MAKALAH MOTOR LISTRIK
Disusun oleh: Nama: Adam Bagja Manggala NPM: 30410102 Kelas: 2ID04 Mata Kuliah: Elektronika Industri
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Makalah ini menjelaskan mengenai: a) Prinsi Prinsip p kerja kerja Motor Motor AC AC sinkro sinkron n b) Kontr Kontruks uksii dan tipe tipe Motor Motor AC sink sinkron ron c) Rumusa Rumusan n matema matematis tis Moto Motorr AC sinkro sinkron n d) Pengg Pengguna unaan an Moto Motorr AC sink sinkron ron e) Protek Proteksi si Moto Motorr AC AC sinkr sinkron on f) Peng Penguk ukur uran an Moto Motorr AC sink sinkro ron n g) Karakt Karakteri eristi stik k Motor Motor AC sink sinkron ron h) Sumb Sumber er dan dan Ref Refer eren ensi si
PENDAHULUAN Sebelum masuk pada penjelasan mengenai motor sinkron dan generator AC, ada baiknya kita mengetahui dan mengenal dasar pengertian motor itu sendiri agar dapat memahami konsep cara kerja motor. Dalam ilmu fisika fisika (physical science), science), teknologi teknologi rekayasa rekayasa kelistrika kelistrikan n (electrical engine engineeri ering ng
techno technolog logy) y),,
dan dan
tek teknolo nolog gi
rek rekayasa yasa
perme ermesi sina nan n
(automotive
engineeri engineering ng technolog technology) y),, yang yang dina dinama maka kan n mesi mesin n list listri rik k (electrica (electricall machines) machines) dibedakan atas 3 kelompok besar, yaitu: •
Motor listrik atau generator mesin, disebut motor (pemuntir).
•
Generator listrik atau motor mesin, disebut generator (pembangkit).
•
Transformator listrik atau transformer listrik, disingkat trafo (pengalih, pemindah).
Gambar Motor
Gambar Generator
Listrik
Listrik
Gambar Transformator
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Motor listrik termasuk kedalam kategori kategori mesin mesin listrik listrik dinamis dinamis dan merupakan merupakan sebuah sebuah perang perangkat kat elektr elektroma omagne gnetik tik yang yang mengu mengubah bah energi energi listrik listrik menjad menjadii energi energi mekanik. mekanik. Energi Energi mekanik mekanik ini digunakan digunakan untuk, misalnya, misalnya, memutar impeller impeller pompa, pompa, fan atau blower, menggerakan kompresor, mengangkat bahan, dll di industri dan digunakan juga pada peralatan listrik rumah tangga (seperti: mixer, bor listrik, kipas angin). Motor listrik kadangkala disebut “kuda kerja” nya industri, sebab diperkirakan bahwa motor-motor menggunakan sekitar 70% beban listrik total di industri. Mekani Mekanism sme e kerja kerja untuk untuk seluru seluruh h jenis jenis motor motor listrik listrik secar secara a umum umum adalah adalah sama, sama, yaitu: -
Arus Arus listr listrik ik dala dalam m medan medan magnet magnet akan akan memb memberi erikan kan gaya. gaya.
-
Jika Jika kawat kawat yang membaw membawa a arus diben dibengko gkokka kkan n menjadi menjadi sebuah sebuah lingkar lingkaran/ an/loo loop, p, maka kedua sisi loop, yaitu pada sudut kanan medan magnet, akan mendapatkan gaya pada arah yang berlawanan.
-
Pasangan Pasangan gaya menghasil menghasilkan kan tenaga tenaga putar/ putar/ torsi untuk memutar memutar kumpar kumparan. an.
-
MotorMotor-mot motor or memilik memilikii beberapa beberapa loop loop pada dinamo dinamonya nya untuk untuk membe memberik rikan an tenaga tenaga putaran yang lebih seragam dan medan magnetnya dihasilkan oleh susunan elektromagnetik yang disebut kumparan medan. Motor Motor listri listrik k sudah sudah menjad menjadii kebut kebutuh uhan an kita kita seharisehari-har harii untuk untuk mengge menggerak rakkan kan
peralatan dan mesin yang membantu perkerjaan. Untuk memutar baling-baling pada kipas angin, digunakan motor listrik. Demikian juga, motor listrik digunakan pada peralatan rumah tangga lainnya seperti: hair dryer , blender , pompa air, mesin cuci, mesin jahit, bor listrik dll. Mesin-mesin pertanian terutama mesin pengolahan hasil pertan pertanian ian dan mesinmesin-mes mesin in di indust industri ri pun banya banyak k yang yang mengg mengguna unakan kan tenaga tenaga putarnya dari motor listrik. Pada motor bakar, motor listrik digunakan sebagai motor starter. Pada traktor pertanian, motor listrik dugunakan pada motor starter dan wiper . Penggunaan motor listrik ini semakin semakin berkemban berkembang g karena karena memiliki memiliki keunggula keunggulan n dibandingk dibandingkan an motor bakar, misalnya:
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d) lebih kompak, dan e) hemat dalam pemeliharaan.
JENIS MOTOR LISTRIK
Diba Dibawa wah h ini ini adal adalah ah baga bagan n meng mengen enai ai maca macam m – maca macam m moto motorr list listri rik k berdasark berdasarkan an pasokan pasokan input, input, konstruks konstruksi, i, dan mekanisme mekanisme operasi operasi yang terangkum dalam klasifikasi motor listrik.
Motor Arus Bolak – Balik (AC)
Motor AC / arus bolak-balik bolak-balik mengguna menggunakan kan arus listrik yang membalikkan membalikkan arahnya arahnya secara teratur pada rentang waktu tertentu. tertentu. Motor listrik AC memiliki memiliki dua buah bagian dasar listrik: "stator" dan "rotor". Stator merupakan komponen listrik stat statis is.. Roto Rotorr meru merupa paka kan n komp kompon onen en listr listrik ik berp berput utar ar untu untuk k memu memuta tarr as moto motor. r. Keuntungan utama motor DC terhadap motor AC adalah bahwa kecepatan motor AC
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Gambar Motor Listrik
TEORI DASAR MOTOR SINKRON 1. PRINS PRINSIP IP KERJ KERJA A MOTO MOTOR R SINKR SINKRON ON
Kontruksi dari motor sinkron sama dengan kontruksi generator sinkron. Adapun cara kerja motor sinkron dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut :
Bila kumparan stator atau armatur mendapatkan tegangan sumber bolak-balik (AC) 3 phasa, maka pada kumparan stator timbul fluks magnet putar. Fluks magnet putar ini
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kumparan stator timbul fluks bocor dan dinyatakan dengan hambatan armatur (R am) dan reaktansi armatur (Xam).
Kumparan rotor terletak antara kutub-kutub magnit KU dan KS yang juga mempunyai fluk fluks s
magn magnet et..
Kedu Kedua a
fluk fluks s
magn magnet et ters terseb ebut ut akan akan sali saling ng beri berint nter erak aksi si dan dan
meng mengak akib ibat atka kan n roto rotorr berp berput utar ar deng dengan an kece kecepa pata tan n puta putarr roto rotorr sink sinkro ron n deng dengan an kecepatan putar stator.
Pada motor DC, GGL armatur besarnya tergantung pada kecepatan putar rotor, sedangkan pada motor AC, GGL armatur besarnya tergantung pada faktor daya (PF) beban yang berupa kumparan stator.
Untuk memperbesar kopel putar rotor (kecepatan putar rotor), kutub-kutub magnet yang terletak pada bagian rotor dililiti kumparan dan kumparan tersebut dialiri arus listrik DC dan arus ini disebut penguat (Lf ). ).
Dari kumparan rotor yang ikut berputar dengan kumparan stator (kecepatan sinkron) akan timbul fluks putar rotor yang bersifat reaktif terhadap fluks putar stator. Ini dise disebu butt reak reakta tans ns pema pemagn gnet et (XM). Reakt Reaktans ans pemag pemagnet net bersam bersama-s a-sama ama dengan dengan reakta reaktans ns armatu armaturr (Xam) dise disebu butt reak reakta tans ns moto motorr sink sinkro ron n (Xsm). Dengan Dengan demiki demikian an rangkaian listrik dari motor sinkron adalah seperti tertera pada gambar berikut
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Gambar 1. Rangkaian Listrik Motor Sinkron Keterangan: -
Ram
=
Hambatan armatur
-
Xsm
=
Reaktans sinkron
-
Eam
=
GGL armatur
-
IL
=
Arus jala-jala
-
Iam =
Arus armatur
-
Vt
=
Tegangan sumber bolak-balik
-
If
=
Arus penguat medan
-
Rf
=
Kumparan penguat medan
Dari gambar di atas berlaku persaman:
Vt = Iam.Xsm + Iam.Ram + Eam Proses terjadinya perputaran rotor karena kumparan stator mendapat sumber arus AC 3 phasa, maka pada kumparan stator timbul fluks putar yang mempunyai
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berlawanan dengan kedudukan kutub-kutub magnet rotor, yaitu kutub utara rotor pada titik A sedangkan kutub selatan rotor pada titik B. Hal ini membuat magnet rotor akan tertarik oleh arah fluks putar stator karena saling berlawanan tanda.
(a) (b) (c) Gambar 2. Proses Terjadinya Perputaran Motor
Pada Pada sete seteng ngah ah peri period ode e beri beriku kutn tnya ya (gan (ganba barr c), c), kutu kutub b utar utara a stat stator or pada pada titik titik A sedangkan kutub selatan stator pada titik B, demikian juga kutub utara rotor pada titik A dan kutub selatan rotor pada titik B. Sehingga pada periode berikutnya, rotor akan berputar sinkron dengan arah perputaran fluks stator.
2. EKSIT EKSITASI ASI PADA PADA MOTOR MOTOR SINKRO SINKRON N
Pada motor sinkron, sifat GGL armatur (stator) yang timbul akibat adanya fluks rotor adalah menentang tegangan sumber V t. Besar GGL armatur hanya tergantung
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Gambar 3. Motor tanpa beban
Pada gambar di atas menunjukkan motor berputar tanpa beban dan tanpa adanya rugi-rugi. Dari gambar tersebut terlihat bahwa arah vektor E a berlawanan dengan arah vektor V dan sama besar atau ditulis V = -E a. Hasil penjumlahan dari kedua vektor tegangan tersebut adalah E R = 0. dalam keadaan ini, motor bekerja mengambang.
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Gambar 2.5. Motor berbeban
Apabila moor terbebani, sudut d akan naik menjadi d1, sedangkan ER juga akan naik menjadi ER1 (Ea besarnya tetap karena eksitasi konstan).
2.1. 2.1.
Efe Efek Eksit ksitas asii Kon Konsta stan
a. Eksitasi Normal
Pada Pada kondi kondisi si eksita eksitasi si normal normal,, motor motor akan akan bekerj bekerja a pada pada beban beban laggin lagging. g. Karen Karena a adanya rugi-rugi pada Ram dan Xsm, maka besar Ea = V.
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Jika Arus eksitasi (If ) berlebihan besarnya terhadap motor, maka kumparan stator akan menarik arus pemagnet dari sumber listrik. Dalam hal ini, beban motor bersifat kapasitip dan akibatnya motor bekerja pada faktor daya mendahului ( leading power factor ). ). Dalam keadaan ini, Ea > V dan disebut motor bekerja pada eksitasi lebih.
d. Unity
Untuk Ea > V dan I a sephasa dengan V, dalam keadaan ini motor mempunyai beban sama dengan satu (unity ( unity ). ).
2.2. 2.2.
Efek Efek Eksi Eksita tasi si Pad Pada a Beb Beban an Kon Konst stan an
a. Penurunan eksitasi
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Adapun daya yang dibutuhkan untuk memikul beban sebesar V.I a. Dalam hal ini, daya motor untuk memikul beban konstan masih kurang karena komponen I a1 cos q1 <>a sehingga V.Ia1 cos q1 <>a. Akibatnya memerlukan kenaikan sudut beban a 1 ke a2. Hal ini menyebabkan kenaikan E a1 menjadi Ea2 dan kenaikan ER1 menjadi ER2. Konsekuensinya Konsekuensinya Ia1 naik menjadi Ia2 sehingga didapat I a2 cos q2 = Ia. Dengan demikian telah dicapai daya armatur yang sama pada motor beban konstan.
b. Kenaikan eksitasi
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MOTOR AC - SINKRON
Motor sinkron adalah motor AC yang bekerja pada kecepatan tetap pada sist sistim im frek frekwe wens nsii
tert terten entu tu..
Moto Motorr
ini ini
meme memerl rluk ukan an arus arus sear searah ah (DC) (DC) untu untuk k
pembangkitan daya dan memiliki torque awal yang rendah, dan oleh karena itu motor sinkron cocok untuk penggunaan awal dengan beban rendah, seperti kompresor udara, udara, peruba perubaha han n frekw frekwens ensii dan dan gener generato atorr motor. motor. Motor Motor sinkro sinkron n mampu mampu untuk untuk memper memperbai baiki ki faktor faktor daya daya sistim sistim,, sehin sehingga gga sering sering diguna digunaka kan n pada pada sistim sistim yang yang menggunakan banyak listrik. Komponen utama motor sinkron adalah: 1.
Rotor Perbedaan utama antara motor sinkron dengan motor induksi adalah bahwa rotor mesin sinkron berjalan pada kecepatan yang sama dengan perputaran medan magnet. Hal ini memungkinkan sebab medan magnit rotor tidak lagi terinduksi. Rotor Rotor memili memiliki ki magne magnett perma permanen nen atau atau arus arus DC-exc DC-excite ited, d, yang yang dipaks dipaksa a untuk untuk mengunci pada posisi tertentu bila dihadapkan dengan medan magnet lainnya.
2.
Stator Stator menghasilkan medan magnet berputar yang sebanding dengan frekwensi yang dipasok.
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motor sinkron, rotor terkunci dengan medan putar dan berputar dengan kecepatan sink sinkro ron. n. Jika Jika moto motorr sink sinkro ron n dibe dibeba bani ni ke titi titik k dima dimana na roto rotorr dita ditari rik k kelu keluar ar dari dari keserempakannya dengan medan putar, maka tidak ada torque yang dihasilkan, dan motor akan berhenti. Motor sinkron bukanlah self-starting motor self-starting motor karena torque hanya akan akan muncul muncul ketik ketika a motor motor beker bekerja ja pada pada kecepa kecepatan tan sinkro sinkron; n; karen karenany anya a motor motor memerlukan peralatan untuk membawanya kepada kecepatan sinkron. Motor sinkron menggunakan rotor belitan. Jenis ini mempunyai kumparan yang ditempatkan pada slot rotor. Slip ring dan sikat digunakan untuk mensuplai arus kepada rotor.
Prinsip Motor Sinkron secara umum : -
Belit Belitan an meda medan n terd terdap apat at pada pada roto rotor r
-
Beli Belita tan n jang jangka karr pad pada a sta stato tor r
-
Pada Pada motor motor sinkron sinkron,, suplai suplai listrik listrik bolak bolak-ba -balik lik (AC (AC ) memban membangki gkitka tkan n fluksi fluksi medan medan putar putar stator stator (Bs) dan suplai listrik searah (DC) membangk membangkitkan itkan medan rotor (B s). Rotor berputar karena terjadi interaksi tarik-menarik antara medan putar stator dan medan rotor. Namun dikarenakan tidak adanya torka-start pada rotor, maka motor sinkron membutuhkan prime-mover yang memutar rotor hingga kecepatan sinkron agar terjadi coupling antara medan putar stator ( Bs) dan medan rotor (Br ). ).
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pergeseran kutub rotor ke belakang, relative terhadap kutub stator (gambar bagian b). Tidak ada perubahan kecepatan. Sudut antara kutub rotor dan stator disebut sudut torque .
Gambar sudut torque (torque (torque angle) angle) Jika beban mekanis pada motor dinaikkan ke titik dimana rotor ditarik keluar dari sinkronisasi sinkronisasi
, maka motor akan berhenti. Harga maksimum torque sehingga
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Gambar Kontruksi Motor Sinkron
Seperti yang telah diulas diatas, bahwa komponen penting dari motor sinkron adalah stator dan rotor, yang mana komponen ini adalah komponen umum atau dasar pada sebuah motor. Motor Motor sinkro sinkron n adalah adalah motor motor ac yang yang memilik memilikii kecepa kecepatan tan konst konstan, an, namun namun kecepatan dapat diatur karena kecepatannya berbanding lurus dengan frekuensi. Motor Motor sinkro sinkron n secara secara khusus khusus sangat sangat baik baik diguna digunaka kan n untuk untuk kecepa kecepatan tan rendah rendah.. Kelebihan dari motor sinkron ini antara lain, dapat dioperasikan pada faktor daya lagging maupun leading, tidak ada slip yang dapat mengakibatkan adanya rugi-rugi daya sehingga motor ini memiliki efisiensi tinggi. Sedangkan kelemahan dari motor sinkron adalah tidak mempunyai torka mula, sehingga untuk starting diperlukan cara-
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p = jumlah kutup per lilitan phase
Slip dari motor AC dihitung dengan :
Di mana : N r r = kecepatan putar, dalam rpm S = slip normal, 0 sampai 1. Sebagai contoh, sebuah motor dengan empat kutub beroperasi pada 60 Hz bisa
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tersebut dipasang proteksi khusus agar motor tidak menjadi menjadi generator atau sebaliknya. Ada banyak metode kendali motor AC (motor induksi, motor sinkron) dengan kele keleb bihan ihan
dan dan
kekura kuran ngann annya.
Namu Namun n
seca secara ra
umum umum
dikelompokkan sebagai berikut: 1. Kendal Kendalii Skal Skalar ar (v/f (v/f Konsta Konstan) n) 2. Kendal Kendalii Bero Berorie rienta ntasi si Medan Medan (Field Oriented Control, FOC) 3. Kend Kendal alii Torsi Torsi Lang Langsu sung ng (Direct Torque Control, DTC)
Overload Over load Motor Moto r Protection Prote ction
meto etode
ini ini
dapat apat
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Tetapi, overload protection tetaplah mutlak diperlukan dalam sebuah suatu sistem motor starter.
F. Penguk Pengukur uran an Motor Motor AC sinkr sinkron on Pembangkitan Torka •
Inte Intera raks ksii anta antara ra meda medan n puta putarr stat stator or (Bs) dan medan rotor (Br ) yang membangkitkan torka seperti terlihat dalam persamaan berikut: T = Bsx Bs(sin δ)
•
δ disebut sudut beban karena besarnya tergantung pembebanan. Pada saat beban nol nilai δ=0. Jika dibebani, medan rotor tertinggal dari rotor sebesar δ, kemudian berputar sama lagi. Beban maksimum tercapai pada δ=90 o. Jika
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F(θ,t) = 3/2 Fm.cos (θ-ωt)
Yang berarti resultan-mmf adalah medan putar sebagai fungsi dari ruang dan waktu, seperti terlihat dalam gambar berikut:
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sisi stator yang bersumber dari jaringan listrik. Sehingga motor bekerja dengan faktor daya = 1.
Jika penguatan arus medan kurang, maka motor sinkron akan menarik daya reaktif yang bersifat induktif dari sisi stator. Sehingga motor bekerja dengan factor daya(pf) terbelakang (lagging). Artinya motor menjadi pembangkit daya reaktif yang bersifat induktif. Kebalikannya jika kelebihan penguatan arus medan, maka motor sinkron akan
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generator sinkron. Torka maksimum dicapai pada δ= +/- 90 o. Jika melebihi batas itu, maka motor atau generator akan kehilangan stabilitas dan sinkronisasi dan pada akhirnya akan berhenti.
SUMBER DAN REFERENSI :