Mango Ink

ABSTRACT

In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for the artists, calligraphers as well as for the people. The researcher thinks that Mango has great  potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink due to its strong tanning color. The researcher decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. This study was conducted as an attempt to discover discover an alternative alternative source of marker ink, which is safe to users and even to the environment. Furthermore, the researchers aimed to determine the possibility of mango etract as a source of ink use for printing. The study used the eperimental method of research. The method is a highly controlled  procedure in which manipulated treatment or actions from a factor or condition, called the eperimental variable !Mango etract" were applied upon another factor or condition, called the dependent variables !absorption, stick consistency and color" to determine the effect of the former upon the latter. #ll other factors or variables were kept constant or e$ual so that any change in the dependent variables is attributable only to the independent variable. There is a significant difference between the two inks in terms of color, absorption, and rate of evaporation but not in odor. Therefore, Therefore, the mango ink is possible source of organic ink, which is affordable affordable than the commercial inks available in the market today.

Chapter I INTRODUCTION A.

Background of the Study

%ermanent markers play an important role in writing and in artworks in different ways. It was designed to create various permanent writings on ob&ects with enormous creative and practical possibilities. #side from its use in writing, it is also used in labeling,  poster creation and calligraphy. 'ith infinite use of permanent markers, many did not know that markers have limitations. (sually, it is a problem for artists and calligraphers to supply ink for the markers they are using. Typically, the inks used in most markers are made from synthetic materials like the  petroleum and chemical solvents. These kinds of materials are hazardous especially to the health of the users and to the environment as well. #s been made into dyes, the Mango !Mangifera indica" can be an alternative ingredient ingredient for ink instead instead of petroleum. petroleum. The Mango !Mangifera !Mangifera indica" indica" is native native to )outheastern #sia and found all over in the %hilippine archipelago. It is a large deciduous tree which is very easily propagated from seeds or large cuttings. It is known for its ability to take high polish, which is derived from the trees and its alcoholic tincture that produces dark red color dye in wood and can be used for tanning. In today’s modern world, almost every product has been commercialized and people sought for products that are more natural and cheaper instead. The creation of ink with alternative ingredient to be commercialized is a demand for the artists, calligraphers as well as for the people. The researcher thinks that Mango has great  potentials in having an alternative permanent marker ink due to its strong tanning color. The researcher decided to test its effectiveness as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. B.

Statement of the Problem

This study attempted attempted to determine determine the effectiveness of Mango !Mangifera indica" etract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink.

)pecifically, it aimed to answer the following $uestions* 1.

2.

3.

Is the Mango ink effective in terms of the following* a.

#bsorption

b.

)tick +onsistency

c.

+olor

'hat is the acceptability of the Mango ink in terms of* a.

+olor

b.

dor

c.

#bsorption

d.

-ate of vaporation

Is there a significant difference between the Mango ink and the standard ink in terms of

+olor, dor, #bsorption and -ate of vaporation/

C.

Sgnfcance of the Study

This study is significant to the following* US!RS" This study would be very beneficial to the users of permanent markers. This

study provides many advantages to them, such as they would have a more natural and cheaper  way of having an ink for their markers. A#RICU$TUR!"  This study provides farmers and planters an additional source of

income. #lso, this will increase the number of Mango trees grown in the %hilippines.

!N%IRON&!NT" This study will help to replenish the Mango trees that ha ve been

cut down. OT'!R R!S!ARC'!RS"  This will help other researchers as that it will serve as

additional information and will add factual concepts for their review of related literature.

D.

Scope and Delmtaton of the Study

The study aimed to test the effectiveness of  Mango !Mangifera indica" bark etract to produce a permanent marker ink. This study limits its coverage on the discussion of permanent marker ink production, chemical testing of the sample ink, plantation of Mango tree and the impact of the permanent marker ink in the environment. The study focused on testing its effectiveness in terms absorption, stick consistency and color0 including its acceptability in terms of color, odor, absorption and rate of evaporation. ut of two hundred forty eight pupils of 1azal lementary )chool, thirty of them were chosen as respondents to test the acceptability of Mango !Mangifera indica" etract as an ingredient for permanent marker ink. This study was conducted at 1azal lementary )chool for  the school year 234562347.

E.

Defnton of Term( Ab(orpton . It is the ability of the ink to uptake into the fibers of the paper as rated by the

respondents. Ben)alkonum Chlorde" In the study, it is an additive that prevents the Mango bark ink from

solidifying. !ffect*e"  This refers to how the ink. +errou( Sulfate . In the study, it is the compound responsible for the black coloration of the

ink and is a disinfectant. #lycern,#lycerol . It refers to the ingredient responsible for the increase in rate of etraction

of the tanning in the pigment. &ango bark" It is the source of etract as the main ingredient of a permanent marker ink. Odor" It is how strong the scent of the ink as rated by the respondents. Rate of !*aporaton . The rate of how fast the ink dries up as rated by the respondents. Stck Con((tency . It is the consistency of the ink to stick in the paper as rated by the

respondents.

Chapter II R!%I!- O+ R!$AT!D $IT!RATUR! AND STUDI!S Related $terature

8ong before, ink is usually made from natural  products such as berries, barks and leaves etract. They have been used for centuries to create numerous colors and when mied to other substances can be an ink, dye or paint. Tea leaves have  been also used for centuries to make ink because of its various shades that create yellow, green,  brown or black ink. !8opierre, 8opi. .http*99www.google.com9leaf6etracts6can6used6ink.html:."

%lants that contain tanning color can  be reliable for making ink. For centuries, galls nestled from oak trees as primary ingredient to make a  black ink. The rich tanning color of dogwood and alder tee also results to natural inks. ;alls and barks achieve more intense, lasting inks than most of the flower6based inks. #lso, gyptians achieved $uality red ink with poppies. !.http*99www.google.com9make6ink6using6petals.html:." #ccording to
-obbins !2343" described marker pens as pens which have their  own ink source and usually has a tip made of absorbent and pressed fiber and was first created by )idney -osenthal in 4>?2. This marker pen had been one of the commonly used writing instruments for about fifty years. Ink, according to ncyclopedia.com !2344", is a combination of a coloring agent,  pigment and a li$uid containing oils, resins and chemical solvents. In the past, ink was fashioned from different colored &uices, plant and animal etracts. 1ut today, synthetic materials are used in addition to these natural ingredients to improve the $uality of ink making0 however, ink  must have two basic components* the pigment coloring and the vehicle, a li$uid which allow the ink to be dispersed. In addition, according to the article found in the )tudent’s ncyclopedia, @The ink should make

a clear permanent mark that when dry does not fade

from eposure to light or run from eposure to moisture. It should flow freely and dry $uickly when written in a surface and it must contain nothing that might damage either the pen or the

 paper.A Beumann’s and )chluttig’s definition of ink as cited in 8ind$uist, clearly stated the  properties of ink that would be helpful in having a good $uality ink. The ink must be clear, filterable solution but not a suspension, should flow easily from the pen and should not spread on  paper. )ince the ink is natural, no mold must be seen on the solution and has no pronounced unpleasant odor. 8ikewise, it must have an intense color which does not become paler nor bleach out entirely as it is used in writing. Furthermore, 8ind$uist added that every good ink, whether  writing, or combined writing and copying, should have $ualities that give writing that, after  drying for eight days, is not removed by water or alcohol 66 even by treatment for days 66 to such an

etent

that

it

becomes

illegible.

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Related Study

+aparas !2343" conducted a study to determine if the etract of Mango tree’s sawdust is effective as a dye. There were C3 randomly selected respondents as the sample size. The result obtained shows that 7?D of the respondents said that Mango’s sawdust can be made into a dye for clothes.
State/of/the/Art

1ased on the articles gathered, the Mango !Mangifera indica" etract had been  proven to be effective as a natural dye as what the study of +aparas !2343" showed. Therefore, the Mango bark is capable of being an ingredient for ink making. #nd use to the need of making new inks0 this study is envisioned to determine if the etract of Mango !Mangifera indica" bark is effective as a source of alternative inks.

Chapter III &!T'ODO$O#0

The study used the eperimental method of research. The method is a highly controlled procedure in which manipulated treatment or actions from a factor or condition, called the eperimental variable !the Mango ink" were applied upon another factor or condition, and called the dependent variables !absorption, stick consistency and color" to determine the effect of the former upon the latter. #ll other factors or variables were kept constant or e$ual so that any change in the dependent variables is attributable only to the independent variable. This study also focused on how the Mango etract is capable of being utilized as ingredient for the permanent marker ink. #dditionally, the Mango etract was tested to determine its effectiveness and through eperiments, observations were gathered and utilized as a collective in making conclusions. The eperimental set6up consists of three !C" sub set6ups and the controlled set6up. ach set6up had undergone the same process, same environment and same tests in order to avoid alteration and confusion of observation. The set6up with three !C" replications was tested with the use of a standardized test, the 'aterproof Test. This study also used another method in data gathering. Thirty respondents were asked to rate the ink in terms of absorption, color and over6all acceptability.

INSTRU&!NTATION

The study used the following method of instrumentation in data gathering* 1ue(tonnare"  The $uestionnaire was framed by the researcher in order to gather data in

determining a" the effectiveness of Mango ink in terms of the indicators, absorption, stick consistency, color and over6all acceptability of the ink and b" the significant difference between the standard ink and Mango ink. This had two parts, the respondent’s profile, and $uestion6scale part. %art I was composed of personal information of the respondents such as name,

section and se. It also includes the date of observation. The respondents were identified through random sampling. %art II was divided into two parts* a" the acceptability of the Mango ink and b" significant difference between the Mango ink and standard ink. -espondents rated the Mango ink  and standard ink in terms of color, odor, and rate of evaporation and absorption of ink. In order to rate the variables, the 8ikert’s scale was used in which ? means eceptional, E means very good, C means good, 2 means fair and 4 means poor. Instructions were given that served as guide for the respondents on how to rate the variables. -aterproof Te(t"

 The waterproof test was also used in the study to test the stick

consistency of the ink 

#!N!RA$ PROC!DUR!

#. ;TTIB; T< 1#- F B#--# The first step was getting the Barra bark to be used. It can be from an old, grown and or a fallen tree. It was removed with the aid of a cutting tool, bolo.

1. %-%#-#TIB F B#--# GT-#+T

#fter getting the bark, it was pounded using mortar and pestle. Bet, the pounded bark was  placed in a container and was mied with 1enzalkonium chloride to get the etract. The etract was then transferred to a container with a filter to remove unwanted small particles and other  residue.

+. %-%#-#TIB F T< IB 

ther substances known as additives such as glycerol or glycerin and ferrous sulfate were added with three different proportions. The 1enzalkonium chloride prevents the ink from solidifying. This helps in reducing the surface tension of the ink solution, allowing the ink to soak  more $uickly into the paper fibers. It also prevents molds from growing in the ink.

The glycerol was also used because of its viscous nature and high absorbency on paper. It increases the rate of etraction of tannin in the pigment. The ferrous sulfate is a disinfectant that aids in the inhibition of growth of microorganisms in the ink in. It is responsible for the black color of Mango ink. The formulized ink from the etract of bark of Mango was transferred into ink bottles and was left undisturbed for 2E hours before undergoing a series of tests. The recycled permanent marker containers were refilled with the Mango ink. The table below shows the proportion of  ingredients that was used in making the Mango ink. The proportion of ingredients was based on the old recipes of ink making.

)ample

Mango 1ark  

;lycerol

1enzalkonium +hloride

Ferrous )ulfate

#

!gram" 433

!m8" 4.3

!m8" 43H

!mg" 4?33

1

433

2.2?

43H

4?33

+

433

C.?

43H

4?33

Table 2"Proporton( of &ango Ink Ingredent(

!%A$UATION O+ SA&P$!S

The researcher evaluated each sample to determine the difference between the Mango ink and standard ink using a waterproof test for $uality inks* i.

-aterproof Te(t of Ink

1oth the Mango and standard ink are sub&ected to the same test on the same sheet of   paper. )amples were written in the paper and the page was left out overnight !about > hours" before doing the test. The water test included holding the page under running water for  about C3 seconds on each side of the page. To dry, the page was put between two paper towels

with a lightweight bo placed on top to aid in drying. For the &udging factors, the results will be observed carefully for clarity of stroke, retention of original color, and leftover halos of ink around the letters. The paper towels that were used to dry the papers were also eamined for ink transfer. The &udging factors will determine the score or rating on each ink with ? as the highest, indicating the ink’s retention on the paper, and 4 as the lowest, indicating that the words were unreadable after test. STATISTICA$ TOO$

The data gathered from the $uestionnaire were classified, tabulated, computed and analyzed statistically using chi6s$uare and weighted mean to test the hypothesis of the study. The chi6s$uare test of homogeneity shows the significant difference between the Mango ink and the standard ink. The weighted mean tests the acceptability of the Mango ink. The formula to be used for the chi6s$uare test of homogeneity is* O

is the observed fre$uency,

!

∑x

is the epected fre$uency and

2

=

(O − E )

2

 E ∑x

2

.

'herein is the p6

value. To compute for !, use E = column and #T is the grand total.

( R T ) ( C T ) G T 

 , where RT is the total in a row, CT is the total in a

Chapter I% ANA$0SIS3 AND INT!RPR!TATION O+ DATA

This chapter contains the analysis and interpretation of data in order to answer the ob&ectives of the study.

Table 2. Ink Content of the Markers

)#M%8

+BTBT

M#-- # !standard ink"

? m8

M#-- 1 !mango ink"

? m8

The table 2 showed the amount of ink refilled in each marker. The two markers were  both filled by a ?m8 ink before the test was conducted.

Table 3. Weighted mean for acceptability of Mango Ink 

dor 4"24

+olor 5"64

#bsorption 5"44

-ate of vaporation 5"27

The table C showed the weighted mean for the acceptability of the Mango ink. It also showed the result of the survey from the C3 respondents. The first row is the indicators and the

second one is the mean. In terms of odor, the Mango ink has a mean of C.4C !means )atisfactory" as the grade based from the $uestionnaire. For the color, it has a mean of 2.>7 which is also satisfactory. -egarding absorption, it has a mean of 2.CC which is unsatisfactory. 'hile the rate of evaporation that has a mean of 2.4. The results show that the Mango ink has a poor rating and only the color and odor are the average factors of it. dor has mostly not pleasant smell. The color is pale and it has a very slow evaporation and unsatisfactory absorption which causes the paper to stay damp for several minutes.

Table 8 . espondents! "eighted score for the t"o inks

)amples

dor

+olor

#bsorption

-ate of vaporation

C.27

E.27

E.4C

E.C3

C.4C

2.HC

2.CC

2.47

Marker # !with standard ink" Marker 1 !with Mango ink"

The odor between the two inks is not significantly different. Table E showed that the weighted score for Mango ink is almost at the same level with standard ink having a difference of 3.4E. n the other hand, the color, absorption and rate of evaporation of standard ink were much higher than the Mango ink having a difference ranging from 4.CE 6 2.47. Therefore, it showed that the standard ink is  better than the Mango ink.

Table 9" Ratng (core of the t:o nk( n the -aterproof Standard)ed Te(t &ango Ink 4"9

Standard Ink   8"9

Table ? showed the rating score of the two inks in the conducted waterproof test. The Mango Ink had some halo, but the letters are still clear and dark. It has a little change in color. ne !4" point was taken off for the halo, and a half point for the color loss. The ink soaked through completely to the other side. The standard ink, on the other hand, has some evident,  but minimal, formation of halo. The

ink washed

when left under heavy running

water, yet the ink bled through the page slightly more after water eposure. The individual strokes were blended together and the stroke detail was lost. # half point was taken off for the loss of  stroke detail and minimal haloing. 8etters were still clear and the color was intact. It suggests that the ink has a higher score than the Mango ink.

Table ;" Sgnfcant dfference bet:een &ango Ink and Standard Ink  Computed

Degree of 

Tabulated

Relaton(hp of 

%alue
+reedom
%alue
C% and T%

dor

5.5HH

E

+K = TK

Bot )ignificant

+olor

4?.HH2

E

+K : TK

)ignificant

#bsorption

25.4H2

E

+K : TK

)ignificant

C>.43H

E

+K : TK

)ignificant

Indcator

-ate of  vaporation

>.EHHJ

Remark(

J at 3.3? level of significance

Table 5 shows whether there is a significant difference between the Mango ink and standard ink. The computed value for dor, +olor, #bsorption and -ate of vaporation were 5.5HH, 4?.HH2, 25.4H2 and C>.43H, respectively. The tabulated value obtained from the degree of  freedom of E is >.EHH at 3.3? level of significance. It shows that the two inks have a significant difference in terms of +olor, #bsorption and -ate of vaporation while not significant difference in dor. In the first indicator, the odor, having no significant difference implies that both inks have the same odor as for the respondents. For the second indicator, the color, having a significant difference means that the color of the two inks is comparable to each other. In the third and last indicator, the absorption and rate of evaporation indicate that

there is a significant difference which means that the absorption and rate of evaporation of the two inks is comparable to each other according to the respondents’ perceptions.

Chapter % SU&&AR0 O+ +INDIN#S3 CONC$USION AND R!CO&&!NDATION

This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study.

The study attempted to determine the effectiveness of Mango !Mangifera indica"

tract

as an ingredient for permanent marker ink with C3 respondents and conducted at 1azal lementary )chool for school year 234562347. )pecifically, the study aimed to answer the following* 1.

Is the Mango etract ink effective in terms of the ab sorption, stick consistency and

color/ Summary of +ndng(>

The Mango ink had a score of C.? for the stick consistency which implies that there is a loss of color and the ink marks spread evenly on the paper. 1ased on the results of the survey, it showed that the Mango ink got a weighted score of 2.>C in color. It clearly shows that the ink’s color looks to be from bright to pale6black. In terms of absorption, the ink got a weighted score of  2.CC which means that it has low soaking ability in papers. Conclu(on>

The waterproof test concludes that the Mango ink cannot be advertised as waterproof but very resistant. 1ased on the results, the ink, therefore, is not effective in terms of color and

absorption. 'hat is the acceptability of the Mango ink in terms of color, odor, absorption and rate

2.

of evaporation/ Summary of +ndng(>

The odor received a weighted score of C.4C !)atisfactory" which means that unpleasant odor is still bearable to the respondents. For the color, it has 2.HC !)atisfactory" rating, which is lower than of the standard ink, meaning it has bright to pale6black color. 8astly, the absorption and rate of evaporation parameters, received 2.CC and 2.4C !(nsatisfactory" weighted score respectively, showing that most of the respondents do not accept the ink in terms of these indicators. CONC$USION>

1ased on the findings, the ink has low acceptability when it comes to rate of  evaporation and absorption in paper but nearly low acceptability in terms of the color.
3.

as an ink and the standard ink in terms of +olor, dor, #bsorption and -ate of vaporation/ Summary of +ndng(>

Findings showed that the computed value for color, absorption and rate of  evaporation, which are 4?.HH2, 25.4H2 and C>.43H, respectively is higher than the tabulated value of >.EHH suggesting that the two inks are comparable but not in odor having a 5.5HH computed value which is lower. Conclu(on>

There is a significant difference between the two inks in terms of color, absorption and rate of evaporation but there is no significant difference in terms of odor.

R!CO&&!NDATION> 1.

The researcher recommends finding a solution for the coagu lation of ink after several

days and also undergoes the additional standardized test. 2.

It is advisable to improve the color of the Mango ink and know what ingredient can

improve the absorption of the ink, rate of evaporation and odor. 3.

The researcher advocates re6associating the difference between the two inks using

other tests in order to &ustify the result of this study. Furthermore, having a good $uality ink must  be focused on before undergoing a series of test. 4.

The researcher also suggests finding a device that will make the etraction of the

Mango bark etract to be easier. 5.

The researcher advises to conduct other parallel tests based on the components of the

standard ink and the Mango ink.

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#%%BI+)