Malaysia's New Economic Model: An Assessment of its Strategies for Inclusive Growth (Paper)

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Jkdkpu`k'u Omw Meioij`e Jicmd6 Ko Kuumuujmos ih @su @ su Us~ksmg`mu hi~ @oed}u`xm G~iwsa ^kgkpka Akf` Jks V`o @ous`s}sm ih Jkdkpu`ko koc @osm~oks`iokd Us}c`mu !@BJKU) ~igkpkaL}bj/jp $ ~igkpkav`oLpkaii /eij

\k|m~ si nm |~mumosmc ks sam Ku`k*w`cm ~mg`iokd wi~buai| io

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;5 Um|smjnm~ ><;;$ Fkbk~sk$ @ociomu`k

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@os~ic}es`io

Hi~ sam |kus hi}~ cmekcmu$ Jkdkpu`k aku uaiwo ko `j|~muu`xm ~mei~c ih gmom~ks`og g~iwsa `o ~mkd |m~ ek|`sk `oeijm si ~mkea sam dmxmd ih k a`ga j`ccdm*`oeijm ei}os~p$ wa`ea ~mu}dsmc `o sam uak~| eios~kes`io `o knuid}sm |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem h~ij uijm =>/3- `o ;07< si 5/1- `o ><<0/ Sam |id`ep `j|dmjmosmc c}~`og sa`u |m~`ic `u sam u}||iumcdp `oed}u`xm Omw Meioij`e \id`ep ;07;*;00< !OM\) saks wku dk}oeamc w`sa sam infmes`xm ih kssk`o`og oks`iokd }o`sp koc hiusm~`og oks`io* n}`dc`og sa~i}ga |ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io `~~mu|mes`xm ih ~kem koc meioij`e ~mus~}es}~`og ui ku si md`j`oksm sam `cmos`h`eks`io ih ~kem w`sa meioij`e h}oes`iou/ Ihsmo s`jmu sam OM\ wku ak`dmc ku k u}eemuuh}d jicmd ih ~mc`us~`n}s`og `oeijm w`sai}s uke~`h`e`og g~iwsa$ n}s sam ~mei~c `o `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io aku nmmo j`qmc$ kea`mx`og g~iwsa w`sa m{}`sp `o sam ;01<>< ih nm`og k cmxmdi|mc oks`io$ sam gixm~ojmos aku `os~ic}emc sam Omw Meioij`e Jicmd !OMJ) si nm kea`mxmc sa~i}ga ko Meioij`e S~kouhi~jks`io \~ig~kj !MS\) saks w`dd |~i|md Jkdkpu`k si nm`og k a`ga `oeijm oks`io w`sa `oed}u`xmomuu koc u}usk`okn`d`sp/ Sam OMJ !OMKE ><;<6 ;<) cmue~`nmu `oed}u`xmomuu ku6

k |~m~m{}`u`sm hi~ hiusm~`og k umoum ih nmdiog`og/ \~i*|ii~ g~iwsa w`dd wk~~kos  saks oi g~i}|u w`dd nm jk~g`okd`vmc koc sam muumos`kd ommcu ih sam ~kbpks w`dd nm uks`uh`mc/ Hkj`d`mu w`dd nm mociwmc w`sa sam i||i~s}o`sp koc ek|kn`d`s`mu si  |}~u}m sam`~ ku|`~ks`iou `o eioomesmc$ ui|a`us`eksmc jicm~o e`s`mu$ siwoua`|u koc  x`ddkgmu/ Samp w`dd d`xm$ wi~b koc us}cp `o diekd`s`mu h~mm h~ij sam hmk~ ih e~`jm$ sam `oc`go`sp ih c`ue~`j`oks`io$ koc sam koq`msp ih ommc/ @oed}u`xmomuu w`dd mokndm kdd eijj}o`s`mu si eios~`n}sm si koc uak~m `o sam wmkdsa ih sam ei}os~p/ Wa`dm  |m~hmes m{}kd`sp `u `j|iuu`ndm$ ko `oed}u`xm uie`msp w`dd mou}~m saks `om{}kd`sp cimu ois wi~umo/

Sa}u sam OMJ ummbu si `j|~ixm sam meioij`e uskoc`og ih mxm~piom$ `~~mu|mes`xm ih  `oeijm dmxmd i~ msao`e`sp/ Sam {}mus`iou saks eijm si j`oc k~m wap cimu sam OM\ hk`d `o `su `oed}u`xmomuu koc aiw cimu sam OMJ eij|k~m w`sa |~mx`i}u |dkou w`sa ~mgk~c si |id`e`mu si ei~~mes `oeijm `om{}kd`sp koc `j|~ixm `oed}u`xmomuu9 @u sam |dko i}sd`omc `o sam OMJ ~mkd`us`e9 @o i~cm~ si kouwm~ samum {}mus`iou$ sam omqs umes`io w`dd cmue~`nm Jkdkpu`ko |id`e`mu siwk~cu m~kc`eks`og |ixm~sp koc kjmd`i~ks`og `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io |~`i~ si sam OMJ jicmd/ Umes`io 5 w`dd mo}jm~ksm sam`~ kea`mxmjmosu wa`dm Umes`io 3 w`dd cmue~`nm sam OMJ koc `su us~ksmg`mu/ Umes`io = w`dd eij|k~m sam |~mx`i}u |dkou koc sam OMJ wa`dm Umes`io 8 eioed}cmu sam |k|m~/

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Cmh`omc np ]O^@UC !><;<6 8=) wamo sam G`o` eimhh`e`mos `u ji~m sako
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\~mx`i}u \ixm~sp koc @oeijm C`us~`n}s`io \id`e`mu6 Dkeb`og @oed}u`io9

Jke~i*meioij`e |id`e`mu hi~ cmxmdi|jmos `o Jkdkpu`k eko nm n~ikcdp edkuu`h`mc `osi sa~mm |akumu/ Sam h`~us `u jk~bms*dmc cmxmdi|jmos saks wku `j|dmjmosmc nmswmmo ;0=7 koc ;07/;

Sam Omw Meioij`e \id`ep$ ;07<*;00<

Sam khsm~jksa ih sam msao`e ~`isu ih Jkp ;080 ukw k h}ockjmoskd ua`hs `o |}nd`e |id`e`mu w`sa sam mo}oe`ks`io ih sam OM\ `o ;07/>

Sam Oks`iokd Cmxmdi|jmos \id`ep$ ;00;*><<<

Sam OC\‐u infmes`xm k`jmc si kssk`o nkdkoemc cmxmdi|jmos  `o i~cm~ si e~mksm k ji~m }o`smc koc   f}us uie`msp !Jkdkpu`k ;00;6 3)/ Nkumc io sam OM\ infmes`xmu ih m~kc`eks`og m~kc`eks `og |ixm~sp koc ~mus~}es}~`og uie`msp$ `s us`dd mj|aku`vmu sam us~ksmgp ih  g~iwsa w`sa m{}`sp / @s moeij|kuumu$ kjiog isam~u$ sam ommc si us~`bm ko i|s`j}j nkdkoem nmswmmo g~iwsa koc m{}`sp$ mou}~m k nkdkoemc cmxmdi|jmos ih jkfi~ umesi~u si i|s`j`vm g~iwsa ku wmdd ku ~mc}em `om{}kd`s`mu nmswmmo ~mg`iou koc kjiog Jkdkpu`kou/ Aiwmxm~$ `s ~md`mu ji~m io sam |~`xksm umesi~ si nm ~mu|iou`xm koc |~ikes`xm `o kssk`o`og samum infmes`xmu/ >/5

Sam Oks`iokd X`u`io \id`ep$ ><<;*><;<

Sam OC\ aku nmmo u}eemmcmc np sam e}~~mos Oks`iokd X`u`io \id`ep !OX\) eiosk`omc `o sam Sa`~c I}sd`om \m~u|mes`xm \dko ><<;*><;< !Jkdkpu`k ><<;k)/ @o muumoem$ sam OX\ ~m|~mumosu sam eiouid`cks`io ih kdd |kus cmxmdi|jmos mhhi~su !OM\ koc OC\) si kssk`o k }o`smc$ |~ig~muu`xm koc |~iu|m~i}u Jkdkpu`ko uie`msp/ Sam {}mus ih sam oks`io `u si nmeijm k cmxmdi|mc oks`io `o `su iwo ji}dc$ koc `o jmms`og sam eakddmogmu siwk~cu sa`u moc sam ukjm us~ksmg`mu mq|i}ocmc `o sam OM\ koc OC\ ih n}`dc`og k ~mu`d`mos$ eij|ms`s`xm oks`io koc ko m{}`skndm uie`msp si mou}~m oks`iokd eiamu`io koc uie`kd uskn`d`sp `u kdui mj|aku`vmc `o sam OX\/ >/3

Umdmesmc U|me`h`e \id`e`mu koc \~ig~kju

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Wa`dm sam OM\$ OC\ koc OX\ akxm c`hhm~mos skg d`omu koc uijm ud`gas xk~`ks`iou `o k||~ikeamu koc mj|aku`u$ `o sam jk`o sam |id`e`mu koc us~ksmg`mu hi~ |ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io koc `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io c`us~`n}s `io ~mjk`o |~mssp |~mss p j}ea sam ukjm$ nm`og |}~u}mc kdiog sam msao`e d`omu/ @o i~cm~ si kssk`o >

Jius ih sa`u umes`io `u cmue~`nmc mdumwam~m$ hi~ mqkj|dm `o ^kgkpka !><<1k koc ><<1n)$ @uakb ! ><<<)2 Vk`okd Kvokj !;003$ ><<;)/

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uie`kd eiamu`io sa~i}ga |ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io koc uie`mskd mog`omm~`og$ sam Jkdkpu`ko gixm~ojmos aku `j|dmjmosmc umxm~kd |id`e`mu koc |~ig~kju saks `oed}cm6 >/3/;

Mc}eks`io koc Mj|dipjmos

Sam swi jk`o us~ksmg`mu mj|dipmc si skebdm |ixm~sp koc ~mus~}es}~m uie`msp wm~m sam }o`xm~ukd |~ix`u`io ih mc}eks`io koc sam e~mks`io ih |~ic}es`xm mj|dipjmos i||i~s}o`s`mu `o sam umeiock~p !j`o`og$ jko}hkes}~`og$ eious~}es`io$ }s`d`s`mu koc s~kou|i~s) koc sm~s`k~p !eijjm~em$ nkob`og$ |}nd`e kcj`o`us~ks`io$ mc}eks`io$ amkdsa$ cmhmoem koc |}nd`e }s`d`s`mu) umesi~u/ Mc}eks`io wku g`xmo k emos~kd ~idm `o sam OM\ ku k us~ksmgp si jicm~o`vm uie`msp$ kssk`o uie`kd gikdu$ m{}kd`vm i||i~s}o`s`mu koc |~ijism oks`iokd }o`sp/ Hkkdkoc ms kd !><<56 =0) us~muu saks mc}eks`io wku ih  |k~s`e}dk~ `j|i~skoem hi~ sam ~}~kd |i|}dks`io koc hi~ sam }~nko }oub`ddmc Jkdkpu$ ku wmdd ku hi~ e~mks`og k dmkcm~ua`| md`sm md`sm si mokndm sam Jkdkpu si skbm sam`~ ~`gash}d |dkem `o uie`msp/ @oe~mkumc u|moc`og `o sam mc}eks`io umesi~ u}||i~smc ~`u`og mo~idjmos `o umeiock~p ueaiid mo~idjmos/ Ji~m ~mu`cmos`kd ueaiidu wm~m musknd`uamc si eksm~ hi~ sam N}j`|}sm~ku/ Ji~mixm~$ u|me`kd mhhi~su wm~m c`~mesmc siwk~cu `oe~mku`og sam dmxmd ih mc}eks`io kjiog sam |ii~ koc kjiog wijmo !Nakddk ( Bak~ku ;00>6 7>)/ Jkdkp wijmo wm~m sam jk`o nmomh`e`k~`mu ku mc}eks`io mc}eks `io mokndmc samj si wi~b `o sam jicm~o umesi~/ Sam gk`o wku c}m si k ud`gas `oe~mkum `o sam`~ dkni}~ hi~em |k~s`e`|ks`io ~ksm$ n}s ji~m `j|i~skos wku sam us~}es}~kd ua`hs h~ij umdh mj|dipjmos `o diw |~ic}es`x`sp kg~`e}ds}~kd iee}|ks`iou si a`gam~ |kp`og hi~jkd wkgm*mk~o`og finu |~ix`cmc np sam mq|i~s*i~`mosmc dkni}~ `osmou`xm jko}hkes}~`og umesi~ !jiusdp gmom~ksmc np hi~m`go c`~mes `oxmusjmos) koc sam Gixm~ojmos umesi~ !Nakddk ( Bak~ku ;00>6 1<)/ Sam h`~us sk~gms ih sam OM\ ~mus~}es}~`og wku ko moi~ji}u `oe~mkum `o N}j`|}sm~k mj|dipjmos ks kdd dmxmdu `o sam jicm~o umesi~ si ~mhdmes sam uie`kd eij|iu`s`io ih sam |i|}dks`io/ Sa`u wku si nm kssk`omc sa~i}ga sam cmxmdi|jmos ih mc}eks`io koc s~k`o`og |~ig~kju si ~k`um sam u}||dp ih s~k`omc jko|iwm~ koc np c`~mes `oemos`xmu |d}u kcj`o`us~ks`xm jmku}~mu si niius sam`~ |k~s`e`|ks`io `o sam jicm~o umesi~/ H}~sam~$ sam gixm~ojmos ums |~mhm~mos`kd {}isku hi~ N}j`|}sm~k kcj`uu`iou si |}nd`e }o`xm~u`s`mu$ koc |~ix`cmc u}nu`c`mu si eixm~ N}j`|}sm~k }o`xm~u`sp eiusu$ `oed}c`og ueaidk~ua`|u hi~ h}dd*eius eixm~kgm ih saium umdmesmc si us}cp kn~ikc/ Swi sp|mu ih s~k`o`og |~ig~kju$ okjmdp$ s~k`o`og si k}gjmos sam o}jnm~ ih ub`ddmc koc |~ihmuu`iokd N}j`|}sm~ku ui ku si hke`d`sksm mj|dipjmos ~mus~}es}~`og$ koc s~k`o`og si cmxmdi| k N}j`|}sm~k eijjm~e`kd koc `oc}us~`kd eijj}o`sp !NE@E)$ wm~m ek~~`mc i}s/ >/3/>

Mq|i~s*i~`mosmc @oc}us~`kd`vks`io @oc}us~`kd`vks `io

Nakddk koc Bak~ku !;00>) us~muumc saks `o e~mks`og i||i~s}o`s`mu hi~ kdd$ Jkdkpu`k‐u cmxmdi|jmos us~ksmgp |dkpmc k jkfi~ ~idm `o kddmx`ks`og kddmx`ks `og |ixm~sp/ |ixm~sp/ Sam ~k|`c mq|kou`io mq|kou`io ih sam mq|i~s*i~`mosmc mq|i~s *i~`mosmc 5 dkni}~*`osmou`xm jko}hkes}~`og umesi~ !jk`odp sa~i}ga HC@) ku wmdd ku sam Gixm~ojmos umesi~ $ gmom~ksmc finu hi~ jkop/ Sa`u knui~|s`io ih `oe~mku`ogdp mc}eksmc ~}~kd dkni}~ `osi sam a`gam~ `oeijm iee}|ks`iou `o sam }~nko `oc}us~`kd koc um~x`em umesi~u wku sam jius `j|i~skos kxmo}m si ~mc}em ~}~kd |ixm~sp/ Ois iodp c`c ji~m |mi|dm nmeijm mj|dipmc ixm~ sam |m~`ic$ n}s kdui

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Sa~i}ga sam `j|dmjmosks`io ih —I|m~ku` @u` \mo}a‚ !H}dd Mj|dipjmos I|m~ks`io) saks ~k`umc sam |}nd`e umesi~ wi~bhi~em h~ij 501$<<< `o ;07< si 1<3$<<< `o ;015/

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u`go`h`ekosdp u`go`h`ekos dp ji~m |mi|dm wm~m mj|dipmc h}dd s`jm/ U}nuskos`kd mj|dipjmos i||i~s}o`s`mu wm~m e~mksmc sa~i}ga dkni}~*`osmou`xm `oc}us~`kd`vks`io$ mu|me`kddp `o mdmes~io`eu koc smqs`dmu/ Sam s`gasmo`og ih sam dkni}~ jk~bms h~ij sam dksm ;01/3/5

^}~kd Cmxmdi|jmos

Sam cmxmdi|jmos koc jicm~o`uks`io ih sam kg~`e}ds}~m aku kdwkpu nmmo kuuie`ksmc w`sa sam infmes`xm ih |ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io/ Sam Jkp ;080 ~`isu wm~m kss~`n}smc si sam mq`usmoem ih xm~p a`ga ~ksmu ih `osm~*msao`e `om{}kd`sp |m~em`xmc ku ek}umc np ~ke`kd u|me`kd`vks`io `o meioij`e kes`x`s`mu/ U`oem sam `oe`cmoem `oe`cmoem ih |ixm~sp `o `o Jkdkpu`k akc kdwkpu nmmo nmmo |~mcij`okosdp |~mcij`okos dp ~}~kd$ `s wku e~`s`ekd saks ~}~kd*nkumc |ixm~sp ~mc}es`io koc `oeijm `j|~ixmjmos |~ig~kju nm `j|dmjmosmc/ Amoem$ a`ga |~`i~`sp aku eiou`usmosdp nmmo |dkemc io kg~`e}ds}~kd koc ~}~kd cmxmdi|jmos sa~i}gai}s sam OM\ |m~`ic/ Sam xk~`i}u Jkdkpu`k \dkou kdui mj|aku`vmc ~}~kd cmxmdi|jmos si ~k`um sam `oeijm ih sam ~}~kd |ii~/ Sam ei~m ih sam Jkdkpu`ko ~}~kd cmxmdi|jmos us~ksmgp moeij|kuumc swi eij|iomosu–sam @osmg~ksmc Kg~`e}ds}~kd Cmxmdi|jmos \~ig~kju !@KC\u) koc sam ~mg`iokd cmxmdi|jmos us~ksmgp/ Sam @KC\u wm~m cmu`gomc si ~mx`skd`vm koc ~makn`d`sksm `o u`s} i~ mq`us`og kg~`e}ds}~kd k~mku saks hkemc |~indmju ih diw |~ic}es`x`sp koc |ixm~sp/ Sa`u us~ksmgp us~ks mgp emos~mc io `osmg~ksmc$ eij|~mamou`xm |~ig~kju ih kg~`e}ds}~kd$ uie`i* meioij`e koc `ous`s}s`iokd cmxmdi|jmos/ Sam xk~`i}u cmxmdi|jmos cmxmdi|jmos kgmoe`mu u|me`h`e si sam @KC\u |~ix`cmc k ei*eii~c`oksmc |kebkgm eij|~`u`og nku`e |apu`ekd koc meioij`e `oh~kus~}es}~m `oh~kus~}es}~ m koc uie`kd kjmo`s`mu/ ^mg`iokd cmxmdi|jmos cmxmdi|jmos `oed}cmu ~mg`iokd koc dkoc cmxmdi|jmos `oed}c`og dkoc dkoc eiouid`cks`io eiouid`cks `io koc ~makn`d`sks ~makn`d`sks`io/ `io/ Sam hi~jm~ hi~jm~ wm~m }ocm~skbmo np ~mg`iokd koc dkoc cmxmdi|jmos kgmoe`mu u}ea ku Hmcm~kd Dkoc Cmxmdi|jmos K}sai~`sp !HMDCK)$ wa`dm Hmcm~kd Dkoc Eiouid`cks`io koc ^makn`d`sks`io K}sai~`sp !HMDE^K) }ocm~siib sam dkssm~/ ^mg`iokd Cmxmdi|jmos k`ju si ~mc~muu meioij`e koc us~}es}~kd `jnkdkoemu nmswmmo ~mg`iou$ udiw`og ~}~kd*}~nko j`g~ks`io koc |~ijis`og diekd kg~`e}ds}~kd koc `oc}us~`kd cmxmdi|jmos/ @o kcc`s`io si sam c}kd ei~m us~ksmgp$ ~}~kd cmxmdi|jmos `oed}cmu |~ix`u`io ih ji~m gmom~kd `ous`s}s`iokd koc kg~`e}ds}~kd u}||i~s um~x`emu koc u}nu`c`mu/ Kjiog samum k~m mqsmou`io um~x`emu$ ~mumk~ea$ s~k`o`og$ u}nu`c`vmc e~mc`s koc isam~ muumos`kd hk~j `o|}su ku wmdd ku |~`em u}nu`c`mu$ |~iemuu`og koc jk~bms`og u}||i~s si ~mc}em ~mkd eiusu ih |~ic}es`io koc si `oe~mkum mhh`e`moep `o |~ic}es`io/ Isam~ us~ksmg`mu si ~k`um hk~jm~u‐ hk~jm~u‐ `oeijmu `oed}cm ~m|dkos`og g~kosu koc u}nu`c`mu si ~}nnm~$ |`omk||dm koc eieio}s ujkddaidcm~u koc s~kc`s`iokd hk~jm~u$ |d}u sam |~ijis`io ih ~}~kd `oc}us~`kd`vks`io si gmom~ksm mj|dipjmos ku wmdd ku u}||dmjmos`og ~}~kd `oeijmu/ H`okddp$ uie`kd cmxmdi|jmos cmxmdi|jm os |~ig~kju akxm eij|dmjmosmc samum us~ksmg`mu/ Samum

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|~ix`cm nku`e uie`kd kjmo`s`mu koc eijj}o`sp cmxmdi|jmos sa~i}ga wa`ea |iu`s`xm xkd}mu koc umdh*amd| kjiog ~}~kd ai}umaidcu koc pi}sau k~m `ous`ddmc koc boiwdmcgm ih nmssm~ hiic koc o}s~`s`io `u eijj}o`eksmc si ~}~kd ai}umaidcu `o i~cm~ si `j|~ixm amkdsa koc o}s~`s`iokd uskock~cu/ Samum ~}~kd cmxmdi|jmos |~ig~kju ~mc}emc |ixm~sp |ixm~s p np ~k`u`og ~}~kd `oeijm/ Aiwmxm~$ u`oem sam gmom~kd |~ig~kju akc d`ssdm sk~gms`og$ samp |~inkndp nmomh`smc sam oio*|ii~ ji~m sako sam |ii~/ U|me`h`e |~ig~kju d`bm sam @KC\u kdui |~inkndp akc u`j`dk~ `j|kes u`oem sam nmomh`su nmomh`su hkxi}~ ai}umaidcu w`sa k dk~gm kji}os ih dkoc/ @s `u |iuu`ndm saks sam @KC\u c`c d`ssdm si j`s`gksm ~}~kd `om{}kd`sp/ >/3/3

^mus~}es}~`og ^mus~}es }~`og ih M{}`sp Iwom~ua`| koc Kuums Kee}j}dks`io

Sam umeioc |~iog ih sam OM\ kdui ui}gas si ~mc~muu sam `jnkdkoemu `o sam iwom~ua`| ih kuumsu koc wmkdsa `o sam uie`msp/ Sam OM\ mox`ukgmc sam e~mks`io ih k NE@E `o i~cm~ saks w`sa`o iom gmom~ks`io samp wi}dc iwo koc jkokgm ks dmkus 5<- ih sam siskd eijjm~e`kd koc `oc}us~`kd kes`x`s`mu ui ku si nmeijm h}dd |k~som~u `o sam meioij`e d`hm ih sam oks`io/ ^mus~}es}~`og ih sam iwom~ua`| ih kuumsu `oed}cmc kdd h`okoe`kd koc |apu`ekd kuumsu `o kdd umesi~u ih sam meioijp/ Sa`u wku kssk`omc sa~i}ga moakoe`og sam iwom~ua`| koc }s`d`vks`io ih dkoc np N}j`|}sm~ku hi~ |~ic}es`xm cmxmdi|jmos ku wmdd ku sam |~ix`u`io ih h`okoe`kd kuu`uskoem si N}j`|}sm~k mos~m|~mom}~u si gk`o keemuu si sam iwom~ua`| ih isam~ |~ic}es`xm kuumsu/ @o sam nmg`oo`og$ nmg`oo`og$ sam gixm~ojmos ni}gas ixm~ uijm oiskndm hi~m`go h`~ju koc musknd`uamc omw iomu$ samo uskhhmc samj w`sa N}j`|}sm~k jkokgmjmos koc wi~bm~u/ Ji~mixm~$ sam gixm~ojmos ~m{}`~mc oio*N}j`|}sm~k h`~ju si mj|dip N}j`|}sm~k N}j`|}sm~ k koc si n~`og samj io nik~c ku |k~som~u/ Aiwmxm~$ ku sam meioijp cmxmdi|mc koc jicm~o`vmc$ sam ~idm ih sam ei~|i~ksm umesi~ wi}dc mq|koc$ koc ku sam ei}os~p‐u h`okoe`kd us~}es}~m nmekjm ui|a`us`eksmc sam bmp si sam iwom~ua`| koc eios~id ih wmkdsa w`dd nm sa~i}ga sam iwom~ua`| ih m{}`sp ek|`skd/ ek|`skd/ Amoem$ sam jk`o eios~id ih kuumsu wi}dc nm sa~i}ga sam iwom~ua`| ih uak~m ek|`skd ek|`skd koc mhhmes`xm jkokgmjmos ih xk~`i}u xk~`i}u mosm~|~`umu/ @s uai}dc nm nm oismc am~m saks sam ke{}`u`s`io ih m{}`sp iwom~ua`| np N}j`|}sm~ku wku ~mkd`vmc h~ij sam modk~gmc u`vm ih sam meioij`e |`m koc ois sa~i}ga sam ~mc`us~`n}s`io ih oio*N}j`|}sm~k wmkdsa si sam N}j`|}sm~ku/ Sam iwom~ua`| iwom~ua`| ih N}j`|}sm~k uak~m ek|`skd ek|`skd wku sk~gmsmc si `oe~mkum si 5<- np sam moc ih  ;00<$ n}s sam kes}kd kssk`ojmos hmdd uai~s ks >/3/=

Dkni}~ Jk~bms \id`e`mu

Si moei}~kgm nisa hi~m`go koc cijmus`e `oxmusjmos koc |~ic}es`io$ Jkdkpu`k aku diog hiddiwmc |id`e`mu si ~mus~k`o sam i~gko`vks`io ih dkni}~/ Sam ;087 @oc}us~`kd ^mdks`iou Kes |~ia`n`smc }o`iou h~ij mogkg`og `o eiddmes`xm nk~gk`o`og koc h~ij us~`b`og ixm~ `uu}mu u}ea ku fin

8

|~ijis`io$ fin s~kouhm~$ ~me~}`sjmos$ ~ms~moeajmos$ c`uj`uukd$ ~m`ousksmjmos koc kddieks`io ih  c}s`mu !^ku`ka koc V}db`hdp ;0016 73)/ Ji~mixm~$ }o`iou dius sam ~`gas si us~`bm ioem k c`u|}sm wku ~mhm~~mc si sam `oc}us~`kd ei}~s/ Samum ~mus~`es`iou e~`||dmc dkni}~ }o`iou$ g~mksdp ~mc}e`og sam`~ `ohd}moem ixm~ wi~bm~u‐ wkgmu koc wmdhk~m/ Wa`dm sa`u |id`ep |~ixmc kss~kes`xm si hi~m`go `oxmusi~u koc jmkos saks jkop |ii~ |mi|dm hi~jm~dp mogkgmc `o s~kc`s`iokd kg~`e}ds}~m wm~m kndm si h`oc mj|dipjmos `o hkesi~`mu$ sam~mnp m~kc`eks`og k u}nuskos`kd kji}os ih |ixm~sp$ `s c`c d`ssdm si `j|~ixm sam {}kd`sp ih d`hm ih oio*kg~`e}ds}~kd wi~bm~u/ @o sam ;01<;;6 38)$ sam siskd o}jnm~ ih ~mg`usm~mc hi~m`go wi~bm~u !`oed}c`og mq|ks~`ksmu) `o ><;< cme~mkumc np =/8- si ;/1 j`dd`io !><<06 ;/0 j`dd`io)$ keei}os`og hi~ ;=/=- ih siskd mj|dipjmos/ Sam cmed`om `u `o d`om w`sa sam Gixm~ojmos‐u mhhi~s si c`uei}~kgm mj|dipm~u h~ij cm|moc`og io diw*ub`ddmc hi~m`go wi~bm~u koc amd| samj ua`hs si ji~m smeaoidig`ekddp `osmou`xm jmsaicu ih |~ic}es`io koc `j|~ixm sam ub`ddu ih sam`~ wi~bm~u$ sam~mnp bmm|`og `oe~mkum sam`~ |~ic}es`x`sp koc wkgmu/ Sam ~mdks`xmdp a`ga `oe`cmoem ih |ixm~sp kjiog Jkdkpu`k‐u `jj`g~kos |i|}dks`io aku mqkem~nksmc }~nko |ixm~sp koc e~mksmc h~`es`io ku samum wi~bm~u eij|msm hi~ ai}u`og koc kjmo`s`mu/ Ji~mixm~$ uijm hi~m`go wi~bm~u akxm c`u|dkemc Jkdkpu`ko e`s`vmou `o `ohi~jkd umesi~u u}ea ku o`gas jk~bmsu/ @o ;00<$ oio*e`s`vmo `jj`g~kosu eious`s}smc kni}s 7/<- ih sam |ii~ oks`iow`cm$ ~`u`og si ;>/8- `o ;00= koc ;7/=- `o ;007/ Jkop hi~m`gom~u wm~m ~m|ks~`ksmc si sam`~ aijm ei}os~`mu c}~`og sam Ku`ko h`okoe`kd e~`u`u$ dmkc`og si k hkdd `o sam`~ uak~m `o |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem si ;3/>- `o ;000 !^kgkpka ><<>6 =0―8<)/ Aiwmxm~$ nisa dmgkd koc `ddmgkd `jj`g~ks`io ~mu}jmc ku sam meioijp ~meixm~mc/ U`oem sam dksm ;00<;<6 ;>8)/ @o |k~s`e}dk~$ hi~m`go wi~bm~u k~m ois u}nfmes si sam ukjm dkni}~ uskock~cu saks k||dp si Jkdkpu`ko oks`iokdu$ koc akxm keemuu si amkdsa koc uijm isam~ uie`kd um~x`emu waium eius `u ni~om np sam gixm~ojmos/ Sa`u aku moei}~kgmc ko mqemuu`xm ~md`koem io diw*wkgm hi~m`go dkni}~/ >/3/8

\~ix`u`io ih Ai}u`og koc Uie`kd Kjmo`s`mu

Iom ih sam |~muu`og |~indmju `o }~nko emos~mu wku sam `okcm{}kep ih |~i|m~ ai}u`og w`sa k||~i|~`ksm uie`kd kjmo`s`mu/ Sa}u$ iom ih sam us~ksmg`mu us~ks mg`mu si kddmx`ksm }~nko |ixm~sp `u sam |~ix`u`io ih diw eius ai}u`og ku wmdd ku uie`kd kjmo`s`mu si ~k`um sam uskock~c ih d`x`og koc {}kd`sp ih d`hm ih sam }~nko |ii~/ @o i~cm~ si `oe~mkum sam usieb ih khhi~ckndm ai}umu$ sam gixm~ojmos musknd`uamc sam Diw*Eius Ai}u`og H}oc `o ;005 si mq|mc`sm sam eious~}es`io ih diw* eius ai}u`og/ Samo sam ^mxidx`og H}oc hi~ hi~ Diw*Eius Ai}u`og wku kdui e~mksmc ku sam gixm~ojmos `osmou`h`mc `su mhhi~s si |~ix`cm khhi~ckndm ai}u`og si sam |ii~m~ umes`io ih uie`msp/ C}~`og sam ;007*;001 e~`u`u$ sam gixm~ojmos kdui kddieksmc ^J> n`dd`io si sam U|me`kd Ueamjm hi~ Diw Diw koc Jmc`}j Eius Ai}umu/ K|k~s h~ij samum u|me`kd |~ig~kju$ sam gixm~ojmos kdui

7

~m{}`~mu ai}u`og cmxmdi|m~u si kddieksm 5<- ih sam`~ ueamjmu si sam eious~}es`io ih diw*eius ai}umu !Jiac V`o$ ><<;6;30)/ Aiwmxm~$ c}m si sam }okhhi~ckn`d`sp i~ }okxk`dkn`d`sp ih diw*eius ai}umu$ ku wmdd ku sam a`ga ~mosu eak~gmc hi~ }~nko cwmdd`ogu$ u{}kssm~ umssdmjmosu akxm u|~i}smc k~i}oc sam e`s`mu/ Mhhi~su wm~m kdui jkcm si }|g~kcm sam d`x`og mox`~iojmoskd `o samum k~mku$ `oed}c`og sam kjmo`s`mu u}ea ku eijj}o`sp akddu$ ed`o`eu hi~ mq|mes`og jisam~u koc b`ocm~gk~smou hi~ |~ix`u`io ih ku|akds ku|akds ~ikcu$ wksm~ koc mdmes~`e`sp u}||dp$ koc hke`d`s`mu hke`d`s`mu hi~ uid`c wkusm c`u|iukd/ Em~sk`o diekd gixm~ojmosu d`bm sam B}kdk D}j|}~ E`sp Akdd !BDEA) kdui |~ix`cm |}nd`e |~mueaiid ea`dc~mo !Jiac V`o$ ><<;6;=<)/ 5/

Jkdkpu`k‐u Kea`mxmjmosu `o Uak~`og sam Meioij`e \`m

5/;

\ixm~sp `oe`cmoem

Io sam waidm$ |ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io aku ~mem`xmc us~iog `ous`s}s`iokd koc n}cgmsk~p u}||i~s ks sam hmcm~kd$ usksm koc diekd dmxmd/ Nmswmmo k {}k~sm~ koc iom*sa`~c ih cmxmdi|jmos mq|moc`s}~m `o sam Umeioc si sam U`qsa Jkdkpu`k \dkou wm~m kddieksmc si |ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io/ Sam kji}osu hi~ sa`u |}~|ium wm~m ois u|me`h`mc `o sam Umxmosa koc M`gasa Jkdkpu`k \dkou$ n}s k~m nmd`mxmc si nm u}nuskos`kd/ Aiwmxm~$ sam uak~m kdd kddieksmc ieksmc sk|m~mc u`oem samo$ ~mhdmes`og sam jkuu`xm ~mc}es`io `o |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem h~ij =>/3- `o ;07< si f}us 5/1- `o ><<0/ 5/;/;

\ixm~sp `oe`cmoem np us~ksk us~ks k

@oe`cmoem ih |ixm~sp `o Jkdkpu`k `u mus`jksmc io sam nku`u ih sam |ixm~sp d`om `oeijm !\D@) koc cksk am~m ~mhm~ ~mhm~ si iodp Jkdkpu`ko e`s`vmou/ \~`i~ si ><<3$ sam \D@ ekde}dks`io }s`d`vmc sam ;077 3 Jmsaicidigp !Jkdkpu`k ><<;n6 =1$ ^kgkpka ><<7)$ wa`ea wku }|cksmc koo}kddp si ~mhdmes eakogmu `o sam dmxmdu ih |~`emu np skb`og `osi keei}os eakogmu `o sam gmom~kd Eiou}jm~ \~`em @oc`emu !E\@u)/ Sam i}seijm `u saks Jkdkpu`k aku kea`mxmc i}suskoc`og |~ig~muu `o |ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io u`oem sam `j|dmjmosks`io ih sam OM\$ uaiwo `o Skndm ;/ Hi~ sam waidm ih Jkdkpu`k$ sam siskd o}jnm~ ih |ii~ ai}umaidcu cme~mkumc h~ij iom j`dd`io `o ;07< si >87$0<< `o ><<>$ ~mu}ds`og `o sam |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem |d}og`og h~ij =>/3- si =/;-/ Ixm~ sam ukjm |m~`ic$ }~nko |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem ua~kob si >/<- koc ~}~kd |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem hmdd si ;;/3- wa`dm }~nko |ii~ ai}umaidcu c~i||mc h~ij ;;;$1<< `o ;078 si 80$8<< `o ><<> koc |ii~ ~}~kd ai}umaidcu ua~kob  h~ij 183$;<< si ;01$5<< ixm~ sam ukjm |m~`ic/ @o ><<3$ sam Jkdkpu`ko Gixm~ojmos ~mx`umc sam jmsaicidigp hi~ cmsm~j`o`og sam |ixm~sp d`om khsm~ skb`og `osi keei}os wmkbomuumu `o sam ;077 jmsaicidigp ku wmdd ku isam~ mxidx`og ~mkd`s`mu/ Sam `oe`cmoem ih |ixm~sp }ocm~ sam ~mx`umc jmsaicidigp$ boiwo ku sam ><<= Jmsaicidigp !umm Jkdkpu`k ><<86 537$ ^kgkpka ><<7)$ `u a`gam~ }ocm~ sam omw jmsaicidigp/ Aiwmxm~$ sam s~moc uaiwu saks |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem `u us`dd hkdd`og$ w`sa |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem hi~ Jkdkpu`k ku k waidm hkdd`og h~ij =/7-$ i~ 5;;/5 sai}ukoc ai}umaidcu$ si 5/1-$ i~ >>1/3 sai}ukoc ai}umaidcu nmswmmo ><<3 koc ><<0/ 3

]ocm~ sam ;077 Jmsaicidigp$ sam~m wm~m iodp sa~mm \D@u hi~ \mo`ou}dk~ Jkdkpu`k$ Uknka koc Uk~kwkb$ c`hhm~mos`ksmc np |~`emu hi~ samum sa~mm ~mg`iou koc ud`gas c`hhm~moemu `o sam`~ eiou}j|s`io nkubmsu/

1

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\ixm~sp `oe`cmoem np usksm

\ixm~sp `oe`cmoem `u `u ois mxmodp c`us~`n}smc np ~mg`io i~ i~ usksm/ @o ;07<$ |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem `oe`cmoem wku |k~s`e}dk~dp a`ga `o Bmdkosko !78/;-)$ \m~d`u ! 75/0-)$ Sm~moggko} !81/0-)$ Bmcka !85/>-)$ Uknka= !=1/5-) koc Uk~kwkb !=8/=-)/ \ixm~sp `oe`cmoem `oe`cmoem np us~ksk `o `o mxm~p usksm akxm akxm mqa`n`smc hkdd`og s~mocu w`sa sam usmm|mus hkdd mq|m~`moemc nmswmmo ;078 koc ;013 wamo `s s}jndmc np ji~m sako akdh  `o jius usksmu$ kdsai}ga Bmcka$ Bmdkosko$ \m~d`u$ Uknka koc Sm~moggko} eios`o}m si ~mg`usm~ a`ga h`g}~mu/

]ocm~ sam ><<= Jmsaicidigp$ |~`em c`hhm~moemu nmswmmo }~nko koc ~}~kd k~mku ih mxm~p usksm wm~m skbmo `osi keei}os koc sam \D@u k~m oiw }|cksmc np }u`og sam E\@u ih sam hiic \D@ |d}u sam E\@u ih sam oio*hiic `smju ih sam diwmus {}`os`dm ih sam Ai}umaidc Mq|moc`s}~m U}~xmpu/ Sam ~mu}dsu k~m uaiwo `o Skndm >/ Uknka eios`o}mu si ~mei~c sam a`gamus `oe`cmoem ih |ixm~sp !>3/>-) `o ><<3$ hiddiwmc hiddiwmc np Sm~moggko} !;=/3-) koc koc Bmdkosko !;<<0$ iodp Uknka aku aku ci}ndm c`g`s |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem !;0/7-) koc `s aku ~`umo h~ij ><<7 !;8/3-) ku k eioum{}moem ih sam gdinkd meioij`e e~`u`u koc hkdd`og eijjic`sp |~`emu saks akc khhmesmc sam ~}~kd k~mku k~mku ~mdks`xmdp nkcdp/ Sm~moggko} koc Bmdkosko akc sam usmm|mus cmed`om `o |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem nmswmmo samum swi pmk~u/ Sam usksmu w`sa eios`o}mc a`ga |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem `o \mo`ou}dk~ Jkdkpu`k k~m sam JkdkpN}j`|}sm~k amk~sdkoc wam~m ~mdks`xmdp ji~m ih sam |i|}dks`io k~m us`dd ~}~kd koc wam~m jius ih  samj k~m mogkgmc `o diw |~ic}es`x`sp kes`x`s`mu$ u}ea ku ujkdd*uekdm kg~`e}ds}~m$ h`ua`og koc diwm~ moc um~x`emu/ Sam`~ diwm~ dmxmd ih a}jko ~mui}~em cmxmdi|jmos kdui hi~j k nk~~`m~ si sam`~ nm`og knui~nmc `osi a`gam~ xkd}m*kccmc kes`x`s`mu/ D`ssdm hi~m`go c`~mes `oxmusjmos !HC@) koc jko}hkes}~`og kes`x`s`mu k~m hi}oc `o samum usksmu/ Wa`dm Sm~moggko}$ Uknka koc Uk~kwkb akxm i`d koc gku !koc s`jnm~ mk~d`m~ io)$ sam nmomh`su ci ois ~mkddp s~`ebdm si sam nissij/ Ji~mixm~$ Uknka$ Bmdkosko$

Sm~moggko}$ Bmcka koc$ hi~ k uai~s wa`dm$ \m~kb k~m sam iodp usksmu `o Jkdkpu`k saks akc mxm~ nmmo ~}dmc np sam i||iu`s`io |k~s`mu/ Sam ~}d`og Hmcm~kd Gixm~ojmos eko cmdkp sam s~kouhm~ ih sam Eious`s}s`iokd g~kosu koc ~mc}em sam s~kouhm~ ih isam~ g~kosu/ Hi~ mqkj|dm$ sam i||iu`s`io gixm~ojmos ~}dmc Uknka nmswmmo ;01= koc ;003/ \ixm~sp `oe`cmoem ~ium ud`gasdp h~ij 55/;- `o ;013 si 53/5- `o ;00<<3 `u a`gam~ sako sam }~nko \D@ c}m si sam a`ga eius ih s~kou|i~s `o sam ~}~kd k~mku/ 5/;/5

\ixm~sp `oe`cmoem np msao`e`sp

Skndm 5 uaiwu @o Jkdkpu`k$ k e~`s`ekd c`jmou`io ih |ixm~sp `u h~ij sam msao`e |i`os ih x`mw/ saks$ kdsai}ga sam `oe`cmoem ih |ixm~sp kjiog kdd msao`e g~i}|u aku nmmo ~mc}emc$ `s `u us`dd 8 ~mdks`xmdp a`ga kjiog sam Jkdkpu koc isam~ N}j`|}sm~ku / Jius ih samum k~m dieksmc `o sam ~}~kd =

8

H`g}~mu hi~ Uknka koc Uk~kwkb k~m hi~ ;078/

Isam~ N}j`|}sm~ku k~m saium eiou`cm~mc —uiou ih sam ui`d‚ k|k~s h~ij sam Jkdkpu/ Samp `oed}cm sam I~kog Kud` koc sam —i~`g`okd‚ \i~s}g}mum `o \mo`ou}dk~ Jkdkpu`k koc xk~`i}u isam~ msao`e g~i}|u `o Uknka koc Uk~kwkb/ @o |~`oe`|dm$ samp k~m kdui md`g`ndm hi~ kdd sam N}j`|}sm~k mos`sdmjmosu/ mos`sdmjmosu/

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Oismu6 k ^mhm~u si \mo`ou}dk~ Jkdkpu`k iodp n Usk~s`og ;010$ cksk `u nkumc io Jkdkpu`ko e`s`vmou e H~ij ;000 iowk~cu$ ekde}dks`io ih |ixm~sp `u nkumc io ><<= Jmsaicidigp Jmsaicidigp Ui}~em6 Meioij`e \dkoo`og ]o`s !><;;)$ Uie`i*Meioij`e Usks`us`eu6 Ai}umaidc `oeijm koc |ixm~sp$ kxk`dkndm ks www/m|}/gix/jpai}umaidc*`oeijm*|ixm~sp$ ciwodikcmc io ; Jkp ><;;/

k~mku/ \ixm~sp `oe`cmoem kjiog sam oio*N}j`|}sm~ku smj|i~k~`dp `oe~mkumc `o ;000 c}m si sam `j|kes ih sam Ku`ko h`okoe`kd e~`u`u io }~nko ai}umaidcu wa`dm sam ~}~kd ai}umaidcu wm~m dmuu khhmesmc/ Nkumc io sam swi pmk~u hi~ wa`ea cksk k~m kxk`dkndm !;00< koc ;007)$ |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem$ np msao`e`sp$ `u a`gamus kjiog sam isam~ !oio*Jkdkp) N}j`|}sm~ku/ @o ><<>$ k Ai}umaidc @oeijm U}~xmp ih N}j`|}sm~k j`oi~`s`mu `o sam mkusm~o usksmu ih Uknka koc Uk~kwkb  hi}oc saks sam`~ |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem wku xm~p a`ga$ w`sa uijm g~i}|u mqemmc`og 3<-/ Aiwmxm~$ sam |i|}dks`io ih samum g~i}|u wku ujkdd koc sam knuid}sm o}jnm~ `o |ixm~sp `u ois ku kdk~j`og ku sam `oe`cmoem u}ggmusu/

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5/;/3

Jio`si~`og |ixm~sp sa~i}ga mBku`a

@o sam O`osa Jkd2kpu`k \dko ><<8*><;< !Jkdkpu`k ><<86 53*5=)$ `s wku usksmc saks sam gixm~ojmos wi}dc ums }| k oks`iokd |ixm~sp cksk nkum si `j|~ixm sam {}kd`sp ih sam cksk koc `ohi~jks`io io |ii~ koc ak~c ei~m |ii~ ai}umaidcu/ Sa`u wku ~mkd`umc wamo sam gixm~ojmos usk~smc si }um sam mBku`a |~ig~kj `o F}om ><<1 si `cmos`hp sam |ii~ koc ~mc}em ak~cei~m |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem si vm~i np sam moc ih ><;<;< koc `u eiou`cm~mc jmms`og sam sk~gms ih vm~i ak~cei~m |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem$ n}s ku |ixm~sp `u cpokj`e$ sam o}jnm~ ih ak~cei~m |ii~ ai}umaidcu ~ium si 5$<<< `o ><;;/ Ks sam ukjm s`jm$ saium ai}umaidcu w`sa jiosadp `oeijm nmswmmo sam \D@ koc ^J;$=<< k~m ~mgk~cmc ku sam x}dom~kndm koc kdui jio`si~mc/ Skndm 3 uaiwu sam c`us~`n}s`io ih ak~cei~m |ii~ amkcu ih ai}umaidcu np usksm koc msao`e g~i}|u/ Ku mq|mesmc$ usksmu w`sa a`ga |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem uaiwo `o Skndm > kdui ~mg`usm~mc a`ga knuid}sm o}jnm~u ih ak~cei~m |ii~ amkc ih ai}umaidcu `oed}c`og Uknka$ Uk~kwkb koc Bmdkosko/ Sam jkfi~`sp ih sam ak~cei~m |ii~ `o \mo`ou}dk Jkdkpu`k k~m sam Jkdkpu wa`dm saium `o Uknka koc Uk~kwkb k~m sam Isam~ N}o`|}sm~ku/ Ku |i`osmc i}s np sam ]o`smc Oks`iou Ei}os~p Smkj$ Jkdkpu`k !]O><;;6 x``) saks wa`dm Jkdkpu`k aku kea`mxmc sam kgg~mgksm JCG infmes`xm ih  akdx`og |ixm~sp$ ~}~kd Uknka `u ois io s~keb si kssk`o sam JCG gikd np ><;=/ @s j}us nm oismc saks sa`u cksk nkob kdui s~`mu si `oed}cm sam Ea`omum koc sam @oc`kou$ sam swi isam~ msao`e g~i}|u saks ihsmo edk`j si nm omgdmesmc np sam gixm~ojmos/ Sam c`us~`n}s`io ih ~mus ih sam |ii~ amkcu ih  ai}umaidcu$ saks `u$ saium ai}umaidc amkcu w`sa `oeijm knixm sam hiic \D@ n}s nmdiw sam \D@$ np usksm koc msao`e g~i}|u k~m uaiwo `o Skndm =/ Sam usksmu w`sa sam a`gamus o}jnm~ ih knuid}sm |ii~ hiddiw sam ukjm |kssm~o ku saium uaiwo np sam ak~cei~m |ii~$ saks `u$ samp k~m Uknka$ Uk~kwkb koc Bmdkosko/ Aiwmxm~$ isam~ usksmu u}ea ku Bmcka$ \m~kb koc Sm~moggko} kdui ~mg`usm~mc a`ga o}jnm~u ih |ii~ amkcu ih ai}umaidcu/

Sam c`us~`n}s`io ih x}dom~kndm amkcu ih ai}umaidcu$ uaiwo `o Skndm 8$ ~mhdmesu uijm `osm~mus`og hmks}~mu/ Sam jk`o eioemos~ks`iou ih sam x}dom~kndm amkcu ih ai}umaidcu k~m oiw `o Uk~kwkb$ Sm~moggko}$ Bmdkosko$ Uknka koc Bmcka ~mu|mes`xmdp/ Ji~m oiskndm `u sam hkes saks mxmo usksmu w`sa sam diwmus `oe`cmoem ih |ixm~sp d`bm \}dk} \`okog koc Umdkogi~ akxm eiou`cm~kndm o}jnm~ ih x}dom~kndm amkcu ih ai}umaidcu/ Sam gixm~ojmos aku |~ix`cmc xk~`i}u kuu`uskoem si samum ~mg`usm~mc |ii~ koc x}dom~kndm amkcu ih ai}umaidcu/ ]ocm~ sam ;Kvkj |~ig~kjjm `os~ic}emc dkus pmk~ np sam Wijmo$ Hkj`dp koc Eijj}o`sp Cmxmdi|jmos J`o`us~p ku |k~s ih sam Gixm~ojmos S~kouhi~jks`io \dko$ saium }ocm~ sam \D@ koc sam x}dom~kndm ~mg`usm~mc w`sa mBku`a eko `oe~mkum sam`~ `oeijm sa~i}ga hi}~ eakoomdu–Kvkj Hk~jm~ !kg~`e}ds}~m ~mdksmc kes`x`s`mu jio`si~mc np kgmoe`mu }ocm~ Kg~`e}ds}~m koc Kg~i*nkumc @oc}us~p J`o`us~p)$ Kvkj N}u`omuu !|~ix`cm n}u`omuu i||i~s}o`s`mu sa~i}ga s~k`o`og koc j`e~i e~mc`s hke`d`s`mu si |k~s`e`|kosu ) koc Kvkj Um~x`em !umdh*mj|dipjmos ! umdh*mj|dipjmos h}dd s`jm i~ |k~s s`jm) s`jm) jio`si~mc np kgmoe`mu }ocm~ Wijmo$ Hkj`dp koc Eijj}o`sp Cmxmdi|jmos J`o`us~p koc Kjkoka @bas`k~ Jkdkpu`k$ koc Kvkj Wi~b ! fin ! fin i||i~s}o`s`mu) i||i~s}o`s`mu) jio`si~mc np sam

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Ui}~em6 Cksk |~ix`cmc np sam @j|dmjmosks`io koc Eii~c`oks`io ]o`s$ \~`jm J`o`usm~‐u Cm|k~sjmos/

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Ui}~em6 Cksk |~ix`cmc np sam @j|dmjmosks`io koc Eii~c`oks`io ]o`s$ \~`jm J`o`usm~‐u Cm|k~sjmos/

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Skndm 86 C`us~`n}s`io ih X}dom~kndm Amkcu ih Ai}umaidcu np Usksm koc Msao`e G~i}|u$ ku ih 5< F}om ><;; Usksm

Jkdkpu

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@oeijm C`us~`n}s`io C`us~`n}s `io

Ixm~kdd `om{}kd`sp `o Jkdkpu`k ~ium nmswmmo ;07< koc ;078 koc samo hmdd s`dd sam G`o` ~ks`i ~mkeamc `o ><<3 n}s jkokgmc si nm n~i}gas ciwo si <<7 koc jk`osk`omc ks saks dmxmd `o ><<0/ 5/>/3

@oeijm c`us~`n}s`io c`us~`n}s `io np us~ksk6 ~}~kd koc }~nko

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Skndm 7 C`us~`n}s`io ih Amkcu ih Ai}umaidcu Saks Akxm Mq`smc mBku`a np Usksm koc Msao`e G~i}|u$ ku ih 5< F}om ><;; Usksm

Jkdkpu

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Ui}~em6 Cksk |~ix`cmc np sam @j|dmjmosks`io koc Eii~c`oks`io ]o`s$ \~`jm J`o`usm~‐u Cm|k~sjmos/

hiddiwmc sam ukjm |kssm~o/ Aiwmxm~$ sam s~mocu `o `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io c`us~`n}s `io `o sam ~}~kd koc sam }~nko k~mku c`xm~gmc c}~`og sam ;00<<7 n}s e~m|s }| kgk`o si <<0/ ]~nko `oeijm `om{}kd`sp eios`o}mc si hkdd }| si ;000$ khsm~ wa`ea `s kdui usk~smc si ~`um si ~mkea k diekd |mkb ih <<3 nmhi~m jicm~ks`og si 5 `o ><<0/ @oeijm c`u|k~`s`mu nmswmmo }~nko koc ~}~kd k~mku ~mjk`o a`ga/ @s jkokgmc si eijm ciwo si ;/7 `o ;00< n}s ~ium kgk`o si >/;; `o ><<> koc ><<3 nmhi~m hkdd`og si ;/1= `o ><<0/ Sam cmeij|iu`s`iou ih sam `om{}kd`sp jmku}~mu uaiw saks jius ih sam `om{}kd`sp `u mq|dk`omc np sam .w`sa`o g~i}|. eij|iomos koc k j}ea ujkddm~ |~i|i~s`io `u mq|dk`omc np sam .nmswmmo g~i}|. eij|iomos$ saks `u$ w`sa`o sam }~nko i~ sam ~}~kd k~mku samjumdxmu$ ~ksam~ sako c}m si sam }~nko*~}~kd c`hhm~moemu !^kgkpka ><<0)/ Sa`u `u ois u}~|~`u`og ku sam w`sa`o g~i}| eij|iomos w`dd kdwkpu nm sam jius {}kos`sks`xmdp u`go`h`ekos ku sam~m w`dd kdwkpu nm u}nuskos`kd amsm~igmom`sp ke~iuu ai}umaidcu mxmo wamo samp uak~m eijjio eak~kesm~`us`eu !]OC\ ><<76 00)/ Hi~ mqkj|dm$ mqkj|dm$ `h wm diib diib ks GM!;) hi~ ><<7$ ><<7$ sam siskd `om{}kd`sp `u <<3 sam nmswmmo g~i}| `om{}kd`sp np us~ksk ummju si mq|dk`o i~ keei}os hi~ 5/11- si ;8/<;- ih siskd `om{}kd`sp$ koc `o ><<7 sam nmswmmo g~i}| `om{}kd`sp np us~ksk

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@oeijm c`us~`n}s`io c`us~`n}s `io np ~mg`io koc usksmu

@o ;07<$ sam~m wku oi `ohi~jks`io io Uknka koc Uk~kwkb$ koc sa}u hi~ Jkdkpu`k ku k waidm ku sam

\MU wku iodp d`j`smc si \mo`ou}dk~ Jkdkpu`k/ Sam jmko jiosadp ai}umaidc `oeijm wku iodp ^J>83 !umm Skndm 0)/ Umdkogi~ !wa`ea us`dd `oed}cmc B}kdk B}kdk D}j|}~ samo) akc sam a`gamus jmko ih ^J3;7 kjiog sam usksmu$ hiddiwmc np \mokog w`sa ^J>00 koc Omgm~` Umjn`dko w`sa ^J>1; |m~ jiosa/ Usksmu w`sa sam diwmus jmko jiosadp ai}umaidc `oeijm wm~m \m~d`u w`sa ^J;>;$ Bmdkosko w`sa ^J;>8$ Bmcka w`sa ^J;13 koc Sm~moggko} w`sa ^J;03 |m~ jiosa/ Mqkj`o`og sam xkd}mu ih sam G`o` hi~ sam xk~`i}u usksmu ~mxmkdu saks$ w`sa k hmw mqem|s`iou$ sam~m `u k gmom~kd |iu`s`xm ei~~mdks`io nmswmmo sam dmxmd ih jmko jiosadp ai}umaidc `oeijm koc `oeijm c`u|k~`sp/ @o isam~ wi~cu$ sam a`gam~ wku sam dmxmd dmxmd ih jmko jiosadp ai}umaidc `oeijm$ sam ji~m }om{}kd wku sam `oeijm `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io/ Sam jius oiskndm oiskndm mqem|s`io wku Uknka koc Bmdkosko/ U`j`dk~ u`s}ks`io ummju si |~mxk`d `o Sm~moggko}/ Io sam isam~ akoc$ Fiai~ koc Jkdkeek akc ~mdks`xmdp a`gam~ jmko jiosadp ai}umaidc `oeijm n}s diwm~ dmxmd ih  `oeijm `om{}kd`sp/ U`oem ;00<$ `om{}kd`sp w`cmomc hi~ sam waidm ih Jkdkpu`k$ kdsai}ga uijm usksmu `oed}c`og Jmdkbk$ \m~kb$ \m~d`u$ Umdkogi~ koc B}kdk D}j|}~ mq|m~`moemc k ok~~iw`og `o sam`~ `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io/ Sam ;007*;001 e~`u`u akc sam `j|kes ih `j|~ix`og `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io `o kdd usksmu mqem|s hi~ Jmdkbk koc \m~d`u$ koc jkop u}hhm~mc k eios~kes`io `o sam kxm~kgm jmko jiosadp `oeijm/ Sam mqem|s`iou wm~m Sm~moggko}$ Bmdkosko$ Bmdkosko$ Uk~kwkb koc Bmcka/ Aiwmxm~$ nmswmmo ;000 koc ><<7$ `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io wi~umomc hi~ kdd usksmu mqem|s hi~ Fiai~$ Bmcka$ Bmdkosko koc Jmdkbk/ Uijm ih saium usksmu w`sa wi~umo`og c`us~`n}s`io kdui akc ~mdks`xmdp a`ga g~iwsa ~ksmu nmswmmo ;000 koc ><<7/ 5/>/8

Msao`e `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io

@o ;07<$ sam cmg~mm ih `om{}kd`sp kjiog sam jkfi~ msao`e g~i}| `o \mo`ou}dk~ Jkdkpu`k wku a`gamus kjiog sam @oc`kou$ hiddiwmc np sam JkdkpuN}j`|}sm~ku koc diwmus kjiog sam Ea`omum !umm Skndm ;<)/ Nmswmmo ;07< koc ;078$ `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io ih kdd samum msao`e g~i}|u cmsm~`i~ksmc$ w`sa sam `om{}kd`sp kjiog sam Ea`omum mqemmc`og saks ih sam Jkdkp koc @oc`ko ai}umaidcu/ U`oem samo$ ixm~kdd `om{}kd`sp kjiog sam N}j`|}sm~ku jicm~ksmc s`dd ;00< si 0 khsm~ wa`ea `s hd}es}ksmc si <<0$ wa`dm N}j`|}sm~k ~}~kd `om{}kd`sp ok~~iwmc sa~i}gai}s sam |m~`ic u`oem u`oem ;078/ N}j`|}sm~k }~nko `om{}kd`sp hiddiwmc sam ukjm s~moc mqem|s `s akc ko }|s}~o `o ><<3/ Ixm~kdd koc }~nko `om{}kd`sp s~mocu kjiog kjiog sam Ea`omum hmdd h~ij ;078 si ><<3 wa`dm ~}~kd Ea`omum `om{}kd`sp hmdd nmswmmo ;078 koc ;00<$ samo w`cmomc `o sam ;00<<7$ n}s N}j`|}sm~k `om{}kd`sp mqemmcmc saks ih sam Ea`omum `o ><<0 si jksea saks ih sam ixm~kdd Jkdkpu`ko `om{}kd`sp/ Ixm~kdd `om{}kd`sp kjiog sam @oc`kou uaiwu k hkdd`og s~moc nmswmmo ;07< koc ;00< khsm~ wa`ea `s iue`ddksmc io ko }|wk~c s~moc s`dd ><<0$ kdsai}ga sam cmg~mm ih `om{}kd`sp `om{}kd`sp ~mjk`omc sam diwmus kjiog sam sa~mm g~i}|u/ @oc`ko ~}~kd `om{}kd`sp `om{}kd`sp kdui

;=

hmdd s`dd ;00< khsm~ wa`ea `s uaiwu ko }|wk~c s~moc$ n}s @oc`ko }~nko `om{}kd`sp ok~~iwmc sa~i}gai}s sam |m~`ic/ Hi~ jius ih sam pmk~u u`oem sam `j|dmjmosks`io ih sam OM\ wam~m cksk k~m kxk`dkndm$ `os~k* `om{}kd`sp `u sam a`gamus kjiog sam N}j`|}sm~ku$ ~mhdmes`og sam }om{}kd c`us~`n}s`io ih sam OM\ nmomh`su$ kdsai}ga sam s~moc `u ciwowk~c udi|`og eij|k~mc si ;078/ G`xmo sam gmom~kd |~mu}j|s`io

saks sam nmomh`su ih sam OM\ |~ig~kju akxm nmmo a`gadp ubmwmc siwk~cu sam nmssm~ eioomesmc$ `s `u u}~|~`u`og saks sam ~memos G`o`u k~m ois a`gam~ sako sam usks`us`eu akxm uaiwo/ Sa`u }omq|mesmc i}seijm j`gas nm mq|dk`omc `o umxm~kd wkpu/ H`~us$ sam ~kocij ukj|d`og ih sam Ai}umaidc @oeijm U}~xmpu$ wa`ea k~m sam ui}~emu ih samum cksk$ j`gas ois ek|s}~m saium w`sa mqs~mjm `oeijmu/ Amoem$ sam xm~p wmkdsap j`gas ois nm `oed}cmc `o sam u}~xmpu/ Umeioc$ sam nmomh`su jkp ois nm ~mhdmesmc f}us `o `oeijm$ n}s kdui `o sam hi~j ih wmkdsa/ Ks sam ukjm s`jm$ isam~ |id`e`mu$ mu|me`kddp sam |~ix`u`io ih s~k`o`og koc mc}eks`io ku wmdd ku dkni}~ jk~bms |id`e`mu$ amd|mc si e~mksm k u}nuskos`kd N}j`|}sm~k j`ccdm edkuu saks |~mxmosmc sam c`us~`n}s`io ih `oeijm h~ij nm`og sii ubmwmc/ Skndm ;< kdui `dd}us~ksmu saks oio*Jkdkp jmko `oeijmu eios`o}m si i}sus~`| saks ih sam N}j`|}sm~k jmko `oeijm/ Aiwmxm~$ sam g~iwsa ~ksm ih N}j`|}sm~k ai}umaidc `oeijm mqemmcmc saium ih sam oio*N}j`|}sm~ku c}~`og sam Omw Meioij`e \id`ep ;07;*;00< !OM\)$ ~mu}ds`og `o k ok~~iw`og ih sam `osm~*msao`e `oeijm c`u|k~`s`mu c `u|k~`s`mu si ;/73 nmswmmo Ea`omum koc N}j`|}sm~k ai}umai dcu koc si ;/>0 nmswmmo sam @oc`ko @oc`ko koc N}j`|}sm~k N}j`|}sm~k ai}umaidcu/ Sa`u cmed`om `o `osm~*msao`e `oeijm c`u|k~`sp$ sigmsam~ w`sa sam ~mc}es`io `o `om{}kd`s`mu w`sa`o kdd jkfi~ msao`e g~i}|u$ keei}osmc hi~ sam ixm~kdd `j|~ixmjmos `o sam u`vm c`us~`n}s`io ih `oeijm c}~`og sam OM\ |m~`ic/ Omxm~samdmuu$ `o sam ;00<<0)/ @h wm kgk`o

}um sam GM!;) hi~ ><<7$ sam siskd `om{}kd`sp `u - `o ><<>$ 8/>0- `o ><<3 koc =/3- `o ><<7/ Sa`u `j|d`mu saks sam |id`e`mu `j|dmjmosmc si ok~~iw `osm~*msao`e c`hhm~moemu akxm nmmo mhhmes`xm/ @s kdui jmkou saks uijm ih samum |id`e`mu j`gas akxm nmmo ek}u`og sam w`sa`o g~i}| `om{}kd`sp$ wa`ea `o sa`u ekum jmkou `os~k*msao`e `oeijm `om{}kd`s`mu$ si w`cmo/ Hi~ mqkj|dm$ sam |~`xks`vks`io ih |~ifmesu `o hkxi~ ih N}j`|}sm~ku aku jkcm uijm ih samj mqs~mjmdp wmkdsap wa`dm uijm N}j`|}sm~k eijj}o`s`mu `o sam ~}~kd k~mku us`dd mbm hi~ k d`x`og/ Sa`u u`s}ks`io moakoemc sam w`cmo`og ih `oeijm c`u|k~`sp w`sa`o sam N}j`|}sm~k g~i}| `sumdh/ Ks sam ukjm s`jm$ sa`u |id`ep ok~~iwmc sam c`u|k~`sp nmswmmo N}j`|}sm~k koc oio*N}j`|}sm~k eijj}o`s`mu/

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Sam Dkeb ih @oed}u`xmomuu ih sam OM\

KUD@ !><<=) Emos~m hi~ \}nd`e \id`ep Us}c`mu edk`ju saks ~}~kd cmxmdi|jmos |~ig~kjjmu c}~`og sam OM\ |m~`ic omxm~ ~mkeamc sam @oc`ko |ii~ nmek}um sam |dkosks`iou wm~m edkuu`h`mc ku |~`xksm

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|~i|m~sp koc d`ssdm wku ciom si `j|~ixm sam`~ dis/ Wamo samum |dkosks`iou wm~m ke{}`~mc hi~ |~i|m~sp koc siwoua`| cmxmdi|jmos$ d`ssdm wku ciom si kuu`us samj/ @s kuum~su saks sai}ga sam Gixm~ojmos aku keboiwdmcgmc sam um~`i}uomuu ih sam uie`i*meioij`e |~indmju hkemc np samum swi g~i}|u$ saium us`dd dmhs `o sam musksmu koc saium c`u|dkemc koc fi`omc sam }~nko u{}kssm~u$ sam~m aku nmmo k ois`emkndm knumoem ih |~ig~kjjmu koc n}cgmsk~p ~mui}~emu |~ix`cmc si kuu`us sam eijj}o`sp/ Aiwmxm~$ jius ih sam edk`ju k~m ois ~`gi~i}udp u}nuskos`ksmc koc k ji~m ji~m um~`i}u$ 7 nkdkoemc us}cp uai}dc nm eioc}esmc/ K u`j`dk~ edk`j wku kdui jkcm np A@OC^KH / Wa`dm `s `u ois ~mkddp kee}~ksm si ukp saks sam @oc`kou k~m meioij`ekddp jk~g`okd`vmc$ sa~mm |iuu`ndm ~mkuiou eijm si j`oc si mq|dk`o sam A@OC^KH edk`j/ H`~us$ u`oem sam ediu}~m ih umxm~kd musksmu wam~m sam @oc`kou }umc si nm mj|dipmc$ samp akxm jixmc si sam }~nko k~mku wam~m jkop$ mu|me`kddp sam pi}sau$ k~m |ii~dp m{}`||mc si fi`o sam }~nko dkni~ hi~em/ U`oem samp k~m eioemos~ksmc `o em~sk`o dieks`iou$ sam`~ |ixm~sp `u ~mdks`xmdp ji~m x`u`ndm/ Umeioc$ sam hkes saks sam ak~cei~m |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem koc sam }~nko |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem !ks >/3 |m~emos) akxm ois eakogmc ixm~ sam h`xm pmk~u nmswmmo ;000 koc ><<3$ sigmsam~ w`sa sam ud}gg`ua cmed`om ih sam ~}~kd |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem$ j`gas kdui keei}os hi~ hi~ c`uuks`uhkes`io kjiog sam @oc`ko eijj}o`sp/ Sa`~c$ sam~m k~m kdui edk`ju saks wa`dm sam |id`e`mu k~m `oed}u`xm$ sam @oc`kou akxm nmmo omgdmesmc `o sam |id`ep `j|dmjmosks`io/ Sa`u `j|dmjmosks`io c`ue~`j`oks`io `u kdui uk`c si nm s~}m kjiog saium N}j`|}sm~ku wai k~m ummo ois si u}||i~s sam gixm~ojmos/ Sam dkeb ih `oed}u`xmomuu `u kdui ~mhdmesmc np sam }|s}~o koc m~~ks`e jixmjmosu ih sam `om{}kd`sp s~mocu khsm~ moc ih OM\ wa`dm |ixm~sp `u ois eij|dmsmdp m~kc`eksmc/ Sam G`o` ~mjk`o us}nni~odp knixm <<0)/ Uk~kxkokj}ss} !><<0) }umu sam sm~j ‑|k~sp ek|`skd`uj‐ si |i~s~kp sam upusmj ih iwom~ua`| koc eios~id ih sam meioijp saks aku g~iwo }| kjiog sam jk`o |id`s`ekd |k~s`mu ― mu|me`kddp sam ]o`smc Jkdkpu Oks`iokd I~gko`vks`io !]JOI)$ sam Jkdkpu`ko Ea`omum Kuuie`ks`io koc sam Jkdkpu`ko @oc`ko Eiog~muu/ Sam dmkcm~u ih samum |k~s`mu akxm mqm~e`umc sam`~ |id`s`ekd edi}s koc `ohd}moem koc mq|di`smc sam`~ d`obu w`sa |iwm~h}d n}u`omuu |mi|dm i~ ‑e~io`mu‐ si mk~o moi~ji}u ~mosu hi~ samjumdxmu koc sam`~ |id`s`ekd koc n}u`omuu kuuie`ksmu/ Sa`u |amoijmoio s~kouemocu msao`e`sp$ ku Ji~`ua`sk !><<7) jkbmu edmk~ `o k ekum us}cp ih sam s`jnm~ `oc}us~p `o Uk~kwkb/ @s aku mokndmc k umdmesmc umes`io ih Jkdkpu`ko uie`msp si nmeijm wmkdsap xm~p ~k|`cdp$ n}s eioe}~~mosdp omgdmes`og sam jkfi~`sp/ Amoem$ sam kes}kd nmomh`e`k~`mu ih sam OM\ k~m eioemos~ksmc w`sa k ujkdd h~kes`io ih N}j`|}sm~ku koc sam`~ e~io`mu$ wai ommc ois nm N}j`|}sm~ku/ Jius N}j`|}sm~ku k~m f}us dmhs dmhs w`sa ujkdd e~}jnu h~ij sam OM\ ekbm$ koc akxm oi keemuu si gixm~ojmos |~ifmesu w`sai}s sam ~`gas |id`s`ekd eioomes`io/

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A@OC^KH `u k eikd`s`io ih 5< A`oc} oio*gixm~ojmoskd i~gko`vks`iou eijj`ssmc si sam |~mum~xks`io ih A`oc} Eijj}o`sp ~`gasu koc a m~`skgm `o k j}ds`~ke`kd Jkdkpu`k/ Jkdkpu`k/ @s kdui kdui k||mk~u si nm h`gas`og hi~ k n`ggm~ ud`em ih sam meioij`e |`m hi~ sam @oc`ko eijj}o`sp/ eijj}o`sp/

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1

3/

Sam Omw Meioij`e Jicmd

Sam Omw Meioij`e Jicmd !OMJ) ~meigo`vmu sam dkeb ih `oed}u`xmomuu/ @o i~cm~ si jixm sam meioijp hi~wk~c koc kea`mxm X`u`io ><>< ih nm`og k cmxmdi|mc oks`io$ sam gixm~ojmos aku `os~ic}emc hi}~ ih |`ddk~u ih oks`iokd s~kouhi~jks`io/ Sam h`~us `u sam ;Jkdkpu`k$ \mi|dm H`~us$ \m~hi~jkoem Oiw eioem|s si }o`sm kdd Jkdkpu`kou si hkem sam eakddmogmu kamkc dk}oeamc `o K|~`d ><<0$ wa`dm sam umeioc `u sam Gixm~ojmos S~kouhi~jks`io \~ig~kj !GS\) si us~mogsamo |}nd`e um~x`emu `o sam Oks`iokd Bmp ^mu}ds K~mku !OB^Ku)/ Sam sa`~c$ dk}oeamc `o Jk~ea ><;<$ `u sam Omw Meioij`e Jicmd !OMJ) si nm kea`mxmc sa~i}ga ko Meioij`e S~kouhi~jks`io \~ig~kj !MS\) wa`dm sam hi}~sa |`ddk~ `u sam ;<;;*><;= !;<;< saks |~ix`cmu omw |id`ep c`~mes`iou$ us~ksmg`mu koc |~ig~kju si mokndm sam ei}os~p si |~ig~muu siwk~cu nm`og k cmxmdi|mc oks`io/ Sam jk`o gikdu ih sam OMJ k~m saks Jkdkpu`k w`dd nmeijm k a`ga `oeijm kcxkoemc oks`io w`sa `oed}u`xmomuu koc u}usk`okn`d`sp np ><>
\~`oe`|dmu ih @oed}u`xmomuu

Keei~c`og si sam \~`jm J`o`usm~‐u u|mmea !Okf`n ><;<)$ k bmp eakddmogm ih `oed}u`xm g~iwsa `u sam cmu`go ih mhhmes`xm jmku}~mu saks us~`bm k nkdkoem nmswmmo sam u|me`kd |iu`s`io ih N}j`|}sm~k koc dmg`s`jksm `osm~musu ih c`hhm~mos g~i}|u/ Ks sam ukjm s`jm$ `oed}u`xmomuu j}us kdui nm eiou`usmos w`sa eij|ms`s`xmomuu koc meioij`e g~iwsa/ Ku u}ea$ sam Smosa Jkdkpu`k \dko ><;;* ><;= !Jkdkpu`k ><;<6 ;3<) usksmu saks sam omw k||~ikea `u koeai~mc io swi infmes`xmu6 

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Moknd`og m{}`skndm i||i~s}o`s`mu hi~ kdd Jkdkpu`kou si mokndm sam`~ |k~s`e`|ks`io `o sam meioijp keei~c`og si sam`~ ~m{}`~mjmosu koc ommcu$ ~m{}`~`og `j|~ix`og ek|ke`sp koc ek|kn`d`sp n}`dc`og$ moakoe`og keemuu si mj|dipjmos i||i~s}o`s`mu koc kci|s`og k ji~m sk~gmsmc k||~ikea `o moei}~kg`og `ooixks`io*c~`xmo mos~m|~mom}~ua`|2 koc \~ix`c`og k uie`kd ukhmsp oms hi~ c`ukcxkoskgmc g~i}|u saks us~muumu io keemuu si amkdsa$ mc}eks`io koc nku`e `oh~kus~}es}~m$ wa`dm jmeako`uju hi~ sk~gmsmc `oeijm u}||i~s w`dd nm moakoemc ku gmom~kd u}nu`c`mu k~m |akumc i}s/

@oed}u`xmomuu w`dd nm kcc~muumc h~ij j}ds`|dm kogdmu koc xk~`i}u sk~gmsu akxm nmmo ums h~ij hi}~ |m~u|mes`xmu !Jkdkpu`k ><;<6 ;3;)6 

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;Jkdkpu`k6 |~ix`cm kdd Jkdkpu`kou w`sa m{}`skndm i||i~s}o`s`mu si |k~s`e`|ksm `o meioij`e g~iwsa/ Sam sk~gms `u si akxm k ji~m nkdkoemc meioij`e eij|iu`s`io `o a`ga |kp`og finu koc iwom~ua`| ih a`gam~ xkd}m kccmc n}u`omuumu `oeijm6 si ~k`um sam `oeijm ih sam nissij 3<- ih ai}umai ai}umaidcu dcu ui ui saks sam`~ jmko `oeijm w`dd ~`um h~ij ^J;$33< |m~ jiosa `o ><<0 si ^J>$5<< |m~ jiosa `o ><;= gmig~k|a`e6 kdd e`s`vmou ~mgk~cdmuu ih dieks`iou w`dd nm kndm si mofip m{}`skndm keemuu si nku`e `oh~kus~}es}~m koc kjmo`s`mu uie`kd |m~u|mes`xmu6 c`ukcxkoskgmc g~i}|u u}ea ku sam c`ukndmc k~m u}||i~smc si nm xkd}mc |k~s`e`|kosu `o uie`msp/

Umes`iou 3 koc = k~m skbmo h~ij ^kgkpka ><;
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Aiwmxm~$ `o sa`u |k|m~$ wm uakdd mj|aku`vm jk`odp sam `oeijm ku|mes/ H~ij sa`u |m~u|mes`xm$ k o `oed}u`xm uie`msp `u eak~kesm~`vmc np ok~~iw `om{}kd`s`mu w`sa knuid}sm |ixm~sp `~~mu|mes`xm ih  ~kem m~kc`eksmc$ wa`dm kuu`uskoem w`dd nm |~ix`cmc si saium wai ommc amd| sam jius/ Sam ~momwmc khh`~jks`xm kes`io |id`ep `o sam OMJ `u sam hie}u io ~k`u`og `oeijm dmxmdu ih kdd c`ukcxkoskgmc g~i}|u–sam nissij 3< |m~emos ih Jkdkpu`k‐u `oeijm us~ksk$ 77/>- ih waij k~m N}j`|}sm~ku koc jkop k~m dieksmc `o Uknka koc Uk~kwkb– wa`ea w`dd nm nkumc io hi}~ |~`oe`|dmu !OMJ ><;<6 ;<$ Jkdkpu`k ><;<6 ;3;*>)6 

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jk~bms h~`mocdp6 sam omw khh`~jks`xm kes`io `ous~}jmosu w`dd kddiw ~mui}~emu si nm i|s`jkddp kddieksmc koc ois ek}um$ eios~`n}sm i~ |m~|ms}ksm meioij`e c`usi~s`iou2 ommcu nkumc6 sam sk~gmsu ih kuu`uskoem w`dd nm sam nissij 3<- ih ai}umaidcu koc c`ukcxkoskgmc g~i}|u ~mgk~cdmuu ih msao`e`sp i~ dieks`io w`dd nm md`g`ndm hi~ u}||i~s koc ~mui}~emu$ nkumc io sam`~ u|me`h`e ommcu2 jm~`s nkumc6 eij|ms`s`io w`dd nm moei}~kgmc koc kwk~c i||i~s}o`s`mu si sam jius {}kd`h`mc `oc`x`c}kdu koc n}u`omuumu2 koc s~kou|k~mos6 |id`e`mu$ | id`e`mu$ |~iemc}~mu koc e~`sm~`k w`dd nm jkcm edmk~ koc |}nd`e si mou}~m m{}`skndm koc hk`~ i||i~s}o`s`mu/

Ji~mixm~$ `s `u kdui omemuuk~p si akxm ui}oc `ous`s}s`iokd h~kjmwi~b hi~ nmssm~ jio`si~`og koc mhhmes`xm `j|dmjmosks`io/ S~kou|k~mos koc jk~bms*h~`mocdp khh`~jks`xm kes`io |~ig~kju w`dd hie}u io n}`dc`og ek|ke`sp koc ek|kn`d`sp ih diw*`oeijm ai}umaidcu koc ujkdd n}u`omuumu$ `ousmkc ih `j|iu`og eioc`s`iou si jmms u|me`h`e {}isku i~ sk~gmsu/ 3/>

Us~ksmg`mu si ^k`um sam @oeijm Dmxmdu ih sam Nissij 3<- ih Ai}umaidcu/

C}~`og sam ;/;

^k`u`og sam @oeijm Gmom~ks`io \ismos`kd \ismos `kd ih Nissij 3<- Ai}umaidcu

Ku sam eak~kesm~`us`eu ih sam ~}~kd ai}umaidcu c`hhm~ h~ij sam }~nko ai}umaidcu$ sam |~ig~kju si kuu`us samj k~m c`hhm~mos h~ij saium ih sam }~nko ai}umaidcu/ @o sam ~}~kd k~mku$ mhhi~su w`dd nm }ocm~skbmo si `oe~mkum sam |~ic}es`x`sp koc u}usk`okn`d`sp ih kg~i*nkumc kes`x`s`mu sa~i}ga sam kci|s`io ih jicm~o kg~`e}ds}~kd smeaoidigp koc mq|kou`io ih eios~kes hk~j`og sa~i}ga !Jkdkpu`k ><;<6 ;=5*3)6   

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|~ix`c`og aid`us`e u}||i~s |~ig~kju hi~ j`e~i*mosm~|~`umu2 d`ob`og ~}~kd skdmos |iid si mj|dipm~u `o omk~np ed}usm~u koc e`s`mu2 `oe~mku`og u}usk`okn`d`sp ih `oeijm `o sam kg~`e}ds}~m umesi~ sa~i}ga sam eioem|s ih  eios~kes hk~j`og2 |~ix`c`og i||i~s}o`s`mu hi~ n}u`omuu iwom~ua`| hi~ ek|kndm ~}~kd mos~m|~mom}~u2 `oe~mku`og dkoc |~ic}es`x`sp koc p`mdc sa~i}ga dkoc kjkdgkjks`io2 `j|~ix`og a}jko ek|`skd |~ic}es`x`sp w`sa`o ~}~kd kg~`e}ds}~m koc kg~i*nkumc `oc}us~`mu2 koc mq|koc`og sam k||d`eks`io ih sam kg~i|id`sko eioem|s si isam~ kg~`e}ds}~m koc kg~i*nkumc `oc}us~`mu/

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@o sam }~nko k~mku$ `oeijm koc {}kd`sp ih d`hm ih w`dd nm ~k`umc x`k ek|ke`sp moakoemjmos |~ig~kju sa~i}ga ub`ddu s~k`o`og koc ub`ddu }|g~kc`og si mokndm samj si ume}~m a`gam~ |kp`og finu ku wmdd ku mogkgm `o ub`ddu*nkumc n}u`omuumu/ Ji~mixm~$ si mou}~m u}usk`okn`d`sp ih n}u`omuu xmos}~mu$ mhhi~su si jicm~o`vm koc uekdm*}| ujkdd n}u`omuumu w`dd nm `j|dmjmosmc sa~i}ga xk~`i}u |~ig~kju eioc}esmc np kgmoe`mu u}ea ku K@J koc SMB]O !Jkdkpu`k ><;<6 ;=8*7)/ Samum `oed}cm6    

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musknd`ua`og `oc}us~p*u|me`h`e ub`ddu emosm~u nkumc io sk~gmsmc gmig~k|a`e k~mku2 mq|koc`og j`e~i*mosm~|~`um u}||i~s |~ig~kju hi~ nissij 3<- ai}umaidcu `o }~nko k~mku2 moakoe`og jmosi~*jmosmm |~ig~kju si e~mksm kcc`s`iokd n}u`omuu i||i~s}o`s`mu2 mqsmoc`og sam `oe}nksi~ eioem|s si `oe~mkum mos~m|~mom}~ua`| koc mj|dipjmos i||i~s}o`s`mu2 koc mq|koc`og koeai~ eij|kop |~ig~kju si mokndm sam hi~jks`io ih |k~som~ua`|u koc ed}usm~u/

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Kuu`us`og Ea`dc~mo `o Nissij Nissi j 3<- ih Ai}umaidcu Ai}umai dcu si Niius Sam`~ Mc}eks`io koc Ub`ddu Kssk`ojmos–ji~m m{}`skndm keemuu si mc}eks`io i||i~s}o`s`mu saks `oxidxm kcc~muu`og sam eius$ gmig~k|a`e nk~~`m~u koc eioc}e`xm dmk~o`og mox`~iojmos sa~i}ga !Jkdkpu`k ><;<6 ;=0)6

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~}~kd ea`dc~mo w`sa a`ga a`ga kekcmj`e |ismos`kd |ismos `kd si kssmoc nmssm~ ueaiidu `o }~nko k~mku !eios`o}ks`io h~ij 0J\) mq|kou`io ih  ;Ku~kjk |~ig~kju kuu`uskoem h~ij B}j|}dko Wkog Kjkoka \mdkfk~ J`ub`o !BWK\J) u}ea ku kddiwkoemu$ ueaidk~ua`|u$ u}||dmjmosk~p hiic$ ueaiid }o`hi~ju koc s}`s`io koc s~kou|i~sks`io hmmu |dkemjmosu `o nik~c`og ueaiidu$ jks~`e}dks`io jks~`e}dks`io emosm~u koc |}nd`e }o`xm~u`s`mu us}cmosu wai wai akxm akxm ume}~mc |dkemu `o |~`xksm mc}eks`io `ous`s}s`iou `ous`s}s `iou w`dd nm g`xmo h`okoe`kd kuu`uskoem nkumc io jm~`s

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Us~mogsamo`og Uie`kd Ukhmsp Oms si ^mc}em X}dom~kn`d`sp X}dom~kn`d`s p ih C`ukcxkoskgmc C`ukcxkos kgmc G~i}|u !Jkdkpu`k ><;<6 ;8<*;) \~ix`c`og ai}u`og kuu`uskoem |~ig~kju si cmum~x`og |ii~ ai}umaidcu `o ~}~kd koc }~nko k~mku \~ix`c`og `oeijm u}||i~s$ u}nu`c`mu koc `j|~ixmc keemuu si amkdsaek~m Kcc~muu`og sam Ommcu ih U|me`kd Sk~gms G~i}|u w`sa @osmg~ksmc \~ig~kju !Jkdkpu`k ><;<6 ;8>*3) Us~mogsamo`og sam ek|kn`d`s`mu ih N}j`|}sm~ku `o Uknka koc Uk~kwkb koc I~kog Kud` eijj}o`s`mu `o \mo`ou}dk~ Jkdkpu`k6 i

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hi~ sam I~kog Kud` eijj}o`s`mu$ k dkoc cmxmdi|jmos koc iwom~ua`| |~ig~kj w`dd nm `j|dmjmosmc si mokndm samj si nmeijm dkoc iwom~u koc kes`xm hk~jm~u j`gas kdui nm `j|dmjmosmc hi~ sam msao`e j`oi~`s`mu `o Uknka koc Uk~kwkb 

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\~ix`c`og h`okoe`kd kuu`uskoem si Ea`omum omw x`ddkgmu‐ ~mu`cmosu si }|g~kcm sam`~ aijmu koc h}oc sam`~ n}u`omuu kes`x`s`mu i

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diko ueamjmu np h`okoe`kd `ous`s}s`iou si h`okoem |kpjmos ih |~mj`}j koc dmkumaidc smo}~m ~momwkd ku wmdd ku h`okoe`og sam }|g~kc`og ih sam`~ ai}umu koc n}u`omuu kes`x`s`mu K@J koc SMB]O hi~ ujkdd n}u`omuumu

Moakoe`og Keemuu si Nku`e Kjmo`s`mu koc @oh~kus~}es}~m hi~ Musksm Wi~bm~u si @j|~ixm Sam`~ D`x`og Uskock~cu i

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kuu`uskoem w`dd nm g`xmo si N}j`|}sm~ku `o Uknka koc Uk~kwkb si musknd`ua musknd`ua n}u`omuumu$ `oed}c`og mos~m|~mom}~ua`| s~k`o`og$ h}oc`og koc us~mogsamo`og d`obkgmu w`sa musknd`uamc n}u`omuumu `o `cmos`h`mc umesi~u `j|~ixm keemuu si mc}eks`io musknd`ua eii|m~ks`xmu si jk~bms sam`~ |~ic}esu ji~m mhhmes`xmdp

u}||dp s~mksmc wksm~ si musksmu saks k~m ;$<<< ke~mu `o u`vm i~ ujkddm~ koc k~m dieksmc dmuu sako h`xm b`dijms~mu c`uskoem h~ij sam jk`o |`|md`om musknd`uajmos ih   Fkwkskob}kuk Bmjkf}ko cko Bmumdkjksko Bkj|}og si hiusm~ edium~ s`mu nmswmmo ~mu`cmosu ih musksmu koc omk~np x`ddkgmu w`sa c`us~`es ihh`emu eiddkni~ks`io w`sa musksm iwom~u `o |~ix`c`og keemuu ~ikcu koc nku`e kjmo`s`mu u}ea ku ai}u`og koc ueaiid hke`d`s`mu s~k`o`og koc ~m*ub`dd`og |~ig~kju hi~ c`u|dkemc musksm wi~bm~u

Eij|k~ks`xm \m~u|mes`xm hi~ ^mc`us~`n}s`io6 OMJ xm~u}u \~mx`i}u \dkou

@s `u |iuu`ndm si c`us`d sam eakogm `o k||~ikea si kcc~muu `oed}u`xmomuu$ koc uijm ih samum eakogmu k~m uaiwo `o Skndm ;;/ Kdsai}ga sam OM\ koc `su u}eemuui~u u}eemuui~u mj|aku`vmc | ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io uai}dc nm ~mgk~cdmuu ih ~kem$ `su `j|dmjmosks`io ` j|dmjmosks`io hie}umc io sam N}j`|}sm~ku$ koc mxmo samo smocu si nm hi~ saium wai k~m |id`s`ekddp eioomesmc/ Sam hie}u wku io knuid}sm |ixm~sp$ io saium ai}umaidcu saks hmdd nmdiw sam |ixm~sp d`om `oeijm !\D@) koc sam ak~cei~m |ii~/ Sam OMJ kdui usksmu |ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io uai}dc kdui nm `~~mu|mes`xm ih ~kem$ n}s `s `u mj|aku`v`og sam m~kc`eks`io ih ~mdks`xm |ixm~sp$ wa`ea `u sam ~`gas k||~ikea ku knuid}sm |ixm~sp nmeijmu dmuu `j|i~skos ku wm |~m|k~m si nm k cmxmdi|mc oks`io/ Aiwmxm~$ eko wm mq|mes sam `j|dmjmosks`io w`dd nm om}s~kd9 @s `u ois mkup si eakogm uijmsa`og saks aku nmmo |~kes`emc hi~ 3< pmk~u ixm~o`gas$ kdsai}ga sam kuu`uskoem cidm i}s }ocm~ mBku`a ummju si nm `oed}u`xm / \~`i~ si sam OMJ$ `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io aku kdwkpu nmmo ummo h~ij sam us~ksk !~}~kd koc }~nko) koc mu|me`kddp sam msao`e |m~u|mes`xm/ Wa`dm samum |m~u|mes`xmu w`dd us`dd nm jk`osk`omc$ sam OMJ kdui skbmu `osi keei}os sam edkuu |m~u|mes`xm/ Wamo `s `u us~muu`og io sam nissij 3<- ih  ai}umaidcu$ sa`u `j|d`mu `s `u mj|aku`v`og io ~mdks`xm |ixm~sp ku wmdd ku `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io/ Ui oiw `s `u xm~s`ekd `om{}kd`sp !`om{}kd`sp nmswmmo `oc`x`c}kdu i~ ai}umaidcu w`sa ~mu|mes si `oeijm$ eiou}j|s`io koc kuums) `ousmkc ih ai~`vioskd `om{}kd`sp !A@)$ wa`ea ~mhm~u si `om{}kd`sp nmswmmo g~i}|u$ u}ea ku msao`e g~i}|u/

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Skndm ;; K||~ikeamu si @oed}u`xmomuu6 sam idc xm~u}u OMJ

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Idc K||~ikea \ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io `~~mu|mes`xm ih ~kem / Hie}u io saium nmdiw sam \D@ koc sam ak~cei~m |ii~ / @j|dmjmosks`io hie}umc io N}j`|}sm~ku$ koc mxmo samo smoc si nm hi~ saium wai k~m |id`s`ekddp eioomesmc @oeijm c`us~`n}s`io kdwkpu kokdpvmc h~ij sam msao`e koc us~ksk |m~u|mes`xmu

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@j|ium eioc`s`iou si jmms u|me`h`e {}isku i~ sk~gmsu/mg mc}eks`io

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^mos*ummb`og koc |ks~iokgm nmakx`i~

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Nkdkoemc ~mg`iokd g~iwsa/ Siwk~cu ji~m m{}`skndm `oeijm c`us ~mg`iokddp Kdjius h~mm hdiw ih hi~m`go }oub`ddmc wi~bm~u/

Omw K||~ikea \ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io `~~mu|mes`xm ih ~kem / Hie}u io sam nissij 3< |m~emos ih  Jkdkpu`k‐u `oeijm us~ksk nkumc io ommcu

Wa`dm msao`e |m~u|mes`xm us`dd `j|i~skos$ oiw `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io kdui x`mwmc h~ij edkuu |m~u|mes`xm koc ku ~mdks`xm |ixm~sp Jk~bms*h~`mocdp khh`~jks`xm kes`io |~ig~kju hie}u io n}`dc`og ek|ke`sp koc ek|kn`d`sp ih diw*`oeijm ai}umaidcu koc ujkdd n}u`omuumu S~kou|k~mos$ hk`~ koc mj|iwm~`og wkp$ nkumc io ommcu koc jm~`s Ed}usm~* koc ei~~`ci~*nkumc meioij`e kes`x`s`mu/ ^msk`o koc kss~kes ub`ddmc |~ihmuu`iokdu/ @j|d`eks`iou 6 Hmk~ saks hi~m`go skdmos wi}dc c`u|dkem diekd wi~bm~u koc dmkc si k w`cmo`og ih `om{}kd`sp

Wa`dm |kus |id`ep umsu sk~gmsu koc {}isku$ oiw sam OMJ usksmu saks `s w`dd mj|dip jk~bms* h~`mocdp khh`~jks`xm kes`io |~ig~kju hie}u io n}`dc`og ek|ke`sp koc ek|kn`d`sp ih diw*`oeijm ai}umaidcu koc ujkdd n}u`omuumu/ \~mx`i}udp$ hi~ mqkj|dm `o mc}eks`io$ sa`u kes`io ~mu}dsmc `o jkop wmdd*ihh N}j`|}sm~ku nmomh`s`og wa`dm ks sam ukjm s`jm jkop diw*`oeijm hkj`d`mu$ `oed}c`og N}j`|}sm~ku samjumdxmu$ c`c ois nmomh`s hi~ xk~`i}u ~mkuiou$ u}ea ku sam hkes saks samp k~m c`ukcxkoskgmc i~ ci ois boiw aiw si keemuu sam nmomh`su/ Ai|mh}ddp$ sam OMJ w`sa `su s~kou|k~mos$ hk`~ koc mj|iwm~`og wkp$ koc nkumc io ommcu ku wmdd ku jm~`s eko n~mkb sam digfkj ih xmusmc `osm~musu/ Kdsai}ga sam i}seijm `u us`dd }onkdkoem cmxmdi|jmos$ |ixm~sp `oe`cmoem koc `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io$ sam |~mx`i}u |dkou akxm kdwkpu mj|aku`vmc io nkdkoemc ~mg`iokd g~iwsa koc s~p`og si jixm siwk~cu k ji~m m{}`skndm `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io ~mg`iokddp/ Sam OMJ us~muumc io sam ed}usm~* koc ei~~`ci~*nkumc meioij`e kes`x`s`mu/ Keei~c`og si G`dd ( Bak~ku !><<7)$ sa`u k||~ikea `o cmxmdi|jmos wi}dc ~mu}ds `o a`gam~ g~iwsa ku `s eko skbm kcxkoskgm ih sam meioij`mu ih uekdm koc kggdijm~ks`io mhhmesu/ Aiwmxm~$ samp kdui edk`j saks sa`u k||~ikea wi}dc hkem sam ~`ub ih ~`u`og `om{}kd`sp/

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@o sam |kus umxm~kd cmekcmu$ sam~m ummju si nm ko kdjius h~mm hdiw ih hi~m`go }oub`ddmc wi~bm~u `osi Jkdkpu`k/ Sam mkup kxk`dkn`d`sp ih hi~m`go wi~bm~u c`uei}~kgmc mj|dipm~u h~ij cmxmdi|`og ji~m smeaoidig`ekddp `osmou`xm jmsaicu ih |~ic}es`io koc h~ij `j|~ix`og sam ub`ddu ih sam`~ wi~bm~u$ sam~mnp bmm|`og wkgmu ― n}s kdui |~ic}es`x`sp ― diw/ Sa}u$ wa`dm `jj`g~kos dkni}~ amd|mc jk`osk`o sam eij|ms`s`xmomuu ih Jkdkpu`ko mq|i~su `o sam uai~s koc jmc`}j sm~ju$ sam~m wku k |~`em si |kp `o sam diog ~}o ku h`~ju hkemc `oe~mku`ogdp umxm~m uai~skgmu ih ub`ddmc |m~uioomd koc hmdd nma`oc `o smeaoidigp cmxmdi|jmos/ Sam ~mdks`xmdp a`ga `oe`cmoem ih |ixm~sp kjiog Jkdkpu`k‐u `jj`g~kos |i|}dks`io aku mqkem~nksmc }~nko |ixm~sp koc e~mksmc h~`es`io ku samum wi~bm~u eij|msm hi~ ai}u`og koc kjmo`s`mu/ Ji~mixm~$ uijm hi~m`go wi~bm~u akxm c`u|dkemc Jkdkpu`ko e`s`vmou `o `ohi~jkd umesi~u u}ea ku o`gas jk~bmsu/ Sa}u$ sam OMJ‐u infmes`xm ih ~msk`o`og koc kss~kes`og ub`ddmc |~ihmuu`iokdu w`dd amd| }u jixm }| sam smeaoidigp dkccm~/ Aiwmxm~$ `o ci`og sa`u$ Jkdkpu`k uai}dc kxi`c waks U`ogk|i~m aku ciom$ wam~mnp sam ub`ddmc koc |~ihmuu`iokd hi~m`gom~u k~m g`xmo disu ih `oemos`xmu ks sam mq|moum ih sam diekdu/ Saks `u wap uijm Jkdkpu`kou akxm mq|~muumc hmk~ saks sam hi~m`go skdmos wi}dc c`u|dkem diekd wi~bm~u koc dmkc si k w`cmo`og ih `om{}kd`sp/ Wamo sam u|me`h`e us~ksmg`mu koc |~ig~kju |~i|iumc si ~k`um sam `oeijm ih sam nissij 3<- ih ai}umaidcu `o sam ;<<< !Jkdkpu`k ;0086 1<)/ Jius ih sam |~ig~kju k~m mqsmou`iou i~ `j|~ixmjmosu ih |~mx`i}u |~ig~kju/ Sam c`hhm~moem `u saks oiw sam Ea`omum h~ij sam omw x`ddkgmu koc sam @oc`kou h~ij sam musksmu k~m u|me`kddp jmos`iomc$ `o kcc`s`io si sam I~kog Kud` koc sam N}j`|}sm~ku h~ij Uknka koc Uk~kwkb/ Sam dkssm~ akxm nmmo `oed}cmc `o sam |dkou u`oem sam OM\/

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Eioed}c`og ^mjk~bu

Wa`dm sam OM\ aku nmmo ak`dmc ku k u}eemuuh}d jicmd ih g~iwsa w`sa m{}`sp nkumc io sam ~mei~c c}~`og umdmesmc |m~`icu `o sam |kus 3< pmk~u$ `s aku kdui ~mu}dsmc `o sam dkeb ih `oed}u`xmomuu/ Kdsai}ga jke~i cksk k||mk~ si uaiw `oed}u`xmomuu$ j`e~i cksk `o sm~ju ih ~mg`io$ usksmu koc msao`e`sp ~mxmkd saks sam~m k~m sam~m k~m umes`iou ih uie`msp saks akxm nmmo dmhs i}s/ Amoem$ k ji~m m{}kd c`us~`n}s`io ih sam meioij`e |`m `u ommcmc si mou}~m saks g~iwsa wi}dc n~`og nmomh`su si mxm~piom koc hke`d`sksm Jkdkpu`k‐u s~kou`s`io si k cmxmdi|mc oks`io np ><><;< kcc~muumu `o usksmc |id`ep sm~ju uijm ih sam |~indmju w`sa `oeijm c`us~`n}s`io koc khh`~jks`xm kes`io np mu|i}u`og `oed}u`xmomuu sa~i}ga |~i*|ii~ g~iwsa ku iom ih `su sa~mm jk`o gikdu/ @s |~i|iumu jk~bms*h~`mocdp khh`~jks`xm kes`io hi~ sam nissij 3
>5

mj|aku`vmu m{}kd`sp ih i||i~s}o`sp si mc}eks`io$ amkdsa koc isam~ um~x`emu ~ksam~ sako sam ‑mqemuu`xm‐ hie}u io i}seijmu }umc `o sam |kus !OMKE ><;<6 0<)/ Jkop ih sam ~mhi~j us~ksmg`mu `o sam Omw Meioij`e Jicmd k~m u`j`dk~ si saium u}ggmusmc |~mx`i}udp !umm$ hi~ mqkj|dm$ ^kgkpka ><<0k)$ koc k~m diog ixm~c}m/ Aiwmxm~$ ksm sam |id`e`mu ~meijjmocmc `o sam OMJ ~mkd`us`e koc `j|dmjmoskndm9 Eakddmogmu d`bm wamsam~ sam gixm~ojmos eko eakogm sam j`ocums koc kss`s}cm ih wi~bm~u si |~ic}em sam mq|mesmc |~ic}es`x`sp gk`ou/ Uijm wi~bm~u k~m ~md}eskos si nm ~ms~k`omc i~ ci`og j}ds`*ub`dd`og finu/ Koisam~ eakddmogm `u si kuu`us diw `oeijm ai}umaidcu !D@A) wai hi~j sam n}db ih saium `o sam nissij 3<- ih ai}umaidcu ku samum ai}umaidcu k~m ed}usm~mc k~i}oc sam ^J;$<<<*^J;$300 koc ^J;$=<<*^J>$<<< `oeijm ~kogm !Jkdkpu`k ><;<6 ;=<)/ W`sa sam Gixm~ojmos oiw |kp`og kssmos`io si saium ai}umaidcu waium `oeijmu hkdd nmdiw ^J;=<< koc ^J;<<< `o sam }~nko koc ~}~kd k~mku ~mu|mes`xmdp$ `s ummju saks sam D@A !saium ai}umaidcu waium `oeijm hkdd nmswmmo ^J;=<< koc ^J>5<< `o }~nko koc nmswmmo ^J;<<< koc ^J><<< `o ~}~kd k~mku) k~m dmhs i}s ih sam ~kck~ ue~mmo$ n}s samp kdui ommc si nm jio`si~mc koc kuu`usmc/ K n`ggm~ {}mus`io `u wamsam~ sam mjnmccmc nmomh`e`k~`mu ih |~mx`i}u |id`e`mu k~m w`dd`og si ~mhi~j9 Kd~mkcp sam gixm~ojmos `u hke`og ~mu`uskoem h~ij sam nmomh`e`k~`mu ih ~mos*ummb`og koc e~iop`uj `o s~p`og si `j|dmjmos uijm ih sam |id`e`mu ~meijjmocmc `o sam OMJ/ Aiw eko sam gixm~ojmos nm um~`i}u kni}s `j|dmjmos`og sam us~ksmg`e ~mhi~j `o`s`ks`xmu `o sam hkem ih  ~mu`uskoem9 A`usi~p aku uaiwo saks g~iwsa eko ek}um `oeijm `om{}kd`sp si ok~~iw i~ si w`cmo$ cm|moc`og io us~}es}~kd hkesi~u ku wmdd ku sam |id`e`mu `j|dmjmosmc np sam gixm~ojmos ih sam ckp/ Mq|m~`moem aku kdui uaiwo saks k giic |dko jkp ois omemuuk~`dp nm wmdd `j|dmjmosmc$ mu|me`kddp `h sam waidm gixm~ojmos koc sam |id`ep `j|dmjmosm~u ci ois edk`j iwom~ua`|/ Ji~m sako k pmk~ io u`oem sam `os~ic}es`io ih sam OMJ$ sam |}nd`e aku pms si hmmd sam eakogmu |dkoomc `o sam cie}jmos kdsai}ga kooi}oemjmosu `o kea`mxmjmosu ih sam OB^Ku wm~m ~m|i~smc `o sam jmc`k/ Sam gixm~ojmos u`j|dp aku si akxm ji~m |id`s`ekd w`dd si `j|dmjmos |id`e`mu saks k~m `oed}u`xm ~ksam~ sako f}us nmomh`su sam |~`x`dmgmc umes`iou ih uie`msp/

>3

^mhm~moemu

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53

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X`u`io ><><6 \ixm~sp ~mc}e`og us~ksmg`mu|~ig~kju k~m saium saks k~m dk`c i}s `o sam ;<;;*><;=

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eij|ms`s`xmomuu Ji~m d`nm~kd`vks`io si `j|~ixm h}~sam~ `oxmusjmos ed`jksm A^CH musn/ @o ;00> hi~ |~`xksm umesi~ `oxidxmjmos `o s~k`o`og ( ~ ms~k`o`og Musn/ UJ@CME `o Jkp ;008 hi~ UJ@ cmxmdi|jmos Smeaoidigp cmxmdi|jmos cmxmdi|jmos ( |~ic}es`x`sp*c~`xmo |~ic}es`x`sp*c~`xmo g~iwsa @j|~ixmjmos `o sam {}kd`sp ih d`hm OOK\ ;00>*><;<;< Oks`iokd X`u`io \id`ep ><<;*><;<– si kssk`o k }o`smc$ |~ig~muu`xm |~ig~muu`xm koc |~iu|m~i}u Jkdkpu`ko uie`msp Eios`o}m w`sa @ES ( |~ic}es`x`sp* c~`xmo g~iwsa$ moakoe`og eij|ms`s`xmomuu$ A^C$ {}kd`sp ih d`hm

OMW Meioij`e Jicmd ><;;*><><** s~kouhi~j`og Jkdkpu`k Jkdkpu`k h~ij k j`ccdm `oeijm si ko kcxkoemc oks`io np ><>< |~mj`umc io a`ga `oeijm$ `oed}u`xmomuu ( u}usk`okn`d`sp2 u}usk`okn`d`sp2 |~ix`cm k nmssm~ hi}ocks`io hi~ k ji~m }o`smc koc |~ig~muu`xm uie`msp Us~ksmg`e ^mhi~j @o`s`ks`xmu6 ^m*mom~g`v`og sam |~`xksm umesi~ Cmxmdi|`og k {}kd`sp wi~bhi~em koc ~mc}e`og cm|mocmoep io hi~m`go dkni~ E~mks`og k eij|ms`s`xm eij|ms`s`xm cijmus`e meioijp Us~mogsamo`og sam |}nd`e umesi~ S~kou|k~mos koc jk~bms*h~`mocdp khh`~jks`xm kes`io N}`dc`og sam boiwdmcgm nkum ( `oh~kus~}es}~m Moakoe`og sam ui}~emu ih g~iwsa Mou}~`og u}usk`okn`d`sp u}usk`okn`d`sp ih g~iwsa

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ai}umaidcu) nmssm~ dkoc }s`d`vks`io }s`d`vks`io io io eijjm~e`kd eijjm~e`kd nku`u cmxmdi|`og ( us~mogsamo`og us~mogsamo`og mei/ ( eijjm~e`kd d`obkgmu hkusm~ g~iwsa ih xkd}m*kccmc kes`x`s`mu `o kg~`e}ds}~m `oe~mkum `o `oeijm ( mj|dipjmos i||i~s}o`s`mu ( uie`kd kjmo`s`mu ( um~x`emu `o }~nko k~mku$ `oed}c`og diw*eius ai}u`og

\ixm~sp m~kc`eks`io sa~i}ga i||i~s}o`s`mu |~ix`cmc np g~iwsa sk~gms*u|me`h`e np kcc~muu`og k cc~muu`og |iebmsu ih   Ji~m sk~gms*u|me`h`e |ixm~sp$ mu|/ `o ~mjism k~mku  Eiouid`cks`og \\^S ( isam~ kos`*|ixm~sp |~ig~kju }ocm~ U\B^ !`oed}cm meioij`e$ uie`kd ( |apu`ekd |~ifmesu) sk~gmsmc k~mkug~i}|u w`sa a`ga `oe`cmoem/ Hi~ ~}~kd k~mku6 * @osmg~ksmc @osmg~k smc Cmxmdi|jmos Cmxmdi|jmo s ih ^mjism X`ddkgmu * \~ig~kj \mjnkog}oko @ouko * |~ix`u`io ih nkdkoemc hiic * KUN*Umfkasm~k Hi~ }~nko k~mku6 * eios`o}m mq`us`og mq`us`og `osmg~ksmc k||~ikea k||~ikea skbmo np diekd k}sai~`s`mu$ |~`xksm umesi~ ( OGIu sa~i}ga |~ig~kju `oed}c`og @osmg~ksmc Cmxmdi|jmos Cmxmdi|jmos hi~ ]~nko Eijj}o`s`mu$ \}uks   ^KAJKS$ \~ifmb AK^K\KO ( Ub`j Baku @n} S}oggkd  ^mx`umc jmsaicidigp ( cmh`o`s`io ih ak~cei~m |ii~  ^k`u`og sam @oeijm Gmom~ks`io \ismos`kd ih  Nissij 3<- Ai}umaidcu Hi~ ~}~kd k~mku6 * aid`us`e u}||i~s u}||i~s |~ig~kju hi~ hi~ j`e~i*mosm~|~`umu * d`ob`og ~}~kd skdmos skdmos |iid si mj|dipm~u mj|dipm~u * `oe~mku`og u}usk`okn`d`sp u}usk`okn`d`sp ih `oeijm x`k eios~kes hk~j`og * n}u`omuu iwom~ua`| iwom~ua`| hi~ ek|kndm ek|kndm ~}~kd mos~m|~mom}~u * `oe~mkum dkoc |~ic}es`x`sp sa~i}ga dkoc kjkdgkjks`io * `j|~ixm a}jko ek|`skd |~ic}es`x`sp |~ic}es`x`sp * mq|koc`og k||d`eks`io k||d`eks`io ih kg~i|id`sko kg~i|id`sko eioem|s Hi~ }~nko k~mku6 * musknd`ua `oc}us~p*u|me`h `oc}us~p*u|me`h`e `e ub`ddu emosm~u emosm~u * mq|koc j`e~i*mosm~|~`um j`e~i*mosm~|~`um u}||i~s |~ig~kju * jmosi~*jmosmm |~ig~kju |~ig~kju si e~mksm kcc`s`iokd n}u`omuu i||i~s}o`s`mu * mqsmoc sam `oe}nksi~ eioem|s eioem|s * mq|koc koeai~ eij|kop eij|kop |~ig~kju si mokndm mokndm sam hi~jks`io ih |k~som~ua`|u koc ed}usm~u 

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Kuu`us`og Ea`dc~mo `o Nissij 3<- ih  Ai}umaidcu si Niius Sam`~ Mc}eks`io koc Ub`ddu Kssk`ojmos * ~}~kd ea`dc~mo ea`dc~mo w`sa w`sa a`ga kekcmj`e kekcmj`e |ismos`kd si kssmoc nmssm~ ueaiidu `o }~nko k~mku * mq|kou`io ih ;Ku~kjk |~ig~kju * kuu`uskoem h~ij B}j|}dko Wkog Kjkoka \mdkfk~ J`ub`o * |dkemjmosu ( kuu`uskoem `o `ous`s}s`iou `ous`s}s`iou ih  dmk~o`og  Us~mogsamo`og UUO si ^mc}em X}dom~kn`d`sp ih C`ukcxkoskgmc G~i}|u * ai}u`og kuu`uskoem |~ig~kju si cmum~x`og |ii~ ai}umaidcu * `oeijm u}||i~s$ u}nu`c`mu u}nu`c`mu koc `j|~ixmc `j|~ixmc keemuu si amkdsaek~m  Kcc~muu`og sam Ommcu ih U|me`kd Sk~gms G~i}|u w`sa @osmg~ksmc \~ig~kju i Us~mogsamo`og sam ek|kn`d`s`mu ih N}j`|}sm~ku `o Uknka koc Uk~kwkb koc I~kog Kud` x`k dkoc cmxmdi|jmos koc iwom~ua`| |~ig~kj$ mksknd`ua`og n}u`omuumu hi~ N}j`u `o Uknka ( U‐wkb$ `j|~ixm keemuu si mc}eks`io$ musknd`ua eii|m~ks`xmu hi~ jk~bms`og sam`~ |~ic}esu i h`okoe`kd kuu`uskoem si Ea`omum omw x`ddkgmu‐ ~mu`cmosu si ~momw dmkumu$ }|g~kcm aijmu ( h`okoem n}u`omuu2 K@J koc SMB]O hi~ ujkdd n}u`omuumu  Moakoe`og Keemuu si Nku`e Kjmo`s`mu koc @oh~kus~}es}~m hi~ Musksm Wi~bm~u * u}||dp s~mksmc wksm~$ musknd`ua FBBB $ eiddkni~ksm w`sa musksm iwom~u `o |~ix`c`og keemuu ~ikcu koc nku`e kjmo`s`mu$ s~k`o`og koc ~m*ub`dd`og |~igu hi~ c`u|dkemc musksm wi~bm~u 