7°
1
1:100
0.6
31
1:3.2
17.2
2
1:50
1.2
32
1:3.1
17.7
3
1:33.3
1.7
33
1:3
18.2
4
1:25
2.3
34
1:3
18.8
5
1:20
2.9°
35
1:2.9
19.3°
6
1:16.7
3.4
36
1:2.8
19.8
7
1:14.3
4
37
1:2.7
20.2
8
1:12.5
4.6
38
1:2.6
20.6
9
1:11.1
5.2
39
1:2.5
21.2
10
1:10
5.7°
40
1:2.5
21.8°
11
1:9.1
6.3
41
1:2.4
22.2
12
1:8.3
6.8
42
1:2.4
22.8
13
1:7.7
7.4
43
1:2.3
23.2
0.5
14
1:7.3
8
44
1:2.3
23.8
15
1:6.7
8.5°
45
1:2.2
24.2°
16
1:6.25
9.1
56
1:2.2
24.7
17
1:5.9
9.7
57
1:2.1
25.2
18
1:5.6
10.2
48
1:2.1
25.6
19
1:5.3
10.8
49
1:2
26.1
20
1:5
11.3°
50
1:2
26.6°
21
1:4.8
11.9
55
1:1.8
28.8
22
1:4.6
12.4
60
1:1.7
31
23
1:4.3
12.9
65
1:1.5
33
24
1:4.2
13.3
70
1:1.4
35
25
1:4
14°
75
1:1.3
36.8°
26
1:3.8
14.6
80
1:1.25
38.7
27
1:3.7
15.1
85
1:1.2
40.3
28
1:3.6
15.6
90
1:1.1
42
29
1:3.4
16.2
95
1:1.1
43.5
1:1
45°
100
EXAMPLE: 20% = 1:5 = 11.3° 1 11.3° 5
68
11.7 Measurement units and conversion Multiply
mile, statute (m)
By
1.609
To obtain
1 mile
=
1760 yd
1 fl oz
=
1.80 in3
km
1 yd
=
3 ft
1 sh ton
=
2000 lb
1 lg ton
=
2240 lb
1 lb
=
16 oz, avdp
1 ps
=
550 ft lb/s
1 atmosph
=
14.7 lb/in2
yard (yd)
0.9144
m
1 pie
=
12 in
foot (ft)
0.3048
m
1 sq mile
=
640 acres
inch (in)
0.0254
m
1 acre
=
43.560
sq mile
2.590
km3
ft2
ft2
=
144 in2
1 ft3
=
7.48 gal liq
1 gal
=
231 in3
acre
0.4047
ha
ft2
0.0929
m2
in2
6.452
cm2
yd3
0.765
m3
ft3
0.0283
m3
in2
0.0164
l
mile/h
1.61
km/h
US gallon
3.785
l
Imp. gallon
4.5455
l
long ton (lg ton)
1.016
t
short ton (sh ton)
0.907
t
pound (lb)
0.4536
kg
ounce (oz)
28.35
g
fluid oz (fl oz)
29.57
cm3
lb/in2
0.0703
kg/cm2
0.0689
bar
1.014
PS, hk, cv
horsepower (hp)
0.7457
kW
lb/yd3
0.5929
kg/m3
lb/sq in (psi)
6897.228
Pa
69
1
4 quarts liq 1 quart
=
32 fl oz
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0
0
Time in min.
300
100
1 2
200
3
600
900
2
11.8 Transformation between travel time and speed
SITE SUMMARY
70
300
4
1200
400
3 5
1500
500
25 30 35 40 50
16 18 20
14
12
10
9
8
7
6 km/h
Fig. 52
in ft.
Distance in m
25 30
20
15
12
10
8
7
6
5
4
mile/h
12 Formulas Weight and densities
Calculation of radius Cases when the radius is unknown. Use the following formula for calculation:
Density = Weight Volume Loose volume Swell = Bank volume
r=
360 x b α x 2π
Loose volume = Bank volume x Swell Loose volume Bank volume = Swell Bank density Loose density = Swell
r = radius in m b = arc. length in m α = angle in degrees
π = 3.14
Bank density = Loose density x Swell Actual payload = Loose density x Load volume
Resistance Total resistance = Rolling resistance + grade resistance The grade resistance is: Rimpull =
+ uphill – downhill GMV x total resistance 100
Production calculations The number of buckets per load: Load volume n= Bucket volume Productive time: t x 60 T= t+U Production formula: T=
t x 60 t+U
The number of transport machines that match the loading equipment: N=
T (transp) or N = n x t (load)
Cost per unit: T K= t
71
P (loader) P (transp)
Where: C
= the cost per hour
K
= the cost per unit
N
= the ideal number of transport mchines relative to the loading equipment
n
= number of buckets per load
P
= production per hour
Q
= load volume or weight
T
= productive time in minutes per hour
t
= cycle time in minutes
t (load)
= loader cycle time in minutes
t (transp) = transport machine cycle time in minutes U
= unavoidable job delays in minutes per cycle
14
A25D Specification and Performance
14.1
Dimensions, Volvo A25D 4x4, unloaded ............ 73
14.1
Dimensions, Volvo A25D 6x6, unloaded with 23.5R25 tires ..................................................................... 74
14.2
Weights ................................................................................ 75
14.3
Body ...................................................................................... 75 Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................... 75 Underhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (B)............................. 75 Overhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (C)............................... 75 Overhung tailgate wire-operated (A25D 6x6 option)* (D) .... 75 Exhaust gas heating (option) ....................................................... 76 Side extensions (option) ............................................................... 76
14.4
Body volumes ................................................................. 76 Body volume A25D 6x6 ................................................................ 76
14.5 14.6
Ground pressure and cone index .......................... 77 Drive ...................................................................................... 77 Volvo A25D 6x6.............................................................................. 77 Volvo A25D 4x4.............................................................................. 77
14.7
Transmission .................................................................... 77
14.8
Travel speed...................................................................... 77
14.9
Steering system .............................................................. 77
14.10 Frame and bogie............................................................. 77 14.11 Engine................................................................................... 78 14.12 Brakes .................................................................................. 78 14.13 Cab......................................................................................... 78 14.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance....................................................... 79 14.15 Operating on slopes ..................................................... 79 14.16 Diagram ............................................................................... 80 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, loaded....................................................................... 80 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25D, unloaded .................................................................. 81 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25D...................................................................................... 82 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A25D with retarder and exhaust brake .................................................. 83
Rimpull - Retardation.................................................... 84
72
14 A25D Specification and Performance 14.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 4x4, unloaded Pos
Metric
Imp.
A
8 939 mm
A1
4 954 mm
29'4'' 16'3''
A2
4 558 mm
14'11'' 13'10''
B
4 219 mm
C
3 470 mm
11'5''
C1
3 332 mm
10'11''
C2
1768 mm
5'10''
D
2766 mm
9'1''
E
1210 mm
4'0''
F
4254 mm
13'11''
H
1919 mm
6'4''
I
495 mm
1'7''
J
2794 mm
9'2''
K
2416 mm
7'11''
L
773 mm
2'6''
M
5176 mm
17'0''
N
7092 mm
23'3''
N1
3197 mm
10'6''
O
3130 mm
10'3''
P
2930 mm
9'7''
R
637 mm
2'1''
R1 U
664 mm
2'2''
3317 mm
10'11''
V
2374 mm
7'9''
W
3117 mm
10'3''
X
461 mm
1'6''
X1 X2
585 mm
1'11''
886 mm
2'11''
Y
2258 mm
7'5''
Z
2859 mm
9'5''
a1 a2
23,1°
23.1°
a3
45°
59°
Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 / 29.5R25 tires
73
14.1 Dimensions, Volvo A25D 6x6, unloaded with 23.5R25 tires Pos
Metric (mm) A25D
A30D
Imperial (Feet) A25D
A30D
A
10 220
10 297
33'6''
33'9''
A1
4 954
4 954
16'3''
16'3''
A2
5 764
6 002
18'11''
19'8''
B
5 152
5 339
16'11''
17'6''
C
3 428
3 428
11'3''
11'3''
C1
3 318
3 318
10'11''
10'11''
C2 C3
1 768
1 768
5'10''
5'10''
3 760
3 834
12'4''
12'7''
D
2 764
2 764
9'1''
9'1''
E
1 210
1 210
3'12''
3'12'' 13'8''
F
4 175
4 175
13'8''
G
1 670
1 670
5'6''
5'6''
H
1 610
1 688
5'3''
5'6'' 1'12''
I
608
608
1'12''
J
2 778
2 856
9'1''
9'4''
K
2 102
2 181
6'11''
7'2''
L
677
686
2'3''
2'3''
M
6 559
6 592
21'6''
21'8''
N
8 105
8 105
26'7''
26'7''
N1
4 079
4 037
13'5''
13'3''
O
2 700
2 900
8'10''
9'6''
P
2 490
2 706
8'2''
8'11''
R
512
513
1'8''
1'8''
R1
634
635
2'1''
2'1'' 10'10''
U
3 257
3 310
10'8''
V
2 258
2 216
7'5''
7'3''
V*
-----
2 258
-----
7'5''
W
2 859
2 941
9'5''
9'8''
W*
-----
2 859
-----
9'5''
X
456
456
1'6''
1'6''
X1 X2
581
582
1'11''
1'11''
659
659
2'2''
2'2''
Y
2 258
2 216
7'5''
7'3''
Y*
-----
2 258
-----
7'5''
Z
2 859
2 941
9'5''
9'85''
Z*
-----
2 859
-----
9'5''
a1
23,5°
23,5°
23.5°
23.5°
a2 a3
74°
70°
74°
70°
45°
45°
45°
45°
A25D: Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 A30D: Unloaded machine with 750/65R25 * A30D with optional 23.5R25 tires
74
14.2 Weights All weights in kg lbs.
Wear plates (option) (A)
Volvo A25D 4x4
Volvo A25D 6x6 (23.5/29.5R25 tires) (23.5R25 tires)
Operating weight, unloaded
If the body is to be used for continuous forced loading of rock or other abrasive material only, wear plates should be used. Weight A25D 6x6:
950 kg 2100 lbs.
20,723
Weight A25D 4x4:
1230 kg 2712 lbs.
21,560
47,531
Underhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (B)
7,165
1,980
4,365
An underhung tailgate with operating mechanism which automatically opens the tailgate is available as option.
20,750
45,746
22,020
48,545
24,000
52,910
24,000
52,910
Front
15,650
34,502
14,140
31,173
Rear
27,820
61,333
31,420
69,268
Total
43,470
95,835
45,560
100,441
Front
12,400
27,337
12,160
26,808
Rear
7,070
15,587
9,400
Total
19,470
42,924
Front
3,250
Rear Total
Payload
Total weight
14.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1 m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.
Overhung tailgate (A25D 6x6 option)* (C) On machines provided with an underhung tailgate, it is possible to fit an overhung tailgate. This overhung tailgate is intended for use when carrying gravel, sand and loose clay material. The design of the tailgate does not permit handling of large rocks and solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.
Overhung tailgate wire-operated (A25D 6x6 option)* (D) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed. * The tailgates cannot be used together with the body extensions fitted in some markets.
Fig. B
Fig. A
75
Fig. C
Fig. D
Exhaust gas heating (option)
Side extensions (option)
By means of this equipment, exhaust gases are conducted from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing in a solid mass.
Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 24,000 kg 52,911 lb. (A25D 6x6).
14.4 Body volumes Acc. to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3
Volvo A25D 4x4
Volvo A25D 6x6
Standard body:
9.5
12.4
11.7
15.3
13.0
17.0
15.0
19.6
struck
-
-
12.0
15.7
heaped
-
-
15.3
20.0
struck
-
-
12.1
15.8
heaped
-
-
15.6
20.4
struck heaped with underhung tailgate:
with overhung tailgate:
Body volume A25D 6x6 Depending on side extension.
Metr. ton per m3
Body volume (cbm) 20
1.20
UH+OH Tailgate
19
1.26
UH Tailgate Std. body
18
1.33
17
1.41
16
1.50
15
1.60
14
1.71
0
100
200
300
400
500
Side extension (mm)
76
14.5 Ground pressure and cone index
14.8 Travel speed
Ground pressure of a loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius. Volvo A25D 4x4
Unloaded Front Rear
125 kPa 18.2 psi 49 kPa 7.2 psi
Loaded
Volvo A25D 6x6
Unloaded
159 kPa 23.1 psi
123 kPa 17.9 psi
144 kPa 20.9 psi
194 kPa 28.1 psi
47 kPa 6.9 psi
159 kPa 23.1 psi
Cone index 80
Forward km/h mile/h
Loaded
70
A25D 6x6 and 4x4
53
33
Reverse km/h mile/h
13
8
14.9 Steering system Hydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering as standard.
14.6 Drive Volvo A25D 6x6
14.10 Frame and bogie
Continuous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.
Separate frames for front unit and rear unit, joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stresses on the frame members.
Volvo A25D 4x4 Continuous 4x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal in drop box and transversal in both axles.
14.7 Transmission Electronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up. Hydraulic retarder as standard.
77
The bogie permits a freedom of wheel movement of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stresses. The suspension on the front unit consists of one rubber spring and two shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.
14.11 Engine Volvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine. Manufacturer
Volvo
Model
D10BADE2**
Engine output SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net
33.3 r/s 228 kW 227 kW
2000 rpm 310 hp 309 hp
Max torque at SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net
22.5 r/s 1375 Nm 1365 Nm
1350 rpm 1014 lb ft 1007 lb ft
Cylinder volume
9.6 l
586 in3
Fuel consumption Low Medium High
l/h 13 – 17 17 – 23 23 – 29
D10BACE2*
Fuel consumption load factor guide High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Continuous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance. Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance. Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on wellmaintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance.
US gal/h 3.4 – 4.5 4.5 – 6.1 5.8 – 7.6
* NAFTA / ** EU
14.12 Brakes
14.13 Cab
Service brakes: Two circuit air-over-hydraulic dry disc brakes.
Approved ROPS and FOPS cab. Sound and heatinsulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilation. Airconditioning as an option.
Parking brake:
Spring-actuated disc brake on propeller shaft.
Hydraulic retarder as standard.
78
14.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance Total resistance
All-wheel drive with differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
14.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A25D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45% for a Volvo A25D 6x6/4x4, and downhill the Volvo A25D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.
45%
Only in exceptional cases should the machine be operated on lateral slopes of more than 15%. The maximum limit for the machine to travel on lateral slopes is 30%, but other factors such as roughness of the ground can cause the machine to tip over before this limit is reached.
15%
79
0.4
0.5
Coefficient of traction
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
0
Time in min.
20
40
60
80 300
100
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
120
40%
A25D, loaded
140
160
35%
600
180
0.00.4
1.0
200
in ft.
Distance in m
8% 6% 0.8 4% 0.6 2%
14% 12% 10%
16%
20% 18%
22%
24%
26%
30% 28%
Total resistance
Total resistance Ground structure
Diagram Volvo A25D
14.16 Diagram
80
Diagram Volvo A25D
100 300
200 600
300
A25D, unloaded
900
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
Time in min.
5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0 0
1200
400
1500
Total resistance Ground structure
1.0
Total resistance
40%
35%
30% 28%
26% 24% 22% 20% 18% 0.8 16%
in ft.
Distance in m
14% 12% 10% 0.6 8% 0.4 6% 0.00.2 2%-4%
500
81
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
50
150
0
0
Time in min.
1
300
100
2
450
3
150
Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25D
4
600
200
5
6
750
250
5 m 16 ft. 10 m 33 ft. 20 m 66 ft. 30 m 98 ft. 40 m 131 ft. 50 m 164 ft.
1 2 3 4 5 6
in ft.
Distance in m
RADIUS
LINE
Diagram Volvo A25D
82
Diagram Volvo A25D
Loaded
Unloaded
80
Line
200
60
30% 30% 21% 21% 15% 15% 12% 12%
40
26% 26% 14% 14% 10% 10% 7% 7% 5% 5%
20 100
1 2 3 4 5 6
Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo
Time in min.
2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
0 0
100
120 400
140 500
A25D with retarder and exhaust brake
300
160
180
600
1
200
2
3
4
5 6
Distance in m
in ft.
83
Diagram Volvo A25D
Rimpull - Retardation RIMPULL 1. Rimpull in metric ton.
2. Speed in km/h.
3. Machine weight in metric ton.
4. Grade in % + rolling resistance in %.
Rimpull
Instructions Diagonal lines represent total resistance (grade % ± rolling resistance %). Charts based on 0% rolling resistance, standard tires and gearing, unless otherwise stated. A. Find the diagonal line with the appropriate total resistance on the right-hand edge of the chart. B. Follow the diagonal line downward until it intersects the actual machine weight line, NMW or GMW. C. Draw a new line horizontally to the left from the point of intersection until the new line intersects the rimpull or retardation curve. D. Read down for vehicle speed.
RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic and exhaust retarders) 1. Braking effort in metric ton.
2. Speed in km/h.
A25D
3. Machine weight in metric ton.
4. Grade in % — rolling resistance in %.
Max. retarding performance Continuous
84
85
15
A30D Specification and Performance
15.1
Dimensions, Volvo A30D with tires 750/65R25, unloaded ............................................................................. 87
15.2
Weights ................................................................................ 88
15.3
Body ...................................................................................... 88 Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................... 88 Underhung tailgate (option) (B) .................................................. 88 Overhung tailgate (option) (C) .................................................... 88 Exhaust gas heating (option) ....................................................... 88 Side extensions (option) ............................................................... 88
15.4
Body volumes................................................................... 89 Body volumes.................................................................................. 89
15.5
Ground pressure and cone index .......................... 90
15.6
Drive ...................................................................................... 90
15.7
Transmission .................................................................... 90
15.8
Travel speed...................................................................... 90
15.9
Steering system .............................................................. 90
15.10 Frame and bogie............................................................. 90 15.11 Engine................................................................................... 91 15.12 Brakes .................................................................................. 91 15.13 Cab......................................................................................... 91 15.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance....................................................... 92 15.15 Operating on slopes ..................................................... 92 15.16 Diagram ............................................................................... 93 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30D, loaded....................................................................... 93 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30D, unloaded .................................................................. 94 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30D...................................................................................... 95 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A30D with retarder and exhaust brake .................................................. 96
Rimpull - Retardation ................................................. 97
86
15 A30D Specification and Performance 15.1 Dimensions, Volvo A30D with tires 750/65R25, unloaded Pos
Metric (mm) A25D
A30D
Imperial (Feet) A25D
A30D
A
10 220
10 297
33'6''
A1
4 954
4 954
16'3''
33'9'' 16'3''
A2
5 764
6 002
18'11''
19'8'' 17'6''
B
5 152
5 339
16'11''
C
3 428
3 428
11'3''
11'3''
C1
3 318
3 318
10'11''
10'11''
C2
1 768
1 768
5'10''
5'10''
C3
3 760
3 834
12'4''
12'7''
D
2 764
2 764
9'1''
9'1''
E
1 210
1 210
3'12''
3'12''
F
4 175
4 175
13'8''
13'8''
G
1 670
1 670
5'6''
5'6''
H
1 610
1 688
5'3''
5'6''
I
608
608
1'12''
1'12''
J
2 778
2 856
9'1''
9'4''
K
2 102
2 181
6'11''
7'2''
L
677
686
2'3''
2'3''
M
6 559
6 592
21'6''
21'8''
N
8 105
8 105
26'7''
26'7''
N1 O
4 079
4 037
13'5''
13'3''
2 700
2 900
8'10''
9'6''
P
2 490
2 706
8'2''
8'11'' 1'8''
R
512
513
1'8''
R1
634
635
2'1''
2'1''
U
3 257
3 310
10'8''
10'10''
V
2 258
2 216
7'5''
7'3''
V*
-----
2 258
-----
7'5''
W
2 859
2 941
9'5''
9'8''
W*
-----
2 859
-----
9'5''
X
456
456
1'6''
1'6''
X1
581
582
1'11''
1'11'' 2'2''
X2
659
659
2'2''
Y
2 258
2 216
7'5''
7'3''
Y*
-----
2 258
-----
7'5'' 9'85''
Z
2 859
2 941
9'5''
Z*
-----
2 859
-----
9'5''
a1
23,5°
23,5°
23.5°
23.5°
a2
74°
70°
74°
70°
a3 45° 45° 45° A25D: Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 A30D: Unloaded machine with 750/65R25 * A30D with optional 23.5R25 tires
87
45°
15.2 Weights All weights in kg lbs.
Wear plates (option) (A)
Volvo A30D 6x6
Volvo A30D 6x6
If the machine is transporting rock constantly, we recommend wear plates.
750(30)/65R25 tires
23.5R25 tires
Weight:
1000 kg 2200 lbs.
Underhung tailgate (option) (B)
Operating weight, unloaded Front
12,500
27,557
12,300
27,116
Rear
10,560
23,280
10,160
22,398
Total
23,060
50,837
22,460
49,514
Front
4,940
10,891
4,740
10,450
Rear
23,060
50,837
22,660
49,956
Total
28,000
61,728
27,400
60,405
Front
14,990
33,047
14,790
32,606
Rear
36,070
79,519
35,670
78,637
Total
51,060
112,556
50,460
111,245
Payload
Total weight
15.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.
An underhung tailgate with an operating mechanism which automatically opens the tailgate is available as option.
Overhung tailgate (option) (C) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.
Exhaust gas heating (option) By means of this equipment, exhaust gases are conducted from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing in a solid mass.
Side extensions (option) Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 28,000 kg 61,728 lbs.
Fig. B
Fig. A
Fig. C
88
15.4 Body volumes According to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3
Standard body: Struck
13.6
17.8
Heaped
17.5
22.9
Struck
13.8
18.0
Heaped
18.0
23.5
Struck
14.0
18.3
Heaped
18.1
23.7
with underhung tailgate:
with overhung tailgate:
Body volumes Depending on side extension.
23
Metr. ton per m3
Body volume (cbm)
1.21
UH+OH Tailgate
22
1.27
UH Tailgate Std. body
21
1.33
20
1.40
19
1.47
18
1.56
17
1.64
0
100
200
300
Side extension (mm)
89
400
500
15.5 Ground pressure and cone index Fully-loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius. Volvo A30D 6x6
Tires
23.5R25
Unloaded Front
124.8 kPa 18.0 psi
Rear
51.5 kPa 7.4 psi
Cone index
750(30)/65R25
Loaded
Unloaded
150.0 kPa 21.8 psi
101 kPa 14.6 psi
181.0 kPa 26.3 psi
43 kPa 6.2 psi
70
Loaded 121 kPa 17.5 psi 146 kPa 21.2 psi 60
15.6 Drive
15.9 Steering system
Continous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.
Hydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering is standard.
15.7 Transmission
Separate frames for front unit and rear unit are joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stress on the frame members.
Electronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up in all gears. Single stage design dropbox. Hydraulic retarder with variable retarder power is standard.
15.8 Travel speed Forward:
53 km/h 33 mph
Reverse:
13 km/h 8 mph
15.10 Frame and bogie
The bogie permits a freedom of movement of the wheels of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stress. The suspension on the front unit consists of one rubber spring and two shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.
90
15.11 Engine Volvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine. Manufacturer
Volvo
Model
D10BABE2**
D10BAAE2*
Engine output SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net
33.3 r/s 242 kW 241 kW
2000 rpm 329 hp 328 hp
Max torque at SAE J1995 Gross SAE J1349 Net
22.5 r/s 1420 Nm 1410 Nm
1350 rpm 1047 lbf ft 1040 lbf ft
Cylinder volume
9.6 l
S586 in3
Fuel consumption Low Medium High
l/h 16 – 20 l/h 20 – 25 l/h 26 – 32 l/h
US gal/h 4.2 – 5.3 5.3 – 6.6 6.6 – 8.5
Load factor guide High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Continuous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance. Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance. Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on wellmaintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance.
* NAFTA / ** EU
15.13 Cab
15.12 Brakes Service brakes:
Two circuit air-over-hydraulic dry disc brake system.
Parking brake:
Spring-actuated disc brake on propeller shaft.
Hydraulic retarder integrated in the transmission.
91
Approved ROPS and FOPS cab. Sound and heat insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilations. Airconditioning as an option.
15.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance Total resistence
All-wheel drive with differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 Coefficient of traction
15.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A30D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45%, and downhill the Volvo A30D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.
45% Only in exceptional cases should the machine be operated on lateral slopes of more than 15%. The maximum limit for the machine to travel on lateral slopes is 30%, but other factors such as roughness of the ground can cause the machine to tip over before this limit is reached.
15% 92
Diagram Volvo A30D
15.16 Diagram
100
40%
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
Time in min.
3.0
80
A30D, loaded
120
35%
140
160
30%
Total resistance Ground structure
26%
28%
Total resistance
180
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
14%
12% 10%
8%
6%
200
in ft.
Distance in m
0.00.4
4% 0.6 2%
0.8
18% 1.0 16%
20%
24%
60
2.5
40
600
22%
20
300
2.0
0 0
93
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0
0
Time in min.
20
40
60
80 300
100
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
120
140
A30D, unloaded
160
600
180
40% 1.0
0.6
0.8
200
in ft.
Distance in m
0.00.2
8% 0.4 2%-6%
12% 10%
16% 14%
18%
20%
30% 28% 26% 24% 22%
35%
Total resistance
Total resistance Ground structure
Diagram Volvo A30D
94
Diagram Volvo A30D
50
1
300
100
2
450
3
Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30D
0
150
Time in min.
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
150
4
600
5
200
6
LINE
1 2 3 4 5 6
750
in ft.
Distance in m
16 ft. 33 ft. 66 ft. 98 ft. 131 ft. 164 ft.
RADIUS
5m 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m
250
95
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
0
Time in min.
100
40
23% 23% 13% 13% 9% 9% 7% 7% 5% 5%
1 2 3 4 5 6
20
Loaded
Line
200
60
80
29% 29% 20% 20% 15% 15% 11% 11%
Unloaded
Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo
300
100
400
120
140 500
A30D with retarder and exhaust brake
160
600
180
1
200
5 6
4
3
2
in ft.
Distance in m
Diagram Volvo A30D
96
Diagram Volvo A30D
Rimpull - Retardation RIMPULL 1. Rimpull in metric ton.
2. Speed in km/h.
3. Machine weight in metric ton.
4. Grade in % + rolling resistance in %.
Rimpull
Instructions Diagonal lines represent total resistance (grade % ± rolling resistance %). Charts based on 0% rolling resistance, standard tires and gearing, unless otherwise stated. A. Find the diagonal line with the appropriate total resistance on the right-hand edge of the chart. B. Follow the diagonal line downward until it intersects the actual machine weight line, NMW or GMW. C. Draw a new line horizontally to the left from the point of intersection until the new line intersects the rimpull or retardation curve. D. Read down for vehicle speed.
RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic and exhaust retarders) 1. Braking effort in metric ton.
2. Speed in km/h.
3. Machine weight in metric ton.
Max. retarding performance Continuous
97
4. Grade in % — rolling resistance in %.
16
A35D Specification and Performance
16.1
Dimensions, Volvo A35D with tires 26.5R25, unloaded ............................................................................. 99
16.2
Weights ..............................................................................100
16.3
Body ....................................................................................100 Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................ 100 Overhung tailgate (option) (B).................................................. 100 Exhaust gas heating (option) .................................................... 100 Side extensions (option) (C) ..................................................... 100
16.4
Body volumes.................................................................101
16.5
Ground pressure and cone index ........................102
16.6
Drive ....................................................................................102
16.7
Transmission ..................................................................102
16.8
Travel speed....................................................................102
16.9
Steering system ............................................................102
16.10 Frame and bogie...........................................................102 16.11 Engine.................................................................................103 16.12 Brakes ................................................................................103 16.13 Cab.......................................................................................103 16.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance.....................................................104 16.15 Operating on slopes ...................................................104 16.16 Diagram ............................................................................105 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35D, loaded.................................................................... 105 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35D, unloaded ............................................................... 106 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35D................................................................................... 107 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A35D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake...................... 108
Rimpull - Retardation..................................................109
98
16 A35D Specification and Performance 16.1 Dimensions, Volvo A35D with tires 26.5R25, unloaded Pos
Metric (mm) A35D
A40D
Imperial (feet) A35D
A40D
A
11 167
11 310
36'6''
37'1''
A2
6 224
6 428
20'4''
19'8''
B
5 527
5 730
16'9''
21'1''
C
3 681
3 746
12'1''
12'3''
C1
3 560
3 626
11'7''
11'9''
C2
1 768
1 768
5'8''
5'8''
C3
3 987
4 093
13'1''
13'4''
D
3 101
3 100
10'2''
10'2''
E
1 276
1 279
4'2''
4'2''
F
4 501
4 451
14'8''
14'6''
G
1 820
1 940
6'0''
6'4''
H
1 757
1 823
5'8''
6'0''
I
728
646
2'39''
2'12''
J
2 912
3 075
9'6''
10'0''
K
2 302
2 492
7'6''
8'2''
L
915
906
3'0''
2'97''
M
7 242
7 384
23'8''
24'2''
N
8 720
8 863
28'6''
29'1''
N1
4 397
4 238
14'4''
13'9''
O
3 103
3 268
10'2''
10'7''
P
2 870
3 078
9'4''
10'1''
R
584
654
1'92''
2'15''
R1
670
751
2'2''
2'46''
U
3 528
3 590
11'6''
11'8''
V
2 515
2 636
8'3''
8'7''
V*
2 625
-----
8'6''
-----
W
3 208
3 432
10'5''
11'3''
W *)**
3 410
3 570
11'2''
11'7''
X
572
617
1'88''
2'02''
X1
606
639
1'99''
2'1''
X2
720
765
2'36''
2'51''
Y
2 515
2 636
8'3''
8'7''
Y*
2 625
-----
7'4''
-----
Z
3 208
3 432
10'5''
11'3''
Z*)**
3 410
3 570
11'2''
11'7''
a1
23°
25°
23°
25°
a2
70°
70°
70°
70°
a3
45°
45°
45°
45°
A35D: Unloaded machine with 26.5R25 A40D: Unloaded machine with 29.5R29 *) A35D with optional 775/65R29 tires **) A40D with optional 875/65R29 tires
C
C1 K a1
L
X2 E
D
I F
G
O P
C2
X1
R1
X Y Z
R V W
N N1 a3
A
99
M
a2
B
A2
H
J
16.2 Weights All weights in kg lbs.
Wear plates (option) (A) If the machine is transporting rock constantly, we recommend wear plates.
Volvo A35D 6x6
Service weight
Weight: 1200 kg 2645 lbs.
Front
15,320
33,774
Rear
12,980
28,616
Total
28,300
62,390
Front
2,380
5,401
Rear
30,050
66,247
Total
32,500
71,649
Payload
Total weight Front
17,770
39,175
Rear
43,030
94,863
Total
60,800
134,038
16.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1 m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.
Fig. A
Fig. C
Overhung tailgate (option) (B) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.
Exhaust gas heating (option) This equipment directs exhaust gases from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing to the body and keeps clay from sticking.
Side extensions (option) (C) Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 32,500 kg 71,650 lbs.
Fig. B
100
16.4 Body volumes Body volumes according to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3
Standard body: Struck Heaped with overhung tailgate: Struck Heaped
15.2 20.0
19.9 26.1
15.5 20.7
20.3 27.1
Body volumes A35D Depending on side extension.
. Metr. ton per m3
Body volume (cbm)
27
Tailgate
26
1.27
Std. body
25
1.32
24
1.38
23
1.43
22
1.5
21
1.57
20
1.65
19 0
101
100
200
300
Side extension (mm)
400
500
16.5 Ground pressure and cone index Fully-loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius. Volvo A35D 6x6
Tires
26.5R25
Unloaded Front
128 kPa 18.6 psi
Rear
54 kPa 7.8 psi
Cone index
775/65R29
Loaded
Unloaded
149 kPa 21.6 psi
110 kPa 15.9 psi
180 kPa 26.1 psi
46 kPa 6.6 psi
75
Loaded 128 kPa 18.6 psi 153 kPa 22.2 psi 65
16.6 Drive
16.9 Steering system
Continuous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.
Hydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering is standard.
16.7 Transmission
Separate frames for front unit and rear unit joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stress on the frame members.
Electronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up. High and low range in dropbox. Hydraulic retarder is standard.
16.8 Travel speed Forward:
56 km/h 35 mph
Reverse:
14 km/h 9 mph
16.10 Frame and bogie
The bogie permits a freedom of movement of the wheels of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stress. The suspension on the front unit consists of two rubber springs and two shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.
102
16.11 Engine Volvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine with Volvo Engine Brake, VEB. Manufacturer
Volvo
Model
D12C ADE2**
D12C ABE2*
Engine output SAE J1349 Net
30 r/s 289 kW
1800 rpm 393 hp
Max torque at SAE J1349 Gross
20 r/s 1950 Nm
1200 rpm 1438 lbf ft
Cylinder volume
12 l
732 in3
Fuel consumption Low Medium High
l/h 18 – 24 l/h 24 – 31 l/h 31 – 41 l/h
US gal/h 4.7 – 6.3 6.3 – 8.2 8.2 – 10.8
Load factor guide High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Continuous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance. Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance. Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on well-maintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance.
* NAFTA / ** EU
16.12 Brakes
16.13 Cab
Service brakes: Two-circuit, dry-disc brake system.
Approved ROPS cab. Sound and heat insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilations. Air-conditioning as an option.
Parking brake:
Spring-actuated disc brake on propeller shaft.
Hydraulic retarder and VEB is standard.
103
16.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance Resistance total
All-wheel drive with differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5 Coefficient of traction
16.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A35D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45%, and downhill the Volvo A35D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.
45% Only in exceptional cases should the machine be operated on lateral slopes of more than 15%. The maximum limit for the machine to travel on lateral slopes is 30%, but other factors such as roughness of the ground can cause the machine to tip over before this limit is reached.
15% 104
Diagram Volvo A35D
16.16 Diagram
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
Time in min.
A35D, loaded
Total resistance Ground structure
Total resistance
Distance in m
in ft.
105
Time in min.
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
A35D, unloaded
in ft.
Distance in m
Total resistance
Total resistance Ground structure
Diagram Volvo A35D
106
Diagram Volvo A35D
Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35D
Time in min.
LINE
RADIUS
Distance in m
in ft.
107
Time in min.
Line
Loaded
Unloaded
Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo
A35D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake
in ft.
Distance in m
Diagram Volvo A35D
108
Diagram Volvo A35D
10 00
RIMPULL
x
1
lb
kp
x
10 00
Rimpull - Retardation 1. Rimpull in metric ton.
2. Speed in km/h.
3. Machine weight in metric ton.
4. Grade in % + rolling resistance in %. NMW
45
90
A35D / D12
40
80
GMW
4
Rimpull
50%
35
70
30
40%
60 25
50
30%
20
40
15
30
20%
10
20
10% 10
5
0
0 0
5
0
10
5
15
20
10
25
15
30 km/h
35
20 mph
40
45
25
50
55
30
35
20
30
50
70
2
40 50 kg x 1000
60
90 110 lb x 1000
130
70
150
3
Instructions Diagonal lines represent total resistance (grade % ± rolling resistance %). Charts based on 0% rolling resistance, standard tires and gearing, unless otherwise stated. A. Find the diagonal line with the appropriate total resistance on the right-hand edge of the chart. B. Follow the diagonal line downward until it intersects the actual machine weight line, NMW or GMW. C. Draw a new line horizontally to the left from the point of intersection until the new line intersects the rimpull or retardation curve. D. Read down for vehicle speed.
10 00 x
1
1. Braking effort in metric ton.
2. Speed in km/h.
3. Machine weight in metric ton.
4. Grade in % — rolling resistance in %.
kp
lb
x
10 00
RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic retarder and VEB)
NMW
35
A35D
70
30
GMW 50%
4
Low range Max. retarding performance High range Max. retarding performance 40%
Continuous
60
25 50 30%
20 40
15
20%
30
20
10 10%
10
5
0
0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
20
30
km/h 0
5
10
15
20
mph
109
40
50
60
70
kg x 1000 25
2
30
35
50
70
90
110
lb x 1000
130
3
150
17
A40D Specification and Performance
17.1
Dimensions, Volvo A40D with tires 29.5R25, unloaded ...........................................................................111
17.2
Weights ..............................................................................112
17.3
Body ....................................................................................112 Wear plates (option) (A) ............................................................ 112 Overhung tailgate (option) (B).................................................. 112 Exhaust gas heating (option) .................................................... 112 Side extensions (option) (C) ..................................................... 112
17.4
Body volumes.................................................................113
17.5
Ground pressure and cone index ........................114
17.6
Drive ....................................................................................114
17.7
Transmission ..................................................................114
17.8
Travel speed....................................................................114
17.9
Steering system ............................................................114
17.10 Frame and bogie...........................................................114 17.11 Engine.................................................................................115 17.12 Brakes ................................................................................115 17.13 Cab.......................................................................................115 17.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance.....................................................116 17.15 Operating on slopes ...................................................116 17.16 Diagram .........................................................................117 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40D, loaded.................................................................... 117 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40D, unloaded ............................................................... 118 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A40D................................................................................... 119 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A40D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake...................... 120
Rimpull - Retardation..................................................121
110
17 A40D Specification and Performance 17.1 Dimensions, Volvo A40D with tires 29.5R25, unloaded Pos
Metric (mm) A35D
A40D
Imperial (feet) A35D
A40D
A
11 167
11 310
36'6''
37'1''
A2
6 224
6 428
20'4''
19'8''
B
5 527
5 730
16'9''
21'1''
C
3 681
3 746
12'1''
12'3''
C1
3 560
3 626
11'7''
11'9''
C2
1 768
1 768
5'8''
5'8''
C3
3 987
4 093
13'1''
13'4''
D
3 101
3 100
10'2''
10'2''
E
1 276
1 279
4'2''
4'2''
F
4 501
4 451
14'8''
14'6''
G
1 820
1 940
6'0''
6'4''
H
1 757
1 823
5'8''
6'0''
I
728
646
2'39''
2'12''
J
2 912
3 075
9'6''
10'0''
K
2 302
2 492
7'6''
8'2''
L
915
906
3'0''
2'97''
M
7 242
7 384
23'8''
24'2''
N
8 720
8 863
28'6''
29'1''
N1
4 397
4 238
14'4''
13'9''
O
3 103
3 268
10'2''
10'7''
P
2 870
3 078
9'4''
10'1''
R
584
654
1'92''
2'15''
R1
670
751
2'2''
2'46''
U
3 528
3 590
11'6''
11'8''
V
2 515
2 636
8'3''
8'7''
V*
2 625
-----
8'6''
-----
W
3 208
3 432
10'5''
11'3''
W *)**
3 410
3 570
11'2''
11'7''
X
572
617
1'88''
2'02''
X1
606
639
1'99''
2'1''
X2
720
765
2'36''
2'51''
Y
2 515
2 636
8'3''
8'7''
Y*
2 625
-----
7'4''
-----
Z
3 208
3 432
10'5''
11'3''
Z*)**
3 410
3 570
11'2''
11'7''
a1
23°
25°
23°
25°
a2
70°
70°
70°
70°
a3
45°
45°
45°
45°
A35D: Unloaded machine with 26.5R25 A40D: Unloaded machine with 29.5R29 *) A35D with optional 775/65R29 tires **) A40D with optional 875/65R29 tires
B
C
C1 K a1
L
X2 E
D
I F
G
O P
C2
X1
R1
X Y Z
R V W
N N1 a3
A
111
M
a2
A2
H
J
17.2 Weights All weights in kg lbs.
Wear plates (option) (A) If the machine is transporting rock constantly, we recommend wear plates.
A40D 6x6
Service weight
Weight: 1800 kg 3970 lbs.
Front
16,300
33,935
Rear
14,970
33,003
Total
31,270
68,938
Front
2,870
8,327
Rear
34,130
75,242
Total
37,000
81,570
Payload
Total weighl Front
19,170
42,262
Rear
49,100
108,245
Total
68,270
150,507
17.3 Body The body can be used for forced loading of rock and other abrasive materials. If the fragmentation partly exceeds 1m3 1 yd3, we do not recommend the use of loading equipment that fills the body in less than four buckets. The loading of such material is to be done with care to avoid impact shocks that can damage the body.
Fig. A
Fig. C
Overhung tailgate (option) (B) The overhung tailgate is activated by wires connected to the frame on the load unit. The tailgate does not permit handling of large stones or solid clay. On such occasions, it should be removed.
Exhaust gas heating (option) This equipment directs exhaust gases from the muffler through a hose to exhaust channels in the body. Heating prevents excavated material from freezing to the body and keeps clay from sticking.
Side extensions (option) (C) Make it possible to utilize the maximum allowable load capacity when hauling light material. May only be used for material that gives a maximum load of 37,000 kg 81,571 lbs.
Fig. B
112
17.4 Body volumes Body volumes according to SAE 2:1 in m3 yd3
Standard body: Struck Heaped with overhung tailgate: Struck Heaped
16.9 22.5
22.1 29.4
17.2 23.2
22.5 30.3
Body volumes A40D Depending on side extension. 30
Metr. ton per m3
Body volume (cbm) Tailgate
29
1.28
Std. body
28
1.32
27
1.37
26
1.42
25
1.48
24
1.54
23
1.61
22 0
113
100
200
300
Side extension (mm)
400
500
17.5 Ground pressure and cone index Fully-loaded machine at 15% sinkage of unloaded wheel radius. Volvo A40D 6x6
Tires
29.5R25
Unloaded Front
115 kPa 16.7 psi
Rear
53 kPa 7.7 psi
Cone index
875/65R29
Loaded
Unloaded
135 kPa 19.6 psi
100 kPa 14.5 psi
172 kPa 24.9 psi
47 kPa 6.8 psi
71
Loaded 118 kPa 17.1 psi 150 kPa 21.7 psi 60
17.6 Drive
17.9 Steering system
Continuous 6x4 drive in all gears. 100% locking differential locks longitudinal and transverse in all drive axles. The third axle (6x6 drive) is engaged with a dog clutch when the longitudinal differential is locked. The 6x6 drive can be used in all gears.
Hydromechanical articulated steering with mechanical feedback and hydraulically damped steering stops. Supplementary steering is standard.
17.7 Transmission
Separate frames for front unit and rear unit joined at a bearing to permit full freedom of rotational movement between the front unit and the trailer without causing torsional stress on the frame members.
Electronically-controlled, six-gear, fully-automatic planetary transmission. Torque converter with automatic lock-up. High and low range in dropbox. Hydraulic retarder is standard.
17.8 Travel speed Forward:
55 km/h 34 mph
Reverse:
14 km/h 9 mph
17.10 Frame and bogie
The bogie permits a freedom of movement of the wheels of about 40 cm 16 in. without subjecting any of the bogie parts to torsional stress. The suspension on the front unit consists of two rubber springs and three shock absorbers on each side. The design permits the wheels to move independently.
114
17.11 Engine Volvo high-performance, low-emission, direct-injected, turbocharged, intercooled 6-cylinder diesel engine with Volvo Engine Brake, VEB. Manufacturer
Volvo
Model
D12C ACE2**
D12C AAE2*
Engine output SAE J1349 Net
30 r/s 313 kW
1800 rpm 420 hp
Max torque at SAE J1349 Gross
20 r/s 2100 Nm
1200 rpm 1549 lbf ft
Cylinder volume
12 l
732 in3
Fuel consumption Low Medium High
l/h 19 – 26 26 – 34 34 – 48
US gal/h 5.0 – 6.9 6.9 – 9.0 9.0 – 12.7
Load factor guide High: Long haul times with frequently adverse grades. Continuous use on poorly maintained haul roads with high rolling resistance. Medium: Average loading zone conditions and frequently maintained haul roads. Normal hauling times and several adverse grades. Some areas of high rolling resistance. Low: Large amounts of idling. Short to medium hauls on wellmaintained level haul roads. Minimum total resistance. .
* NAFTA / ** EU
17.12 Brakes Service brakes:
Parking brake:
Two-circuit, multiple wet-disc brake system. The brake system is continuously force cooled by an external cooling system with separate oil. Spring-actuated disc brake on propeller shaft.
Hydraulic retarder and VEB is standard.
115
17.13 Cab Approved ROPS cab. Sound and heat insulated. Fan and heater, filtered ventilation. Air-conditioning as an option.
17.14 Traversability at different coefficients of traction and total resistance Total resistance
All-wheel drive with differential locks. Loaded/unloaded.
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Coefficient of traction
17.15 Operating on slopes Only in exceptional cases should a Volvo A40D be operated up or down grades steeper than 20–30%. The absolute limit uphill is approximately 45%, and downhill the Volvo A40D can negotiate 50%, but other factors such as the available traction makes it hazardous to work under such conditions.
45%
Only in exceptional cases should the machine be operated on lateral slopes of more than 15%. The maximum limit for the machine to travel on lateral slopes is 30%, but other factors such as roughness of the ground can cause the machine to tip over before this limit is reached.
15%
116
Diagram Volvo A40D
17.16 Diagram
Time in min.
20
40
60
80 300
100
35%
140
A40D, loaded
120
40%
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
3.0
2.5
2.0 1.5
1.0
0.5 0 0 0
160
180
600
Total resistance Ground structure
Total resistance
30%
28%
26%
24% 22%
20%
18% 16% 1.0 14% 12%
10%
8%
6%
in ft.
Distance in m
0.00.4
4% 0.8 0.6 2%
200
117
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0
0
Time in min.
20
40
60
80 300
100
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
120
140
A40D, unloaded
160
600
180
200
0.8
0.00.2
in ft.
Distance in m
2%
0.4
12% 10% 8% 0.6
14%
16%
22% 20% 18%
24%
26%
4%-6%
1.0 40% 35% 30% 28%
Total resistance
Total resistance Ground structure
Diagram Volvo A40D
118
Diagram Volvo A40D
Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo
Time in min.
A40D
LINE
RADIUS
Distance in m
in ft.
119
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0
20
40
60
80 300
100
120
140
160
180
2L - 1H
600
200
in ft.
Distance in m
5L - 4H 6L - 5H 6H
4L - 3H
3L
40% 30% 40% 24% 30% 18% 24% 13% 18% 0% 13%
Unloaded
0.8
33% 23% 33% 18% 23% 13% 18% 11% 13% 8% 11% 6% 8% 0% 6%
Loaded
1L
2H
1 low 2 low/1 high 2 high 3 low 4 low/3 high 5 low/4 high 6 low/5 high 6 high
Line
A40D with hydraulic retarder and VEB engine brake
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Time in min.
Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo
Diagram Volvo A40D
120
Diagram Volvo A40D
Rimpull - Retardation 10 00 x
10 00
kp
x lb
RIMPULL
1
1. Rimpull in metric ton.
2. Speed in km/h.
3. Machine weight in metric ton.
4. Grade in % + rolling resistance in %. NMW
45
90
A40D / D12
40
80
GMW
4
Rimpull
50%
35
70
30
40%
60 25
50
30%
20
40 15
30
20%
10
20
10% 10
5
0
0 0
5
0
10
5
15
20
10
25
15
30 km/h
35
20 mph
40
45
25
50
30
55
20
35
30
50
70
2
40 50 kg x 1000
60
90 110 lb x 1000
130
70
150
3
Instructions Diagonal lines represent total resistance (grade % ± rolling resistance %). Charts based on 0% rolling resistance, standard tires and gearing, unless otherwise stated. A. Find the diagonal line with the appropriate total resistance on the right-hand edge of the chart. B. Follow the diagonal line downward until it intersects the actual machine weight line, NMW or GMW. C. Draw a new line horizontally to the left from the point of intersection until the new line intersects the rimpull or retardation curve. D. Read down for vehicle speed.
10 00 x
1. Braking effort in metric ton.
2. Speed in km/h.
3. Machine weight in metric ton.
4. Grade in % — rolling resistance in %.
kp
lb
x
10 00
RETARDATION PERFORMANCE (Hydraulic retarder and VEB)
1
NMW
35
GMW 50%
A40D
70
30
4
Low range Max. retarding performance High range Max. retarding performance 40%
Continuous
60
25 50 30%
20 40
15
20%
30
20
10 10%
10
5
0
0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
20
30
0
5
10
15
20
mph
121
40
50
60
70
kg x 1000
km/h 25
2
30
35
50
70
90
110
lb x 1000
130
3
150
Specification and Performance C-model Diagrams .....................................................................123 18.16 A25C Diagrams..............................................................123 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25C, loaded.................................................................... 123 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A25C, unloaded ............................................................... 124 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25C .................................................................................. 125 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A25C with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 126
18.16 A30C Diagrams..............................................................127 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30C, loaded.................................................................... 127 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A30C, unloaded ............................................................... 128 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30C .................................................................................. 129 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A30C with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 130
18.16 A35C Diagrams..............................................................131 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35C, loaded.................................................................... 131 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A35C, unloaded ............................................................... 132 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35C .................................................................................. 133 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A35C with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 134
18.16 A40 Diagrams.................................................................135 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40, loaded ....................................................................... 135 Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo A40, unloaded .................................................................. 136 Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A40...................................................................................... 137 Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo A40 with retarder and exhaust brake ............................................... 138
Special Vehicles...........................................................................140 19.1 A25D-A30D Terrain Chassis, Dimensions.......140 19.2 Weights............................................................................. 142 19.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 142
20.1
A25D-A30D Twin Steer, Dimensions ................143 20.2 Weights............................................................................. 144 20.4 Body volumes................................................................... 144 20.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 144
21.1
A25D Container Hauler, Dimensions .................145 21.2 Weights............................................................................. 146 21.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 146
22.1
A35D Container Hauler, Dimensions .................147 21.2 Weights............................................................................. 148 21.5 Ground pressure............................................................. 148
Articulated Haulers in Underground Mining/Tunneling .........................................................149 122
C-model Diagrams
18.16 A25C Diagrams
40%
35%
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
Time in min.
5.0
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0
28%
A25C, loaded
30%
300
26%
1200
24%
400
22%
1500
Total resiistance Ground structure
0.00.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Total resistance
20%
8%
6%
4%
2%
500
in ft
Distance in m
10%
12%
14%
18%
900
4.5
200 600
16%
100 300
4.0
0 0
123
100
200 900
300 1200
400
0
300
600
1500
500
in ft
Distance in m
1.0
0
26% 24% 22% 20% 18% 0.8 16%
30% 28%
35%
40%
1.0
Total resistance
Total resistance Ground structure
0.5
0
A25C, unloaded
14% 12% 10% 0.6 8% 0.4 6% 0.00.2 2%-4%
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Time in min.
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
Diagram Volvo A25C
124
Diagram Volvo A25C
150
50
1
300
100
2
450
3
Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A25C
Time in min.
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0 0
150
4
600
5
200
6
LINE
RADIUS
in ft
Distance in ft
5 m 16 ft. 10 m 33 ft. 20 m 66 ft. 30 m 98 ft. 40 m 131 ft. 50 m 164 ft.
250
1 2 3 4 5 6
750
125
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0
0
Time in min.
31% 17% 31% 11% 17% 8% 11% 5% 8% 0% 5%
1L 2L/1H 3L/2H 4L/3H 5L/4H 5H
300
100
Loaded
Line
600
200
39% 24% 39% 17% 24% 11% 17% 0% 11%
Unloaded
Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo
900
300 1200
400
A25C with retarder and exhaust brake
1500
500
in ft
Distance in m
5L/4H 5H
4L/3H
3L/2H
2L/1H
1L
Diagram Volvo A25C
126
Diagram Volvo A30C
18.16 A30C Diagrams
100
40%
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
Time in min.
3.0
80
35%
140
A30C, loaded
120
160
30%
180
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Total resiistance Ground structure
Total resistance
28%
26%
14%
12% 10%
8%
6%
200
in ft
Distance in m
0.00.4
4% 0.6 2%
0.8
18% 1.0 16%
20%
24%
60
2.5
40
600
22%
20
300
2.0
0 0
127
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0
0
Time in min.
20
40
60
80 300
100
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
120
140
A30C, unloaded
160
600
180
40% 1.0
0.6
0.8
200
in ft
Distance in m
0.00.2
8% 0.4 2%-6%
12% 10%
16% 14%
18%
20%
30% 28% 26% 24% 22%
35%
Total resistance
Total resistance Ground structure
Diagram Volvo A30C
128
Diagram Volvo A30C
150
50
1
300
100
2
450
3
Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A30C
Time in min.
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0 0
150
4
600
5
200
6
LINE
1 2 3 4 5 6
750
Distance in ft
16 ft. 33 ft. 66 ft. 98 ft. 131 ft. 164 ft.
RADIUS
5m 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m
250
in ft
129
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0
0
Time in min.
100
40
23% 23% 13% 13% 9% 9% 7% 7% 5% 5%
1 2 3 4 5 6
20
Loaded
Line
200
60
80
29% 29% 20% 20% 15% 15% 11% 11%
Unloaded
Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo
300
100
400
120
140 500
A30C with retarder and exhaust brake
160
600
180
1
200
5 6
4
3
2
in ft
Distance in m
Diagram Volvo A30C
130
Diagram Volvo A35C
18.16 A35C Diagrams
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
Time in min.
A35C, loaded
Total resiistance Ground structure
Total resistance
Distance in m
in ft
131
0.2
Time in min.
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
A35C, unloaded
in ft
Distance in m
Total resistance
Total resistance Ground structure
Diagram Volvo A35C
132
Diagram Volvo A35C
Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A35C
Time in min.
LINE
RADIUS
Distance in ft
in ft
133
Time in min.
Line
Loaded
Unloaded
Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo
A35C with retarder and exhaust brake
in ft
Distance in m
Diagram Volvo A35C
134
Diagram Volvo A40
18.16 A40 Diagrams
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
Time in min.
A40, loaded
Total resiistance Ground structure
Total resistance
Distance in m
in ft
135
Time in min.
Travel time at different total resistance and ground structure – Volvo
A40, unloaded
in ft
Distance in m
Total resistance
Total resistance Ground structure
Diagram Volvo A40
136
Diagram Volvo A40
Travel time through curves with different length and radius – Volvo A40
Time in min.
LINE
RADIUS
Distance in ft
in ft
137
Time in min.
Line
Loaded
Unloaded
Travel time at different negative total resistance – Volvo
A40 with retarder and exhaust brake
in ft
Distance in m
Diagram Volvo A40
138
139
Special Vehicles 19.1
A25D-A30D Terrain Chassis, Dimensions B1
C
B
H
L
C1 a1
K
X2
E F A
G
I
140
Pos
A25D TC Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 TC42
TC50
TC52
TC54
TC59
A
9 410
10 210
10 410
10 610
11 110
9 356
10 156
10 356
10 556
11 056
A1
4 420
5 220
5 420
5 620
6 120
4 420
5 220
5 420
5 620
6 120
B
4 520
5 320
5 520
5 720
6 220
4 520
5 320
5 520
5 720
6 220
B1 B2
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
C
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 381
3 381
3 381
3 381
3 381
C1
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 271
3 271
3 271
3 271
3 271
C2
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
D
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
E
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
F
4 175
4 975
5 175
5 375
5 875
4 175
4 975
5 175
5 375
5 875
G
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
H
410
450
455
465
475
410
450
455
465
475
I
835
835
835
835
835
835
835
835
835
835
J
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
K
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 353
1 353
1 353
1 353
1 353
L
940
940
940
940
940
940
940
940
940
940
M
365
365
365
365
365
315
315
315
315
315
N
7 980
9 110
9 390
9 670
10 360
7 995
9 125
9 405
9 685
10 375
N1
4 070
4 870
5 070
5 270
5 770
4 055
4 855
5 055
5 255
5 755
V
2 258
2 258
2 258
2 258
2 258
2 258
2 258
2 258
2 258
2 258
V1
974
974
974
974
974
974
974
974
974
974
V2
720
720
720
720
720
705
705
705
705
705
W
2 859
2 859
2 859
2 859
2 859
2 888
2 888
2 888
2 888
2 888
TC52
TC54
TC59
TC42
X2
659
659
659
659
659
705
705
705
705
705
a1 a3
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
Pos
A30D TC Unloaded machine with 750/65R25 TC42
141
A25D TC Unloaded machine with 650/65R25
TC50
TC50
TC52
TC54
TC59
A30D TC Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 TC42
TC50
TC52
TC54
TC59
A
9 410
10 210
10 410
10 610
11 110
9 410
10 210
10 410
10 610
11 110
A1
4 420
5 220
5 420
5 620
6 120
4 420
5 220
5 420
5 620
6 120
B
4 520
5 320
5 520
5 720
6 220
4 520
5 320
5 520
5 720
6 220
B1 B2
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
170
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
C
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 428
3 428
C1
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 318
3 318
C2
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
1 768
D
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
2 764
E
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
1 210
F
4 175
4 975
5 175
5 375
5 875
4 175
4 975
5 175
5 375
5 875
G
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
1670
H
410
450
455
465
475
410
450
455
465
475
I
835
835
835
835
835
835
835
835
835
835
J
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
1 444
K
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
1 400
L
1 005
1 005
1 005
1 005
1 005
1 005
1 005
1 005
1 005
1 005
M
380
380
380
380
380
365
365
365
365
365
N
8 021
9 151
9 431
9 711
10 401
7 980
9 110
9 390
9 670
10 360
N1
4 029
4 829
5 029
5 229
5 729
4 070
4 870
5 070
5 270
5 770
V
2 216
2 216
2 216
2 216
2 216
2 258
2 258
2 258
2 258
2 258
V1
974
974
974
974
974
974
974
974
974
974
V2 W
615
615
615
615
615
720
720
720
720
720
2 941
2 941
22 941
2 941
2 941
2 859
2 859
2 859
2 859
2 859
X2
659
659
659
659
659
659
659
659
659
659
a1
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
23.5°
a3
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
45°
19.2 Weights 19.5 Ground pressure
Weights
Ground Pressure
Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.
Tires
At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.
A25D TC42
A25D TC50
A25D TC52
A25D TC54
A25D TC59
A25D
23.5R25 650/65R25
23.5R25 650/65R25
23.5R25 650/65R25
23.5R25 650/65R25
23.5R25 650/65R25
23.5R25 650/65 R25
Operating weight unloaded Front
Tires Unloaded
11 800 kg
11 980 kg
12 020 kg
12 070 kg
12 170 kg
Front
123 kPa 48 kPa
Rear
5 540 kg
5 660 kg
5 690 kg
5 720 kg
5 800 kg
Rear
Total
17 340 kg
17 640 kg
17 710 kg
17 790 kg
17 970 kg
Loaded
28 220 kg
27 920 kg
27 850 kg
27 770 kg
27 590 kg
Front
144 kPa
Rear
159 kPa
Front
14 140 kg
14 140 kg
14 140 kg
14 140 kg
14 140 kg
Rear
31 420 kg
31 420 kg
31 420 kg
31 420 kg
31 420 kg
Total
45 560 kg
45 560 kg
45 560 kg
45 560 kg
45 560 kg
Payload incl. superstructure Total weight
Weights
Ground Pressure
Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.
Tires
At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.
A30D TC42
A30D TC50
A30D TC52
A30D TC54
A30D TC59
750/65R25
750/65R25
750/65R25
750/65R25
750/65R25
Operating weight unloaded
A30D TC Tires
750/65R25
Unloaded
Front
12 020 kg
12 2000 kg
12 240 kg
12 290 kg
12 390 kg
Front
101 kPa
Rear
5 980 kg
6 100 kg
6 130 kg
6 1600 kg
6 240 kg
Rear
43 kPa
Total
18 000 kg
18 300kg
18 370 kg
18 4500 kg
18 630 kg
Loaded
32 5300 kg
32 230 kg
32 160 kg
32 080 kg
31 900 kg
Front
121 kPa
Rear
121 kPa
Payload incl. superstructure Total weight Front
14 990 kg
14 990 kg
14 990 kg
14 990 kg
14 990 kg
Rear
36 070kg
36 070kg
36 070kg
36 070kg
36 070kg
Total
51 060 kg
51 060 kgg
51 060 kg
51 060 kg
51 060 kg
Optional 23.5R25 tires, reduces weight /axle with 220 kg and increases payload with 660 kg.
142
20.1 Pos
A25D-A30D Twin Steer, Dimensions Metric (mm) A25D
A30D
Imperial (Feet) A25D
A30D
A
10 220
10 297
33'6''
33'9''
A1
4 954
4 954
16'3''
16'3''
A2
5 764
6 002
18'11''
19'8''
B
5 152
5 339
16'11''
17'6''
C
3 428
3 428
11'3''
11'3''
C1
3 318
3 318
10'11''
10'11''
C2
1 768
1 768
5'10''
5'10''
C3
3 760
3 834
12'4''
12'7''
D
2 764
2 764
9'1''
9'1''
E
1 210
1 210
3'12''
3'12''
F
4 175
4 175
13'8''
13'8''
G
1 670
1 670
5'6''
5'6''
H
1 610
1 688
5'3''
5'6''
I
608
608
1'12''
1'12'' 9'4''
J
2 778
2 856
9'1''
K
2 102
2 181
6'11''
7'2''
L
677
686
2'3''
2'3''
M
6 559
6 592
21'6''
21'8''
N
8 105
8 105
26'7''
26'7''
N1
4 079
4 037
13'5''
13'3''
O
2 700
2 900
8'10''
9'6''
P
2 490
2 706
8'2''
8'11'' 1'8''
R
512
513
1'8''
R1 U
634
635
2'1''
2'1''
3 257
3 310
10'8''
10'10'' 7'3''
V
2 258
2 216
7'5''
V*
-----
2 258
-----
7'5''
W
2 859
2 941
9'5''
9'8''
W*
-----
2 859
-----
9'5''
X
456
456
1'6''
1'6''
X1
581
582
1'11''
1'11''
X2
659
659
2'2''
2'2''
Y
2 258
2 216
7'5''
7'3''
Y*
-----
2 258
-----
7'5''
Z
2 859
2 941
9'5''
9'85''
Z*
-----
2 859
-----
9'5''
a1
23,5°
23,5°
-----
-----
a2 a3
74°
70°
-----
-----
45°
45°
-----
-----
A25D: Unloaded machine with 23,5R25 A30D: Unloaded machine with 750/65R25 * A30D with optional 23,5R25 tires
143
20.2 Weights 20.4 Body volumes 20.5 Ground pressure Weights
Ground Pressure
Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.
At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.
Tires
A25D
A30D
23.5R25
750/65R25
Operating weight unloaded
A25D Tires
23.5R25
Load Capacity A30D
750/65R25
A25D
A30D
23.5R25
Unloaded
Std. Body
Front
12 160 kg
12 500 kg
Front
123 kPa
101 kPa
127 kPa
Rear
9 400 kg
10 560 kg
Rear
48 kPa
43 kPa
54 kPa
Total
21 560 kg
23 060 kg
Loaded
Payload
24 000 kg
28 000 kg
Total weight
Body volume according to SAE 2:1.
Front
144 kPa
121 kPa
152 kPa
Rear
159 kPa
146 kPa
183 kPa
24 000 kg
28 000 kg
Body, struck
Load capacity
11,7 m3
13,6 m3
Body, heaped
15,0 m3
17,5 m 3
Body, struck
12,0 m3
13,8 m3
Body, heaped
15,3 m3
18,0 m3
With underhung tailgate
Front
14 140 kg
14 990 kg
Rear
31 420 kg
36 070 kg
With overhung tailgate
Total
45 560 kg
51 060 kg
Body, struck
12,1 m3
14,0 m3
Body, heaped
15,6 m3
18,1 m3
With over and under hung tailgate Body, struck Body, heaped
12,1 m3
--
3
--
15,6 m
144
21.1 Pos
A25D Container Hauler, Dimensions Metric (mm)
Imperial (feet)
A25D
A25D
A
11 153
36'7''
B
6 058
19'11''
C
3 428
11'3''
C*
3 373
11'1''
C1
3 318
10'11''
C1*
3 263
10'8''
C2
1 768
5'10''
D
2 764
9'1''
E
1 210
3'12''
F
4 975
16'4''
G
1 670
5'6''
H
1 744
5'9''
K
1 790
5'10''
K*
1 684
5'6''
L
578
1'11''
L*
510
1'8''
M
6 594
21'8''
M*
6 429
21'1''
N
9 110
29'11''
N1
4 870
16'0''
O
2 566
8'5''
V
2 258
7'5''
W
2 859
9'5''
X
456
1'6''
X*
412
1'4''
X1
581
1'11''
X1*
537
1'9''
X2
659
2'2''
X2*
615
2'0''
Y
2 258
7'5''
Z
2 859
9'5''
a1
23,5°
23.5°
a2 a2 *
60°
60°
57,5°
57.5°
45°
45°
a3
M B a2
C C 1
K
a1
X2 E
D
F
G
O
X1
X
V W
Y Z
N
N1
Unloaded machine with 23.5R25 * Low version with 650/65R25
a3
A
145
L
H
21.2 Weights 21.5 Ground pressure Weights
Ground Pressure
Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.
At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.
A25D Tires
23.5R25
Operating weight unloaded
Load Capacity
Tires
A25D
23.5R25
Unloaded
ISO Container 20ft
Front
12 160 kg
Front
123 kPa
Rear
9 400 kg
Rear
48 kPa
Total
21 560 kg
Loaded
Payload
24 000 kg
Total weight Front
14 140 kg
Rear
31 420 kg
Total
45 560 kg
* Total weight including container.
A25D
Front
144 kPa
Rear
159 kPa
Load capacity*
24 000 kg
146
22.1
A35D Container Hauler, Dimensions
Pos
Metric (mm)
Imperial (feet)
A
11 167
36'6''
A2
6 224
20'4''
B
5 527
16'9''
C
3 681
12'1''
C1
3 560
11'7''
C2
1 768
5'8''
D
3 101
10'2''
E
1 276
4'2''
F
4 501
14'8''
G
1 820
6'0''
H
1 757
5'8''
I
728
2'39''
K
2 302
7'6''
L
915
3'0''
M
7 242
23'8''
N
8 720
28'6''
N1
4 397
14'4''
O
3 103
10'2''
R
584
1'92''
R1
670
2'2''
V
2 515
8'3''
V*
2 625
8'6''
W
3 208
10'5''
W*
3 410
11'2''
X
572
1'88''
X1
606
1'99''
X2
720
2'36''
Y
2 515
8'3''
Y*
2 625
7'4''
Z
3 208
10'5''
Z*
3 410
11'2''
a1 a2
23°
23°
49°
49°
a3
45°
45°
B
C C 1 K a1
L
X2
E F
D
G
C2
X1
O
R1
X
Y Z
R
V W
N
A35D: Unloaded machine with 26.5R25 *) A35D with optional 775/65R29 tires
N1 a3
A2 A
147
M
I
H
21.2 Weights 21.5 Ground pressure
Weights
Ground Pressure
Operating weight includes all fluids and operator.
A35D Tires
Load Capacity
At 15% sinkage of unloaded radius and specified weights.
26.5R25*
Operating weight unloaded
A35D Tires
26.5R25
A35D 775/65R29
Unloaded
ISO Container 20 ft
Front
15 120 kg
Front
128 kPa
107 kPa
Rear
10 830 kg
Rear
46kPa
38 kPa
Total
25 950 kg
Loaded
Payload
32 500 kg
Front
139kPa
116 kPa
Rear
178 kPa
148 kPa
Total weight Front
16 440 kg
Rear
42 000 kg
Total
58 400 kg
Load capacity
32 500 kg
*) A35D with tires 775/65R29, add 200 kg /axle.
148
Articulated Haulers in Underground Mining/Tunneling
149
150
151
Under our policy of continuous product development and improvement, we reserve the right to change specifications and design without prior notice. The illustrations do not necessarily show the standard version of the machine.
Ref. No. 21 3 669 5024 Printed in Växjö 2003.03
