Management and Administration Administration Management Management is the process of designing designing and maintaining maintaining an environment environment in which individuals, individuals, working together in group efficiently accomplish selected aims. S. Robbins defines management is the proces processs of planni planning, ng, organi organizin zing, g, leadin leading g and control controllin ling g all the activi activitie tiess within within an organization organization in pursuit pursuit of pre-defined pre-defined objectives. objectives. Management Management is a broader broader term as compare compare to administration.
The Definition of Management Needs To Be Expanded:
As managers people carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing, motivating (leading) and controlling.
Management applies to any kind of organization.
It applies to managers at all organizational levels.
The aim of managers is the same to create surplus.
Managing is concerned with productivity, which implies effectiveness and efficiency.
The Functions of Management
1. Planning Selecting missions and objectives as well as the actions to achieve them,, which requires decision making.
2. Organizing Establishing and intentional structure of roles for people to fill in an organization..
3. Moti Motiva vati ting ng (Lea (Leadi ding ng)) Influence people, so that they will contribute to organizational and group goals.
4. Cont Contrroll olling Measuring and correcting individual and organizational performance to ensure that events conform to plans. Managerial Functions at Different Organizational Levels: Top Level: are planning, organizing and controlling. Middle Level: they are equally sharing all functions. First Line Supervisors: are only leading.
Managerial Skills and the Organizational Hierarchy o
Technical Skill (To know one’s job)
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Human Skill (Interaction, Communication, Behavior, Team Building)
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Conceptual Skill (Understanding the organization as a whole)
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Design Skills (Analysis and problem solving ability)
Principles of school Management
The following are the principals of effective school management. 1. Princi Principle ple of object objectivi ivity: ty: this princi principle ple demands demands that the activiti activities es are focuse focused d on the predetermined objectives of the school programmes etc. 2. Principle Principle of Comprehens Comprehensivenes iveness: s: this princip principle le demands that that a wide variety variety of activitie activitiess are offered to the students. a) These activit activities ies should should fulfill fulfill the indivi individual dual as well well as group needs. needs. b) Activities Activities should should also provide provide for the balanced balanced development development of the students personali personalities ties.. c) Right and and duties should should also also be made known known to the studens studens through through the activit activities. ies. d) Training Training and working working in collaborati collaboration on should be made made a regular feature feature for the students students.. 3. Principle Principle of of economy: economy: the princip principle le focuses focuses on the facts facts that: that: a) The work force force be utilized utilized accordin according g to the capacity, capacity, potentia potentiall and liking. liking. b) The material material sources sources should should also be used to the the optimum. optimum. c) The responsibi responsibiliti lities es need be entruste entrusted d according according to the caliber caliber and taste. taste. 4. Princi Principle ple of co-ope co-operat ration ion and co-or co-ordin dinati ation on
a) School should should be a place place where the the atmosphere atmosphere of mutual mutual consult consultation ation should should prevail. prevail. b) The responsibi responsibiliti lities es should should be discharged discharged with zeal vigor vigor and drive drive for the betterm betterment ent of the institution. c) Student Student should should be provided provided with a chance chance to share some some of the responsi responsibilit bilities ies with with their teachers. 5. Prin Princi cipl plee of sim simpl plic icit ity y a) The administr administrative ative procedure procedure are are made simple, simple, practicabl practicablee and understandab understandable. le. b) The responsi responsibilit bility y and authorit authority y should should work togethe together. r. c) The teachers teachers must be exposed exposed to novel situati situations ons to polish polish their leadersh leadership ip qualities. qualities. d) School should should have a close close relation relation with with the the society society and parent parents. s. 6. Prin Princi cipl plee of modif modific icat atio ion n a) The duties duties and responsi responsibilit bilities ies of the the staff must must be changed changed after after intervals. intervals. b) The latest latest innovation innovationss and trends trends be incorporat incorporated ed at the proper proper time. time.
Definition of Administration
The word administration is composed of two words “ad” means to and “ministraire” means serve, so as one word it gives meanings to serve. In French, ‘minister’ is the one who takes resp respons onsib ibil ilit ity. y. In Urdu Urdu,, Pers Persia ian n and and Arab Arabic ic admi admini nist stra rati tion on means means a seque sequenc nce, e, order order,, conc concent entra rati tion on and and atte attent ntio ion n for for the the util utiliz izat atio ion n of reso resour urce ces. s. As a conc concep eptt educa educati tion onal al administr administration ation is helpfully helpfully taking the responsibil responsibility ity for facilitati facilitating ng the processes processes relating relating to students, teachers, and the institution. Different educational experts have defined educational administration according to their own perception.
Stephen P. Robbins is of the opinion that administration is getting the things done from others with effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness is defined as doing the right thing as it means achieving the objectives through completing the right job. If a school administrator is successful in achieving what is supposed to be achieved then he/she is an effective school administrator. Efficiency is defined as doing thing right as it is concerned with achieving objectives of the school by reducing cost and time. If a school administrator is successful in saving time and money resources then he/she is an efficient school a dministrator.
Functions (Uses) of School Administration
Smooth Smooth operation operation of an education education instituti institution on requires requires competent competent administr administrators ators.. Educational Educational administrators provide direction, leadership and day to day management of educational activities in schools. Educational administrators set educational standards and goals and establish the policies and procedures to carry them out. They also supervise managers, support staff, teachers, counselors, librarians, coaches, and others. They develop academic programs, monitor student’s educational progress; train and motivate teachers and other staff, manage guidance and other student services administer record keeping, prepare budget, handle relations with parents, prospective and current students, employers and the community and perform many other duties. Educational administrators (school principals) set the academic tone and hire, evaluate and help to improve the skills of teachers and other staff. Principals confer with staff advise, explain, or answer answer procedu procedural ral questi questions ons.. They They visit visit classr classroom ooms, s, observ observee teachi teaching ng methods methods,, review review instructional objectives, and examine learning materials. They actively work with teachers to deve develo lop p and and main mainta tain in high high curr curric icul ulum um stan standa dard rds, s, deve develo lop p miss missio ion n stat statem ement ents, s, and and set set
perfo performa rmance nce goals goals and object objective ives. s. Princ Principa ipals ls must must use clear clear object objective ivess and guidel guideline iness for teachers appraisals because pay often in private schools is based on performance ratings. Principals also meet and interact with other administrators, students, parents, and representatives of community organizations. Parents, teachers, and other members of the community play an important role in setting school policies and goals. Principals must pay attention to the concerns of these groups when making administrative ad ministrative decisions. Principles prepare budgets and reports on various subjects including finances and attendance; oversee the requisitioning and allocation of supplies. As school budges becomes tighter, many principal principalss are more involved involved in public public relations relations and fund raising to secure secure financial financial support for their schools from local businesses and the community. Principals must take an active role to ensure that students meet national academic standards. Many Many princi principal palss develop develop school school partne partnersh rships ips and school school-to -to-wo -work rk transi transitio tion n progra programs ms for students. Growing enrollments, which are leading to ove rcrowding at many existing schools, also are a cause for concern. When addressing problems of inadequate resources, administration serves as advocates for the building of new schools or the repair of the existing e xisting ones. Schools continue to be involved with students’ emotional welfare as well as their academic achievement.
Objectives of School Administration
The objectives of school administration are: 1. To manage manage activiti activities es in a sequent sequential ial order order accordin according g to the attitu attitude de of the student students, s, as human nature like sequence, order, and smoothness in the activities. 2. To promote promote group group work so that that the student student’s ’s particip participati ation on becomes becomes pleasi pleasing, ng, enjoying enjoying,, and they throw of fears. 3. To make the school school activitie activitiess more beneficial beneficial and meaning meaningful ful for the students students,, the variety variety of activities are offered in an integrated manner to develop balanced responsibilities. 4. To develop develop congeni congenial al and cordia cordiall relati relations ons between between teacher teachers, s, teachers teachers and princi principal pal,, institution and parents, in this way education and training go hand in hand. 5. To provide provide a sympathet sympathetic, ic, considera considerate, te, leading leading and guidin guiding g leadership. leadership. 6. To encourage encourage the the talent talent to flourish flourish democra democratic tic ideas ideas and ethics. ethics.
7. To pave pave the the way way for for novel novel creat creativ ivee and and pros prospe pero rous us style styless to solv solvee the the confr confron onte ted d problems. 8. To make make the the schoo schooll a coop cooper erat ativ ivee ente enterp rpri rise se for for the the bett better erme ment nt of the the indi indivi vidu dual als, s, locality, district, province and the nation. 9. To provide provide for the the material material and man power power needs where and and when needed. needed. 10. To utilize the material and manpower facilities to the the optimum possible. 11. To make room for the timely timely induction of new knowledge in the the curriculum. 12. To make the school activities go in a sequential and a logical way. way. 13. To share and delegate delegate the responsibilities responsibilities to provide and a logical way. 14. To share and delegate the responsibilit responsibilities ies to provide the power input and get feedback to rectify the system enabling to get the maximum output.
Elements of Administration
The main elements of administration are as following; 1. Planning a. What What is to be done done?? b. What methodol methodology ogy would would be applie applied d to gettin getting g the things things done? c. Entrusting Entrusting the respons responsibil ibilities ities to the most appropr appropriate iate persons persons d. Stipul Stipulate ated d target target date date is fixed. fixed.
2. Organi Organizat zation ion or Admi Adminis nistra tratio tion n setup setup a. An administr administrative ative setup setup is a necessar necessary y component component that helps in mainta maintaining ining the the law and order. b. It helps in implem implement enting ing the rules and regulati regulations ons and mainta maintaini ining ng the social social relation relationss with the society and parents. c. In charge academics academics,, administrati administration, on, discipline, discipline, sports, sports, co-curric co-curriculum ulum activitie activities. s. All work in their own capacities but in collaboration, so all the activities go hand in hand.
3. Staffing a. Traine Trained d cleric clerical, al, menial, menial, support support staff staff and the teaching teaching staff staff is the require requiremen mentt of an administrative structure. b. The staff staff is appoint appointed ed and their duties duties are defined. defined. c. The duties duties are shared shared and and the needs needs of the the staff staff and students students are met in in time. time. d. The performanc performancee of the staff staff is evaluate evaluated d after reasona reasonable ble interval intervals. s.
4. Directing a. Orde Orders rs are are iss issue ued. d. b. Dire Direct ctio ions ns are are giv given en.. c. Well-defi Well-defined ned rule must be be amply advertis advertised ed at various places, places, this this help in communica communicating ting the intents of the administration to the students. d. Necessary Necessary guidanc guidancee is provide provided d to the the staff staff as and when when needed. needed. e. The meeti meetings ngs are are convened convened to to resolve resolve the the issue issues. s.
f. The rewards rewards and and punishments punishments to the law law breachers breachers are are announced announced and strict strictly ly adhered adhered to.
5. Coordination a. The activ activiti ities es are are planne planned d in a unifie unified d manner. manner. b. Help is is sought sought from from the expert expertss to get the the task task done. done. c. Expertise between segments
is
shared
the
various
of
the
organization.
6. Reporting a. The accomp accomplis lishme hment nt of the indivi individual dualss are evaluat evaluated. ed. b. The effi efficie ciency ncy of the the group group is is assess assessed. ed.
c.
The strengths and weaknesses are recorded and reported to the administration for rectifying.
7. Budgeting a. Budg Budget etiing for for the the fol followi lowing ng item itemss is made. ade. It may may be deve devellopme opment ntal al or nonnondevelopmental. b. Equipm Equipment ent,, Furnit Furniture ure,, table, table, chair, chair, benche benches, s, blackb blackboar oards, ds, scienc sciencee equipm equipment ent,, sport sportss equipment and the books in the library provision of all these is the responsibility of the admini administr strati ation. on. This This help help the student studentss to variou variouss spots spots sittin sitting, g, workin working, g, and leavin leaving g easier. The adequate facilities help avoiding hazards. c. The building building provides provides protection protection from from rough rough and tough, tough, hot and and cold weather weather.. Noise Noise and unnecessary interruption becomes the least. Isolated rooms help teachers work on their own pace and requirement of students. Variety of activities goes in the same building without disturbing others. Different types of decoration in the different parts of the building attract the student attention. The spacious, well-lit, airy building fitted with gas and electricity helps the administrator avoiding unnecessary clustering of students and equipment. The building connected to roads facilitate entrance and exits.
