INDICE 1.-
FLUIDOS LI LIMPIOS 1.2.- FUNCIONES FUNCIONES
1.1 1.1
1.3.- SISTEMAS LIBRES DE SÓLIDOS 1.4.- USO DE SISTEMAS LIBRES DE SÓLIDOS
1.1 2.2.1 2.1 2.1 2.3.2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
DAÑO A LA FORMACION PRODUCTORA 2.'-.- PRINCIPALES DAÑOS A LA FORMACIÓN 2.2.- DISMINUCIÓN DE LA PERMEABILIDAD 2.2. 1.- Reducci! de "# $e%&e#i"id#d %e"#(i)# DAÑO DA ÑOS S CAU CAUSAD SADOS OS DU DURA RANT NTE E LA LA PERFOR PERFORAC ACIÓ IÓN N DE *ONA *ONAS S PRODUCTORAS 2.4.- DAÑO A LA FORMACIÓN DURANTE LA TERMINACIÓN DEL PO*O 2.+.- DAÑOS A LA FORMACIÓN DURANTE LA PRODUCCIÓN INICIAL 2.,.- DAÑOS CAUSADOS DURANTE LA ESTIMULACIÓN DE PO*OS 2..- DAÑOS CAUSADOS DURANTE LA REPARACIÓN DEL PO*O
2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
3.3.1 3.1 3.3
2..-DIA/NOSTICO DE DAÑO A LA FORMACIÓN 2.0.- PREENCIÓN DE DAÑO A LA FORMACIÓN 2.0. 1.- P%cedi&ie!( $#%# $%ue# de C&$#(ii"id#d
EFEC EFECTO TO DE LA PRES PRESIO ION N TEM TEMPE PERA RATU TURA RA SOBR SOBRE E LAS LAS SALM SALMUE UERA RAS S 3. 1.- INTRODUCCIÓN5 3.2.- DATOS E6PERIMENTALES5 3.2. 1.- Reu"(#d Dicui!e 3.2.2.- S"uci!
3.17 3.11 3.13
4.4.1 4.1
3.3.-MODELO DE DENSIDAD DE SALMUERAS ME*CLADAS PURAS COMO UNA FUNCION DE LA COMPOSICION TEMPERATURA PRESION 3.3 1.- E8e&$" de e9ec( de (e&$e%#(u%# %e de!id#d
CALCULOS PA PARA CAMBIO D DE E DE DENSIDAD 4.1.- CAMBIOS DE DENSIDAD DE UNA SALMUERA SIMPLE5 4.2.- ME*CLANDO DOS SALMUERAS5 4.3.-CALCULOS PARA SALMUERA DE SALES DOBLES.
4.2 4.2 4.3
:FLUIDOS DE TERMINACION; 4.4.-AUMENTANDO LA DENSIDAD DE UNA SALMUERA COMO FLUIDO DE TERMINACIÓN DILUIDA 4.+.-CALCULOS PARA SALMUERAS DE SALES MULTIPLES< FLUIDOS DE TERMINACIÓN
4.4 4.4
+.+.+.1
CONT CONTAM AMIN INAN ANTE TES S MAS MAS COMU COMUNE NES S EN LOS LOS FLU FLUID IDOS OS LIMP LIMPIIOS +.1.- CONTAMINANTES MAS COMUNES A SER ELIMINADOS
,.- CORROSION ,.1
,. 1.- INTRODUCCIÓN ,.2.- TIPOS DE SALMUERAS
,.1 ,.1 ,.1 ,.1
,.3.- COMPOSICIÓN PROPIEDADES DE LAS SALMUERAS ,.3. 1.- De!id#d ,.3.2.- icid#d ,.3.3.- C%i(#"i=#ci! de #"&ue%#
,.1 ,.3 ,.3 ,.3
,.3.4.- Tu%ide= ,.3.+.- $> ,.4.- CORROSIIDAD DE LAS SALMUERAS ,.4. 1. - C#u# de "# c%%i!
,.4 ,.4 ,.4 ,.4
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PROCED PROCEDIM IMIE IENT NTO O PARA PARA EL CONTRO CONTROL L DE DE LA LA CORR CORROSI OSIÓN ÓN EN LAS LAS SALMUERAS LOS FLUIDOS EMPACANTES
,. ,.+. 1. - I!iid%e de c%%i!
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.-
FILTRACION . 1.- DEFINICIÓN
.1 .1
.2.- OBENO DE LA FILTRACIÓN .3.- TIPOS DE FILTRO
.1 .3. 1.- Fi"(% De C#%(uc De R#!@ N&i!#"
.1
.3.2.- Fi"(% P%e!#
.2
.3.3.- C&i!#ci! De Eui$ De Fi"(%#ci!
.3
.4.-ESPECIFICACIONES< CARACTERISTICAS CAPACIDAD DE LOS FILTROS .4 .4
INDICE
..1 .1 .1
DESPLA*AMIENTO .1.- OBETIO DEL DESPLA*AMIENTO .2.- FACTORES UE INTERIENEN EN UN DESPLA*AMIENTO .2. 1.- /e&e(%# de" $= G c!dici!e de" eui$ de u$e%9icie .2.2.- L $%duc( u&ic $%@%#&#d e! e" de$"#=#&ie!(
.2 .2 .2 .2
.3.- FORMAS DE DESPLA*AMIENTOS .3. 1.- Ci%cu"#ci! I!)e%# .3.2.- Ci%cu"#ci! Di%ec(# .4.- RECOMENDACIONES PREIAS AL LAADO DEL PO*O
.3 .4
.+
.+ .+
.+.- ESPACIADORES LAADORES UIMICOS .,.-PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LAADO DE PO*OS CON FLUIDOS BASE ACEITE CUANDO NO SE UTILICEN SERICIOS INTE/RALES DE COMPAÑIAS .,. 1.- L #ce dieH#d c& "#)#d%# #u(%i=#d $#%# e(e (i$ de 9"uid #e #cei(e cu#!d ! e u(i"i=#! " e%)ici i!(e@%#"e de c&$#H# ! " i@uie!(e 5 .,.2.- L# $"d%# #ce )ic #u(%i=#d $#%# e(e (i$ de 9"uid #e #cei(e cu#!d ! e u(i"ice! " e%)ici i!(e@%#"e de c&$#H# ! "# i@uie!(e5 ..-PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LAADO DE PO*OS CON FLUIDOS BASE A/UA CUANDO NO SE UTILICEN SERICIOS INTE/RALES DE COMPAÑIAS
.+ ..-PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LAADO DE PO*OS BASE ACEITE CUANDO SE UTILICEN SERICIOS INTE/RALES POR COMPAÑIA ., ., .
.0.-PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LAADO DE PO*OS BASE A/UA CUANDO SE UTILICEN SERICIOS INTE/RALES POR COMPAÑIA . 17.-FLUIDOS EMPACANTES . 1 7. 1.- P%$ied#de ue dee! (e!e% " 9"uid e&$#c#!(e
. . . .
.17.2.- Ti$ de 9"uid e&$#c#!(e .17.3.- Reue%i&ie!( de" #@u# u(i"i=#d# $#%# $%e$#%#% 9"uid e&$#c#!(e .17.4.- Rec&e!d#ci!e $#%# e" e&$"e G &#!i$u"#ci! de " 9"uid e&$#c#!(e ....................................................................................................................................... .17.+.- Adi(i) u(i"i=#d e! "# $%e$#%#ci! de " 9"uid e&$#c#!(e
.0 0.0.1
CONTROL DE PO*OS 0. 1.- SELECCION ADECUADA DE LA DENSIDAD 0.2.- OLUMEN MNIMO A UTILI*AR
0.1 0.1
0.3.-ADITIOS UIMICOS A UTILI*AR PARA PREENIR EL DAÑO A LA FORMACIÓN 0.4.-CRITJRIOS PARA LA UTILI*ACIÓN DE MATERIALES DE PJRDIDA DE FILTRADO
0.2
17.-
MISCELANEA DE PRODUCTOS UIMICOS UTILI*ADOS 1 7. 1.- PRODUCTOS UIMICOS.................................................................. .......................
17.1
INDICE
1 1.- FLUIDO DE B.D. DE EMULSION DIRECTA FAP6 1 1. 1.- ANTECEDENTES 11.2.- FORMLTLACION DEL FLUIDO DE BAA DENSIDAD 11.3.- PROPIEDADES TIPICAS DEL FLUIDO
BIBLIO/RAFIAS....................................................................................................B.I
INTRODUCCIÓN E" u de 9"uid "i&$i< G# e#! #@u# du"ce #"&ue%# e! "# (e%&i!#ci! %e$#%#ci! de" $= # &i!i&i=#d " $%"e&# de #!c"#8e de e&$#c#d%e< (&# de %e@i(%< u de "!e# de #ce% e!cu9e de M G e" 9#c(% &K i&$%(#!(e< &i!i&i=#% e" d#H # "# 9%&#ci! $%duc(%#. A!(e%i%&e!(e e( $%"e&# e%#! "# c#u# de" #u&e!( de " (ie&$ de i!(e%)e!ci! G $(e%i%e # "# &i&# G# ue e! &uc de " c# #" i!(e!(#% dee!cu9#% e" M< e @e!e%#! $ec#d $% e(#% e(e #(%#$#d $% "id ue ! 9ue%! e"i&i!#d. E" ?i( de "# (e%&i!#ci! %e$#%#ci! de" $= e "# de e!(%e@#% e" $= e! c!dici!e de $%ducci!< $% " ue u!# de "# #c(i)id#de &K i&$%(#!(e e "# de cuid#% e" G#ci&ie!(< $% " ue e" u de #"&ue%# "i&$i# G c! " #di(i) c&$#(i"e # "# %c# G # "# 9%&#ci! &i!i&i=#! e" d#H # "# &i&#.
C"%u% de C#"ci B%&u% de Sdi B%&u% de C#"ci C"%u% de CK"ciB%&u% de C#"ci B%&u% de C#"ciB%&u% de *i!c B%&u% de *i!c
1.3 1.+2 1.7 1.1 2.42 2.+
T#"# 1.1.
1.4 – USO DE SISTEMAS LIBRES DE SOLIDOS
S! #ue"" e! ue "# #"e e e!cue!(%#! e! "uci! G ! c!(ie!e! "id e! u$e!i!.
1.2.- FUNCIONES
E! @e!e%#" e" u de 9"uid "i&$i e e" de &e8%#% " i(e&# $#%# $(i&i=#% "# (e%&i!#ci! %e$#%#ci! e i!c%e&e!(#% "# $%ducci! G $%"!@#% "# )id# de" $= #" e)i(#% e" d#H ue e @e!e%# #" u(i"i=#% 9"uid c! "id # "# 9%&#ci! $%duc(%#.
1.3.- SISTEMAS LIBRES DE SÓLIDOS. E?i(e! u!# #&$"i# )#%ied#d de 9"uid "i%e de "id G de #cue%d # "# 9%&u"#ci!< e "# de!id#d ue $%$%ci!#! e! "# i@uie!(e (#"# 1. 1 e i"u(%# " #!(e%i% 5
Si(e&# @u# du"ce 9i"(%#d# S#"&ue%# 5 C"%u% de P(#i C"%u% de Sdi
/%#)ed#d E$ec9ic#. 1.77 1.1, 1.10
L i(e&# "i%e de "id (ie!e! di9e%e!(e #$"ic#ci!e du%#!(e "# $e%9%#ci!< (e%&i!#ci! G %e$#%#ci! de $= $%duc(%e de @# #cei(e cu#!d e u#! c&5
F"uid de (e%&i!#ci! F"uid de %e$#%#ci! F"uid $#%# c!(%"#% $%ei!e #!%&#"e F"uid de e&$#ue F"uid $#%# e&$#ue de @%#)#. F"uid de $e%9%#ci! !ic#&e!(e $#%# "# =!# $%duc(%#
L# )e!(#8# ue e (ie!e! u#!d ( 9"uid "i&$i !5
N d#H#! # "# 9%&#ci! $%duc(%# E" %e(%! # "# $e%&e#i"id#d e e?ce"e!(e Se &e=c"#! # "# de!id#d dee#d# Tie!e! (## de c%%i! #8# S! e(#"e # "# c!dici!e de" $= C&$#(i"e c! " #di(i) u&ic N e(K! c"#i9ic#d c& d#Hi! # "# #"ud #" &edi #&ie!(e.
Se de9i!e c& Cu#"uie% 9#c(% ue #9ec(e # "# 9%&#ci! %educie!d i&$idie!d "# $%ducci! de id%c#%u% e! u! $= E(# de9i!ici! e# ide!(i9ic#d e! @e!e%#" c! (d< $e% $c #! #!#"i=#d e! de(#""e "# &#@!i(ud de " d#H i%%e)e%i"e ue e %e9"e8#! e! "# %educci! de $%ducci! ue )#%# de 27Q # 07 Q< e( d#H $uede! cu%%i% du%#!(e "# $e%9%#ci!< (e%&i!#ci! G %e$#%#ci! de" $=.
2.1.- PRINCIPALES DAÑOS A LA FORMACIÓN ♦ >id%#(#ci! de #%ci""#. ♦ I!)#i! de "id. ♦ A"(e%#ci! de "# &8#i"id#d de "#
9%&#ci!. ♦ Di"c#&ie!( G &i@%#ci! de $#%(cu"# 9i!# ♦ Re#cci!e u&ic# $% i!c&$#(ii"id#d de 9"uid. ♦ I!)#i! de 9"uid. L# c&i!#ci! de cu#"uie%# de " d#H &e!ci!#d $uede %educi% c!ide%#"e&e!(e "# $%ducci! G "# )id# de" $=.
2.2.- DISMINUCIÓN DE LA PERMEABILIDAD. Sucede cu#!d " 9"uid de "# 9%&#ci! ci%cu"#! e! 9%&# %#di#" i!c%e&e!(#!d "# )e"cid#d # &edid# ue e #ce%c# #" $= (%#(#!d de 9"ui% # (%#) de "# $e%9%#ci!e. Cu#!d e" diK&e(% de" $% e %educid e c%e# u! 9"u8 (u%u"e!( de e(# 9%&# e $%$ici# e" de$%e!di&ie!(< (%#!$%(e G de$i(#ci! de "# $#%(cu"# 9i!# de "# 9%&#ci!. E! e" c# de ue " $% e#! &K $eueH ue "# $#%(cu"# de " 9i!< e e&i!e!(e ue e d#He # "# 9%&#ci!. P#%# e)i(#% e(# i(u#ci! e %ec&ie!d# ue "# $%ducci! i!ici#" e# &e!% ue " e(i&#d
e! "# $%ue# de $%ducci!. E! e" c# de (%#(#%e de %c# c#%!#(#d# d!de @e!e%#"&e!(e e?i(#! 9%#c(u%#< e(# %e$%ee!(#! $%id#d G $e%&e#i"id#d ecu!d#%i# de "# 9%&#ci!. O(% 9#c(%e G #@e!(e ue %educe! "# $e%&e#i"id#d5 De!i9ic#!(e5 c& "# B#%i(# G "# >e&#(i(# ue ! ! "u"e e! Kcid. I!)#i! de "id #c#%%e#d $% 9"uid de c!(%" #"&ue%# "i@e%# $e#d# ue ! #! id 9i"(%#d# #$%$i#d#&e!(e. A9#"( cu#!d e #@%e@#! # " 9"uid de $e%9%#ci! G $uede! c#u#% (%ucci!e $% e&u"i!. U de u%9#c(#!(e $uede #9ec(#% c#&i#% "# &8#i"id#d !#(u%#" de "# 9%&#ci!< #de&K de c#u#% (%ucci!e $% %e#cci!e de e&u"i!e.
2.2.1.Reducci! $e%&e#'i"id#d %e"#(i)#
de
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Se i!ici# cu#!d e" 9i"(%#d de" 9"uid #e #@u# i!)#de "# 9%&#ci!< $%ducie!d cie%(# #(u%#ci! $% e" #@u# e! " $% de "# 9%&#ci!< %educie!d "# $e%&e#i"id#d. E(# %educci! e c!ce c& "ue de #@u# G cu%%e ce%c# G #"%eded% de" $=. F%&#ci! de e&u"i!e c#u# u! i!c%e&e!( e! "# )icid#d de " 9"uid de "# 9%&#ci!. Cu#!d e i!c%e&e!( "# )icid#d (#&i! #u&e!(# "# c#$#cid#d de (%#!$%(e. L# e&u"i!e de #@u# e! #cei(e (ie!e! u!# )icid#d &K #"(# ue "# e&u"i!e de #cei(e e! #@u#. T%#(#% de %e&edi#% e(e d#H e c&$"ic#d G di9ci" G# ue e %euie%e e"ecci!#% u! u%9#c(#!(e #$%$i#d ue %e&edie G ! #@%#)e e" d#H.
2.3.-DAÑOS CAUSADOS DURANTE LA PERFORARACION DE *ONAS PRODUCTORAS.
"# $%ei! id%(K(ic# de" 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! e &#G% ue "# de "# 9%&#ci!.
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2.+.- DAÑOS A LA FORMACIÓN DURANTE LA PRODUCCIÓN INICIAL.
2.4.- DAÑO A LA FORMACIÓN DURANTE LA TERMINACIÓN DEL PO*O. Du%#!(e "# %e#"i=#ci! de " di$#% e! "# '(ue%# de %e)e(i&ie!( e! (# e(#$#< e $uede! (#$#% 9Kci"&e!(e "# $e%9%#ci!e @e!e%#d#< i e (ie!e u! 9"uid u$ue(#&e!(e "i&$i de (e%&i!#ci! ue c!(e!@# u!# c!ce!(%#ci! de +77 $$& de "id. D#H c#u#d $% "# (ue%# de $%ducci! G e&$#ue. Du%#!(e "# i!(%ducci! de "# (ue%# de $%ducci! (e!ie!d 9"uid de!(% de" $= c! "id< $uede! $%ee!(#%e $%did# de ci%cu"#ci! c#i!#!d e( (#$!#&ie!( e! "# 9%#c(u%# ce%c#!# #" $= # c& e! "# $%id#d $%i&#%i#. Td e( cu%%i%K i
E" $= #" e&$e=#% # $%duci% id%c#%u% %eci%cu"# " 9"uid de!(% de "# 9%&#ci!< e! cie%( c# e( 9"uid ! i!c&$#(i"e< #de&K de" de$%e!di&ie!(< (%#!$%(e G de$i(#ci! de $#%(cu"# de #%ci""# G de 9i!< #ce! u!# (%ucci! #" (%#(#% de 9"ui% #ci# e" $=. T#&i! e $uede d#H#% "# 9%&#ci! c! e" ?id ue (e!@# "# (ue%#< c! "# #%ci""# de" 9"uid #de%id ue ! e de$"#= c%%ec(#&e!(e i&$"e&e!(e c! @%## ue e #$"ic e! e?ce du%#!(e "# c!e?i!e de "# (ue%# de $%ducci!. Si e i!ici# "# $%ducci! # " &K?i& ue $ued# 9"ui% e" $=< "# $#%(cu"# de " 9i! $uede! e% (%#!$%(#d# 9Kci"&e!(e G c#u#% (%ucci!e G d#H # "# $e%&e#i"id#d.
2.,.- DAÑOS CAUSADOS DURANTE LA ESTIMULACIÓN DE PO*OS. L# $e%9%#ci!e< 9%#c(u%# G $%id#d $%i&#%i# $uede! e% (#$!#d# $% " "id c!(e!id e! e" #@u#< "d< #"&ue%# ue ! e(! deid#&e!(e 9i"(%#d#. E" 9%#c(u%#&ie!( c! Kcid $d%# c#u#% c&u!ic#ci! c! (%# 9%&#ci!e G 9#ci"i(#% "# &e=c"# c! (% 9"uid ! dee#"e. L# #cidi9ic#ci! de #%e!ic# c! >CL $uede 9%&#% $%eci$i(#d i!"u"e e! "# 9%&#ci!e< d#H#!d "# $e%&e#i"id#d. D#H # "# 9%&#ci! %i@i!#d $% P#%#9i!# A9#"(e! #cu&u"#d e! "# (ue%# de $%ducci! e! "# $#%ed de" $=. Cu#!d e e(# "i&$i#!d "# $#%#9i!# #9#"(e! de u! $= G e u(i"i=# #@u# #cei(e c#"ie!(e< "# 9%&#ci! e d#H#%# i ! e %#$#!< &e#! G de$"#=#! dic 9"uid #!(e ue e e!9%e!. Cu#!d e #ce e(e (i$ de "i&$ie=# e ci%cu"#! e( 9"uid #ci# e" 9!d de" $= $% "# (ue%# de $%ducci! G
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2..- DAÑOS CAUSADOS DURANTE LA REPARACION DEL PO*O. L d#H # "# 9%&#ci! ! id!(ic # " c#u#d du%#!(e "# (e%&i!#ci! G e(i&u"#ci! de" $=. Si ! e dee# #@%#)#% i!c%e&e!(#% e" d#H e dee de e&$"e#% 9"uid deid#&e!(e 9i"(%#d.
2..-DIA/NOSTICO DE DAÑO A LA FORMACIÓN E" i!dici &K c&! $#%# de(e%&i!#% e" d#H # "# 9%&#ci! e "# $%did# de $%ei!. Cu#!d e&$ie=# "# $%ducci! de" $=< " 9#c(%e ue c!(%"#! "# $%did# de $%ei! !5 L# %ei(e!ci# ue e!cue!(%#! " id%c#%u% #" 9"ui% # (%#) de "# =!# d#H#d# #"%eded% de" $=< ide!(i9ic#d# c&!&e!(e c& E9ec( de $ie" : Si! D#&#@e ;. E! "# &#G%# de " c# e di9ci" ide!(i9ic#% cu#" e "# c#u# %e#" ue %i@i! e" d#H< deid # "# 9#"(# de i!9%&#ci! %e"#ci!#d# # "# c#%#c(e%(ic# "i("@ic# $%$i# de "# 9%&#ci!< de u 9"uid G de "# c&$#(ii"id#d c! " 9"uid ue e u#! du%#!(e "# $e%9%#ci! G (e%&i!#ci! de" $=. Se # dic ue du%#!(e "# $%ducci! $%i&#%i# de u! $= c#&$ e $uede e?(%#e% de u! 17 # 37 Q de id%c#%u%< De u! 17 #
27 Q du%#!(e "# $%ducci! ecu!d#%# G (% $%ce!(#8e $#%ecid e! $%ducci! (e%ci#%#. Si (e!e& cuid#d de ! d#H#% "# 9%&#ci! c! "id 9"uid ! c&$#(i"e i&$"e&e!(e $%e)e% $e%#ci!e &ecK!ic# ue d#H#! "# 9%&#ci!< e $d%K i!c%e&e!(#% " $%ce!(#8e de $%ducci! #!(e%i%&e!(e &e!ci!#d.
2.0.- PREENCIÓN DE DAÑO A LA FORMACIÓN. C& e di8 #!(e%i%&e!(e< " d#H # "# 9%&#ci! e %i@i!#! du%#!(e "# e(#$# de
$e%9%#ci!< ce&e!(#ci!< (e%&i!#ci! G c!ecue!(e&e!(e e %ec&ie!d# ue e e%)e! cie%(# !%&# du%#!(e cie%(# e(#$#5 Pe%9%#% c! "# c"u&!# id%(K(ic# #8 #"#!ce $#%# e)i(#% ue " "id G 9i"(%#d i!)#d#! "# 9%&#ci!. Cu#!d e %euie%# (e!e% 9"uid %e #"#!ce< e( dee! de e% 9i"(%#d G ci%cu"#d i! "id G e $uede! u(i"i=#% e! "# i@uie!(e $e%#ci!e5 ♦ Pe%9%#ci! ♦ Te%&i!#ci! ♦ Di$#% ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
C!(%" de P= F"uid E&$#c#!(e F%#c(u%#&ie!(< e(i&u"#ci! G #cidi9ic#ci!
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#(i9#c(%i#&e!(e< e! c#i!e ! $uede e% de(e%&i!#d $% e(e &(d.
2.-
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E" i@uie!(e eui$ e %eue%id $#%# "# $%ue# #!(i"ud@e. A.- Su%9#c(#!(e< #di(i) #!(i"ud@e B.- cid c!(e!ie!d i!iid% de c%%i! G (d " #di(i) e" #di(i) #!(i"ud@e. C.- Acei(e c%ud. D.- B#i M#%# c! c!(%" de (e&$e%#(u%#. E.- B(e""# c! (#$! %c#"e. F.- M#""# de #ce% i!?id#"e N 177< de 3 $u"@#d# cu#d%#d#. /.- B(e""# ""e!# c! S"(%" 137 >.- Pi=e(# ""e!# de #@u# de(i"#d#.
P%cedi&ie!(. 1 .-A@%e@ue Kcid # u! 9%#c "i&$i. Adici!e u! )"u&e! i@u#" de #cei(e c%ud< "i%e de "id G e&u"i!. T#$e e" 9%#c G #@i(e )i@%#&e!(e. P!@# "# &e=c"# e! u! #H M#%# # "# (e&$e%#(u%# de "# 9%&#ci! G $e%&i(# ue $e%&#!e=c# $% ! &e! de 4 %# G $%e9e%i"e&e!(e 24 %#. Cuid#d#&e!(e )ie%(# "# &e=c"# # (%#) de u!# &#""# de #ce% N 177. i ! ued#! %eidu e! "# &#""# ! e?i(e $%ducci! de "ud@e. Si e?i(e "ud@e "#)e c! #@u# (ii# G S"(%" 137 #"(e%!#(i)#&e!(e. E( %e&)e%K "# e&u"i!e G $#%#9i!# $e% ! %e&)e%K e" "ud@e $%ducid $% e" Kcid. Re$%(# "# c#!(id#d de "ud@e de #cue%d # "# i@uie!(e "i(#. Re$%(# " %eu"(#d e! "# ecci! %e&#%c#d# e! e" 9%&#( &(%#d e! "# 9i@u%# N 1 N S"ud@e - N #G $#%(cu"# "id# %e(e!id e! "# &#""#. T%#7# - U! $c de $eueH# $#%(cu"# e! "# &#""#. Mde%#d# - P#%(cu"# $%ee!(e e! "# &#""#. B#(#!(e - Muc# $#%(cu"# @%#!de. Re$i(# e" $# N 1 u#!d #@e!(e #!(i"ud@e # "# c!ce!(%#ci! %ec&e!d#d# $% "# c&$#H# de e%)ici. L #@e!(e #!(i"ud@e $uede! i!9"ui% "# $%ue# de e&u"i!. Si u! #@e!(e #!(i"ud@e e%K u#d e! u! i(e&# $#%# (%#(#% u! $=< dee! i!c"ui% e" #@e!(e #!(i"ud@e c& u!# $#%(e de "# $%ue# de" i(e&#.
E5ui$ 6 M#(e%i#"e
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P%ue'# de #cidi8ic#ci! e! #%e!#. 3.P%e$#%e Kcid @#(#d $#%ci#"&e!(e 2 "i(% e! 1 "i(% de #%e!# de 9%&#ci!. L# "uci! Kcid# dee%K c!(e!e% 3 Q de Kcid 9"u%id%ic< "# c!ce!(%#ci! %ec&e!d#d# de #di(i) $#%# e" i(e&# # e)#"u#% e! e" (%#(#&ie!( %e#". Si "# #%e!# de "# 9%&#ci! ! e(# di$!i"e< ue u! "i(% de u! +7 Q de 9"% i"ic# G +7 Q de e!(!i(# < &e=c"e c! e" Kcid G $e%&i(# ue e(# &e=c"# Kcid#%e!#-e!(!i(# Kcid-#%e!# de 9%&#ci! $e%&#!e=c# e! c!(#c( $% " &e! 24 %#. 4.Dec#!(e e" Kcid @#(#d G #"&#ce!e e! (e""# de $"K(ic $#%# "# $%ue#. +.Di$e%e 2.+ @%. de 9%&#ci! $u")e%i=#d# 9i!#&e!(e 2.+ @%. de u!# &e=c"# +7 Q de 9"% i"ic# - +7Q de e!(!i(# e! 2+ &" de Kcid @#(#d.
,.A@%e@ue + &". de #cei(e c%ud # e(# "uci! de Kcid @#(#d. E&u"i9iue "# "uci! c! u!# #@i(#ci! de 14777-1777 %.$.&. $% 37 e@u!d. #ce "# e&u"i! i!&edi#(#&e!(e de!(% de u!# $%e(# @%#du#d# G &id# e" )"u&e! de #@u# e$#%#d# e! 1+ &i!.< 1 %#< G 24 %#. L# $%ue# e%K! e"#%#d# # (e&$e%#(u%# #&ie!(e. .Re$i(# e" $%cedi&ie!( de "# $#%(e + G , &i(ie!d e" dee&u"i9ic#!(e.
P%ue'# de #cidi8ic#ci! de c#%'!#( c! 9cid )i). .Ue u!# "uci! Kcid# "# cu#" i!c"uGe (d " #di(i) e! "# &i&# c!ce!(%#ci! c& e %ec&ie!d# $#%# (%#(#&ie!( e! e" c#&$< Puede e% !ece#%i c%%e% u!# e%ie de $%ue# $#%# e"ecci!#% e" dee&u"i9ic#!(e &K #decu#d. Di$e%e 2.+ @%. de u!# &e=c"# de" 07 Q de 9"% "ic#-17 Q de e!(!i(# e! +7 &". de "uci! Kcid#. 0.Adici!e +7 &". #cei(e c%ud # "# "uci! #!(e%i%. E&u"i9iue "# "uci! $% #@i(#ci! # 14777-1777 %.$.&. $% 37 e@u!d. )ie%(# i!&edi#(#&e!(e # u!# $%e(# @%#du#d# de 177 &". G &id# e" %&$i&ie!( de "# e&u"i! # " i!(e%)#" de (ie&$ i!dic#d e! "# 9i@u%# . L# $%ue# ! ""e)#d# # c# # (e&$e%#(u%# #&ie!(e.
9%&#ci!. u!(e u#)e&e!(e " 9i!< G dec#!(e e" Kcid c! " 9i! u$e!did e! (% %eci$ie!(e. 13.- Si ! (ie!e %c# de "# 9%&#ci!< $%e$#%e u! Kcid i!((ic c! u! %e#c(i) de c"%u% de c#"ci G #@u# # u!# c!ce!(%#ci! de c"%u% eui)#"e!(e #" Kcid )i). L# "uci!
dee%K c!(e!e% (d " #di(i) ue ! u#d e! (%#(#&ie!( de c#&$. A8u(e e" $> # )#"%e e!(%e 1 G + u#!d Kcid c"%d%ic. di$e%e 2. + @%. de u!# &e=c"# c!(e!ie!d u! 07 Q e! $e de "ic# 9"%< 17 Q de e!(!i(# e! +7 &". de ". Kcid#. 14.- P%e$#%e u!# e&u"i! c! Kcid @#(#d c& e dec%ie e! e" $u!( 0 G 1 1 G &id# " d#(.
17.- Re$i(# " $# G 0 &i(ie!d e" dee&u"i9ic#!(e. 11.- Re$i(# "# $%e$#%#ci! de "# "uci! de $%ue# e! "# $#%(e $e% ue 2+ &". de "# &e=c"# Kcid# c! + &". de #cei(e c%ud e! "# $#%(e 0 G 17.
P%ue'# de #cidi8ic#ci! c! C#%'!#( 6 9cid :#(#d. 12.- /#(e e" Kcid c! c!(e!ie!d (d " #di(i) e?ce$( e" dee&u"i9ic#!(e c! u! e?ce de %c# de 9%&#ci!. L# %e#cci! dee%K c&$"e(#%e e! 24 %#. Si e" (ie&$ e u! "i&i(#!(e< $e!!i(# e" c!(#c( de" Kcid #(# ue de8e de e9e%)ece% "# %c# de "#
Re$%(e de "# $%ue'# OPERADOR
REMITIDA POR
CONC. Y TIPO DE ACIDO:
POZO:
LUGRAR DE MUESTREO:
CONC. DE INHIBIDOR:
CAMPO:
FECHA DE PRUEBA:
TIPO Y CONC. DE SOLIDOS:
FORMACION:
FECHA DE RECEPCION:
TEMPERATURA DE PRUEBA:
DEPTH:
ANALIZADO POR
PORCENTAE DE ACIDO ORI/INAL SEPARADO A ARIOS INTERALOS DE TIEMPO DESPUES DE EMULSIFICARSE REL.ACEITE ACIDO ADITIOS CONCENTRACION Q
/AL1777 /AL DE ACIDO TEMPO DE SEPARACION
/ASTAD O
S/ASTA /ASTA R DO
S/ASTAR /ASTADO
S/ASTAR /ASTADO
S/ASTAR /ASTADO
S/ASTAR
1 :MIN; 2 4 , 17 1+ 37 ,7 17 1447 Q EMULSION FINAL OL. EMULSION FINAL SOLIDOS INTERFASE OL. SEDIMENTADO
SALMUERA INTERFASE 5 R DEFINIDA5 CCLARA 5 DDIFUSA
DENSIDAD DE SALMUERAS PESADAS EN EL FONDO DEL PO*O. L# #"&ue%# $e#d# di&i!uGe! de de!id#d c! e" i!c%e&e!( de "# (e&$e%#(u%# e i!c%e&e!(#! e! de!id#d c! e" #u&e!( de "# $%ei! U! #!K"ii de $%ei! )"u&e! G (e&$e%#(u%# :PT; de )#%i# "uci!e de #"&ue%# # (e&$e%#(u%# de +VC :34+VF; G $%ei!e de 7 # 22777 PSI. #! id u#d $#%# de(e%&i!#% e" c&$%(#&ie!( de "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# #8 "# c!dici!e de" 9!d de" $=.
L# i!9%&#ci! (e!id# de e(# &edici!e $e%&i(e # " i!@e!ie%< c#"cu"#% e! 9%&# &# $%eci# "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# e! "# u$e%9icie "# cu#" $%)ee%K e" @%#die!(e id%Ku"ic dee#d $#%# e" c!(%" G "# $%ei! de "# 9%&#ci! # "# (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!e e! e" 9!d de" $=.
3.1- INTRODUCCIÓN; De#9%(u!#d#&e!(e " d#( de e?$#!ii"id#d G c&$%eii"id#d !ece#%i $#%# e cK"cu" de $%ei! e! e" 9!d de" $= # (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!e de u$e%9icie ! %e"#(i)#&e!(e "i&i(#d.
C! c#i !i!@! d#( e?$e%i&e!(#" $u"ic#d %e #"&ue%# $e#d# G u &e=c"# u!# ec## #$%?i&#ci! $uede d#% c& %eu"(#d e! $e%did# e)e%# de 9"uid c( c! $%"e&# de c!(%" de $= (#"e c& %(e de @#. E! "# #ue!ci# de d#( e?$e%i&e!(#"e &uc #u(%e #! u#d ecu#ci!e e&$%ic# $#%# #ce% u! &de" de "# )#%i#ci!e de "# de!id#d de )#%i# #"&ue%# G (% 9"uid e! "# u$e%9icie. L &de" &#(e&K(ic #! id %ecie!(e&e!(e de#%%""#d $#%# $%edeci% e?i(#&e!(e "# )#%i#ci! de de!id#d e! e" 9!d de" $= G "# $%ei! id%(K(ic# de u!# c"u&!# de 9"uid de $e%9%#ci!. L cK"cu" $#%# e &de" de de!id#de $#%# Id de #e #@u# G #cei(e e(u)ie%! ##d e! )#"%e de "i(e%#(u%# $#%# c&$%eii"id#d G e?$#!ii"id#d de #@u#< "uci!e de c"%u% de di G #cei(e (#&i! e?i(e $#%# #"&ue%# !#(u%#"e G 9"uid @e(%&ic ue c!(ie!e! c"%u% de di c& e" e"ec(%"( &#G%i(#%i. U!# %e"#ci! de $%ei!-)"u&e! G (e&$e%#(u%# # id de(e%&i!#d (#&i! e?$e%i&e!(#"&e!(e $#%# )#%i# c!ce!(%#ci!e de c"%u% de di e! "uci! $#%# (e&$e%#(u%# de 34' F G $%ei!e de 40 $i. Recie!(e&e!(e< &edici!e e?$e%i&e!(#"e #! id di%i@id# #ci# 9"uid de $e%9%#ci! de #e #@u# G #cei(e e! " %#!@ de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei! de 7 # 477 OF G de 7 # 14777 $i. E(e dcu&e!( e?#&i!# $% $%i&e%# )e= e" c&$%(#&ie!( de de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# dede "# &edici!e de : PT ; e! e" "#%#(%i $#%# #"&ue%# de c"%u% de di< c"%u% de c#"ci< %&u% de di< %&u% de c#"ci G c&i!#ci!e de e(#< %&u% de =i!c%&u% de c#"cic"%u% de c#"ci G %&u% de =i!c%&u% de c#"ci # $%ei!e de 7 # 22777 $i.< $#%# (e&$e%#(u%# c!(#!(e de , VF< 10 FV G 34+ VF. E( e(udi de "#%#(%i &ue(%#! ue "# c&$%eii"id#d G e?$#!ii"id#d (%&ic# de e 9"uid $uede! )#%i#% c! "# c&$ici! de "# #"&ue%#< &# $%eci#&e!(e< # "# c!ce!(%#ci! ((#" de #" e! "uci!.
Adici!#"&e!(e e d#( #! id u#d $#%# de#%%""#% u! &de" de %e@%ei! "i!e#" ue $%edeci%K e! 9%&# $%eci# " c#&i e! "# de!id#d e! 9"uid de #"&ue%# #%%i# de 34+ VF G 22777 $i. $#%# c!ce!(%#ci!e de #" de 10 #" + Q e! $e. C& u! %eu"(#d< u! c!(%" de $= $(i& G c!(%" de c( $uede e% (e!id de" u de #"&ue%# $e#d# du%#!(e "# $e%#ci!e de (e%&i!#ci! G %e$#%#ci! de $=.
3.2.- DATOS E
e" cu#" 9ue c#"i%#d c! u! $%#d% de $e &ue%( $#%# (e!e% &edici!e de!(% de " %#!@ de W 7. 1 Q . E" (%#duc(% 9ue e$eci#"&e!(e c#"i%#d # (e&$e%#(u%# de 3+7 VF. L# &edici!e de "# de9%&#ci! de" ci"i!d% de "# &# # "# (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!e de $%ue# 9ue%! !ece#%i# $#%# c%%e@i% " d#( e?$e%i&e!(#"e $#%# e" c#&i #c(u#" e! )"u&e! de "# #"&ue%# # e# c!dici!e. P% " (#!(< "# cK&#%# : PT ; 9ue c#"i%#d# $%i&e% $#%# " e9ec( de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei! c!(%# "# $%$ied#de c!cid# de" &e%cu%i. E" $%cedi&ie!( i!c"uGe "# &edici! de" )"u&e! e$eci9ic de" &e%cu%i A , VF G 2777 Pi. E" &e%cu%i 9ue e!(!ce c#%@#d # 2777 $i. De!(% de "# cK&#%# : PT ; e)#cu#!d c! e" $i(! de$"#=#d ((#"&e!(e de!(% de" ci"i!d% $#%# &edi% e" )"u&e! &ue%( #"%eded% de" $i(! G e! " !i$"e e!(%e e" (%#!duc(% G "# )K")u"#. E(e )"u&e! &ue%( 9ue de ,3.0 CM3< e" $i(! 9ue e!(!ce %e(i%#d $% 277 CM3 : 7 Q de u de$"#=#&ie!( ((#" ; G "# "u&e! de c%%ecci! de &e +.3+ 6 "7 -3 ccVF X 1.72 6 17 -4 cc$i. L )"&e!e e$ec9ic de "uci!e #"i!# N#CI< C#C2< N#B%< C#B%2
c&i!#ci!e de e(# *!B%2C#B%2C#C"2 G *!B%2C#B%2 9ue%! &edid c! u!# 9u!ci! de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei! $% $%cedi&ie!( i&i"#%e # " $%cedi&ie!( $#%# e" &e%cu%i.
cK&#%# 9ue c#%@#d# (%# )e= c! &e%cu%i. A e" )"u&e! ((#" de (%##8 de" &e%cu%i # 2777 $i. 9ue &edid # 2,3.0 CM3. L c#&i de e(e )"u&e! de %e9e%e!ci# 9ue%! e!(!ce %e@i(%#d &ie!(%# e" )"u&e! de &e%cu%i e%# c&$%i&id "e!(#&e!(e e! i!c%e&e!( de 2777 $i. # 22777 $i. A u!# (e&$e%#(u%# c!(#!(e de , VF. E!(!ce e" )"u&e! cu$#d $% e" &e%cu%i 9ue &edid &ie!(%# e" &e%cu%i e%# "e!(#&e!(e dec&$%ei!#d dede 22777 $i. e! i&i"#%e i!c%e&e!(. E(e cic" 9ue %e$e(id< e!(!ce #de&K c#&i e" )"u&e! e$ec9ic e! $%ei! # , VF 9ue c#"cu"#d de" $%&edi de cu#(% )"&e!e &edid # c#d# $%ei!. E(e $%cedi&ie!( 9ue %e$e(id $#%# (e&$e%#(u%# de 10 VF G 34+ VF. D#( de de$"#=#&ie!( e?$e%i&e!(#" $% e" &e%cu%i e &ue(%# e! "# 9i@u%# N.2 G ! c&$#%#d $#%# $%edeci% )#"%e c#"cu"#d de "# "i(e%#(u%#. L# di9e%e!ci# e e" )"u&e! de c%%ecci! de &e c& u!# 9u!ci! de "# (e&$e%#(u%# G "# $%ei!. E" )"u&e! de c%%ecci! de &e 9ue e(i&#d $% "# ecu#ci! i@uie!(e5
E" )"u&e! de c%%ecci! de &e 9ue %e(#d de " c#&i de )"u&e! de &edici! $#%# c#d# #"&ue%# # c#d# (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!. L# c&$ici!e de "uci!e de #"&ue%# e &ue(%# e! "# (#"# N. 1. E!(%e "# &ue(%# e" #$#%#( e?$e%i&e!(#" 9ue e!9%i#d # "# (e&$e%#(u%# de "# #i(#ci!< c! #@u# #i%e ec G e)#cu#ci! #8 )#c.
Fi@. N.1
3.2.1.- Reu"(#d Dicui!e. E! e" $%cedi&ie!( de $%ue# e" )"u&e! e$ec9ic de c#d# #"&ue%# 9ue &edid# c& u!# 9u!ci! de $%ei! # u!# (e&$e%#(u%# c!(#!(e. L %eu"(#d de e(# &edici!e e &ue(%#! e! "# 9i@u%# N. 3 # . !(ee de e# 9i@u%# ue " e9ec( de (e&$e%#(u%# ! &K d&i!#!(e e! " c#&i de )"&e!e e$ec9ic de "# #"&ue%# ue " e9ec( de $%ei!. U!# %e@%ei! "i!e#" &"(i$"e 9ue u#d# e! " d#( e?$e%i&e!(#"e de" c"%u% de di e!
"# 9i@u%# N. 3 G 9ue c&$#%#d# $#%# "# $%$ied#de )"u&(%ic# (e!id# de "# "i(e%#(u%# e! u!# "uci! de c"%u% de di #" 10 Q e! $e :)e% (#"# N. 2; " )#"%e de e# %e9e%e!ci# 9ue%! de(e%&i!#d# de u! #!K"ii de %e@%ei! de " d#( e?$e%i&e!(#"e %ec$i"#d dede e(udi de 9ec# #!(e%i%e. L )"&e!e e$ec9ic e?$e%i&e!(#"e &edid e! e(e e(udi e(u)ie%! e!(%e W 0.5 Q de " )#"%e de(e%&i!#d $% R@e% G PG(=e% G di9ie%e! de " d#( de P((e% G B%Y!' $% ! &e! de" 2.+ Q.
D $%$ied#de (e%&di!K&ic# i&$%(#!(e e $uede! de%i)#% de " d#( de )"u&e! e$ec9ic e?$e%i&e!(#"< e(# ! " ce9icie!(e iK%ic de "# e?$#!i!
)"u&(%ic# :A"9# α; G " ce9icie!(e i&(%ic de c&$%eii"id#d :Be(# β; ue ! de9i!id c&5
C!)i%(ie!d e" )"u&e! e$eci9ic de de!id#d G c#"cu"#!d "# de%i)#d# -: δΡ δΤ;P G :δΡ δΤ;T ! c&$"e(#&e!(e (i"e $#%# e?$%e#% "# )#%i#ci! de de!id#d c& u!#
9u!ci! de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!. E c#&i de de!id#d e de!&i!#! 9#c(%e de c%%ecci! de de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# :A< B; G ! de9i!id c&5
L ce9icie!(e :α < A < β G B #! id c#"cu"#d $#%# c#d# #"&ue%# u#!d "# ecu#ci!e 2 # + G " d#( e?$e%i&e!(#"e # "# c!dici!e de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei! &(%#d e! "# (#"# 3 G 4 !(e de )#"%e de A y B ue e" ((#" de "# #"&ue%# %eue%i%K #$%?i&#d#&e!(e u! i!c%e&e!( de 1+777
PSI. de $%ei! $#%# c!(%#%%e(#% "# e?$#!i! (%&ic# de u! i!c%e&e!( de (e&$e%#(u%# de 177 VF (d# )e= ue "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# e u!# 9u!ci! de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!< "# ecu#ci!e 4 G + $uede! e% c&i!#d# $#%# 9%&#% "# di9e%e!ci#" ((#" e?$%e#d# c&5
L ce9icie!(e e! "# ecu#ci! ! c#i c!(#!(e $#%# &uc 9"uid %e %#!@ c!ide%#"e de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!. U!# i&$"e #$%?i&#ci! $d%# #u&i% ue A G B
$#%# c#d# #"&ue%# e# c!(#!(e %e " %#!@ de i!(e% de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!. A "# ecu#ci! e c!)ie%(e e!5
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e! e" #!K"ii de %e@%ei! &"(i$"e. E" &de" %eu"(#!(e c!(#i"i= u! ((#" de" 0. Q de "# )#%i#ci! ((#" e! "# di9e%e!ci# de de!id#d. L# di9e%e!ci# de de!id#d $#%# e(e &de" 9ue de9i!id# c& e" c#&i e! de!id#d de "# c!dici!e de" #&ie!(e :$% e8e&$" , VF G ce% $i; $#%# "# de!id#d $%ecedid# # (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!. "# 9i@u%# !. 0 e u!# %e$%ee!(#ci! @%K9ic# de" &de" de di9e%e!ci# de de!id#d $#%# u!# "uci! #"i!# #" ,+ Q e! $e. L# u(i"i=#ci! de e(e &de" e de&ue(%# e! u! $%"e&# de e8e&$" e! e" #$!dice.
TABLA 1 PROPIEDADES F=SICAS DE SALMUERAS PESADAS EALUADAS EN ESTE ESTUDIO. S#"&ue%#
C!ce!(%#ci! de #" : Q E! Pe;
N#CI C#CI2 N#B% C#B%2 *!B%2C#B%2C#CI2 *!B%2C#B%2
De!id#d A , 'F :@%."cc ; 7 Pi. 2777 Pi
10 3 4+ +4 ,+ +
1.13 1.34 1.40 1.1+ 1.027 2.317
1.1412 1.30 1.400, 1.1,+ 1.02++ 2.3147
Medici!e ec# $% e" &edid% de de!id#d Me(("e%P##% D&# 3+ L# &edici!e ec# @%#)i&(%ic#&e!(e e dec%ie! e! "# ecci! e?$e%i&e!(#".
TABLA2 COMPARACIÓN DE PROPIEDADES OLUM>TRICAS DE SOLUCIÓN DE CLORURO DE SODIO AL 10 ? EN PESO. Te&$e%#(u%# :VF;
P%ei! :$i; Z Pi(=e%
D#( e?$e%i&e!(#"e
122 122 122 122 212 212 212 212 372 372 372 372
2077 77 14+77 21+7 2077 77 14+77 21+7 2077 77 14+77 21+7
7.,4 7.+ 7.,+2 7.+27 7.070 7.002 7., 7.+3 7.0331 7.022+ 7.0127 7.0
#"%e De Li(e%#(u%# P((e% Z B%Y! P((e% Z Pi(=e% R@e% 7.42 7.73 7.+0 7.40 7.07+7 7.+ 7.41 7.,7, 7.033 7.073 7.020 7.2
"&e!e e$ec9ic c#"cu"#d de "# ecu#ci!e e&$%ic# :cc@; 7.+00+4 X 2.+0412 6 17-4 T :VF; - 1.22,3 6 17-, P :Pi; R 2 7.004 #"%e (e!id de P((e% G B%Y! :10 ; #"%e (e!id de R@e% G Pi(=e% : 102 ;
TABLA 3 E
7.47 7.3, 7.,42 7.077 7.0,2 7.+0 7.03, 7.0233 7.011+
DE 12@@@ PSI. DE ,F A 10F. S#"&ue%# :"/#"; N# C" C# C12 N# B% C# B%2 *!B%2C#B%2C#CI2 *!B%2C#B%2
De!id#d :L/#";
α
A :""VF 6 17 ;:L/#"177VF;
0.40 11.4, 12.4 14.37 1,.71 10.2
2.+4 2.30 2., 2.33 2.2 2.+4
-4
7.24 7.2 7.33 7.33 7.3, 7.4
TABLA 4 COMPRESIBILIDAD DE FLUIDOS DE SALMUERAS PESADAS A 10 F DE 2@@@ A 12@@@ PSI.
S#"&ue%# N#CI C#CI2 N#B% C#B%2 *!B%<2C#B%2C#CI2 *!B%2C#B%2
De!id#d : L/#" ; 0.40 11.4, 12.4 14.37 1,.71 10.2
β ,
: ""$i 6 17- ; 1.0 1.+7 1., 1.+3 1.30 1.,4
B :L/#"1777 Pi.; 7.710 7.71 7.721 7.722 7.722 7.731
A$!dice P%"e&# de e8e&$"5 De(e%&i!e "# $%ei! id%(K(ic# "# $%ei! de 9!d e! e" $= :P; e8e%cid# $% u! 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! #"&ue%# c!cie!d "# $%$ied#de de "# #"&ue%# G "# c!dici!e de" $=5 • De!id#d de "# #"&ue%# e! u$e%9icie 1, "@#" • C!ce!(%#ci! de #" ,+ Q e! $e • /%#die!(e de $%ei! de "# #"&ue%# 7.32 $i$ie • Te&$e%#(u%# e! u$e%9icie , VF. • Te&$e%#(u%# e(K(ic# e! e" 9!d de" $= 337 VF. • P%9u!did#d )e%d#de%# de" #@u8e% 1777 $ie • /%#die!(e de (e&$e%#(u%# de" $= 1.40 VF 177 $ie.
3.2.2 S"uci!
>e%c< T&# G Nice% #! de&(%#d ue "# $%ei! e! e" 9!d de" $= P :$i ; $uede e% c&$u(#d# de "# u&# de " c#&i de $%ei! :∆P; dede "# u$e%9icie #
"# $%9u!did#d ((#" c! e" c!ci&ie!( de "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# c& u!# 9u!ci! de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei! P:T
U#!d e" &de" de "# di9e%e!ci# de de!id#de e! "# 9i@u%# !. 0 $#%# e" ,+ Q e! $e e! c!ce!(%#ci! de #"< "# i@uie!(e
(#"# de d#( $uede e% c!(%uid# $#%# c#"cu"#% "# de!id#d G " c#&i de
P%9u!did#d :Pie; 7 2777 4777 ,777 777 17777 12777 14777 1,777 1777
Te&$e%#(u%# :VF; , 17, 13, 1,, 10, 22+ 2++ 2+ 31+ 337
E)#"u#!d "# $%ei! e! e" 9!d de" $= u#!d "# (%#dici!#" (c!ic# de de!id#d
N(e "# di9e%e!ci# de 314 $i. de "# #c(u#" $%ei! id%(K(ic# ue $d%# e% i@!i9ic#(i)# e! e" u
$%ei! uecue!(e c& u!# 9u!ci! de "# $%9u!did#d. De!id#d
P:T
L/#"
:L/#";
7 -7.7+
1,.7 1+.02+ 1+.+7 1+.+ 1+.77 1+.,2+
-0.150
-7.22+ -7.377 -7.3+ -7.4+7 -7.+2+ -7.,77 -7.,3
15.550
1+.4+ 1+.477 1+.3,3
A$ Di9e%e!ci#" Pi; 7 1.,+, 1.,4 1.,41 1.,33 1.,2+ 1.,1 1.,70 1.,72 00
c!(#!(e :$% e8e&$" " e9ec( de
(e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei! e c#!ce"#! u! #" (%; d#! c& %eu"(#d " i@uie!(e.-
3.3.- MODELO DE DENSIDAD DE SALMUERAS ME*CLADAS PURAS COMO UNA FUNCION DE LA COMPOSICION TEMPERATURA PRESION. C!c"ui!e;
e9ec(i) de #"&ue%# $e#d# du%#!(e # $e%#ci!e de (e%&i!#ci! G %e$#%#ci! de $=.
1.U!# &# de de$"#=#&ie!( $i(i) $uede e% u#d# $#%# e" #!K"ii de $%ei! )"u&e! G (e&$e%#(u%# :PT; de "# 9#e "iuid# de "# #"&ue%# deid # ue "#
de9%&#ci! $% &e $#%# "# (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei! # id c#"cu"#d#.
P P%ei! :Pi;
2.D#( e?$e%i&e!(#"e c"ec(#d $#%# c"%u% de di e(K! e! %e"#ci! di%ec(# c! " )#"%e de "# "i(e%#(u%# ci(#d#.
T Te&$e%#(u%# :VF;
3.U!# e%)#ci! $#%# e)#"u#% "# de%i)#d# :δΡ δT;P G ::δΡ δT;T de c#d# i(e&# de #"&ue%# &ue(%# ue e(# #"&ue%# %eue%id# #$%?i&#d#&e!(e u! i!c%e&e!( de 1+777 PSI. e! $%ei! $#%# c!(%#%%e(#% "# e?$#!i! (%&ic# de u! i!c%e&e!( de 177 VF e! (e&$e%#(u%#.
6 C!ce!(%#ci! de #" :Q P% Pe;
4.U!# 9%&u"# de i!(e%$e"#ci! # id de#%%""#d# de "# %e"#ci! P--T-6' $#%# #decu#% " %eu"(#d e?$e%i&e!(#"e. E" &de" de %e@%ei! &"(i$"e c#"cu"#d $#%# e" 0 Q de "# )#%i#!=# ((#" e! "# di9e%e!ci# de "# de!id#d $#%# "# 9%&u"#ci! de #" dede 10 # + Q e! $e e! u! %#!@ de (e&$e%#(u%# de , # 34+ VF G $%ei!e u$e%i%e # 22777 PSI.
υ "u&e! e$ec9ic :Cc/;
N&e!c"#(u%#; A F#c(% de c%%ecci! de de!id#d $#%# (e&$e%#(u%# :L/#" 1 77VF ; B F#c(% de c%%ecci! de de!id#d $#%# $%ei!e : L/#"1777 Pi.;
"u&e! :Cc;
α Ce9icie!(e iK%ic de e?$#!i!
)"u&(%ic :""VF 6 17-,; β Ce9icie!(e i(%&ic de c&$%eii"id#d
:""Pi 6 17-,;
$ De!id#d @%.cc : &u"(i$"ic# $% .34+ $#%# "@#" ; A &edid# ue "# (e&$e%#(u%# de "# "uci!e #u&e!(#< e" )"u&e! de "# "uci! #u&e!(# c! u! dec%eci&ie!( %eu"(#!(e e! "# de!id#d. L# (#"# de 9%&u"#ci! de #"&ue%# u# ,7 'F c& u! $u!( de %e9e%e!ci# $#%# c&$u(#ci!. E" c#&i de de!id#d de #"&ue%# deid # (e&$e%#(u%# $uede e% c#"cu"#d c! "# i@uie!(e 9%&u"# u#!d e" ce9icie!(e de e?$#!i! i!dic#d e! "# (#"#5
FACTORES DE E
de!id#d :"$@; 0.7 0.+ 12.7 0.7
Ti$ De S#"&ue%# N#CI N#CI N#B% C#CI2
.777377 .77720 .7772,7 .777247 .777230 .77721 .7772,4 .7772+ .7772+4 .7772+3 .7772+7 .7772+7 .7772+7 .7772+1 .7772+2 .7772+4 .7772+0 .7772,4 .77721 .7772
0.+ 17.7 17.+ 11.7 11.+ 12.7 12.+ 13.7 13.+ 14.7 14.+
C # CI 2 C # CI 2 C # CI 2 C # CI 2 C #C ' 2 C#B%2C#C'2 C#B%2C#C'2 C#B%2C#C'2 C#B%2C#C'2 C#B%2C#C'2 C#B%2C#C'2 C#B%2C#C'2 *%iB%2C#B%2C#C'2 *!B%2C#[B%2C#C'2 *!B%2C#B%2C#C'2 *!B%<C#B%2C#C'2 *!B%2C#B%2C#C'2 *!B%2C#B%2C#C'2 *!B%2C#B%2C#C'2 *!B%2C#B%2C#C'2
15.0
1+.+ 1,.7 1,.+ 1.7 1.+ 1.7 1.+ 10.7
F%&u"# 1.
D D( \ 1 X e :T ] ,7VF[
F%&u"# F%&u"# 2.
D D( --------------------------------------\ 1 X e : T ] ,7VF; [
3.3.1.- Ee&$" de e8ec( de (e&$e%#(u%# '%e de!id#d.
E8e&$" 1 5 Se %euie%e u! 9"uid de C#CI2C#B% 2 de de!id#d de!id#d 12.+ L$@ $#%# c!(%"#% u! $= cuG# (e&$e%#(u%# $%&edi e 277 VF. ^Cu#" e%K "# de!id#d de e(e 9"uid # ,7 VF _ A$"ic#!d "# 9%&u"# 1.
D 12.+ \1 X 7.7772,4 :277V - ,7V;[ 12.+ :1 X 7.3,0,; 13.7,+ L$@ 13.1 L$@ ` ,7 VF
12.270 L$@ 12.21 12.21 L$@ ` 1+7 VF
E8e&$" 2 5 ^Cu#" e%K "# de!id#d de u! 9"uid de 12.+ L$@ # ,7 VF cu#!d e u#d e! u! $=
c! u! $%&edi de (e&$e%#(u%# de 1+7 VF _
A$"ic#!d L# F%&u"# 2. 12.+ D( ----------------------------------------1 X 7.7772,4 :1+7V - ,7V;
12.+ -----------------------1 X 7.23,
4.1.-CAMBIOS DE DENSIDAD DE UNA SALMUERA SIMPLE; 1.-P#%# i!c%e&e!(#% "# de!id#d de u!# #"&ue%# #dici!#!d #". L# #dici! de #" (#&i! i!c%e&e!( e" )"u&e! de "# #"&ue%#. E" )"u&e! 9i!#" de "# #"&ue%# e e!cue!(%# c! "# 9%&u"# i@uie!(e5 9 : ; -------------9 D!de5 95 "u&e! 9i!#" de "# #"&ue%# :"; 5 "u&e! %i@i!#" de "# #"&ue%# : " 5 C!(e!id 9i!#" de #@u# :""; de #"&ue%#; 9 5 C!(e!id %i@i!#" de #@u# :""; de #"&ue%#; L# "i%# %eue%id# de #dici! de #" e "# i@uie!(e5 S# S9 9 - S D!de5 S#5 S#" #dici!#d# e! :"; S9 5 C!(e!id 9i!#" de #" :"" de #"&ue%#; S5 C!(e!id %i@i!#" de #" :"" de #"&ue%#; P#%# di&i!ui% "# de!id#d de u!# #"&ue%# #@%e@#!d !ic#&e!(e #@u#. "u&e! 9i!#" de "# #"&ue%# e(# d#d $% "# i@uie!(e 9%&u"#5
9
S
-------------------------S9
D!de5 9 5 5 S5 S95
"u&e! 9i!#" "u&e! %i@i!#" C!(e!id %i@i!#" de #" C!(e!id 9i!#" de #"
4.2.- ME*CLANDO DOS SALMUERAS; L# )#%i#ci! e! "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# $uede e% %e#"i=#d &e=c"#!d u!# #"&ue%# $e#d# c! u!# #"&ue%# "i@e%# #@u# 9%ec#. E" cK"cu" de" )"u&e! 9i!#" G "# de!id#d e(K! ##d# e! e" ec de ue e" $e G e" )"u&e! de c#d# c&$!e!(e #@%e@#d ue e" $e G e" )"u&e! de "# &e=c"# 9i!#". X # 9
D X # D# 9 D9 D!de5 D# 5 De!id#d de 9"uid #dici!#d :L/#"; D De!id#d %i@i!#" de 9"uid : L/#"; D9 De!id#d 9i!#" de" 9"uid : L/#" ;
E( d $%'"e&# $uede! e% "uci!#d i&u"(9!e#&e!(e $#%# $%$%ci!#% "# i:uie!(e )e%i! i&$"i8ic#d# $#%# 89ci" #$"ic#ci! e! e" c#&$. :D - D9; # 9 ------------------:D - D#; :D9 D; # -----------------:D# - D9;
9 #
:D - D#; ------------------:D - D9;
9
:D# - D; -------------------:D# - D#;
9
:D# ] D9; ------------------:D# - D;
#@u# G %&u% de c#"ci # "# "uci!. L# c#!(id#d de #@u# #dici!#" G %&u% de c#"ci $uede e% de(e%&i!#d# c& i@ue5 1.-De(e%&i!e "# i@uie!(e i!9%&#ci! de u!# de "# (#"# 5 C.- C"%u% de c#"ci :""; de "# #"&ue%# #" e% #u&e!(#d# u de!id#d :&e=c"# %i@i!#" ;. C9.- C"%u% de c#"ci :I"; de "# "uci! %eu"(#!(e de$u de #u&e!(#d# u de!id#d :#"&ue%# 9i!#" ;. #.- A@u# :""; de #@u# #dici!#" %eue%id#
4.
3.-CALCULOS PARA SALMUERA DE SALES DOBLES. FLUIDOS DE TERMINACION >#G d i(u#ci!e d!de $uede e% !ece#%i c#&i#% "# c&$ici! de u! 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! #"&ue%# de!i9ic#d#. L# $%i&e%# e cu#!d u!# #"&ue%# # id $%e$#%#d# G uecue!(e&e!(e e # de(e%&i!#d ue u de!id#d 9ue i!u9icie!(e $#%# c!(%"#% "# $%ei! de" G#ci&ie!( E" e@u!d e d!de u!# #"&ue%# # id di"uid# e! #@u# G dee e% %e(%!#d# #" $u!( %i@i!#" de c%i(#"i=#ci!. Au&e!(#!d "# de!id#d de u!# #"&ue%# $#%# (e%&i!#ci! ! di"uid#.- L# (e&$e%#(u%# de c%i(#"i=#ci! de u!# #"&ue%# e de(e%&i!# $% "# "ui"id#d de "# &e!% #" "u"e G e! e" c# de " 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!< e(# #" e e" c"%u% de c#"ci. C& "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# e #u&e!(# e" c!(e!id de C#CI2 dee e% di&i!uid i "# (e&$e%#(u%# de c%i(#"i=#ci! )# # $e%&#!ece% #$%?i&#d#&e!(e c!(#!(e. T#&i! !(e ue "# (e&$e%#(u%# de c%i(#"i=#ci! $uede e% #8#d# # u!# de!id#d c!(#!(e $% di&i!uci! de" c!(e!id de C#CI2 #u&e!(#!d e" c!(e!id de %&u% de c#"ci. Si u! 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! #"&ue%# ! di"uid#< )# # #u&e!(#%e e! de!id#d G "# (e&$e%#(u%# de c%i(#"i=#ci! )# # $e%&#!ece% i@u#" &e!%< e%K !ece#%i #H#di%
4.- E" %&u% de c#"ci ((#" #dici!#" e e!cue!(%# de "# &i&# &#!e%# ue e" #@u# #dici!#" G e e?$%e# e! "# ecu#ci! i@uie!(e5
.- A@u# :""; de #"&ue%# %i@i!#". 9.A@u# :""; de #"&ue%# 9i!#". B.- B%&u% de c#"ci :""; de "# #"&ue%# # e% #u&e!(#d# u de!id#d :#"&ue%# %i@i!#" ;. B9.- B%&u% de c#"ci :""; de "# "uci! %eu"(#!(e de$u de de!i9ic#% :#"&ue%# 9i!#"; 2.De$u de(e%&i!e e" #@u# #dici!#" !ece#%i# $#%# c#d# #%%i" de "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#" $#%# $%)ee% "# &i&# %e"#ci! de C#CI2 # #@u# c& e &ue(%# e! "# (#"# $#%# "# #"&ue%# 9i!#". E(# c#!(id#d e e!cue!(%# c& i@ue5 C 9 # ----------------------- - C9 3.- E" #@u# ((#" #dici!#" %eue%id# e!(!ce e i@u#" #" #@u# #dici!#" :#; ""< (#!(# )ece de" )"u&e! %i@i!#" de" #@u# :; e( e e?$%e# c& i@ue5 C 9 # T(#" :; --------------------- - C9
C B9 B# T(#" :; --------------------- -B C9
+.- E" )"u&e! 9i!#" de "# #"&ue%# e e!cue!(%# de "# &i&# &#!e%# c& e u# e! "# #"&ue%# de #" !ic#< "# ecu#ci! e5
9
-------------------------9
Si(e&# de #" "# !ic#&e!(e<
#"(e%!#(i)#&e!(e.Si(e&# de #" e!ci""# &"(i$"e !ic#&e!(e< 9
C --------------------------Y9
4.4 AUMENTANDO LA DENSIDAD DE UNA SALMUERA COMO FLUIDO DE TERMINACION DILUIDA. >#G d &(d de %ede!i9ic#% u!# #"&ue%# di"uid# # "# de!id#d %i@i!#". U! &(d u#!d C#CI 2 G %&u% de c#"ci< &ie!(%# ue e" e@u!d " u# %&u% de c#"ci.
E" $%i&e% &(d e u#d cu#!d u! i(e&# e9icie!(e de &e=c"#d e(# di$!i"e. E" e@u!d e u#d cu#!d e (ie!e u! i!e9icie!(e i(e&# de &e=c"#d cu#!d e dee# %educi% e" (ie&$ de &e=c"#d #" &!i&.
/e!e%#"&e!(e u(ed u#%K %&u% de c#"ci $#%# de!i9ic#% e! "# "c#"i=#ci! de" $=. E! "# &#G%# de " c# e" di"uGe!(e e #@u# du"ce $uede e% c!ide%#d ue e# #@u# du"ce deid # ue e" di G $(#i e! #@u# de &#% #"&ue%# de c#&$ e%K $%eci$i(#d< G e" %eu"(#d e e" &i& ue i e di"uGe c! #@u# du"ce. Fue%# de c!ide%#% e" &(d de de!i9ic#% u#d< e" $%i&e% $# e de(e%&i!#% "# c#!(id#d de #@u# ue
# id &e=c"#d# e! "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#"< e( e #ce u#!d u!# )e%i! &di9ic#d# de "# ecu#ci! :4c; :e% ecu#ci!e;. E" )"u&e! %ede!i9ic#d $uede e% e!c!(%#d u#!d "# i@uie!(e ecu#ci!5 %Y :d - Y;
Y -------------
%Y "u&e! %ede!i9ic#d ". De(e%&i!#ci! de #" $#%# %ede!i9ic#% c! C#CI2 G %&u% de c#"ci. S! u#d# "# (#"# $#%# de(e%&i!#% "# c#!(id#d de C#CI2 G C#B% 2 %eue%id $#%# %ede!i9ic#% cu#!d e u#! #"e &"(i$"e "# i@uie!(e ecu#ci!e $uede! e% u#d#5
B%Y
C%Y
:Y;
B -------------
:Y;
C --------------
G
C%Y L de C#CI2 #" 0+Q $#%# %ede!i9ic#% #@u# #dici!#d#. E" )"u&e! de!i9ic#d $uede e% e!c!(%#d u#!d "# ecu#ci! i@uie!(e5 %Y :d - Y;
Y - ----------------------
%Y "u&e! %ede!i9ic#d "< :D - D9; # 9 ------------------------:D ] D#;
# e c!)ie%(e e! Y "u&e! de #@u# #dici!#d# "
D9 e c!)ie%(e e! Dd De!id#d di"uid# de #"&ue%# "@#".
9 e c!)ie%(e e! d "u&e! di"uid de #"&ue%# ".
D# e c!)ie%(e e! DY .34 "@#" de!id#d de" #@u#
:D - D9; Y d ------------------------:D - .34 ; U!# )e= ue e" )"u&e! de #@u# #H#did# e # de(e%&i!#d "# c#!(id#d de #" $#%# de!i9ic#% ee )"u&e! de #@u# # "# de!id#d %i@i!#" $ude e% de(e%&i!#d#. E( d &(d e dec%ie! ##85
De(e%&i!#ci! de '%&u% de c#"ci.
#"
%ede!i8ic#d#
c!
S! u#d# (#"# $#%# de(e%&i!#% "# c#!(id#d de C#B% 2 %eue%id $#%# %ede!i9ic#%. Se $uede u#% "# i@uie!(e ecu#ci! B B%Y :Y; --------------
"id#< # e" de!i9ic#d dee u#% B%&u% de C#"ci "id< C"%u% de C#"ci S"id G 10.2 "@#" de "uci! de B%&u% de *i!c. Deid #" ec de ue C#CI 2 "id e di9ci" de di")e% #8 c!dici!e de c#&$< " cK"cu" de&(%#d #u u#%#! "uci!e de C#B% 2 G B%&u% de *i!c. Au&e!(#!d "# de!id#d de #"&ue%# c& 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!< ! di"uid#. E! e" c#&$ e" &(d $%Kc(ic de #u&e!(#% "# de!id#d de u!# #"&ue%# ! di"uid# e #H#di% 10.2 "@#" de B%&u% de *i!c< e( $uede e% ec $% "# ecu#ci! &di9ic#d# $#%# (e!e% "# ecu#ci! i@uie!(e5 :D9 - D; 10.2 ---------------------------: 10.2 - D9 ; E" )"u&e! 9i!#" e!(!ce e i@u#" #5
B C#B%2 #" 0+ Q :""; # "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#" B%Y L de C#B%2 #" 0+ Q $#%# %ede!i9ic#% #@u# #dici!#d# Y C!(e!id de #@u# # "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#" "" Y "u&e! de #@u# #dici!#d# :";.
9 10.2 X Cu#!d #G u!# @%#! di9e%e!ci# e!(%e "# de!id#d 9i!#" G "# de!id#d %i@i!#"< e" )"u&e! 9i!#" #u&e!(#%# i@!i9ic#(i)#&e!(e. e(e ec dee e% c!ide%#d cu#!d e $"#!ee %ede!i9ic#%.
4.+.- CALCULOS PARA SALMUERAS DE SALES MULTIPLES FLUIDOS DE TERMINACION. L# %#=!e $#%# c#&i#% "# c&$ici! de (d# "# #"&ue%# de 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! ! "# &i&#. Si! e&#%@< "# #$%?i&#ci! dee e% di9e%e!(e. B%&u% de *i!c ! e di$!i"e @e!e%#"&e!(e< e! 9%&# E" $%i&e% $# e! %ede!i9ic#% u!# #"&ue%# c& 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! di"uid e de(e%&i!#% "# c#!(id#d de #@u# ue # e!(%#d #" i(e&# e( e #ce u#!d "# ecu#ci! i@uie!(e 5 :D - Dd;
Au&e!(#% "# de!id#d de u!# #"&ue%# c& 8"uid de (e%&i!#ci! di"uid#. Y d ----------------------: D - .34 ; U!# )e= ue e" )"u&e! de #@u# #dici!#d# e # de(e%&i!#d< "# c#!(id#d de #"e $#%# %ede!i9ic#% ee )"u&e! # "# de!id#d %i@i!#" dee e%
de(e%&i!#d#< e( $uede e% ec u#!d (#"#. E(e $%cedi&ie!( e &#!e8# e?#c(#&e!(e de "# &i&# &#!e%# ue e" %ede!i9ic#d. De " i(e&# de 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!. L# ecu#ci! :0; e u# $#%# de(e%&i!#% e" c!(e!id de B%&u% de c#"ci c! )#"%e de(e%&i!#d de (#"#.
ECUACIONES.
B B%Y :Y; --------------
2.- S#
S9 9 - S
3.- 9
:; ------------ 9
L# ecu#ci! : 12 ; e u# $#%# de(e%&i!#% e" )"u&e! de "uci! de B%&u% de *i!c de 10.2 "@#".
*!%Y
1.- 9 :7;
G --------------9
4A.- X # 9
*! O :Y ; ---------
4B.- D X # D9 *! B%&u% de *i!c de 10.2 "@#" c& "" # "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#". *!%Y B" de B%&u% de *i!c de 10.2 "@#" $#%# %ede!i9ic#% e" #@u# #dici!#d#. E" )"u&e! %ede!i9ic#d e e!cue!(%# u#!d "# ecu#ci! 5 Y
%Y :d - Y; - -----------
:D - D9; 4 C.- # 9 -----------------:D D#; :D9 D; 4 D.- -----------------:D# - D9; :D - D#; 4 E.- 9 # -------------------:D - D9; :D# - D; 4 F.- 9 ------------------:D# - D9;
:D# - D9; 4 /.- 9 ------------------:D# - D; +.-
#
C 9 -------------- - C9
C 9 , A.- # T(#" : ; --------------- -
C9 C B9 , B.- B# T(#" : ; ------------------ -B C9 C .- 9 : ; ---------C9
: D ] Dd ; .- Y d ----------------------: D - .34 ;
S# C!(e!id #dici!#" de #" : "" ; de #"&ue%#
B 0.- B%Y : Y ; -------
S9 C!(e!id 9i!#" de #" : "" ; de #"&ue%#
Y 17.- %Y : d ] Y ; ----------
S C!(e!id %i@i!#" de #" : "" ; de #"&ue%# D# De!id#d #dici!#d# de 9"uid : "@#" D9 De!id#d 9i!#" de 9"uid : "@#"
C 11.- C%Y : Y ; ---------- : D9 ] D ; 10.2 : ;---------------------: 10.2 ] D9 ; *! O 13.- *!B% : Y ; ----------------
ABREIATURAS 9 "u&e! 9i!#" de #"&ue%# : B".; "u&e! %i@i!#" de #"&ue%# :B". 9 C!(e!id 9i!#" de #@u# : "" ; de #"&ue%# C!(e!id %i@i!#" de #@u# : "" ; de #"&ue%#
# #@u# #dici!#d# # "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#" :"" ; # T(#" A@u# %eue%id# ((#" #dici!#d#. :"; B# T(#" B%&u% de C#"ci ((#" #dici!#d e! :";. Y "u&e! #dici!#d de #@u# :"; d "u&e! de #"&ue%# di"uid : B" Dd De!id#d di"uid# de "# #"&ue%# :"@#" B%Y L de B%&u% de C#"ci #" 0+Q $#%# %ede!i9ic#% #@u# #dici!#d# Y %Y "u&e! %ede!i9ic#d :" ;
B B%&u% de c#"ci : "" ; de "# #"&ue%# $#%# i!c%e&e!(#% "# de!id#d :S#"&ue%# %i@i!#"; B9 C"%u% de C#"ci : "" ; de "# "uci! %eu"(#!(e de$u de %ede!i9ic#% :S#"&ue%# 9i!#";. # "u&e! #dici!#d de #@u# # "# #"&ue%# :B" ; C C"%u% de C#"ci :1" ; de "# #"&ue%# $#%# i!c%e&e!(#% u!# de!id#d :S#"&ue%# %i@i!#" ;. C9 C"%u% de C#"ci :""; de "# "uci! %eu"(#!(e de$u de %ede!i9ic#% :S#"&ue%# 9i!#" ;.
C%Y L de C"%u% de C#"ci #" 0+ Q $#%# %e
CLORURO DE SODIO REHUERIDO PARA SATURAR UNA SALMUERA DE CLORURO DE CALCIO C#CI2 DE COMPOSICION DE UN BARRIL DE SOLUCION SATURADA. S#"&ue%# C#CI2
De!id#d L/#" .4 .+ ., . . .0 0.7 0.1
C# C12 QPe 1.73 2.74 3.3+ +.7 ,.77 .++ ., 17.27
S#"&ue%# C#CI2 "u&e! :B"; 7.0 7.07 7.07 7.07 7.01 7.01 7.01 7.02
VF NACI L 17, 173 00 0+ 07 + 1 ,
1+VF N# C" L. 127 11, 112 17 174 177 0+ 07
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.+ 0., 0. 0. 0.0 17.7 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.+ 17., 17.
11.+3 12.7 14.7+ 1+.3+ 1,.,2 1.1 1.00 27.27 21.30 22.+4 23.,4 24.1 2+.03 2,.0 2.0 2.4
M#G% ue 17.
7.02 7.03 7.03 7.03 7.04 7.04 7.0+ 7.0+ 7.0, 7.0, 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.00 7.00 1.77
2 , ,3 + +3 40 44 47 3+ 31 2, 22 1 13 17 ,
1.77
,
E(e d#( e(# ##d e! cK"cu" (e%ic< " )#"%e de "# "ui"id#d de" NACI $uede! )#%i#%
+ 7 + 7 ,, ,2 + +4 50
4+ 47 3+ 37 2+ 22 1
1
(#!( c& 17 "". c! di9e%e!(e 9ue!(e de C"%u% de Sdi.
TABLA 1 CEDULA DE ME*CLADO USANDO CLORURO DE CALCIO AL 0+ ? C#!(id#de $% '#%%i" de #"&ue%# De!id#d de "# #"&ue%# L/#" ` ,7VF
A@u#
C#C"2
:B";
:L;
C#C"2
Pu!( de c%i(#"i=#ci! :VF;
0.7
.07
3+.3
0.3
21
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.+
.0+ .07 .0,+ .0+0 .0+4
41.2 4.2 +3.2 +0.1 ,+.1
17. 12.2 13.,
10 1
15.0
1,.3
15
12 0
0., 0. 0. 0.0 17.7
.040 .044 .047 .034 .020
1.1 .7 3.7 0.7 04.0
1., 1.0 27.2 21.4 22.,
, 3 7 -4 -
17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17., 17. 17. 17.0 11.7
.024 .010 .014 .070 .074 .00 .04 .0 .4 .0
171.7 17.7 113.7 110.7 12+.7 131.7 13.7 143.7 140.7 1++.7
23. 2+.7 2,.1 2.2 2.3 20.4 37.+ 31.+ 32.+ 33<+
-13 -1 -23 -20 -3, -43
11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.+
.3 .,, .,7 .+4 .4
1,1.7 1,.7 14.7 17.7 1,.7
34.+ 3+.+ 3,. 3., 3.+
-11 7 13 2 3+
11.,
.42
103.7
30.,
44
10.5
-51
-+0 -47 -22
TABLA II CEDULA DE ME*CLADO PARA SALMUERA DE CLORURO DE CALCIO 11., LBS/AL
De!id#d de "# #"&ue%# L/#" ` ,7 VF
P#%# 1 BI.42 /#". ; A@u# C#C"2 :B"; :B";
Pu!( de c%i(#"i=#ci! VF
0.7
.07
.217
21
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.+
.+ .2 .,00 .,,, .,3+
.243 .23 .371 .334 .3,+
10 1 1+ 12 0
0., 0.
.,7, .+,
.304 .424
, 3
0. 0.0 17.7
.+4+ .+14 .44
.4++ .4, .+1,
7 -4 -
17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.+
.4+2 .422 .31 .3,1 .337
.+4 .+ .,10 .,30 .,7
-13 -1 -23 -20 -3,
17., 17. 17. 17.0 11.7 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.+ 11.,
.377 .27 .247 .217 .17 .1+7 .127 .707 .7,7 .737 .777
.77 .37 .,7 .07 .27 .+7 .7 .017 .047 .07 1.777
-43 -+1 -+0 -47 -22 -11 7 13 2 3+ 44
TABLAII CEDULA DE ME*CLADO PARA SALMUERAS DOBLES De!id#d de "# #"&ue%# ` ,77 VF L/#"
/%#die!(e de $%ei! LPie
C#!(id#de P#%# 1 B" De S#"&ue%# A@u# C# C" 2 C# B% 2 B" :L :L
Te&$e%# c%i(#"i=# VF
11. 11. 11.0 12.7
.,7 .,13 .,10 .,24
.370 .2,3 .21+ .1,
102.34 10.1 1.2 14.3
.4+ 1,.07 2+.3, 33.1
+7 +1 +1 +2
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.+
.,20 .,34 .,30 .,4+ .,+7
.121 .73 .72, .0 .031
12.10 10.,, 1.12 14.+ 12.7+
42.2, +7.1 +0.1, ,.,2 ,.7
+3 +4 +4 +4 +4
12., 12. 12. 12.0 13.7
.,++ .,,7 .,,+ .,1 .,,
.3 .3, .0 .41 .,0+
1,0.+1 1,,.0 1,4.43 1,1.07 1+0.3,
4.+2 02.0 171.43 170.0 11.34
++ ++ ++ +, +
13.1 13.2 13.3
.,1 .,, .,01
.,4 .++0 .++2
1+,.2 1+4.20 1+1.+
12,.0 13+.24 143.,0
+ + +
13.4 13.+
.,0 .72
.+74 .4+
140.21 14,.,
1+2.1+ 1,7.,7
+ +
13., 13. 13. 13.0 14.7
.7 .12 .1 .22 .2
.417 .3,3 .31, .2, .221
144.17 141.,7 130.7, 13,.+3 133.00
1,0.7+ 1.+7 1+.0+ 104.41 272.,
+ + + + +
14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.+
.33 .3 .43 .4 .+4
.13 .12+ .70 .731 .,0+
131.4+ 12.02 12,.3 123.4 121.37
211.31 210., 22.21 23,., 24+.12
+0 +0 ,7 ,1 ,2
TABLA 11 CEDULA DE ME*CLADO PARA SALMUERAS DOBLES
De!id#d de L# S#"&ue%# ` ,77 VF L/#"
/%#die!(e de $%ei! LPie
C#!(id#de $#%# 1 B" de A@u# C#C"2 B" :L;
C#B% 2 :L;
Te&$e%#(u%# C%i(#"i=#ci! VF
14., 14. 14. 14.0 1+.7
.+0 .,4 .,0 .4 .7
.,03 .,0 .,42 .,0+ .,4
11. 11,.23 113.,0 111.1, 17.,2
2+3.+ 2,2.72 27.4 2.03 2.30
,3 ,4 ,+ ,+ ,,
1+.1
.+
.,77
17,.7
20+.4
,,
TABLA 1 J G - 1 CEDULA DE ME*CLAS
De!id#d deB#%%i"e B#%%i"e #"&ue%# 10.2 L/#" L/#"; *!B% 2C#B% 2 1+.2 1+.3 1+.3 1+.+ 1+., 1+. 1+. 1+.0 1,.7 1,.1 1,.2 1,.3 1,.4 1,.+ 1,., 1,. 1,. 1,.0 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
7.724 7.740 7.73 7.70 7.122 7.14, 7.11 7.10+ 7.227 7.244 7.2, 7.203 7.31 7.341 7.3,, 7.307 7.41+ 7.430 7.4,3 7.4 7.+12 7.+3 7.+,1
L. 14.2 L/#" C# B% 2 7.7 7.4, 7.24 7.72 7.1 7.+0 7.3 7.1, 7.,04 7.,2 7.,+1 7.,20 7.,7 7.+, 7.+,4 7.+42 7.+27 7.400 7.4 7.4++ 7.434 7.412 7.307
Pu!( de C# C" 2 173.+ 177.0 0.3 0+. 03.2 07., .7 +.4 2. 7.2 ., +.1 2.+ ,0.0 ,.3 ,4. ,2.1 +0.+ +,.0 +4.4 +1. 40.2 4,.,
c%i(#"i=#ci! : FV ; ,+ +0 +0 +0 + + + +4 +3 +2 50 50
40 4 4, 43 47 3, 32 2 31 3+ 3
1.+ 1., 1. 1. 1.0
7.++ 7.,17 7.,34 7.,+0 7.,3
7.3,0 7.34 7.32+ 7.374 7.22
44.7 41.4 3. 3,.2 33.,
41 4+ 44 44 43
TABLA 1 J G - 1 CEDULA DE ME*CLAS
De!id#d de #"&ue%# L/#";
1.7 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.+ 1., 1. 1. 1.0 10.7 10.1 10.2
B#%%i"e 10.2 L/#"
B#%%i"e 14.2 L/#"
*!B% 2C#B% 2
C#B% 2
7.7 7.32 7.+, 7.7 7.7+ 7.20 7.+4 7. 7.072 7.02 7.0+1 7.0, 1.777
7.2,7 7.23 7.21 7.10+ 7.13 7.1+2 7.137 7.17 7.7 7.7,+ 7.743 7.722 7.777
L. C#C" 2
Pu!( de c%i(#"i=#ci! : FV ;
31.1 2.+ 2+.0 23.3 27. 1.1
43 42 41 3 3+ 32 2 2+ 23 1 1 1 1,
15.5
12.0 17.4 . +.2 2., 7.7
TABLA 1 COMPOSICION DE SALMUERAS DE BROMURO DE CALCIO USANDO BROMURO DE CALCIO SÓLIDO AL 0+ ?. De!id#d de S#"&ue%# ` ,7 VF L/#" 11., 11. 11. 11.0 12.7 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.+ 12., 12. 12. 12.0 13.7 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.+ 13., 13. 13. 13.0 14.7 14.1 14.2 14.3
/%#die!(e de $%ei! LPuI@2$ie .,72 .,7 .,13 .,1 .,23 .,2 .,33 .,30 .,44 .,40 .,+4 .,,7 .,,+ .,7 .,+ .,1 .,, .,01 .,0, .71 .7, .12 .1 .22 .2 .33 .3 .42
P#%# $%e$%#% 1 BI.:42 /#"; A@u# C# B% 2 L. B". 1,.3 101.0 10.+ 273.1 27. 214.3 210.0 22+.+ 231.1 23,. 242.3 24.7 2+3. 2+0.4 2,+.1 27. 2,.+ 22.2 2.0 203., 200.4 37+.2 311.7 31,. 322., 32.4 333.4 347.1
.,7 .+, .+2 .4 .44 .47 .3, .32 .2 .24 .27 .1, .11 .7 .73 .00 .04 .07 ., .1 . .2 ., .,3 .+ .+4 .+1 .44
Pu!( de c%i(#"i=#ci! : VF ; -32 -3, -47 -4+ -50 -55
-,1 -, -3 -7 - -02 -0, - - -7 -,3 -+3 -43 -30 -34 -2 -27 -13 - 1 17 1
14.4 14.+ 14., 14. 14. 14.0 1+.7
.4 .+2 .+ .,3 ., .3 .0
34,.7 3+1.0 3+. 3,3. 3,0. 3+. 31.
.30 .34 .37 .24 .10 .14 .70
23 37 3, 43 50
+, ,1
E(# (#"# e(# $%e$#%#d# "#&e!(e $#%# $%$i( de %ede!i9ic#ci!e.
TABLA 1 C!(i!u# COMPOSICION DE SALMUERA DE BROMURO DE CALCIO USANDO BROMURO DE CALCIO SOLIDO AL 0+ ?. De!id#d De S#"&ue%# ` ,7VF L/#"LPuI@2Pie 1+.1 1+.2 1+.3 1+.4 1+.+ 1+., 1+. 1+. 1+.0 1,.7 1,.1 1,.2 1,.3 1,.4 1,.+ 1,., 1,. 1,. 1,.0 1.7 1.1 1.2
/%#die!(e De P%ei!
.+ .07 .0+ .71 .7, .11 .1, .22 .2 .32 .3 .42 .4 .+3 .+ .,3 ., .4 .0 .4 .0 .04
P#%# P%e$#%#% 1 BI.: 42 /#" ; C# B% 2 A@u# L. B". 3. 303.0 477.7 47,.1 412.2 41.3 424.1 437.3 43,.2 442.1 44.2 4+4.3 4,7., 4,,.0 42. 4. 44., 407.+ 40.7 +73.+ +70.4 +1+.3
.74 .,00 .,03 ., .,3 ., .,2 .,,, .,,1 .,+, .,+1 .,4, .,47 .,33 .,20 .,24 .,10 .,14 .,7 .,71 .+0, .+01
E(# (#"# e(# $%e$#%#d# !ic#&e!(e $#%# $%$i( de %ede!i9ic#ci!e.
Pu!( De C%i(#"i=#ci! :VF; ,, 7 3 , 7 4 + , 07 07 02 04 0+ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 0 177 172
TABLA I
COMPOSICION DE 1 BL. DE SALMUERA DE DE CLORURO DE AMONIO De!id#d de #"&ue%# ` 7 VF L/#" .4 .+ ., . .0 0.7
A@u# B" 7.0+2 7.04 7.010 7.,3 7.+7 7.12
N>4 C" L. 17.+ 2+.7 30+ ++.7 2.7 07.7
N>4 C" Qe! $e 3.7 .7 11.7 1+.7 10.+ 24.7
Te&$e%#(u%# de C%i(#"i=#ci! :'F D#d; :VF De(e%&i!#d; 2.7 23.7 1.7 ----------
2.7 22.7 1,.7 11.7 +.7 31.7
TABLA II CEDULA DE ME*CLAS DE BROMURO DE SODIO USANDO BROMURO DE SODIO LIHUIDO A/UA. De!id#d : L/#" 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.+ 0., 0. 0. 0.0 17.7 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.+ 17., 17. 17. 17.0 11.7 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.+ 11., 11. 11. 11.0 12.7 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4
A@u# :B1;
N# B% :B1;
Pu!( De C%i(#"i=#ci! VF : Te&$. ;
7.3++ 7.17 7.,3 7.,14 7.3, 7.127 7.,+ 7.,,37 7.,34 7.,13 7.+04 7.+,40 7.+474 7.+1+ 7.4013 7.4,, 7.4422 7.41 7.302 7.3, 7.342 7.31 7.2047 7.277 7.24+7 7.2217 7.10,7 7.127 7.1427 7.1237 7.70 7.73 7.740 7.724 -------
7.1,4+ 7.102 7.213 7.23, 7.2,32 7.27 7.312+ 7.337 7.3,1, 7.3,2 7.417, 7.43+1 7.4+0, 7.442 7.+7 7.+332 7.++ 7.+23 7.,73 7.,323 7.,+3 7.,23 7.7,7 7.377 7.++7 7.07 7.747 7.2,7 7.+37 7.7 7.0727 7.027 7.0+17 7.0,7 1.7777
2 2 2, 2+ 24 23 10 1 1 1, 1+ 13 12 11 17 0 , 3 1 -2 -+ -, - -17 -12 -14 -1, -10 -21 -13 -, + 1, 2 3
T A B L A III CEDULA DE ME*CLAS CON BROMURO DE SODIO USANDO BROMURO DE SODIO SOLIDO A/UA. De!id#d : L/#" .4 .+ ., . . .0 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.+ 0., 0. 0. 0.0 17.7 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.+ 17., 17. 17. 17.0
A@u# :B";
N# B% : L;
N# B% :Q;
Pu!( de c%i(#"i=#ci! :' F Te&$.
7.000 7.00, 7.002 7.00 7.04 7.00 7.0+ 7.07 7.0,, 7.0,1 7.0+, 7.0+7 7.040 7.041 7.03 7.033 7.02 7.023 7.01 7.014 7.017 7.07+ 7.077 7.0+ 7.01 7.,
2.1 ., 13. 10.2 2+.7 31.7 3,. 42., 4.3 +4.2 ,7.2 ,,.4 2.7 .0 3., 0.2 0+.4 171.1 17.1 112., 11.2 124.1 137.2 13,.7 141. 14.,
7.,7 2.27 3. +.27 ,.7 .27 0.,+ 11.77 12.47 13.+ 1+.17 1,.4+ 1.,+ 1.03 27.17 21.2+ 22.+7 23.,7 24.+ 2+.+ 2,.7 2.+ 2.0+ 20.0+ 37.0+ 31.07
------2 2 2, 2+ 24 23 10 1 1 1, 1+ 13 12 11 17 0 , 3 1 -2
TABLA 111
C!(i!u#ci! CEDULA DE ME*CLAS DE BROMURO DE SODIO USANDO BROMURO DE SODIO SÓLIDO A/UA
De!id#d : L/#" ; 11.7 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.+ 11., 11. 11. 11.0 12.7 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.+ 12., 12.
A@u# : B" ; 7.2 7. 7.2 7., 7.,2 7.+ 7.+3 7.4 7.44 7.30 7.34 7.31 7.2+ 7.23 7.1, 7.12 7.7 7.74
N# B% : L ; 1+3.3 1+0.2 1,+.1 11.1 1.7 13.7 1., 104. 277.2 27,.7 212.7 21.3 223., 22.+ 23+.1 247. 24,. 2+2.7
N# B% :Q; 32.+ 33.7 34.+ 3+.7 3,.,7 3.++ 3.3+ 30.2+ 47.77 47.7 41.,+ 42.3+ 43.27 43.7 44.7 4+.47 4,.1+ 4,.7
Pu!( de c%i(#"i=#ci! : VF Te&$. ; -5
-, - -17 -12 -14 -1, -10 -21 -13 -, 5
17 2 3 ----
TABLA I
CEDULA DE ME*CLAS DE CLORURO DE SODIOBROMURO DE SODIO USANDO 1@.@ LBI/AL DE N# C" 12.4 L LB/AL DE N# B%
De!id#d : L/#"
17.7 L/#" N# C" :B1;
17.7 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.+ 17., 17. 17. 17.0 11.7 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.+ 11., 11. 11. 11.0 12.7 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4
1.777 7.0+ 7.01 7.+ 7.33 7.02 7.+7 7.7 7.,, 7.,2+ 7.+3 7.+42 7.+77 7.4+ 7.41 7.3+ 7.333 7.202 7.2+7 7.27 7.1, 7.12+ 7.73 7.742 7.777
N# B% :B1; 7.777 7.742 7.73 7.12+ 7.1, 7.27 7.2+7 7.202 7.333 7.3+ 7.41 7.4+ 0.500
7.+42 7.+3 7.,2+ 7.,, 7.7 7.+7 7.02 7.33 7.+ 7.01 7.0+ 1.777
Pu!( de c%i(#"i=#ci! :VF Te&$.; 37 ------------------------------------23 2 32 3, 30 4,
TABLA
CEDULA DE ME*CLAS DE CLORURO DE SODIO 1 BROMURO DE SODIO.
De!id#d : L/#" 17.7 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.+ 17., 17. 17. 17.0 11.7 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.+ 11., 11. 11. 11.0 12.7 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.+ 12., 12.
A@u# :B" ;
N# C" :L;
N# B% :L
7., 7.3 7.7 7. 7.4 7.1 7., 7.,+ 7.,2 7.+0 7.+, 7.+3 7.+7 7.4 7.44 7.41 7.3 7.3+ 7.32 7.20 7.2, 7.23 7.27 7.1 7.1+ 7.12 7.70 7.7,
117.7 17,.7 172.7 0. 03. 0., +., 1.+ .4 3.4 ,0.3 ,2.+ ,1.2 +.1 +2.0 4. 44. 47. 3,., 32., 2.+ 24.4 27.4 1,.3 12.2 .1 4.1 7.7
7.7 0.3 1., 2.0 3.1 4,.4 ++. ,+.7 4.3 3., 02. 172.7 111.7 121.7 137.7 130.7 140.7 1+.7 1,.7 1.7 1,.7 10+.7 274.7 214.7 223.7 232.7 242.7 2+1.7
PROBLEMAS DE EKEMPLO; S#"&ue%# i&$"e.
E8e&$" 4 . P%e$#%e 3+7 " de 0.2 "@#" de #"&ue%# u#!d c"%u% de $(#i P# 1. De(e%&i!e " i@uie!(e e! (#"#5
Pu!( de c%i(#"i=#ci! : VF Te&$. ; 37 -------------------3 41 4 40 +3 +, ,7 ,3
P# 2. de(e%&i!e e" ((#" de &#(e%i#"e5 A@u# ((#" : 9 T(#"; :3+7 ; 7.024 323 " T(#" de #" :S9 ((#" ; :3+7; ,2.4 2147 "
9 :A@u# c!(e!id# e! #"&ue%#; 7.02 "" de #"&ue%#
E8e&$" +
S9 :C!(e!id de #" e! "# #"&ue%# ,2. "" de #"&ue%#
I!c%e&e!(e "# de!id#d de 477 " de 0.+ "@#" de u!# #"&ue%# de C#CI 2 # 17.7 "@#".
S# :04.0; :411; - :,+.1; :477; P# 1. De(e%&i!e " i@uie!(e e! (#"#5 D - De!id#d de "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#"< 0.+ "@#" E" c!(e!id %i@i!#" de #@u# e! 1 #"&ue%#<7.024 "" de #"&ue%# S C!(e!id %i@i!#" de #" e! 1 #"&ue%#< ,+.1 "" D9 De!id#d 9i!#" de "# #"&ue%#< 1 "@#" S9 C!(e!id 9i!#" de "# #"&ue%#< 04."" de #"&ue%# P# 2. U#!d "# ecu#ci! 1 $#%# de(e%&i!e e" )"u&e! 9i!#" :9 ; de$u de #@%e@#% #". 9 --------------------9 :477; :.0+4; 9 -------------------- .020 9 411 B" P# 35 Ue "# ecu#ci! 2 $#%# e!c!(%#% "# c#!(id#d #dici!#" C#CI2 %eue%id#
S# 120,4 L C#CI2 :/%#!u"#d; E8e&$" ,5 Di"uG# 2+7 " de 11.3 "@#" de #"&ue%# de C#CI2 c! #@u# du"ce $#%# (e!e% u!# #"&ue%# de 17. "@#". E!cue!(%e e" )"u&e! de #@u# du"ce $#%# (e!e% u!# #"&ue%# de 17. "@#"< e!cue!(%e e" )"u&e! de #@u# du"ce %eue%id# G e" )"u&e! 9i!#" de #"&ue%# di"uid#. 2+7 B" D 11.3 L/#" D9 17. L/#" D# .34 L/#" P# 1. U#!d "# ecu#ci! : 4 F ; e!cue!(%# e" 9 de" )"u&e! 9i!#" de "# #"&ue%#. 9
: D# ] D ; --------------------: D# ] D9 ;
: .34 - 11.3 ; 9 :2+7; -------------------: .34 - 17. ; : -2.0, ; 9 :2+7; -------------
S# S9 9 - S
: -2.3, ; 9 313.+ B" P# 2. U#!d "# ecu#ci! : 4# ; e!cue!(%# e" # #dici!#!d #" )"u&e! de .34 "@# de #@u# du"ce. X # 9 2+7 X # 313.++
# 313.++ - 2+7 # ,3.+, B"
E8e&$" .D# 17.2 L/#" U#!d +77 " de 11., "@#" de #"&ue%# C#CI2 G +77 " de 17.2 "@#" de C#CI 2 $%e$#%e ,77 " de 1 1.7 "@#" de 9"uid.
9 ,77 B" D9 11.7 L/#"
342. B" 1 1., L " de F"uid
P# 1.Au&ie!d $#%# e(e c#"cu" ue e e" )"u&e! de 11., "@#" de 9"uid %eue%id G ue # e e" )"u&e! de 17.2 "@#" de 9"uid %eue%id !(% e"ecci!#& "# ecu#ci! : 4 / ; G %e")e%e& $#%# . D 11., L/#" D# 17.2 L/#" : D# ] D9 ; 9 -----------------: D# ] D ;
U#!d "# ecu#ci! :4 A ; %e")e& $% # X # 9 # 9 - # ,77 - 342. # 2+.2 " 17.2 "@#" de #"&ue%# E8e&$" 5
Cu#!(# #"&ue%# de 1+.1 "':#" e %e5uie%e $#%# i!c%e&e!(#% "# de!id#d de 3+@ '" de 14.@ "':#" # u!# de!id#d de 14.3 "':#" D# 1+.1 "':#"
: 17.2 - 11.7; ,77 -----------------: 17.2 - 11., ;
3+7 " D 14.7 "@#" D9 14.3 "@#"
P# 15 U#!d "# ecu#ci! : 49 ; %e")e& $#%# 9
: -7.;
,77 -------------: -1.4 ;
: 1+.1 - 14.7 ; 9 3+7 -----------------
: 1+.1 - 14.3 ;
: D# ] D ; 9 -----------------: D# ] D9 ;
X # 9 # 41.2+ - 3+7 # 131.2+ " :D#; 1+.1 "@#" de #"&ue%# # Y 2+2. " 17.2 "@#" de #"&ue%#
: 1.1 ;
9 3+7 -----------
: 7. ;
9 41.2+ " de 14.3 "@#" P# 25 U#!d "# ecu#ci! : 4# ; %e")e& $#%# #
E8e&$" 0.- U#!d +77 " de 14.7 "@#" + VF de c%i(#"i=#ci! $%e$#%e u!# #"&ue%# de 14.3 "@#" # ,7 VF< de(e%&i!e e" )"u&e! 9i!#"< u(ed "#&e!(e (ie!e +77 " de )"u&e! e! $%e# G $=. De "# (#"# de(e%&i!e " d#( i@uie!(e5 133.00 C9 = 12,.3 7.221
9 B B9
7.70 272., 22.21 +77
9
C ----------------------C9 133.00 ------------12,.3
E!(!ce5
9 +77
C 9 # ((#" : ; -------------------- - C9
9 +37 B".
# ((#" +77
133.00 7.70 ------------------------- - 7.221 12,.3
# ((#" 14.21 B" De A@u# Adici!#" C B9 B# ((#" : ; ------------------- - B C9 130.00 22.21 B# ((#" +77 ------------------------- -272., 12,.3
E8e&$" 17 U! 9"uid de 14., "@#" ,.3VF de (e&$e%#(u%# de c%i(#"i=#ci! # id di"uid # 14.1 "@#". E" i(e&# ((#" e de +7 ". De!i9iue e" 9"uid # 14., "@#" u#!d #&< C#C"2 C#B% 2. De(e%&i!e e" )"u&e! 9i!#". P%i&e%.- C#"cu"e e" )"u&e! de #@u# ue di"uG "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#" :D - Dd; ----------------------------: D - .34 ;
Yd
: 14., - 14.1 ; ------------------------: 14., - .34 ; B".
B# T(#" 10<+47 L.
Y +7
Se@u!d.- De(e%&i!e " i@uie!(e de (#"#5 B 2+3.3 " C#B% 2 $% #%%i" de #"&ue%# %i@i!#" C 1 1 . " C#B% 2 $% #%%i" de #"&ue%# %i@i!#" 7.,03 " de #@u# $% #%%i" de #"&ue%# %i@i!#"
C C%Y Y ------
E!(!ce5 B B%Y Y ----- : 2+3.+ ; B%Y : +0.0 ; ------------- 210+ L 7.,03
: 11. ; C%Y +0.0 ;------------- 7.,03 172++ L. E!(!ce e e!cue!(%# e" )"u&e! ((#"5 %Y
%Y
:d
Y;
: +7 - +0.0 ;
Y - ------------ +0.0 -----------7.,03
+0.07
,.4+ B". E8e&$" 11 Ue "# &i&# c!dici!e ue e" e8e&$" 17< $e% #@# " cK"cu" u#!d " C#B% 2 . P%i&e%.- C#"cu"e e" )"u&e! de #@u# ue di"uG "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#" Y +0.0 B" Se@u!d.- De(e%&i!e " d#( i@uie!(e de (#"# 5 B 3+. " C#B% 2 $% #%%i" de #"&ue%# %i@i!#" 7.37 " de #@u# $% #%%i" de #"&ue%# %i@i!#" . E!(!ce5 B B%Y Y ----------------
Ue "# ecu#ci! : 12 ; $#%# de(e%&i!#% e" )"u&e! de B%&u% de *i!c : D9 ] D ; 10.2 ----------------------------: 10.2 ] D9 ; 1,. - 1,., ; ,77 ------------------------: 10.2 - 1,. ; +7.77 L/#"
B" de B%&u% de *i!c de 10.2
9 +7 B" X ,77 ,+7 B". Au&e!(#% "# de!id#d de u!# #"&ue%# c& 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! di"uid. E" $%i&e% $# e! %ede!i9ic#% u!# #"&ue%# c& 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! di"uid e de(e%&i!#% "# c#!(id#d de #@u# ue # e!(%#d #" i(e&# e( e #ce u#!d "# ecu#ci! i@uie!(e : ;.
: 3+. ; B%Y : +0.0 ;----------7.3 B%Y 203+0 L de C# B% 2 E" )"u&e! %ede!i9ic#d $% u#% " C#B% 2 e e!cue!(%# u#!d "# ecu#ci! : 17 ;5 Y %Y : d ] Y ; ----------- +0.0 %Y +7 - +0.0 ; --------7.3 %Y 2 B" de #"&ue%# %ede!i9ic#d#. E8e&$" 12
U!# "uci! de 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! de 1,., "@#" dee e% #u&e!(#d# # 1,. "@#". E" )"u&e! $%ee!(e e de ,77 ". Cu#!( #%%i"e de B%&u% de *i!c de 10.2 "@#" e %eue%i%K! $#%# %ede!i9ic#% e" )"u&e! ((#" # 1,. "@#" G cu#" e%K e" )"u&e! 9i!#"_
:D - Dd; Y d ----------------------: D - .34 ; U!# )e= ue e" )"u&e! de #@u# #dici!#d# e # de(e%&i!#d< "# c#!(id#d de #"e $#%# %ede!i9ic#% ee )"u&e! # "# de!id#d %i@i!#" dee e% de(e%&i!#d#< e( $uede e% ec u#!d (#"#. E(e $%cedi&ie!( e &#!e8# e?#c(#&e!(e de "# &i&# &#!e%# ue e" %ede!i9ic#d De " i(e&# de 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!. L# ecu#ci! :0; e u# $#%# de(e%&i!#% e" c!(e!id de B%&u% de c#"ci c! )#"%e de(e%&i!#d de (#"#. B B%Y :Y; --------------
L# ecu#ci! : 12 ; e u# $#%# de(e%&i!#% e" )"u&e! de "uci! de B%&u% de *i!c 10.2 "@#". *! O *!%Y : Y ; --------- *! B%&u% de *i!c de 10.2 "@#" c "" # "# de!id#d de "# #"&ue%# %i@i!#". *!%Y B" de B%&u% de *i!c de 1 "@#" $#%# %ede!i9ic#% e" #@u# #dici!#d# E" )"u&e! %ede!i9ic#d e e!cue!(%# u#!d "# ecu#ci! : 17 ; Y %Y :d - Y; ------------ E8e&$" 13
U!# #"&ue%# de 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! 1,.+ "@#" # id di"uid# # 1,.2 "@#". )"u&e! e de 77 ". De(e%&i!e e" )"u&e! de B%&u% de *i!c G "# c#!(id#d de B%&u% de C#"ci %eue%id $#%# %ede!i9ic#% G )"u&e! ((#" de$u de %ede!i9ic#%. P%i&e% e!cue!(%e e" )"u&e! de #dici!#d#5
Y d
: D ] Dd ; -------------------: D - .34 ;
: 1,.+ - 1,.2 ; 77 -----------------------------: 1,.+ - .34 ; 20.41 B" de #@u# #dici!#d#
Se@u!d de(e%&i!e "# c#!(id#d de B%&u% de C#"ci %eue%id5 Y B *!O
20.41 B" 24+ 7.4,+ 7.3+
B B%Y : Y ; -------------- 24+ 20.41 ; -----------7.4+,
*! O *!%Y :Y; --------- 7.3+ :20.4 1; --------7.4+,
23.72 B" De B%&u% De *i!c. E!(!ce e" )"u&e! ((#" e e!cue!(%# c! "#!ecu#ci!: 17 ;.
1+71 L de B%&u% de C#"ci Te%ce%.- De(e%&i!e e" )"u&e! de B%&u% de *i!c de 10.2 "@#"
Y %Y :d - Y; ---------
20.4 : 77 - 20.4 ;- ----------7.4+, 3+ B" de #"&ue%# de 1,.+ "@#".
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,.2.- TIPOS DE SALMUERAS L# #"&ue%# u#d# e! "# i!du(%i# $e(%"e%# ! di"uci!e c"#%# de C"%u% de Sdi :N#CI;< de P(#i:aCI;< G C#"ci :C#CI2; G " B%&u% de Sdi :N#B%;< P(#i :aB%;< C#"ci :C#B%2; G *i!c :*!B%2;
e% (#'"# A 6 B #" %i!#" de" C#$(u" ,.3 COMPOSICIÓN PROPIEDADES DE LAS SALMUERAS L# $%$ied#de 9iic-u&ic# de "# #"&ue%# de$e!de! de "# c&$ici! u&ic#.
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CONTAMINANTES O2 C72 G >2S SALESSOLUBLES CIDO MINERAL
POSIBLES FUENTES Ai%e#ci! A@u# G @# de 9%&#ci!< #c(i)id#d #c(e%i#!# F"uid de C!(%" E(i&u"#ci! c#di(i)
ARIACIÓN DEL $J CON LA DENSIDAD LA COMPOSICIÓN DE LAS SALMUERAS SALMUERA :-----------; N#CIN#B% C#CI2 C#B%2 C#C"2C#B%2 C#CI2C#B%2*!B%2 C#CI2C#B%2*!B%2 C#CI2C#B%2*!B%2
DENSIDA D :@%cc;
$> :------;
1.7-1.+7 1.30 1.7 1.7 1.02 2.1, 2.2
.7-7 ,.+-.+ ,.+-.+ ,.7-.7 4.+-+.7 2.+ 3.7 1.+-2.7
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,.4.1.-
Adi(i) de" "d
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,.4.4.- Medid# de "# (## de c%%i!
,.+.-PROCEDIMIENTOPARA ELCONTROL DE LA CORROSIÓN EN LAS SALMUERAS LOS FLUIDOS EMPACANTES ,.+.1.- I!i'id%e de c%%i!
TASA DE CORROSION DE SALMUERA QQ C#B%2*!B%2 QQ c! i!i'id% # 121 C ACERO 1@1@ De! de Me7c"# Du%#ci! de P%ue'# di# :%cc T## de C%%i! &$# 1 3@ 0@ 1@ --------C#B%2 1.@ .2 @.0 @.2 @.2 @.1 C#B%2*!B%21.02 4.0 @. @.3 @.3 @.2 C#B%2*!B%22.1, .+ 1.2 1.3 @. @., C#B%2*!B%22.3@ 12.0 2. 3.+ 4.2 4.2
3,@ @.1 @.1 @. 1.
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id%@e! &!#(&ic< ( # u )e= c#$(u%#! e"ec(%!e $#%# (%#!9%&#%e e! id%@e! &"ecu"#% @#e< e! e(# 9%&# e $%duce Fie%% i!ic ue e!(%# e! "uci! e id%@e! &"ecu"#%. L# c%%i! de" #ce% e u!i9%&e e! !#(u%#"e=#< i! e&#%@ $% e" e9ec( de" i!iid% $uede $%duci%e u!# c%%i! "c#"i=#d#< e( deid # ue " i!iid%e $uede! de@%#d#%e e% i!u9icie!(e "# $e"cu"# #d%id#. E( de$e!de de "# (e&$e%#(u%#< c!ce!(%#ci! de" #@e!(e c%%i)< (i$ de &e(#"< e!(%e (% 9#c(%e. L#< c%%i! "c#"i=#d# e &#!i9ie(# @e!e%#"&e!(e $% c#)id#de ue e 9%&#! e! "# u$e%9icie &e(K"ic# G e &uc &K @%#)e ue "# c%%i! u!i9%&e.
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Ti$ de i!i'id%e
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L# c!(%ucci! Kic# e! " c&$!e!(e %@K!ic ! "#%@# c#de!# "i!e#"e %#&i9ic#d# c!(i(uid# de c#%! e id%@e!. E( c&$ue( ! ec de #"(# $"#%id#d $% i!e%ci! de u! &K K(& de e"e&e!( (#"e c& !i(%@e!< #=u9%e< ?i@e!< e(c.< de!(% de u e(%uc(u%#. L# c#%#c(e%(ic# de "ui"id#d $uede! e% #"(e%#d# $% "# #dici! de ( K(& e! cu#"uie% !&e% de e(#$# du%#!(e e" $%ce de &#!u9#c(u%#. L #@e!(e c! #c(i)id#d u$e%9ici#" c#e! de!(% de (%e c"#i9ic#ci!e ue !5 c#!!ic< #!i!ic G ! i!ic. L i!iid%e c#!!ic ! e! @e!e%#" # #e de #&i!# 9%&#d c! u! &K K(& de !i(%@e!. E! (e e(#d e" !i(%@e! (ie!e u! $de% de c#%@# $i(i)# G $uede e% #(%#d # u!# u$e%9icie c#(dic#. L i!iid%e #!i!ic ! #(%#d # u!# u$e%9icie #!dic# G ! 9%&#d #"%eded% de u! %#dic#" de" (i$ R-COO>. E( &#(e%i#"e (ie!e! c#%@# !e@#(i)# G uc#! ##!d!#% u e"ec(%!e. L i!iid%e ! i!ic c!i(e! de "#%@# c#de!# &"ecu"#%e ue c!(ie!e! ?i@e! e! u %#dic#"e (#"e c& " (e%e< e(e%e G #"ded i! e&#%@ "# c#%@# #! id e!
@%#! $#%(e !eu(%#"i=#d# # ue $uede! e% #(%#d $% #&# c#%@# $i(i)# !e@#(i)# :cK(d K!d;. E(# #cci! u&ic# $uede %e(#%d#% "# c%%i! e! #"@u! c# deid # "# #d%ci! 9ic# %e "# u$e%9icie de" &e(#". Cu#!d u! i!iid% c#!!ic e #$%?i&# #" K%e# c#(dic# (e e #(%#d c! %e"#(i)# 9ue%=# G 9%&# u!# $e"cu"# %e e" &e(#". E" id%@e! $uede (#&i! 9%&#% u!# $e"cu"# %e e" cK(d i! e&#%@ (# e 9Kci"&e!(e %e&)id# :de$"#%i=#d#; $% e8e&$"< e" !i(%@e! c!(ie!e #de%e!ci# c#!!ic# &uc &K 9ue%(e #" &e(#" G ! e %e&)id $% "# $u%# $%ee!ci# de" ?i@e!. De (# &#!e%# e" $%ce de c%%i! e de(e!id #(# ue "# $e"cu"# e# %e&)id# $% #"@u!# 9ue%=# &#G%. U!# $e"cu"# e 9%&#d# $% e" !i(%@e! #de%id# #" &e(#" c! "# $#%(e e?$ue(# #" id%c#%u% #cei( G e?$ue(# #" e"ec(%"i(. L# $e"cu"# e ! c!duc(%# G "# %e#cci!e de c%%i! $uede! e% %e(#%d#d# $% (# e$#%#ci! de "# 9#e %e#c(i)#. L i!iid%e %@K!ic #!i!ic ! #(%#d $% e" K!d G u!# $e"cu"# e 9%&#d#< (e!ie!d u c&$%(#&ie!( de "# &i&# &#!e%# ue "
i!iid%e c#!!ic. L i!iid%e #!i!ic $uede! e% #(%#id # "# u$e%9icie de" &e(#" i! (e!e% e! cue!(# u c#%@#. E" #cei(e :! i!ic; #(%#d 9u!ci!# c& u! %ecu%i&ie!( $%i&#%i %e "# u$e%9icie de" &e(#". E(e (i$ de i!iid%e #ce! &K c#$#= #" #cei(e $#%# e?(e!de% G &8#% "# u$e%9icie de" &e(#" e! u!# 9%&# &K e9icie!(e ue e" #cei(e ". L i!iid%e c#!!ic G #!i!ic (#&i! (ie!e! (# #cci! i! e&#%@ " i!iid%e ! i!ic ! 9%&u"#d c! i!iid%e i!ic $#%# i!c%e&e!(#% u e9ec(i)id#d.
>2S $#%# $%duci% #"e ! %e#c(i)# ue &#(e! # "# #c(e%i#. E( $%duc( ! c&$#(i"e c! " i!iid%e de $e"cu"# G dee! e% u#d e! c!8u!( c! ( $%duc( u&ic $#%# d#% d 9%&# de $%(ecci! c%%i)#.
,.+.2.2.- I!iid%e ue e"i&i!#! e" e"e&e!( c%%i) L #di(i) ue #(#c#! " e"e&e!( c%%i) e! e" 9"uid e&$#c#!(e ! e"ec(i)#&e!(e di%i@id #" 72 "i%e< #c(e%i# #e%ic# G #!#e%ic#. E( #di(i) %e#cci!#! u&ic#&e!(e c! e" 72< C72
,.+.3.- Medid# $#%# e" c!(%" de "# c%%i! de "# #"&ue%# Medid% de "# )e"cid#d de c%%i! de " &e(#"e e! c!(#c( c! 9"uid c!duc(%e. :Md. 1127 CORRATER;
INTRODUCCIÓN E" &edid% de c%%i!< e u! i!(%u&e!( $%(K(i" ue c!i(e de 2 e"e&e!(< e" cue%$ de" i!(%u&e!( e! G u!# !d# de(ec(%# de "# c%%i!< ue $%)ee &edid# de "# (## de c%%i! di%ec(#&e!(e e! &i"i&# de
$u"@#d# $% #H :&$#; cu#!d e u#d e! 9"uid c! c!duc(i)id#d e"c(%ic# (#"e c&5 #@u# $#%# e!9%i#&ie!(< #"&ue%#< #@u# de &#% G #@u# $#%# i(e&# de i!Gecci! # $= $e(%"e%. U!# "ec(u%# #dici!#" e "# &edid# de "# (e!de!ci# de c%%i! (i$ "c#"i=#d# G u %#!@ de "ec(u%# &!i&# G &K?i&# ! de" %de! de 1 # 1777 &$# %e$ec(i)#&e!(e.
G e!i(i)# $e% %euie%e ue e" 9"uid e# e"c(%ic#&e!(e c!duc(%. E! "# &#G%# de " c# "# (## de c%%i! ! "ed# di%ec(#&e!(e :i! c%%ecci! cK"cu"; de" i!(%u&e!( de &edici!. T#&i! e $uede! (&#% &edid# $#%# "# de(e%&i!#ci! de "# (## de c%%i! "c#"i=#d# c! u! i&$"e c#&i e! "# $e%i""# de" i!(%u&e!(.
PRINCIPIOS DE OPERACIÓN
E" eui$< ##d %e e" $%i!ci$i CORRATER e u#d $%i!ci$#"&e!(e e! "# &edid# G c!(%" de c%%i! e! i(e&# #cu< deid # ue ( i(e&# $%)ee! "# c!duc(i)id#d e"c(%ic# !ece#%i#< &ie!(%# ue " 9"uid ! #cu :#cei(e< @%##< e(c.; @e!e%#"&e!(e ! " $%)ee!. # ue e u! i!(%u&e!( $%(K(i"< e!i(i) G )e%K(i"< (ie!e #&$"i# #ce$(#ci! e! "# i!du(%i#. Medid# %K$id# de c%%i! $uede! @ui#% # u! &e8% $%ce de c!(%" G %educi% " c( de $e%#ci! G &#!(e!i&ie!(. L# #$"ic#ci!e ! "# [email protected]
Cu#!d "# (## de c%%i! de u! &e(#" ue e(K e! c!(#c( c! u! "uid c%%i) e #"(#< e" !&e% de K(& de "# u$e%9icie de" &e(#" e(K ie!d c#&i#d # u 9!!# i!ic#< e &#G% ue "# (## de c%%i! &!i&# de" &e(#". Si u! $eueH )"(#8e e i&$ue( e!(%e u! &e(#" G u!# "uci! c%%i)#< %eu"(# u!# $"#%i=#ci!. U!# c%%ie!(e e"c(%ic# 9"uGe (e!id# $% " i!e 9%&#d e! e" $%ce de c%%i!. E(# c%%ie!(e e i!c%e&e!( (#!( c& "# (## de c%%i! e i!c%e&e!(. L# &edid# e %K$id# 1.- Si(e&# de #@u# de e!9%i#&ie!( 2.-
P%ue# de e)#"u#ci! # i!iid%e de c%%i!
3.-
Si(e&# de #@u# $#%# $"#!(# @e(%&ic#
4.-
Si(e&# de #@u# $#%# i!Gecci! # $= $e(%"e%
+.-
Si(e&# de #@u# &u!ici$#"e
,.-
P"#!(# i!du(%i#"e de "# $u"$# G $#$e"
.-
P"#!(# de#"i!#d%#
.-
Li&$i#d%e u&ic
MEDIDOR DE CORROSIÓN
LA
TASA
APLICACIONES
U! &edid% de "# )e"cid#d c! ue e c%%e u! &e(#" e?$ue( # u! 9"uid e"c(%ic#&e!(e c!duc(%< $%)ee u!# i!dic#ci! di%ec(# de "# (## de c%%i! G de $ic#du%# :c%%i! "c#"i=#d#;. L# &edici!e e #ce! G e $%edice "# $i"e (## de c%%i!. E( #Gud# #" i!@e!ie% # (e!e% u! %e@i(% de "# c!dici!e de c%%i)id#d de!(% de[ i(e&#< # ue " i!iid%e G e" dieH de[ $%ce $uede e% e)#"u#d G #ce% c#&i %K$id# G 9Kci"&e!(e :9i@. " ).
DE E" &edid% (#&i! #ce $i"e de(ec(#% #u(&K(ic#&e!(e G c!(%"#% "# c%%i!
c& $#%(e de u! i(e&# de c!(%" de" $%ce cc"ic ce%%#d :[email protected];.
(#!( e! c#&$ c& e! $"#!(# de $%ce. Puede $e%#%e e! 9%&# &#!u#" G #u(&K(ic#< c!i(e de 2 e"e&e!(5 e" i!(%u&e!( de(ec(% G "# !d# c! " e"ec(%d $#%# "# &edici!. E" i!(%u&e!( e(K c!ec(#d $% &edi de u $%$i c#"e. Cu#!d 2 &K &e(#"e e(K! i!)"uc%#d e! e" i(e&# de &edici! 2 &K !d# ! u#d# $#%# c#d# &e(#" :[email protected];.
L "&i(e de c!(%" $uede! e% c"c#d de (#" 9%&# ue cu#!d "# c!dici!e de c%%i! #"c#!=#! !i)e"e $e"i@%< "uce de cuid#d< u!# cic#%%#< e(c. ! #c(i)#d G #ce% #" i(e&# %e@%e#% # u c!dici!e de e@u%id#d "&i(e. E" &edid% e u! i!(%u&e!( de $%ecii! dieH#d $#%# u#%e E(e i(e&# e #$"ic#"e e! cu#"uie% $%ce ue c!(e!@# "uid c!duc(i) d!de "# c%%i! e"ec(%"(ic# e "# $%i!ci$#" 9ue!(e de de&#!d#. E( i!c"uGe! 9"uid #cu (#"e c&5 #@u# de &#%< (%%e de e!9%i#&ie!(< #@u# !#(u%#"< (%# "uci!e #cu# G )#%i "uid c%%i) ! #cu ue ! c!duc(%e.
FUNDAMENTOS DE OPERACIÓN DE LA MEDICIÓN L# c%%i! e"ec(%"(ic# cu%%e cu#!d u!# "uci! c!duc(i)# i!(e%#c(# c! "# u$e%9icie de u! &e(#". P%ci!e de "# u$e%9icie c%%d# 9%&# i!e &e(K"ic. E(# %e#cci! #!dic# de$%e!de e"ec(%!e " cu#"e 9"uGe! # (%#) de" &e(#" e$#%#!d $%ci!e de "# u$e%9icie ue e!(%#! e! "uci!< G e! u!# %e#cci! c#(dic# e c#$(#! " e"ec(%!e< # e $%duce "# $e%did# de &e(#" de!(% de "# "uci! :[email protected];.
L $%duc( de "# c%%i! ! " i!e (e%% e! "# u$e%9icie de" K!d G @# id%@e! e! "# u$e%9icie de" cK(d. E" 9"u8 de e"ec(%!e e "# c%%ie!(e de c%%i! "# cu#" e@! "# 1V "eG de F#%#d#G de e"ec(%"ii< e di%ec(#&e!(e $%$%ci!#" # "# (## de $e%did# de" &e(#".
M>TODO DE MEDICIÓN E" eui$ de &edici! c!i(e de u!# 9ue!(e de )"(#8e :DC; e(#"e< u! i!(%u&e!( de &edici! de "# c%%ie!(e e"c(%ic# G u!# !d#
c! 2 e"ec(%d &e(K"ic &!(#d u! 9%e!(e #" (% G de "# &i&# #"e#ci! :9i@.+;.
L# !d# e i!e%(#d# e! "# (ue%# de!(% de" 9"u8 de" 9"uid G de8#% ue e e(#"e=c# e" L# c%%ie!(e e! e" &edid% e c!(%"#d# $% e" $(e!ci#" de "# &edi# ce"d# e!(%e e" K!d G cK(d G " 9#c(%e de ue c!(%"#! "# c%%ie!(e de "# c%%i!. L# (e%# G "# e?$e%ie!ci# i!dic# ue cu#!d e" )"(#8e #$"ic#d e u9icie!(e&e!(e $eueH< "# c%%ie!(e @e!e%#d# $% e" &edid% e di%ec(#&e!(e $%$%ci!#" # "# c%%ie!(e @e!e%#d# $% e" $%ce de c%%i!. C%%i! :Lec(u%# de" &edid%; D!de e u!# c!(#!(e $#%# cu#"uie% #"e#ci! #8 u! %#!@ de c!dici!e de c%%i!. E! (e%# " e"ec(%d de "# !d# ! id!(ic< e( e< ! #G di9e%e!ci# de $(e!ci#" e!(%e e"". E! "# $%Kc(ic# @e!e%#"&e!(e i e?i(e u!# di9e%e!ci# de $(e!ci#"< @e!e%#!d u! e%%% e! "# &edici!. P#%# c%%e@i% (e e%%%< 2 &edid# ! ec# c! "# $"#%id#d de" &edid% i!)e%(id#. E(# 2 &edid# ! $%&edi#d# $#%# de(e%&i!#% e" )#"% de c%%i!.
POSICIONANDO LA SONDA L# $ici! de "# !d# dee e% cuid#d#&e!(e c!ide%#d# $#%# $de% (e!e% "ec(u%# "# cu#"e $%ee!(e! " &K ce%c#! $i"e # "# c%%i! e! e" i(e&#.
eui"i%i c! e" #&ie!(e c%%i). E(e eui"i%i $uede ""e@#% e! $c &i!u( )#%i# %#. U! $eueH &i"b )"(#8e de $(e!ci#" e #$"ic#d # (%#) de " 2 e"ec(%d. E" e9ec( de (e $(e!ci#" e i!c%e&e!(#% "# ec## #c(i)id#d #!dic# ue e $%ee!(# %e "# u$e%9icie de u! de " e"ec(%d G "# #c(i)id#d c#(dic# de" (% e"ec(%d. U!# $eueH# c%%ie!(e< e" &edid% G e" 9"u8 de" e"ec(%"i( e " ue e %euie%e $#%# e9ec(u#% "# &edici!e de c%%i)id#d. :9i@.,;.
L# !d# $uede $%duci% di9e%e!(e "ec(u%# de$e!die!d de "# $ici! e! %e"#ci! #" 9"u8. N%&#"&e!(e< u!# !d# ! dee e% $ici!#d# de (#" 9%&# ue u! e"ec(%d e# ecud de" (% 9%e!(e #" 9"u8. A& e"ec(%d dee! de e(#% $e%$e!dicu"#% #" 9"u8 9i@ .
L# !d# dee%K e(#% ie&$%e "c#"i=#d# de (#" 9%&# ue e" "uid ue $## # (%#) de " e"ec(%d " #@# # u!# )e"cid#d ! &e!% de 37 c&e@. L# !d# "c#"i=#d# e! K%e# i!#decu#d# $%)c#%K! "ec(u%# e%%!e# de c%%i!.
PROCEDIMIENTO PARA EL CONTROL DE LA CORROSIÓN DE LA TUBERA DURANTE EL USO DE SALMUERAS
0.-
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M!i(%e#% "# )e"cid#d de c%%i! "# (ue%# :e&$"e#!d u! eui$ C%%#(e% c& i!(%u&e!( &edid%; L# )e"cid#d de c%%i! e &#G% i@u#" # 4 &$#_ 1.- Si< i% #" $u!( Fi! de" $%cedi&ie!(. %e$%(e.
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1.- P!e% 37 &" de #"&ue%# e! e" )# de $%eci$i(#d G #H#di% 7. 1 Q e! $e de" #@e!(e !uc"e#d%. 2.- De$i(#% "# &ue(%# e! e" #H de e!9%i#&ie!(. 3.- C&e!=#% # %e@i(%#% "# (e&$e%#(u%# de" 9"uid.
,.- A!(#% "# (e&$e%#(u%# de" 9"uid cu#!d " $%i&e% c%i(#"e #$#%ecie%!. E(# e "# Te&$e%#(u%# # "# cu#" A$#%ece e" P%i&e% C%i(#" : PCA ;. .-
De$u de ue " c%i(#"e e(K! 9%&#d< %e&)e% e" )# de" #H G &e=c"#%
4.- Cu#!d "# (e&$e%#(u%# de" 9"uid e( ""e@#!d #" $u!( de c%i(#"i=#ci!< %e&)e% e" )# de" #H G %e)i#% i #G 9%&#ci! de c%i(#"e. Mie!(%# e c#"ie!(# c! (e&$e%#(u%# #&ie!(e
.- L# (e&$e%#(u%# &9i&# #"c#!7#d# de $u de "# c%i(#"i7#ci! de'e #!(#%e c& "# (e&$e%#(u%# )e%d#de%# de c%i(#"i7#ci! TC . 0.- C!(i!u#% &e=c"#!d G e%)#!d "# (e&$e%#(u%# de "# #"&ue%# $e%&i(ie!d"e c#"e!(#%e. Oe%)#% "# di"uci! de " c%i(#"e 9%&#d du%#!(e e" cic" de e!9%i#&ie!(. Cu#!d (d " c%i(#"e e
#! diue"(< e #!(#%K "# (e&$e%#(u%# de "# #"&ue%# c& "# (e&$e%#(u%# # "# cu#" e di")i e" "(i& c%i(#" : UCD ; NOTA5 E" $%i&e% cic" e!9%i#&ie!( c#"e!(#&ie!( $d%# ! $%duci% %eu"(#d c!i(e!(e c! cic" uecue!(e. Re$e(i% e" $%cedi&ie!( $% " &e! 3 )ece. CK"cu"5 Re$%(#% e" )#"% $%&edi de "# 3 c%%id# $#%# cu de "# (e&$. e!c!(%#d#.
FORMULA PARA CALCULAR LA ELOCIDAD DE CORROSIÓN EN MIL>SIMAS DE PUL/ADA POR AÑO MPA : G Q 223@@- AQdQ(
MPA : +34@@@ AQdQ( &$# : 11@@@ FILTRACION;
Pe de "# &ue(%# e! : /% ; A %e# de c!(#c( e! : PuI@2 ; d De!id#d de" Ace% e! : /%cc ; ( Tie&$ de e?$ici! e! : D# ; 22<377 F#c(% de C!)e%i!
A %e# de Su$e%9icie e! : PuI@2 ; d De!id#d de" Ace% e! : /%cc ; ( Tie&$ de e?$ici! e! : %# ; +34<777 F#c(% de C!)e%i! $u":#d# $% #
.1 DEFINICIÓN L# 9i"(%#ci! e u! $%ce u#d $#%# e"i&i!#% " "id u$e!did e! " "uid. :L "id diue"( e e"i&i!#! &edi#!(e u! $%ce u⁣ E! e" c# de " 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!< " &#(e%i#"e u$e!did $uede! e% #@e!(e de!i9ic#!(e< "id de $e%9%#ci!< #%e!#< e(c.
L 9i"(% de c#%(uc de %#!@ !&i!#" (ie!e! u!# #&$"i# @#&# de c!9i@u%#ci!e G c&$ici!e c#%#c(e%i=#d $% u #8 c( i!ici#"< G cu#!d ! u(i"i=#d #decu#d#&e!(e ! c&$"e(#&e!(e e9ec(i) $#%# c#i cu#"uie% #$"ic#ci!. E( c#%(uc @e!e%#"&e!(e c#e! e! d c#(e@%# 5 1. 2.
De &## 9i%# De K%e# u$e%9ici#" e?(e!did#.
.2 OBKETIO DE LA FILTRACIÓN E" u de 9"uid "i&$i e! "# (e%&i!#ci! de" $=< e)i(# e" d#H # "# 9%&#ci! $% de$i(#ci! de "id< e! " $% G c#!#"e de "# 9%&#ci!< "id ue ! ! %e&)id $% e(i&u"#ci! di&i!uGe " $%"e&# &ecK!ic de" #$#%e8 de $%ducci!< #" $e%#% e9icie!(e&e!(e (d# "# $#%(e de 9%icci! e?i(e!(e e! "< #u&e!(#!d de e(# &#!e%# "# $%duc(i)id#d de "# #c(i)id#de de (e%&i!#ci! G %e$#%#ci! de $=.
.3 TIPOS DE FILTRO Fi"(% de c#%(uc de %#!: #'"u(. E" %#!@ #"u( de " 9i"(% de c#%(uc !%&#"&e!(e (ie!e! u! #"( c( i!ici#"< G ! u#d e! c# d!de "# c#"id#d de" 9"uid dee e% $(i&#. Se %ec&ie!d# ue " c#%(uc de %#!@ #"u( e#! u(i"i=#d cu#!d "# c#%@# de $#%(cu"# e &e!% ue 1777 $$& G "# c"#%id#d #"u(# e ee!ci#". L c#%(uc de %#!@ !&i!#" G de %#!@ #"u( e c#%#c(e%i=#! $% u! e"" O< $#%# $%e)e!i% 9u@# de 9"uid.
.3.1 Fi"(% De C#%(uc De R#!: N&i!#".
L c#%(uc de &## 9i%# ! u! e!%""#d de &#(e%i#" 9i% #"%eded% de u! !c"e uec< cuie%( c! %ei!#. L# c!(i(uci! de " 9i"(% de" (i$ de u$e%9icie e?(e!did# ! !%&#"&e!(e $#$e"< (e"# &e(#" $%< c"c#d #"%eded% de u! !c"e uec $#%# #$G. Deid # "# #&i@ed#d de %#!@ !&i!#"< G e" 9#c(% de e9icie!ci# de %e&ci! G deid # ue "# $%ei! di9e%e!ci#" )#%# c! e" (i$ G &#!u9#c(u%#< e( c#%(uc dee! e% cuid#d#&e!(e e)#"u#d. De$u de e?(e!# $%ue# e #! e"ecci!#d "#&e!(e " &e8%e c#%(uc de %#!@ !&i!#" 9%ecid #c(u#"&e!(e< $#%# "# i!du(%i# $e(%"e%#. E! "# &#G%# de " c#< "# c&i!#ci! de #& $%$%ci!# "# &#G% e9icie!ci# #" $#ue(e de 9i"(%#ci!. L# e"ecci! de" 9i"(% c%%ec( #Gud# # "# )icid#d de "# #"&ue%#. T#&#H de $#%(cu"# %e&)id $% 9i"(% D.E
.3.2 Fi"(% P%e!# E" 9i"(%$%e!# 9i"(% (i$ D.E< c& e c&!&e!(e c!cid< $uede e% u#d e! u! #&$"i %#!@ de #$"ic#ci!e< dede e" $e#d "d #(# e" #"( %eue%i&ie!( de c"#%id#d de " 9"ud "i&$i. E" 9i"(%$%e!# e c#%#c(e%i=# $% u!# )e%#(i"id#d G %ei(e!ci# ue " #ce! &uG #(%#c(i) $#%# 9i"(%#% " 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! < G u!# e(%uc(u%# %u(# ue #ce e"ecci!#% #" 9i"(% $#%# u e! e" c#&$ $e(%"e%. P% i&$"e e"ecci! e" #$%$i#d @%#d de 9i"(%#ci! de (ie%%# di#(&#ce#< e" 9i"(%$%e!#
$uede e% u(i"i=#d $#%# c#i cu#"uie% $%"e&# de 9i"(%#ci!. Se u(i"i=# e" 9i"(%$%e!# c#%#c(e%i=#d CAULaED G /ASaETED< $"#( de $"i$%$i"e! $#%# &i!i&i=#% "# $%did# de 9"uid. Td# "# "!e# ! $%(e@id# c! %ecu%i&ie!( e$?ic< $#%# %ei(e!ci# # "# c%%i!. RK$id# #e%(u%# id%Ku"ic# ! u#d# $#%# "i&$ie=# %K$id# G &i!i&i=# (ie&$ &ue%(. C&i!#ci! de 9i"(%$%e!# G 9i"(% de c#%(uc.
.3.3
C&'i!#ci! De E5ui$ De Fi"(%#ci!
L 9i"(% de c#%(uc $uede! e% u#d # "# #"id# de" 9i"(%$%e!#< $#%# @#%#!(i=#% c!(%# "# "ie%#ci! #ccide!(#" de" &#(e%i#" e! e" 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!. P#%# $%$%ci!#% u!# c"#%i9ic#ci! #dici!#" de e" c#&$ &#(e%i#< 9i"(% de c#%(uc de %#!@ #"u( $uede! e% u#d $#%# $%$%ci!#% %e&ci! de $#%(cu"# c#i #"u(#. Se u(i"i=#! 9i"(% de c#%(uc de )#i8# c& u!# $#%(e i!(e@%#" de e" $#(! #u?i"i#%< #cie!d u! i(e&# e@u% G &K c&$#c(. E" 9i"(% # u(i"i=#% e de(e%&i!#d $% " %eue%i&ie!( de" $=. U!id#d de 9i"(%#d U!id#d de #@i(#ci! B&# de u&i!i(% $#%# "# u!id#d de 9i"(%#d G de #@i(#ci! P%e# de 9i"(%#d T#!ue &e=c"#d%e de 2+ #%%i"e $#%# " $%duc( u&ic B&# de #"(# $%ei! M#!@ue%# G "!e# de di9e%e!(e diK&e(% $#%# ucci!< dec#%@# G (%#!9e%e!ci# de " 9"uid "i&$i.
C&$%e% de #i%e Eui$ de i!(e%c&u!ic#ci! Di$i(i) u9icie!(e $#%# e)i(#% e" de%%#&e de 9"uid e! "# "c#"i=#ci! DieH de" eui$5 Tie%%# de di#(&#ce#< i(e&# de 9i"(%#ci! c! 9"u8 i!9e%i% de c#%(uc d"e. L# u!id#d de %uHid G $%e)e!ci! e! c!(%# de dec#%@# de "# (ie%%# de di#(&#ce# L# u!id#d de $"#c# dee e(#% e(%uc(u%#d $#%# (e!e% u! e&$#ue de #%e"" G e"i&i!#% "# $%did# de 9"uid &ie!(%# e 9i"(%# . Td " d%e!#8e de " c#!#"e ##8 de "# $"#c# de "# $%e# de 9i"(%#d dee%K! de e% (#$!#d< $#%# ue (d " "id de$i(#d G e" 9"uid #(%#$#d e!(%e "# $"#c# e# %ec"ec(#d cu#!d "# $%e# e #%#!. Td# "# u!id#de de 9i"(%#ci! dee! (e!e% u!# cuie%(# c%%id# e! u "!@i(ud dede e" K%e# de c#!#"e< #(# #%%i# de "# $"#c# e! #& "#d de "# $%e#< $#%# e)i(#% de%%#&e &ie!(%# "# $%e# e #%e! e! e" &&e!( de "# %e@e!e%#ci!.
E" $%ce de 9i"(%#ci! e u#d $#%# %e&)e% &#(e%i#"e "id u$e!did e! " "uid. E! e" c# de " 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!< " "id $uede! i!c"ui% #@e!(e de!i9ic#!(e< "id de $e%9%#ci!< #%e!#< e(c. Medi#!(e "# c%%ec(# e"ecci! de" &(d de 9i"(%#ci! " 9"uid $uede! %eu"(#% "i&$i G ! d#Hi! # "# 9%&#ci! $%duc(%# G e" $%ce $uede de%i)#% e! u! c( e9ec(i) $#%# "# i!(e%)e!ci! .
.4-ESPECIFICACIONES CARACTERISTICAS CAPACIDAD DE LOS FILTROS C#$#cid#d 77 $ie cu#d%#d Pe 1+777 "i%# L!@i(ud 1,.2 A!c 41.0 A"( ' P#(! c! @u#%d# 9i"(% L!@i(ud de" c#%(uc 47 Pe 13777 ". L!@i(ud 1+.+ A!c . A"(
0
RAN/O DE LOS CARTUCJOS DE FILTRACIÓN
T#&#H de< P#%(icu"# Re&)id# 1.1 Mic%! /%ue 7.,+ Mic%! &edi 7.+7 Mic%! : 9i!;
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4277
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F-14
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EP-4
T#"# c&$#%#(i)# de (ie%%# deDIATOMACEA
CARTUCJOS DE FILTRACIÓN C#%(uc de 9i"(%#d #"u(. S! c"#i9ic#d de #cue%d # "# $%$%ci! Beta. L# %e"#ci! Be(# e %e9ie%e # "# e9icie!ci# $#%# "# %e&ci! de $#%(cu"# c! (#&#H e$ec9ic.
BETA 1 2 4 + 17 27 +7 177 1777 17777
E9icie!ci# de Re&ci! Q 7 +7 + 7 07 0+ 0 00 00.0 00.00
R#!@ Be(# C!ce!(%#ci! de e!(%#d# c!ce!(%#ci! de #"id# Be(# 177 P#%(cu"# de e!(%#d# L(. de $#%(cu"# de #"id# E9icie!ci# de %e&ci!5 :E!(%#d# - #"id#; e!(%#d# 177 00.00
E5ui$ de 8i"(%#ci! L# u!id#d c!i(e de u! 9i"(%$%e!#< $#(!< de$i( $#%# e" 9i"(% de c#%(uc< &# de (%#!9e%e!ci# G &#!@ue%#. L #cce%i ue 9%&#! $#%(e de" $#ue(e de 9i"(%#ci!< e(K! e! u!# c#8 # de e%%#&ie!(# $#%# &#!(e!i&ie!( de %u(i!# G %e$#%#ci!< G eui$ de &!i(%e. E" 9i"(%$%e!# (ie!e u! e&$#ue O e!(%e " $"#(< $#%# &i!i&i=#% e"i&i!#% "# 9u@# 9"u8 de 9"uid uci #" i(e&#. L i!dic#d%e de $%ei! e(K! uic#d e! u!# $ici! de 9Kci" e%)#ci! $#%# e" $e%#d%. Cu#!d "# $%ei! c&ie!=# # #u&e!(#% "# )e"cid#d de" 9"u8 di&i!uGe. E( c!(i!u#%K #(# ue "# u!id#d e# %e(#"ecid# G $%ec#%@#d# !ue)#&e!(e.
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L# c#%#c(e%(ic# de "# 9%&#ci! G c&$#(ii"id#d c! 9"uid $#%# (e%&i!#ci!< #cidi9ic#ci! G e(i&u"#ci!< ! de(e%&i!#d $% "#%#(%i #"(#&e!(e c#"i9ic#d< u#!d #!K"ii u&ic !%&#d< e?K&e!e &i!e%#"@ic G &ic%c$ic< #!K"ii de c%i# de #%e!# G &edid# de $e%&e#i"id#d G %e(%! de $e%&e#i"id#d.E" c!(%" de c#"id#d de " eui$ de 9i"(%#ci! e &!i(%e#d u#!d u! 9%&u"#%i A C :C!(%" de c#"id#d;. P#%# #e@u%#% ue e" i(e&# de 9i"(%#d e $e%#d c%%ec(#&e!(e< "# "ec(u%# de NTU : U!id#de Ne9e"&(%ic# de Tu%ide= ; ! (&#d# de e" 9"uid e?i(e!(e e! " de$i( de" 9i"(% de c#%(uc. Si (# "ec(u%# ! &#G%e ue 17< #"@! $%"e&# e?i(e e! e" i(e&# G e" $%ce e!(e% !ecei(# e% i!$ecci!#d< C#d# $e%#d% de eui$ de 9i"(%#ci! dee di$!e% de u! eui$ $%#d%. E(e eui$ e(# c!(i(uid $% u!# ce!(%9u@#< u! &edid% de NTU< $#%# &!i(%e#% "# c"#%id#d de" 9"uid G u! eui$ &edid% de "id ((#"e u$e!did :TTS;.
E" eui$ TTS e u(i"i=#d $#%# e?(%#c(#% " "id u$e!did e! e" 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! e! u! $#$e" 9i"(% &#%c#d $e#d< E" $#$e" 9i"(% e (&#d de" "#%#(%i ec#d G $e#d< $#%# c#"cu"#% "# c#!(id#d ((#" de "id u$e!did e! "# &ue(%# d 9"uid. U#!d u! &edid% Cu"(e%< 8u!( c! 1# &edici! de "id ((#"e u$e!did< $uede! (e!e% d#( de di(%iuci! de (#&#H de $#%(cu"# G #!#"i=#% " %eu"(#d $#%# @e!e%#% u!# NTU c&$%e!i"e< "id ((#"e u$e!did G di(%iuci! de (#&#H de $#%(cu"#. E" i@!i9ic#d de e(e e(udi e "# #i"id#d $#%# #ce% e(i&#ci!e de "id ((#"e u$e!did< (#&#H de "# di(%iuci! d $#%(cu"#< ((#" de $#%(cu"# G (#&#H $%&edi de $#%(cu"# e! "ec(u%# de NT c!9i#"e. E)ide!(e&e!(e e( #Gud#%K # &e8%#% " 9"uid G "# decii!e de" $e%#d%< $#%# e" i(e&# de 9"uid< ue #" 9i!#" i@!i9ic#%# @%#!de $%ce!(#8e # 9#)%. E(e $%ce #Gud#%# # %e#"i=#% &K e9icie!(e&e!(e " de$"#=#&ie!( 9i"(%#ci!< e! e" $= G di&i!ui%K e" (ie&$ de $e%#ci! de" eui$ de $e%9%#ci! $%$%ci!#%K d#( i&$%(#!(e # " $e%#d%e cu#!d (%##8#! c! 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! c! u! $(e!ci#" de d#H # "# 9%&#ci!
E" de$"#=#&ie!( e e" $u!( &K i&$%(#!(e< G# ue de" ?i( de e(e de$e!de%K! " (ie&$ G c( $% "#)#d G 9i"(%#ci! de " 9"uid "i&$i.
.1.- OBKETIO DEL DESPLA*AMIENTO. E" 8e(i) de" de$"#=#&ie!( de" F"uid de C!(%" $% #@u# du"ce G (e $% 9"uid "i&$i e c! "# 9i!#"id#d de e9ec(u#% "# %e&ci! de" "d< e!8#%%e #de%id # "# $#%ede de "# (ue%#< # c& "# e"i&i!#ci! de " "id e! u$e!i! $%ee!(e e! e" i!(e%i% de" $=< e#! ( #%i(#< %ec%(e cu#"uie% c!(#&i!#!(e edi&e!( ue uie%# $% %e&)e%. De i@u#" &#!e%# #" ""e)#%e # c# e(e de$"#=#&ie!( de" 9"uid de c!(%"< e !ece#%i &#!(e!e% "# i!(e@%id#d G !#(u%#"e=# de" &i&< G ue (e e# de#"8#d " &K c&$"e( G &@!e ue e# $i"e G # %educi% " (ie&$ $% 9i"(%#ci! G " c( $e%#(i) $% u! &#G% (ie&$ de ci%cu"#ci! #" e% de#"8#d e" 9"uid # "# u$e%9icie. P#%# " #!(e%i% dee! u(i"i=#%e 9"uid c! c#%#c(e%(ic# 9iicu&ic# (#"e ue $e%&i(#! "# dei!(e@%#ci! de " c!(#&i!#!(e G #e@u%#% u ((#" di$e%i! G $(e%i% #c#%%e #ci# "# u$e%9icie de" $=. E &uG i&$%(#!(e de(e%&i!#% e" (i$ de e!8#%%e G " c!(#&i!#!(e ue e )#! # %e&)e%< $#%# dieH#% " 9"uid c! "# $%$ied#de #decu#d# $#%# e9ec(u#% e" $%@%#&# de de$"#=#&ie!( de" 9"uid de c!(%".
.2.- FACTORES HUE INTERIENEN EN UN DESPLA*AMIENTO. E?i(e! )#%i 9#c(%e ue $uede! #9ec(#% e" $%@%#&# de de$"#=#&ie!( G dee! e% c!ide%#d $%e)i#&e!(e5
.2.1.-
/e&e(%# de" $7 6 c!dici!e de" e5ui$ de u$e%8icie #;.- C!dici!e de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei! de" $=.
L# (e&$e%#(u%# #9ec(# "# c!dici!e G $%$ied#de de" 9"uid de c!(%" de!(% de" $=< #u!ue (e e%K de$"#=#d e !ece#%i c!ide%#% "# 9%&# c& $udie%# #9ec(#% e(e 9#c(% # " 9"uid dieH#d $#%# ci%cu"#%e de!(% de" $=. L# $%ei! $uede i!cidi% d%K(ic#&e!(e e! e" eui"i%i de $%ei!e< ue dee &#!(e!e%e e! u! de$"#=#&ie!( de 9"uid. ;.- DieH de "# (ue%#. L# (ue%# (#!( de $%ducci! G de %e)e(i&ie!( G# 9i8# e! e" i!(e%i% de" $= G " #cce%i de" #$#%e8 de $%ducci! i!9"uGe! e! e" @#( )"u&e! $% &e#%e #" $=< # c& #9ec(#! " %e@&e!e de 9"u8. De$e!die!d de "# (ue%# #cce%i ue ""e)e! (# e%K dieH#d e" $%@%#&# $#%# de$"#=#% e" 9"uid< G# ue e! #$#%e8 de $%ducci! #!c"#d< e ci%cu"# # (%#) de " %i9ici de "# c#&i# G e( i!9"ui%K &K ue i (u)i%#& u!# (ue%# 9%#!c#< $% " ue e !ece#%i c!ce% $%e)i#&e!(e "# (ue%# # (%#) de "# cu#"e e ""e)#%K # c# e" "#)#d de" $=< G dieH#% e" $%@%#&# &K #decu#d #" &i&. c;.- C#%ece% de" eui$ !ece#%i $#%# e9ec(u#% "# $e%#ci!e dieH#d# e! u$e%9icie. Si e" @#( !ece#%i ! e d#d $% "# &# eui$ de u$e%9icie< u e9icie!ci# e%K e)e%#&e!(e %educid# G $uede c#i!#% $%"e&# $#%# (e!e% u!# "i&$ie=# ((#"&e!(e e9ec(i)#. d;.-E" (i$ de F"uid de c!(%" ue e (e!@# e! e" $=. E(e e e" 9#c(% &K $%i&%di#"< G# ue de$e!die!d de "# c!dici!e de (e< e%K "# e9icie!ci# de" de$"#=#&ie!(. Se dee (&#% e! cue!(# u de!id#d G )icid#d< c!ide%#!d ue &ie!(%# (# $%$ied#de e#! &#G%e e?i(i%K u!# &#G% di9e%e!ci# de $%ei! #" e% de#"8#d G (#&i! u!# $%#"e di&i!uci! e! e" @#( $%@%#&#d.
e;.- L# e9ec(i)id#d de" $%@%#&# de de$"#=#&ie!(.ue ! %e$#e "# c!dici!e de ue e di$!@# e! u$e%9icie. E !ece#%i $%i&e% )e%i9ic#% ue e (e!@#! (d " &#(e%i#"e G eui$ $%@%#&#d G $(e%i%&e!(e &!i(%e#% e" #)#!ce e9icie!ci# G cu&$"i&ie!( de" $%@%#&# dieH#d $#%# e"".
L $%duc( 5u&ic $%:%#&#d e! e" de$"#7#&ie!(. .2.2. -
ue "# 9u!ci! de " $%duc( u&ic ! e cu&$"# $% 9#""# de c#"id#d de " &i&. E(#% $%e$#%#d $#%# (e!e% $%duc( u&ic #"(e%! $#%# %edieH#% e! c%( (ie&$ u! $%@%#&# de "i&$ie=# i@u#"&e!(e e9ec(i)< ue %e#"ice "# 9u!ci! ue " (% $%duc( ! cu&$"ie%!. Se dee c!ide%#% e" dieH de " e$#ci#d%e G "#)#d%# u&ic e$eci#"e< G# ue "# &#G%# de " Id u(i"i=#d ! i!c&$#(i"e c! "# #"&ue%#< G e !ece#%i u $%@%#&#ci! $#%# @#%#!(i=#% u!# "i&$ie=# G de$"#=#&ie!( e9ec(i) de" 9"uid de c!(%" #ci# "# u$e%9icie i! c!(#&i!#ci!.
.3.- FORMAS DESPLA*AMIENTOS.
DE
E?i(e! 2 9%&# $#%# e9ec(u#% e" de$"#=#&ie!( de" 9"uid de c!(%"< G# e# $% #@u# du"ce< #"&ue%# "i%e de "id "# c&i!#ci! de #&5 1.-CIRCULACION INERSA 2.-CIRCULACION DIRECTA. L# e"ecci! de" $%cedi&ie!( &K #decu#d de$e!de de "# c!dici!e $e%#(i)# ue e (e!@#! e! e" $= e! cue(i!< # c& "# c!dici!e de c#"id#d de "# (ue%# de $%ducci! G %e)e(i&ie!( ue e (e!@#!< de " %eu"(#d (e!id de " %e@i(% de ce&e!(#ci! e! "# =!# i!(e%)#" de i!(e%< G e" (i$ de 9"uid ue e (e!@# e! e" i!(e%i% de" $=.
.3.1.- Ci%cu"#ci! I!)e%#. Si "# i!9%&#ci! de " %e@i(% de ce&e!(#ci! G "# c#"id#d de "# (ue%# de %e)e(i&ie!( i!dic#! ue $%(#%K u!# di9e%e!ci# de $%ei! c#"cu"#d< (# ci%cu"#ci! e &K 9#c(i"e de e% u(i"i=#d#. E(e $%cedi&ie!( $e%&i(e u! &#G% e$#ci#&ie!( e!(%e e" #@u# du"ce G " 9"uid $% de#"8#%e< # c& e%K &#G% e" )"u&e! de #@u# e! " e$#ci #!u"#%e G &e!% e" 9"uid ue )# ued#!d e! "# (ue%# de $%ducci!< # &i& $uede! u(i"i=#%e %e@&e!e de &e &K e"e)#d c! 9"u8 (u%u"e!(. E( %e@&e!e de &e ! " &K #decu#d $#%# e(e (i$ de $e%#ci!e de "i&$ie=# de $= #" e% de$"#=#d e" 9"uid de c!(%" " cu#" $e%&i(i%K de$"#=#&ie!( &K e9ec(i) G "i%e de c!(#&i!#!(e. A &i& (e!d%e& &e!%e (ie&$ $e%#(i) G u!# &e!% #dici! de #di(i) G# e#! e$#ci#d%e G de "#)#d%# u&ic< " cu#" ! d#%K c& %eu"(#d u!# c!ide%#"e %educci! e! " c( de" "#)#d G 9i"(%#ci!.
.3.2.- Ci%cu"#ci! Di%ec(#. Si " %e@i(% de ce&e!(#ci! &ue(%#! =!# ! &uG #ce$(#"e $#%# e% &e(id# # u!# di9e%e!ci#" de $%ei! c#"cu"#d# de" 9"uid de c!(%" # de$"#=#%e c! %e$ec( #" #@u# du"ce< dee%K u(i"i=#%e e(e &(d de CIRCULACION DIRECTA< e! e" cu#" ! e (ie!e u! de$"#=#&ie!( &uG e9ec(i) deid # ue " )"&e!e de #@u# du"ce # &#!e8#% ! &e!%e #" ci%cu"#%e de "# (ue%# de $%ducci! # " e$#ci #!u"#%e< L %e@&e!e de &e e%K! &e!%e #" i!c%e&e!(#%e e" )#"% de "# $%did# de $%ei! $% 9%icci!< G $% c!i@uie!(e e" e&$u8e de" #@u# %e e" 9"uid de c!(%" e! K%e# &K @%#!de c%e#%K de9icie!ci# $#%# u! de$"#=#&ie!( e9ec(i) G e! #"@u! c# ! e d#%K e" RE/IMEN TURBULENTO !ece#%i $#%# @#%#!(i=#%
ue e" $= e(#%K ((#"&e!(e "i&$i de c!(#&i!#!(e. A &i& e%K! !ece#%i &#G%e c#!(id#de de e$#ci#d%e G "i&$i#d%e u&ic< #u!#d #" &#G% (ie&$ de ci%cu"#ci! G $% c!i@uie!(e u! c( &K e"e)#d $% 9i"(%#ci! G $% (ie&$ $e%#(i). E !ece#%i e9ec(u#% " cK"cu" $e%(i!e!(e $#%# ue e! #& c# "# $%ei! de &e ue e $%@%#&e< ! %e#e " "&i(e $e%&ii"e de c"#$ %u$(u%# de "# (ue%#< # c& (e!e% e! cue!(# " $#%K&e(% de 9%#c(u%# de " i!(e%)#" de i!(e%.
.4.- RECOMENDACIONES PREIAS AL LAADO DEL PO*O. P%e)i #" de$"#=#&ie!( de" 9"uid de c!(%" G# e# #e #@u# #e #cei(e $% e" dieH de e$#ci#d%e G "#)#d%# u&ic< e !ece#%i e9ec(u#% #"@u!# c!ide%#ci!e %e9e%e!(e #" 9"uid de c!(%" ue e e!cue!(%# de!(% de" $= G e! $%e# de (%##85 1.E! $= i! #cce%i de!(% de" &i&< #8#% "# (ue%# de $%ducci! c! " ec#%i#d%e #decu#d # "# (ue%# de %e)e(i&ie!( ue e )#! # "i&$i#% de 9"uid de c!(%"< G #(# "# $%9u!did#d i!(e%i% &K ce%c#!# # "# =!# de i!(e% $#%# %e&)e% " "id G %eidu #cu&u"#d de "# $#%ede de "# (ue%#. E! c# de (e!e% #cce%i c& e&$#ue< (%#(#% de #8#% "# (ue%# dieH#d# $#%# e" $# "i%e #(# "# $%9u!did#d #decu#d# $#%# e9ec(u#% e" "#)#d de" $=. 2.- E(#"ece% "# ci%cu"#ci! c! "# &# de" eui$ #" &K?i& @#( $e%&ii"e e! 9%&# di%ec(#. 3.U! 9#c(% &uG i&$%(#!(e e e" #c!dici!#% e" 9"uid de c!(%" e! $%e# de (%##8 G #" ci%cu"#%e #" i!(e%i% de" $= $%e)i #" de$"#=#&ie!( de" &i& < $% " ue u $%$ied#de !ecei(#! e%
c!ide%#d# dede e" de$"#=#&ie!(< $#%# $%e)e!i% "# 9%&#ci! de @e"e de #"( )#"%< G# ue de e(# &#!e%# e" 9"uid $e%&i(i%K u! &e8% de$"#=#&ie!( c! &#G% e9icie!ci#. Se dee! e@ui% "# i@uie!(e c!ide%#ci!e #;.- E9ec(u#% "# ci%cu"#ci! de" 9"uid de" $= #ci# " eui$ di$!i"e de e"i&i!#d%e de "id< c! e" $%$i( de %e&)e% c!(#&i!#!(e @%#!de< G de e% $i"e #ci# $%e# (#!ue "i&$i $#%# e% %eu(i"i=#d e(e #" #"i% G# "i%e de edi&e!( G #@e!(e c!(#&i!#!(e. ;.- Reduci% # )#"%e &!i& $e%&ii"e "# ISCOSIDAD PLASTICA G e" PUNTO CEDENTE< $#%# #e@u%#% "# &)i"id#d de" 9"uid e! " e$#ci #!u"#%e G (e!e% u! e9icie!(e #%%id de" &i&. c;.- E)i(#% e! e(# e(#$# " e$#ci#d%e $"d%# )ic#.
L# (ue%# !ecei(# e% %eci$%c#d# G i "# e%%#&ie!(# " $e%&i(e! @i%#%e #!(e G du%#!(e e" de$"#=#&ie!( $#%# %&$e% @e"e "# e(#ci!#%i# de 9"uid de c!(%" c! "id #cu&u"#d G ue $%du=c#! #"(# )icid#de. +.T%#(#% de ce!(%#% "# #%(# de (%##8< $#%# 9#ci"i(#% e" de$"#=#&ie!(< u! ue! ce!(%#d $e%&i(i%K i!c%e&e!(#% "# %e&ci! de" 9"uid de c!(%". 4.-
E9ec(u#% )i#8e c%( c! " ec#%i#d%e c! "# (ue%# ue e ""e)e #(# "# c# de "# (ue%# de %e)e(i&ie!( c%(# :c# "i!e%; "e)#!(#%e #$%?i&#d#&e!(e 377 &(.< G )")e% # #8#% # "# $%9u!did#d $%@%#&#d# G e@ui% ci%cu"#!d e" 9"uid 9i"(%#d. A &i& #" (e!e% e" $= ""e! de 9"uid "i&$i< %e$e(i% e" )i#8e c%( $#%# ue "# e%%#&ie!(# ue e ""e)e! e! "# $u!(# #u?i"ie! e! "# "i&$ie=# de edi&e!( G %e&ci! de %eidu ue e uie%#! ued#d #de%id e! "# $#%ede de "# (ue%# de %e)e(i&ie!(. ,.-
E(e &)i&ie!( de (ue%# $e%&i(e e"e)#% "# e9icie!ci# de" de$"#=#&ie!( i!c"u # #8 @#( de &e. .P%cede% # e9ec(u#% e" de$"#=#&ie!( de" 9"uid $% e$#ci#d%e G "#)#d%# u&ic G $% e" 9"uid 9i!#" $%@%#&#d $#%# ued#%e de!(% de" $=< G# e# #@u# du"ce #"&ue%# "i%e de "id< ci%cu"#d # @#( &K?i& de &e. L# c!dici! de" 9"u8 (u%u"e!( ! e $%eci#&e!(e !ece#%i# $e% &e8%# "# e9icie!ci# de u! de$"#=#&ie!(.. .P#%# dieH#% " )"&e!e de e$#ci#d%e G "#)#d%# u&ic< e !ece#%i c!ide%#% e" )"u&e! $% %e&)e% e! e" "#)#d de" $=< G# ue e! c# de e(#% &uG &e% G e" )"u&e! $% de#"8#% e# $c< e" dieH $uede e% #8u(#d $% &e!%e c#!(id#de G e)i(#% e?ce e! " c( de e( %e#c(i). 0.-E! e" c# de $= de $c# $%9u!did#d de $c# c(e#i"id#d $%duc(i)#< e c!)e!ie!(e e9ec(u#% u! #!K"ii de" c( e!e9ici c! "# 9i!#"id#d de e)i(#% di$e!di de %ecu% e! G#ci&ie!( c! $c )#"% de %ecu$e%#ci! ec!&ic#.
.+.-
ESPACIADORES LAADORES HUIMICOS.
Td " $%ce $#%# e9ec(u#% de$"#=#&ie!( de 9"uid de c!(%" G# e# #e #@u# #cei(e< u(i"i=#! e$#ci#d%e G "#)#d%# u&ic< c! "# 9i!#"id#d de e)i(#% i!c&$#(ii"id#d de 9"uid< $%"e&# de c!(#&i!#ci!< "i&$ie=# de" $= de &#!e%# e9ec(i)# G $#%# "# e$#%#ci! de 9#e de" i(e&#. L #ce e$#ci#d%e ue de#! e% $%@%#&#d dee%K! e% c&$#(i"e c! e" 9"uid ue #"e G e" ue "e $%ecede< $udie!d
! e% &K )ic ue " 9"uid $% e$#%#%. E( #ce dee%K! e?(e!de%e $% " &e! +77 $ie de "# $#%(e &K #&$"i# de " e$#ci #!u"#%e $#%# ue (e!@#! &#G% e9icie!ci#< $% " ue e" dieH de " #ce $#%# (ue%# de %e)e(i&ie!( &uG @%#!de dee%K e% #8u(#d e! u )"&e!e $#%# @#%#!(i=#% u e9icie!ci#. P#%# 9"uid #e #cei(e< u $%i!ci$#" c!(#c( c& e$#ci#d% dee e% diee" $% e% #& c&$#(i"e. P#%# 9"uid #e #@u#< !%&#"&e!(e u $%i!ci$#" c!(#c( e i!ici# c! u! #ce de #@u# du"ce #"c#"i!i=#d# c! # cKu(ic#. E?i(e! di)e% $%duc( de "# c&$#H# de e%)ici " cu#"e $uede! e% u(i"i=#d c& e$#ci#d%e< $"d%# #ce )ic G "i&$i#d%e u&ic< (d e"" u(i"i=#! $%duc( c& )ici9ic#!(e !#(u%#"e G i!((ic< "uci!e #"c#"i!#< u%9#c(#!(e ")e!(e< $#%# u!# #c(i)# %e&ci! de c!(#&i!#!(e %@K!ic e i!%@K!ic. /e!e%#"&e!(e " "#)#d%# u&ic ! u#d $#%# #de"@#=#% G di$e%#% "# $#%(cu"# de" 9"uid de c!(%"< ( e!(%#! e! (u%u"e!ci# # #8 @#( " cu#" #Gud# # "i&$i#% " e$#ci #!u"#%e< !%&#"&e!(e u de!id#d e ce%c#!# #" #@u# du"ce. E! #"@u! c# e dieH#! $%duc( #%#i) c& #%e!# $#%# #%%id de "i&$ie=#. E! (d " c#< dee%K! e9ec(u#%e " (%##8 $%@%#&#d de &#!e%# c!(i!u# G i! i!(e%%u$ci!e< e)i(#!d %e(%# de (ie&$ G $%"e&# c%(ic #" e9ec(u#% e" de$"#=#&ie!( $% e(e (i$ de $%duc( u&ic.
.,.- PROCEDIMIENTOS LAADO DE PO*OS.
PARA
E! e" de$"#=#&ie!( $#%# 9"uid #e #cei(e< e! c#i!e e &K %K$id G c! &#G% e9ec(i)id#d $% "# &i&# c!dici!e de "u%icid#d de" 9"uid< ue #u?i"i# # u! &e8% "#)#d de" &i&< $e% ie&$%e "# e9icie!ci# de$e!de%K de "# c!dici!e e! ue e e!cue!(%e e" 9"ud de c!(%" ue e(K de!(% de" $=. 1.- Se i!ici# e" $%@%#&# de
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..- PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LAADO DE PO*OS BASE ACEITE CUANDO SE UTILICEN SERICIOS INTE/RALES POR COMPAÑIA. 1. E$#ci#d% 15 E$#ci#d% ic5 f A@u# G Su$e% i LD &K 6CD P"i&e%. 2. E$#ci#d% 25 L#)#d% S")e!(e. Diee" G e"" # 277 "u&e! $#%# cu%i% +77 $ie e! e" e$#ci #!u"#% &# @%#!de. 3. E$#ci#d% 35 A"c#"i!5 A@u# G S# CKu(ic#. 4. E$#ci#d% 45 A"c#"i!5 A@u# G S# CKu(ic#. +. E$#ci#d% +5 De(e%@e!(e5 A@u# G e"" # 177
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E$#ci#d% ,5 ic5 A@u# G Su$e% i LD &# 6CD P"i&e%< e$#ci#d% e!(%e e" "#)#d% u&ic G e" 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!. #. icid#d M#% 1+7-277 e@. . "u&e! $#%# cu%i% +77 $ie e! e" e$#ci #!u"#% &K #!c. . De$"#=#% " e$#ci#d%e c! e" 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!. . Ci%cu"#% G 9i"(%#% e" 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! #(# ue "# "ec(u%# de (u%ide= de" %e(%! de" $= e#! de #cue%d # "# e$eci9ic#ci!e dee#d#. Td e( #ce $uede! e% &e#d # u! @#( de 2 ".&i!. E! c#d# e(#$# i!(e%&edi# de #ce e(#%K! i!(e%c#"#d #ce de #@u# du"ce 9i"(%#d# de &e! de 2+ NTU.
Fi!#"&e!(e e%K! de$"#=#d $% #@u# 9i"(%#d# de &e! de 2+ NTU #"&ue%# #" &K?i& @#( $e%&ii"e #(# de8#% e! "# #"id# e(e &i& 9"uid c! e# c#%#c(e%(ic#.
.0.- PROCEDIMIENTO PARA LAADO DE PO*OS BASE A/UA 1. E$#ci#d% 15 E$#ci#d% ic5 f A@u# G Su$e% i LD &# 6CD P"i&e%. 2. E$#ci#d% 25 A"c#"i!5 f A@u# G S# CKu(ic#. 3. E$#ci#d% 35 A"c#"i!5 f A@u# G S# CKu(ic#. 4. E$#ci#d% 45 De(e%@e!(e5 f A@u# G e"" # 177 +. E$#ci#d% +5 ic5 f A@u# G Su$e% i LD &# 6CD P"i&e%< e$#ci#d% e!(%e e" "#)#d% u&ic G e" 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci!. #. icid#d M#% 1+7-277 e@. . "u&e! $#%# cu%i% +77 $ie e! e" e$#ci #!u"#% &K #!c. ,. B&e#% e" 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! $#%# de$"#=#% " e$#ci#d%e. . Ci%cu"#% G 9i"(%#% e" 9"uid de (e%&i!#ci! #(# ue "# "ec(u%# de (u%ide= de" %e(%! de" $= e#! de #cue%d # "# e$eci9ic#ci!e dee#d#. Td e( #ce $uede! e% &e#d # u! @#( de 2 ".&i!. E! c#d# e(#$# i!(e%&edi# e i!(e%c#"#%K! #ce de #@u# du"ce 9i"(%#d#. Fi!#"&e!(e e%K! de$"#=#d $% #@u# 9i"(%#d# de &e! de 2+ NTU #"&ue%# # &K?i& @#( #(# de8#% e! "# #"id# e(e &i& 9"uid c! e# c#%#c(e%(ic#..
[email protected] FLUIDOS EMPACANTES L# u(i"i=#ci! de " 9"uid de e&$#ue e! "# e(#$# 9i!#" de "# (e%&i!#ci! de" $= G e" &(i) $% e" cu#" e dieH#! $#%# e% c"c#d e! " e$#ci #!u"#%e e!(%e "# (ue%# de $%ducci! G "# (ue%# de %e)e(i&ie!( e $#%# ue e(# (ue%# e $%(e8#! #decu#d#&e!(e de " e9ec( de "# c%%i!< G ue 9#ci"i(e! "# %ecu$e%#ci! de " #$#%e8 de $%ducci!< G# ue u! de " $%i!ci$#"e $%"e&# #" (%#(#% de #c#% e(# (ue%# de $%ducci! e "# $e@#du%# e?cei)# de " e"" &u"(i-) e! e" cue%$ de" e&$#c#d% " cu#" # %i@i!#d e! &uc# c#i!e $e%#ci!e uecue!(e de $ec# $#%# %ecu$e%#ci! ((#" de "# #%(#< c#u#!d c( e?cei) #" #"#%@#%e " (ie&$ de i!(e%)e!ci! de " $=. E(# e""#du%# e $%)c#d# $% $%"e&# de c%%i!< # c& de$i( de &#(e%i#"e %@K!ic e i!%@K!ic )u"c#!i=#ci! de " e"#(&e%. E(e (i$ de 9"uid e e&$"e#! (#&i! $#%# &#!(e!e% u!# $%ei! id%(K(ic# e! "# $#%(e e?(e%!# de "# (ue%# de $%ducci! G # e)i(#% #"@u!# 9#""# $% c"#$ de "# (ue%# de %e)e(i&ie!( e! #"@u!# K%e# de $%ei! #!%&#". A" &i& (ie&$ e dee (e!e% u!# c%%ec(# &#!i$u"#ci! #" $%e$#%#%e e! e" c#&$< $#%# e)i(#% i!(%duci% #@e!(e c!(#&i!#!(e $% "id
diue"( "id e! u$e!i!< " cu#"e %educi%#! "# e9icie!ci# de e( $%duc(. P% " #!(e%i% e !ece#%i e(#"ece% u! $%cedi&ie!( #decu#d $#%# dieH#% " 9"uid e&$#c#!(e G ue ( cu&$"#! e9ic#=&e!(e "# 9u!ci! $#%# "# cu#" 9ue%! e"ecci!#d.
[email protected] P%$ied#de 5ue de'e! (e!e% " 8"uid e&$#c#!(e. E !ece#%i de(e%&i!#% "# $%$ied#de &K #decu#d# $#%# dieH#% " 9"uid e&$#c#!(e< G e(# dee! e% "# i@uie!(e 1.E(#"e # c!dici!e de (e&$e%#(u%# G $%ei!. 2.-
N e% c%%i).
3.-
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4.-
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+.-
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,.-
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.-
ue 9#ci"i(e "# %ecu$e%#ci! de " #$#%e8 de $%ducci!.
[email protected] Ti$ de 8"uid e&$#c#!(e. L 9"uid e&$#c#!(e e $uede! $%e$#%#% e! #e # 9"uid #e #@u# G #e #cei(e. L #e #cei(e $%ee!(#! u!# &#G% e(#i"id#d ue " $%e$#%#d c! #@u#. L #!(e%i% deid # "# !#(u%#"e=# de" #cei(e diee" G# ue e (%#(# de u! ")e!(e ! $"#%< G# ue " #e #@u# $% u !#(u%#"e=# u&ic# %euie%e! e" e&$"e de #@e!(e u&ic e$eci#"e c& ! " i!iid%e de c%%i!< #"c#"i!i=#!(e< ecue(%#!(e de @#e< # c& #"@u! #c(e%icid# G )ici9ic#!(e c& c&$"e&e!( G cu&$"i% u 9u!ci! c& 9"uid e&$#c#!(e de &#!e%# e9icie!(e. Se $uede! c"#i9ic#% e! #e #cei(e G #e #@u# G ! " i@uie!(e
BASE ACEITE; A; E&u"i!e "i%e de "id< c! de!id#d de 7.4 # 7.04 @%.cc.
B; Diee" #cei(e e(#i"i=#d deid%#(#d c! de!id#d de 7.4 @%.cc.
BASE A/UA; A;
A@u# (%#(#d# de!id#d 1.7 @%.cc.
B;
S#"&ue%# dic#< de!. 1.73 # 1. 10 @%.cc.
C;
S#"&ue%# cK"cic#< de!id#d 1.27 # 1.30 @%.cc.
D; S#"&ue%# &e=c"#d# de 2 3 (i$ de #"e 5 C#CI2-C#B%2-*!B%2< ue )#%# u de!id#d dede 1.31 #(# 2.37 @%.cc. U!# de "# $%i!ci$#"e )e!(#8# de " 9"uid e&$#c#!(e #e #@u#< e ue ! d#H#! e" &edi #&ie!(e G ! de &e!% c(< $% " ue e! "# #c(u#"id#d ! " ue (ie!e! u!# &#G% de&#!d#.
[email protected] Re5ue%i&ie!( de" #:u# u(i"i7#d# $#%# $%e$#%#% 8"uid e&$#c#!(e. P#%# e" dieH G $%e$#%#ci! de u! #9"uid e&$#c#!(e #e #@u#< e dee cuid#% "# c#"id#d de" #@u# ue e )# # u(i"i=#%< $#%# e)i(#% $%"e&# de!(% de" $= ue $udie%#! #"(e%#% "# e9icie!ci# de" &i&< $% " ue (ie!e! ue cu&$"i% c! " "&i(e de c#"id#d $e%&ii"e i@uie!(e PROPIEDAD5 SÓLIDOS TOTALES DISUELTOS SOLIDOS EN SUSPENSION DURE*A DE CALCIO:C#CO3; DURE*A DE MA/NESIO :C#CO3; ALCALINIDD TOTAL:C#CO3; CLORUROS :NACI; SULFATOS :N#2SO4; FOSFATOS TOTALES SOLUBLES:P74; CROMATOS :C%O4;
& g l. 177 7-17 47 47 277 412 277 7.1 7.+
FIERRO TOTAL :Fe; 7.37 P> -0
E" #!K"ii de" #@u# e de u&# i&$%(#!ci# e! "# $%e$#%#ci! de " 9"uid e&$#c#!(e< G# ue e" #@u# du"ce $% u @%#! #i"id#d $#%# di")e% u! @%#! !&e% de c&$ue( i!%@K!ic i ! e (ie!e u! c!(%" e(%ic( de " i!e e! "uci!<
$uede! )")e% # %e#cci!#% 9%&#!d $%eci$i(#d i!"u"e de!(% de" $= c! " c!ecue!(e $%"e&# e! "# %ecu$e%#ci! de " #$#%e8 de $%ducci!. E! e" #@u# de %i@e! !#(u%#" e!c!(%#& u!# @%#! )#%ied#d de "id diue"(< # c& "id e! u$e!i!< G # e( e dee 5 "# (u%ide=< e" "%< e" c"% G e" #%< e(# c#%#c(e%(ic# de$e!de! de" "u@#% de d!de e (&e e" #@u#< $% " ue e! e( c# e dee u(i"i=#% u! (%#(#&ie!( $%e)i # e(e (i$ de #@u# $#%# e% u(i"i=#d# e! "# $%e$#%#ci! de 9"uid e&$#c#!(e. L "id diue"( G " "id e! u$e!i! ! i!dic#! "# c#!(id#d de i&$u%e=# diue"(# e! e" #@u# G ue ! $e%8udici#"e e! e" #@u#< #de&K de #u&e!(#% u !dice de (u%ide=. L# #"e c&$ue(# $% "# &e=c"# de %&u% G c"%u% ! ! c&!&e!(e u(i"i=#"e $% u #"( c( G e"e)#d# (?icid#d< # c& " $%"e&# i!e%e!(e # u &#!i$u"#ci! e! e" c#&$< $% " ue u e&$"e c& 9"uid e&$#c#!(e e(K %e(%i!@id e! "# #c(u#"id#d< #u!#d # ue "# !%&# ec"@ic# $#%# e( (i$ de 9"uid ! &uG e(%ic(#. N%&#"&e!(e e! "# #c(u#"id#d< e" #@u# u(i"i=#d# $#%# "# $%e$#%#ci! e! e" c#&$ de " 9"uid e&$#c#!(e e #@u# (%#(#d# de #"@u!# de "# #(e%# de "# e&$%e#< "# cu#" (ie!e ue e% &!i(%e#d# $#%# @#%#!(i=#% ue cu&$"e c! " %eue%i&ie!( de c#"id#d G u $%$ied#de 9iic-ui&ic# ! "# $(i&#.
I!(%ducci! E" c!(%" de $= e u!# $e%#ci! c%(ic#< G# ue e de u! %ie@ $(e!ci#" G c#u#!(e de #ccide!(e< e %euie%e e$eci#" #(e!ci! e! e" dieH de " 9"uid $#%# e" c!(%"< " 9"uid #e #@u# #cei(e d#H#! # "# 9%&#ci! $%duc(%#. E! e" #H de 1002 e i!c%$% "# (ec!"@# %e e" u de 9"uid "i&$i G #"&ue%# de #"(# de!id#d< G# ue e( c& e # &e!ci!#d ! " 9"uid &K #decu#d e! " (%##8 de (e%&i!#ci! G %e$#%#ci! de $= G# ue &i!i&i=#! e" d#H # "# 9%&#ci!. 0.1.-SELECCION ADECUADA DE LA DENSIDAD. C& e )i e! e" c#$(u" !.3 e" cK"cu" de "# de!id#d e de u&# i&$%(#!ci#< G# ue e( de$e!de e" ?i( de" c!(%" de $=. P% e?$e%ie!ci#< e" cK"cu" de "# de!id#d< $% " &(d %ec&e!d#d< ! c#"cu"#! c! e?#c(i(ud i ! e (ie!e "# (e&$e%#(u%# c%%ec(# e (ie!e! #"&ue%# de #8# c#"id#d< e # e!c!(%#d ue e dee #u&e!(#% e!(%e 7.7+ # 7.7 @%.cc< cu#!d "# (e&$e%#(u%# e?cede de 147 ' C< e %euie%e! (#&i! ue e ""e)e! #di(i) G #"&ue%# (#!( $#%# #u&e!(#% c& $#%# di&i!ui% "# de!id#d. L #di(i) dee! de e% $#%# "# (e&$e%#(u%# de" $= e! cue(i!.
0.2.- OLUMEN M=NIMO A UTILI*AR L 9"uid !eY(!i#! ! &uG uce$(i"e # "# @#i9ic#ci! &i@%#ci! de" #cei(e $% di9e%e!ci# de de!id#de< deid # ue ! (ie!e! )icid#d @e"#(i!id#d< e !ece#%i ue e" )"u&e! &!i& $#%# e" c!(%" de $= e# d )ece "# c#$#cid#d de" &i&< # c& (e!e%
i!(#"#d u! de@#i9ic#d% G u!# $%e# $#%# "# e$#%#ci! de" #cei(e< "# #"&ue%# %ecu$e%#d# dee%K de e% 9i"(%#d# G (%#(#d# c! (d u #di(i) (#!( $#%# ! d#H#% #" G#ci&ie!( c& $#%# i!ii% "# c%%i! G# ue #" $##% # (%#) de " 9i"(% e e"i&i!#! e( #di(i).
0.3.- ADITIOS HUIMICOS A UTILI*AR PARA PREENIR EL DAÑO A LA FORMACIÓN De!(% de "# $e%#ci! de c!(%" de $= e $uede! @e!e%#% $%did# de 9i"(%#d $%did# $#%ci#"e de ci%cu"#ci! i!Gec(#% e" 9"uid # "# 9%&#ci!. E( uce $uede! @e!e%#% d#H # "# 9%&#ci!< #u! cu#!d e u(i"ice! #"&ue%# "i%e de "id G 9i"(%#d#< c#u#! $%"e&# e! $= c! #cei(e ue (ie!e! #"( c!(e!id de #9K"(e! G $#%#9i!# c#u#!d "# dee(#i"i=#ci! de" #cei(e G $% e!de "# $%eci$i(#ci! de" "d #9K"(ic. Se %euie%e de u! $%e)i (%#(#&ie!( c! #di(i) $#%# e)i(#% e" d#H $%5
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11.1.- ANTECEDENTES L# u(i"i=#ci! c! ?i( de" 9"uid de #8# de!id#d e! "# =!# de$%ei!#d# de" c%e(Kcic G de" (e%ci#%i< de'id # 5ue e" d# # "# 8%&#ci!e $%duc(%# e &!i& #de&K ue ! c!(ie!e "id e! u$e!i!< e c"#i9ic#%K c& 9"uid "i&$i.
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11.2.- FORMULACION DEL FLUIDO DE BAKA DENSIDAD
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11.3.- PROPIEDADES TIPICAS DEL FLUIDO P#%9&e(% De!id#d. icid#d.M#%
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