MAKALAH SEMINAR FEBRIS DAN ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN FEBRIS
Disusun untuk Memenuhi Tugas Kelomok Mata Kuliah !Blok Eme"gen#
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Anggun Anggun Hi*a Hi*a$at $atu" u" Rahmi Rahmi '(+,-, '(+,-,.,.,-'(' '(','/ ,'/ Asih Hutam Hutamii Ru*$ A"sinta A"sinta '(+,-,., '(+,-,.,-'(' -'(',,0 ,,0 A$uk Wi*$astutik
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PR&6RAM STUDI ILMU KEPERAWAT KEPERAWATAN FAKULTAS AKULTAS KED&KT KE D&KTERAN ERANUNI UNI7ERS 7ERSITAS ITAS BRAWI2A8 BR AWI2A8A A MALAN6 .,'9 Kata Pengantar
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Puji syukur kami haturkan atas kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa atas segala limpahan Rahmat, Rahmat, Inayah, Inayah, Taufik ufik dan Hinayahny Hinayahnya a sehingg sehingga a kami dapat dapat menyeles menyelesaika aikan n penyusu penyusunan nan makala makalah h semin seminar ar kelomp kelompok ok ini deng dengan an tepa tepatt waktu waktu.. elai elain n itu kami kami juga juga meng mengu!a u!apk pkan an terimakasih kepada P"MK #lok $mergen!y dan Tim #lok yang telah mem%erikan kesempatan kepa kepada da kami kami untuk untuk dapa dapatt menyu menyusu sun n makala makalah h kelomp kelompok ok ini se%a se%agai gai pemen pemenuh uhan an tuga tugas s kelompok makalah seminar dalam lok $mergen!y' Hara Harapa pan n kami kami,, semo semoga ga maka makala lah h ini ini mem% mem%an antu tu mena menam% m%ah ah peng penget etah ahua uan n dan dan peng pengala alaman man %agi %agi para para pem%a pem%a!a. !a.Ka Kami mi menya menyada dari ri %ahwa %ahwa makal makalah ah kami kami masih masih %any %anyak ak kekurangan sehingga kritik dan saran sangat kami harapkan untuk dapat memper%aiki %entuk maupun isi makalah ini sehingga kedepannya dapat le%ih %aik. Malang, () "uni *(+ Penyusun
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1.1 LATAR LATAR BELAKANG BELAKANG -ema -emam m %elu %elum m
terd terdia iagn gnos osa a
adal adalah ah
suat suatu u
kead keada aan
dima dimana na
seor seoran ang g
penderitamengalami demam terusmenerus selama + minggu dengan suhu diatas /0,/ o 1 dan %elumditemukanpenye%a%nya walaupun telah diteliti selama + minggu se!ara inten intensif sif denga denganme nmeng nggu guna nakan kan peme pemerik riksaa saan n
la%o la%orat ratori orium um
dan dan
penu penunja njang ng
lainya lainya
2oeparman, *((* 3. alah alah satu kondisi kondisi terse%u terse%utt yaitu yaitu demam demam 2fe%ris3 2fe%ris3 adakala adakalanya nya demam demam ringan ringan hinggad hinggademam emam panas panas sekali, sekali, sehingg sehingga a usaha usaha untuk untuk mengo%a mengo%atiny tinya a pun %erma!a %erma!am m ma!a ma!am, m, mula mulaii dari dari !ara !arase sede derh rhan ana a samp sampai ai ada ada yang yang perg pergii ke dokt dokter er,, Ruma Rumah h saki sakit, t,na namu mun n
jara jarang ng
oran orang g
meng menget etah ahui uiap apa a
peny penye% e%a% a%ny nya. a.
#e%e #e%era rapa pa
hal hal
yang yang
memper!epat memper!epat penye%aran penye%aran demam dinegara ur%anisasikepadatan ur%anisasikepadatan penduduk.um%er penduduk.um%er air minum minum dan dan stand standar ar hygie hygiene ne indu industr strii peng pengola olaha han n makan makanany anyang ang masih masih renda rendah. h. 2oegijanto, *((*3. -emam 2fe4er, fe%ris3 adalah kenaikan suhu tu%uh diatas 4ariasi sirkandian yang normal normal se%agai se%agai aki%at aki%at dari peru%aha peru%ahan n pada pada pusat pusat termogu termogulasi lasi yang yang terleta terletak k dalam dalam hipotalamus anterior' 2Issel%a!her, *((53 Terjadinya -emam %iasanya terjadi aki%at tu%uh terpapar infeksi mikroorganisme 24irus, %akteri, parasit3. -emam juga %isa dise%a%kan oleh faktor non infeksi seperti kompleks imun, atau inflamasi 2peradangan3 2peradangan3 lainnya. Ketika 4irus atau %akteri masuk ke dalam tu%uh, %er%agai jenis sel darah putih atau leukosit melepaskan &6at penye%a% demam demam 2piroge 2pirogen n endoge endogen3' n3' yang yang selanjut selanjutnya nya memi!u memi!u produksi produksi prostagl prostagland andin in $* di hipotala hipotalamus mus anterio anterior, r, yang kemudian kemudian meningk meningkatka atkan n nilaiam nilaiam%an %ang g tempera temperatur tur dan terjadilah demam. elama demam, hipotalamus !ermat mengendalikan kenaikan suhu sehingga suhu tu%uh jarang sekali mele%ihi 5+71.2 oeparman, *((*3. -emam atau fe%ris merupakan pengeluaran panas yang tidak mampu untuk memp memper erta taha hank nkan an
ke!e ke!epa pata tan n
peng pengel elua uara ran n
kele kele%i %iha han n
prod produk uksi si
pana panas s
yang ang
mengaki%atkan peningkatan suhu tu%uh a%normal. -emam yang %erhu%ungan dengan infeksi kurang le%ih hanya *)8*9 sedangkan sedangkan ++*(9 dengan keganasan, keganasan, 59 dengan penya penyakit kit meta% meta%ol olik ik dan dan +++*9 +*9 deng dengan an peny penyaki akitt lain lain -ampa -ampak k demam demam jika jika tidak tidak mendapa mendapatkan tkan peneng penenganan anan le%ih le%ih lanjut lanjut antara antara lain dehidra dehidrasi si sedang sedang hingga hingga %erat, %erat, kerusakan neurologis dan kejang demam 2:e%rile 1on4ulsion3. #erdasarkan permasalahan terse%ut maka kami ingin mem%ahas le%ih lanjut tentang fe%ris atau demam.
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Mahasisw Mahasiswa a dapat dapat melaksan melaksanakan akan asuhan keperawa keperawatan tan pada pada anak anak sakit sakit demam demam yang menggun menggunakan akan pendeka pendekatan tan manajeme manajemen n keperaw keperawatan atan serta serta mendapa mendapatkan tkan pelayan pelayanan an yang nyata. Tujuan khusus; +.
BAB II TINJUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 KONSEP PENYA PENYAKIT +. -efini inisi :e%ris atau demam adalah suatu keadaan di mana pengeluaran produksi
panas yang tidak mampu m ampu untuk dipertahankan diper tahankan karena terjadinya peningktan pen ingktan suhu tu%uh a%normal 2=alita, 2=alita, *((>3. Produksi panas dapat meningkat meningkat atau menurun dapat dipengaruhi dipengaruhi oleh %er%agai se%a%, misalnya penyakit atau
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yang masuk atau yang %erada %erada di dalam tu%uh manusia. manusia. @ormalnya suhu tu%uh manusia %erkisar antara / o A /> o 1 di mana pada suhu terse%ut diartikan se%agai keseim%angan antara produksi panas tu%uh yang diproduksi dan panas yang hilang dari tu%uh. tu%uh. Penyakit Penyakit fe%ris atau atau demam demam tidak tidak hanya hanya diderita pada pada
anakan anakanak, ak, tetapi tetapi
pada pada
manusia manusia
dewasa dewasa
maupun maupun
lansia lansia
juga, juga,
tergantung dari sistem imun setiap indi4idu itu sendiri 2Hidayat, *((03 *. $tiologi -emam dihasilkan dihas ilkan oleh pirogen endogen yang %ekerja pada mekanisme pengatu pengaturr
suhu tu%uh tu%uh
di
sistem sistem
saraf saraf
pusat. pusat.
Pirogen Pirogen terpent terpenting ing
yang
%ertanggung jawa% atas demam adalah ada lah interleukin interleuk in +. Produksi hasil has il %akteri, 4irus, serta jamur merangsang pelepasan interleukin + dari makrofag, serta juga produksi sitokinsitokin sitokinsitokin lain, sehingga menghasilkan menghasilkan demam dan manifestasi manifestasi lain respon radang r adang 2Rudolph, 2Rudolp h, *((3. +. Peny Penye% e%a% a% dema demam m sela selain in infe infeks ksii juga juga dapa dapatt dise dise%a %a%k %kan an oleh oleh kead keadaa aan n toksemia toksemia,, keganas keganasan an atau reaksi reaksi terhada terhadap p pemakaia pemakaian n o%at, o%at, juga pada pada gangguan pusat regulasi suhu sentral 2misalnya ; perdarahan otak, koma3. Pada Pada dasarny dasarnya a untuk untuk men!apai men!apai ketetap ketetapan an diagnos diagnosis is penye%a% penye%a% demam demam diperluka diperlukan n antara antara lain; lain; ketelitia ketelitian n penggam penggam%ila %ilan n
riwayat riwayat penyakit penyakit pasien, pasien,
pelaksanaan pemeriksaan fisik, o%ser4asi perjalanan penyakit dan e4aluasi pemeriksaan la%oratorium, serta penunjang lain sea!ara tepat holistik. *. #e%erap #e%erapa a hal khusus khusus perlu perlu diper diperhati hatikan kan pada pada demam demam adalah adalah !ara !ara tim%ul tim%ul demam, lama demam, tinggi demam serta keluhan dan gejala lain yang menyertai demam. /. -emam -emam yang %elum terdiagn terdiagnosa osa adalah adalah suatau suatau keadaan keadaan dimana dimana seorang seorang pasin mengalami demam terus menerus selama / minggu dan suhu %adan diatas /0,/ derajat !el!ius dan tetap %elum didapat penye%a%nya walaupun telah telah diteliti diteliti selama selama satu minggu se!ara se!ara intensif intensif dengan dengan menggun menggunaka akan n sarana la%oratorium dan penunjang medis lainya. /. Kla Klasif sifika ikasi +. -ema -emam m sept septik ik uhu %adan %erangsur naik ketingkat yang tinggi sekali pada malam hari dan turun kem%ali kem%ali ketingkat ketingkat diatas normal pada pagi pagi hari. ering ering disertai keluhanm keluhanmeng engigil igil dan %erkerin %erkeringat gat #ila demam demam yang yang tinggi tinggi terse%u terse%utt turun turun
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uhu %adan dapat turun setiap hari tetapi tidakpernah men!apai suhu %adan normal. Penye%a% suhu yang mungkin ter!atat dapat men!apai dua derajat dan tidak se%esar per%edaan suhuyang di!atat demam septik. /. -ema -emam m inte interm rmit iten en uhu %adan turun ketingkat yang normal selama %e%erapa jam dalam satu hari. #ila demam seperti ini terjadi dalam dua hari sekali dise%ut tersiana dan %ila terjadi dua hari ter%e%as ter%e%as demam diantara dua serangan demam dise%ut kuartana. 5. -ema -emam m kont kontin iny yu =arias =ariasii suhu suhu sepanja sepanjang ng hari tidak %er%eda %er%eda le%ih le%ih dari satu satu derajat. derajat. Pada Pada tingkat demam yang terus menerus tinggi sekali dise%ut hiperpireksia. 8. -ema -emam m sikl siklik ik Terjadi rjadi kenaik kenaikan an suhu suhu %adan %adan selam selama a %e%e %e%erap rapa a hari hari yang yang diiku diikuti ti oleh oleh %e%erapa periode %e%eas demam untuk %e%erapa hari yang kemudian diikuti oleh kenaiakan suhu seperti semula. 5. Patof Patofisi isiolo ologi gi 2Te 2Terlampi rlampir3 r3
8. Mani Manife fest stas asii kli klini nis s Pada saat terjadi terjadi demam, demam, gejala gejala klinis klinis yang yang tim%ul tim%ul %er4aria %er4ariasi si tergantu tergantung ng
pada fase demam meliputi; :ase + awal 2 dinginB menggigil3 Tanda Tanda dan gejala a. Penin Peningka gkatan tan den denyu yutt jantun jantung g %. Peningka Peningkatan tan laju laju dan dan kedala kedalaman man perna pernapasa pasan n !. Mengigil Mengigil aki%at aki%at tegan tegangan gan dan kontraksi kontraksi otot otot d. Penin Peningka gkatan tan suhu suhu tu%uh tu%uh e. Penge Pengelua luaran ran kerin keringa gatt %erle%i %erle%ih h f. Ram% Ram%ut ut pada pada kuli kulitt %er %erdi diri ri g. Kulit Kulit pu!at dan dan dingin dingin aki%at aki%at 4asokontri 4asokontriksi ksi pem%ulu pem%uluh h darah darah :ase * 2proses demam3 Tanda Tanda dan gejala a. Proses Proses mengig mengigilil leny lenyap ap %. Kulit Kulit tera terasa sa han hanga gatBp tBpan anas as !. Meras Merasa a tida tidak k pan panas as B ding dingin in d. Peni Pening ngka kata tan n nadi nadi e. Penin Peningka gkatan tan rasa rasa haus haus f. -ehidrasi g. Kelemahan h. Kehilang Kehilangan an nafsu nafsu makan makan 2jika 2jika demam demam mening meningkat3 kat3
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!. Meng Mengig igil il ring ringan an d. Kemungki Kemungkinan nan mengala mengalami mi dehidra dehidrasi si 2Ilmu Kesehatan, *((>3
. Peme Pemeri riks ksaa aan n kli klini nis s Pemeriksaan penunjang pada pasien demam menurut 2Mansjoer, *(()3 Yaitu; +. Pemer Pemeriks iksaa aan n leuko leukosit sit ; Pada Pada ke%a ke%any nyaka akan n kasus kasus dema demam m jumlah jumlah leukosi leukositt pada sediaandarah tepi %erada dalam %atas normal,kadang kadang terdapat leukosito leukositosis sis walaupun walaupuntida tidak k ada komplika komplikasi si atau infeksi infeksi sekunde sekunder. r. Cleh karena itu pemeriksaan jumlahleukosit %erguna untuk pemeriksaan demam. *. Pemer Pemeriks iksaa aan n DCT DCT 2seru 2serum m glutam glutamat at Cksal Cksaloa oaset setat at Tran Transam samina inase se33 dan dan IDP IDPT2 T2eru erum m
Dlutam Dlutamat at Piru4a Piru4att Tran Transam samin inase ase33
DCT DCT DPT DPT serin sering g
meningk meningkat at tetapi tetapi kem%alin kem%alinorma ormall setelah setelah sem%uhny sem%uhnya a demam, demam, kenaikan kenaikan DCT DPT tidak memerlukanpem%atasan pengo%atan. /.
demam
pasien.Entigen yangdigunakan pada uji widal adalah suspensi salmonella yang sudah dimatikan dantelah diolah dila%oratoriaum.Maksud uji ?idal ini adalah adalah untuk untuk menentu menentukan kan adanya adanyaaggl agglutin utinin in dalam dalam serum serum pasien pasien yang disangka menderita demam thypoid. >. Pena Penata tala laks ksan anaa aan n Pada saat s aat demam ini,terdapat %e%erapa !ara untuk penatalaksanaannya. 1ara penatalaksanaan ini di %agi menjadi * yaitu dengan o%at atau metod metode e farmak farmakolo ologi gi dan dan nono nono%a %att atau atau metod metode e terap terapi. i. -alam -alammem mem%e %erik rikan an penan penanga gana nan n
se!ar se!ara a o%at, o%at, pend penderi erita ta dapa dapatt
di%e di%erik rikan anpa paras raseta etamo moll
karen karena a
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*. Men!e Men!elup lupkan kan
waslap waslap
atau atau
hand handuk uk
ke!il ke!il
ke
dalam dalam
%asko %askom m
dan dan
mengusapnya ke seluruh tu%uh /. Melakuka Melakukan n tindakkan tindakkan diatas diatas %e%erap %e%erapa a kali 2setelah 2setelah kulit kulit kering3 kering3 5. Mengerin Mengeringka gkan n tu%uh tu%uh dengan dengan handuk handuk 8. Menghen Menghentika tikan n prosedur prosedur %ila suhu suhu tu%uh tu%uh sudah sudah mendekati mendekati Penu Penurun runan an suhu suhu tu%uh tu%uh terja terjadi di saat saat air mengu menguap ap dari dari permu permukaa kaan n kulit. kulit. Clehkarena itu, anak jangan &di%ungkus' dengan lap atau handuk %asah atau didiamkandalam air karena penguapan akan terham%at. Tam%ah kehangatan airnya %ilademamnya semakin tinggi.e%enarmya mengompres kurang efektif di%andingkano%at penurun demam.Karena itu se%aiknya diga%ungkan dengan pem%eri pem%erian an o%atpen o%atpenurun urun demam, demam, ke!uali ke!uali anak anak alergi alergi terhada terhadap p o%at o%at terse%u terse%utt 2@ita, *((53. Pengo%atan fe%ris atau demam dapat menggunakan o%at diantaranya yaitu se%agai %erikut ; +. Para!eta Para!etamol mol 2para 2para a!etoami a!etoaminop nopheno henol3 l3 uatu o%at untuk mengurangi demam 2antipiretik3 dan nyeri 2analgetik3. C%at ini aman untuk %ayi dan anak sesuai ke%utuhan, karena itu dapat di%eli %e%as. C%at ini dimeta%olisme di hati sehingga %ila dosis %erle%ih dapat menim% menim%ulk ulkan an gang ganggua guan n fungs fungsii hati. hati. $fek $fek sampi samping ng o%at o%at 2$C3 2$C3 %ersi %ersifat fat re4ersi%le, penghentian o%at dapat memper%aiki keadaan umum anak dan $C akan %erangsurangsur hilang sehingga kondisi anak kem%ali normal. Para Parase seta tamo moll dapa dapatt di%e di%eri rika kan n seti setiap ap jam jam sesu sesuai ai ke%u ke%utu tuha han. n. -osi -osis s parasetamol %erdasarkan ##. "enis o%at yang mengandung parasetamol sangat %anyak seperti Tempra, anmol, PraFion, @apreF, #odreFin sirup,
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*.
I%uprofen I%uprofen dapat di%erikan pada kondisi demam yang tinggi 2G5( 13, demam mem%and mem%andel el yang yang tidak tidak respons responsif if terhada terhadap p pem%eria pem%erian n Paraseta Parasetamol, mol, atau atau demam yang disertai dengan peradangan. -osis o%at ini adalah; 8+( mgBkg ## setiap kali pem%erian, maksimal 5( mgBkg ##Bhari. 1ontoh o%at yang mengand mengandung ung i%uprof i%uprofen en antara antara lain Proris, Proris, Rhelafe Rhelafen, n, :enris, :enris, #ufe!t, #ufe!t, dll 2Eno 2Enoni nim, m, *(() *(()3. 3. -ala -alam m memi memili lih h o%at o%at dema demam, m, pili pilih h o%at o%at yang yang tida tidak k meng mengan andu dung ng alko alkoho hol, l, kare karena na %e%e %e%era rapa pa prod produk uk siru sirup p juga juga ada ada yang yang menggunakan alkohol se%agai !ampurannya 2Enonim, *(()3.
0. Kompli mplik kasi +. -ehidras -ehidrasii ; demam menin meningkat gkat peng penguapa uapan n !airan !airan tu%uh tu%uh *. Kejang Kejang demam demam ; jarang jarang sekali sekali terjadi terjadi 2+ dari /( anak demam3. demam3. eringt eringterja erjadi di pada anak usia %ulan sampai 8 tahun. erangan dalam *5 jam pertama demam dan umunya se%entar, tidak %erulang. Kejang demam ini juga tidak mem%ahayakan otak. 2.2 ASUHAN KEPERAATA KEPERAATAN N BERDASARKAN TEORI E. Pengkajian Pengkajian +. Iden Identi tita tas s klie klien n *. Melak Melakuka ukan n anamn anamnes ese e riwaya riwayatt penya penyakit kit melipu meliputi; ti; sejak sejak kapan kapan tim%u tim%ull dema demam, m,
gejal gejala a lain lain yang yang meny menyert ertai ai demam demam 2misal 2misalnya nya;; mual mual munta muntah, h, nafsu nafsu makan makan,, diaforesis, eliminasi, nyeri otot dan sendi dll3, menggigil, gelisah atau letargi, upaya yang telah dilakukan. /. Melak Melakuka ukan n pemer pemeriks iksaa aan n fisik fisik 5. Melakuka Melakukan n pemeriksa pemeriksaan an keadaan keadaan umum umum dan dan 4ital 4ital sign. 8. Melakuka Melakukan n pemeriksa pemeriksaan an penunjang penunjang lain seperti; seperti; pemeriksaa pemeriksaan n la%orato la%oratotium, tium, foto rontgent ataupun <D.
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+.
-o; uhu tu%uh meningkat @adi meningkat Menggigil Kulit kemerahan Kulit terasa hangat
=irus, %akteri, toksemia, reaksi
Hypertermi
o%at eukosit melepaskan pyrogen endogen Prostaglandin meningkat et point thermostat meningkat -emamBfe%risBhypertermi
*.
-o; Keringat %erle%ihan
=irus, %akteri, toksemia, reaksi o%at eukosit melepaskan pyrogen endogen Prostaglandin meningkat et point thermostat meningkat -emamBfe%risBhypertermi
Resiko defi!it 4olume !airan
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et point thermostat meningkat -emamBfe%risBhypertermi Ph menurun anoreksia Intake makanan menurun Resiko gangguan pemenuhan 5.
-s;
pasien
meng mengata atakan kan
!emas !emas
akan keadaanya
nutrisi =irus, %akteri, toksemia, reaksi Ensietas o%at eukosit melepaskan pyrogen endogen Prostaglandin meningkat et point thermostat meningkat -emamBfe%risBhypertermi 1emas ansietas
1. -iagn -iagnosa osa kepe keperaw rawata atan n +. Hiperter Hipertermi mi %erhu%ung %erhu%ungan an dengan dengan proses proses infeksi infeksi atau inflamasi inflamasi *. Resiko defisit defisit 4olume 4olume !airan yang %erhu%ung %erhu%ungan an dengan dengan intake intake tidak adekuat dan
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!. Tida Tidak k men menga galam lamii komp komplik likasi asi Inter4ensi; a. Pantau Pantau suhu suhu pasien 2deraj 2derajad ad dan pola3,pe pola3,perhat rhatian ian menggig menggigilB ilB diaphore diaphoresis sis %. #eri #erika kan n komp kompre res s air air hang hangat at untu untuk k mera merang ngsa sang ng penu penuru runa nan n pana panas s atau atau demam !. Kola% Kola%ora orasi si mem%e mem%erik rikan an anti antipi piret retik ik *. Resiko defisit defisit 4olume !airan yang yang %erhu%ungan %erhu%ungan dengan intake tidak tidak adekuat adekuat dan diaporesi Tujuan; -efisit 4olume !airan dapat diatasi. Kriteria hasil; Mempertahankan !airan dan elektrolit dalam tu%uh. Inter4ensi; a. kaji kaji masuk masukan an dan dan haluar haluaran an !aira !airan, n, %. kaji kaji tanda tanda tanda tanda 4ita 4itall pasie pasien, n, !. ajar ajarka kan n pasi pasien en pent pentin ingn gnya ya memp memper erta taha hank nkan an masu masuka kan n yang yang adek adekua uatt 2sedikitnya *((( ml B hari, ke!uali terdapat kontra indikasi penyakit jantung atau ginjal3, d. kaji kaji tand tanda a dan dan geja gejala la dini dini defi defisi sitt 4olu 4olume me !air !airan an 2muk 2mukos osa a %i%i %i%irr keri kering ng,, penurunan %erat %adan3. e. Tim%a Tim%ang ng %erat %erat %ad %adan an setia setiap p hari. hari. /. Resiko Resiko peru% peru%ah ahan an nutri nutrisi si kuran kurang g dari dari ke%u ke%utuh tuhan an tu%u tu%uh h %erhu %erhu%un %unga gan n deng dengan an
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a. Kaji dan identif identifikas ikasii serta luruskan luruskan informasi informasi yang yang dimiliki dimiliki klien mengenai mengenai hipertermi %. #erikan #erikan informas informasii yang akurat akurat tentang tentang penye penye%a% %a% hiperte hipertermi rmi !. =alid lidasi perasa rasaa an klie lien dan yakin kinkan klie lien %ahwa hwa
ke! ke!emas masam
merupakan respon yang normal d. -isk -iskus usik ikan an ren! ren!an ana a tind tindak akan an yang yang dila dilaku kuka kan n %erh %erhu% u%un unga gan n deng dengan an hipertermi dan keadaan penyakit
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BAB III KASUS FEBRIS 3.1 KASUS
eorang En. usia 5 tahun %erjenis %erjenis kelamin perempuan perempuan %ersal dari suku jawa datang datang %ersama dengan orang tuanya. Crang tua klien mengatakan mengatakan klien mengalami panas tinggi dan tidak turunturn.Crang tua klien mengatakan klien sudah / hari yang lalu mengalami panas yang mun!ul se!ara ti%ati%a dan semakin hari semakin meningkat.Crang tua klien mengatakan %ahwa klien tidak pernah mengalami atau menderita penyakit %erat se%elumnya.Crang tua klien mengatakan klien pernah mendapatkan program imunisasi #1D, -PT, MMR.Crang tua klien meng mengat atak akan an klie klien n
tida tidak k
pern pernah ah meng mengal alam amii
ke!e ke!ela laka kaan an se%e se%elu lumn mnya ya.C .Cra rang ng tua tua
meng mengat atak akan an klie klien n
tida tidak k
pern pernah ah mend mendap apat atka kan n
tind tindak akan an medi medis s
klie klien n
maup maupun un kepe kepera rawa wata tan n
se%el se%elum umnya nya.C .Cran rang g tua klien klien meng mengata atakan kan klien klien tidak tidak perna pernah h mempu mempuny nyai ai riway riwayat at alergi alergi se%elumnya, %aik alergi makanan, o%at A o%atan, 6atB su%stansi dll. Crang tua klien mengatakan tidak mempunyai penyakit %erat se%elumnya akan tetapi
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BAB I! PEMBAHASAN KASUS " ASUHAN KEPERAATA KEPERAATAN N A. Peng Peng#a #a$% $%an an +. -ata -ata -emo -emogr graf afii a. #iodata @ama ; En. "uni *(+ Tanggal Tanggal pengkajian ; > "uni *(+ *. Kelu Keluha han n
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•
Crang tua klien mengatakan tidak terlalu memfikirkan %e%an %iaya rumah sakit
karena orang tua klien memiliki asuransi kesehatan keluarga. Klien !enderung pendiam dan tidak aktif dalam %ermain. . Riwa Riwaya yatt pi piri ritu tual al.. Ritual yang %iasa dijalankan ; >. Peme Pemeri riks ksaa aan n :isi :isik k a. Kead Keadaa aaan an umum umum klie klien n Tanda A tanda dari distress ; klien sering rewel Penampilan dihu%ungkan dengan usia ; $kspresi wajah,%i!ara, mood ; wajah klien nampak pu!at, %i!aranya lemah, •
•
• • •
•
kliean tidak terlalu mood dalam melakukan akti4itas. #erpakaian dan ke%ersihan umum ; klien mandi * hari sekali dan selalu mengati
•
pakaiannya. Tinggi Tinggi %adan, ##, gaya %erjalan ; +(( !m, *( Kg, Daya %erjalan normal seperti
anak anak pada umumnya. %. Tanda nda tanda tanda =ital =ital ; uhu ; /0,8 derajat @adi ; >> kaliBmenit Pernafasan ; *) kaliB menit Takanan darah ; !. ist istem em Pern Pernaf afas asan an Hidung ; Inspeksi ;kesimetrisan 2J3, pernafasan !uping hidung 23 adanya se!ret • • • •
•
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Perkusi ; suara timpani o Euskultasi Euskultasi ; %ising usus usus 2J3 Enus ; kondisi kondisi 2normal3. 2normal3. e. iste istem m In Indra Mata; o Kelopak mata 2J3, %ulu mata 2J3, alis 2J3, lipatan epikantus dengan ujung o
•
•
•
•
atas telinga 2J3. o =isus 2J3 o apang pandang 2J3 Hidung o Pen!iuman 2J3, perih dihidung 23, trauma 23, mimisan 23. o e!ret yang menghalangi pen!iuman 23. Telinga o Keadaan daun telinga 2J3, operasi telinga 23
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• •
2halus3, tahi lalat 2 di %awah %i%ir se%elah kiri 3, ruam 23. Kuku ; warna 2putih %ening3, mudah patah 23, ke%ersihan 2J3. istem $n $ndokrin Kelenjar tiroid ; pem%esaran 23 Per!epatan pertum%uhan ; @ormal Dejala keratinisme atau gigantisme ; 23 $kskresi urin %erle%ihan 23, polidipsi 23, poliphagi 23 uhu tu%uh yang tidak seim%ang 2J3, keringat %erle%ihan 2J3, leher kaku 23. Riwayat %ekas air seni dikelilingi semut ; 23. istem Perkemihan Perkemihan $dema Palpe%ra 23 •
i.
• • • • • •
j.
Ram%ut ; te%al, warna hitam dan halus. Kulit Kulit ; warna warna pu!at pu!at,, tempe temperat ratur ur 2 /0,8 /0,8 deraj derajat at3, 3, kelem kelem%a% %a%an an 23, 23, %ulu %ulu kulit kulit
•
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Tempat pem%uangan ; toilet :rekuensi ; tidak diketahui Konsistensi ; padat Kesulitan dan !ara menanganinya ; tidak C%at A o%at untuk memperlan!ar #EKB#E# ; d. Isti Istira raha hatt Tidu Tidur r Epakah !epat tertidur tertidur ; 2J3 "am tidur ; siang / jam dan malam hari ) jam 2dirumah3, siang * jam dan malam • • • • •
• •
•
8 jam 2 di R 3 #ila tidak dapat tidur apa yang di lakukan ; orang tua klien mengendong dan
mengajak jalan A jalan Epakah tidur se!ara se!ara rutin ; iya. iya. e. Pers Person onal al Hygi Hygien ene e •
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%. ?ida ?idall ; posi positi tiff 2J3 2J3 !. Ro foto ; d. 1T !an ; e. MRI, MRI, <D, <D, $$ $$D, D, $1D, $1D, dll ; +(. Terapi Terapi aat Ini. Parasetamol - Entipiretik ; Parasetamol - Enti%iotik - @ B. Ana& Ana&%' %'a a (at (ata a N) 1
Data D' -
Et%)&)g% Terpapar . thypoid
Ma'a&a* #e+era,atan H%+erter%
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meng mengal alam amii •
pana panas s
ting tinggi gi,,
dan tidak turun A turun. Crang tua klien mengatakan klien sudah / hari hari yang yang lalu lalu menga mengala lami mi pana panas. s. se!ara sema semaki kin n
Pana Panas s ti%a
A
hari hari
mun! mun!ul ul ti%a
dan
pana panasn snya ya
itokin pirogen Mempengaruhi hipotalamus anterior -emam Peningkatan e4aporasi Risiko Kekurangan
semakin naik
=olume 1airan Kli
de
ndi
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Perioritas keperawatan;
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5. Tingkatkan intake !airan dan nutrisi 6. Ejarkan pada pada klien !ara men!egah men!egah keletihan keletihan aki%at aki%at panas panas 7. #eritahukan tentang indikasi terjadinya keletihan dan penanganan kedaruratan yang
diperlukan
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Monitor status hidrasi 2kelem%a%an mem%ran mukosa3, jika diperlukan Monitor 4ital sign Monitor masukan makananB!airan dan hitung intake kalori harian akukan terapi I=
/. -ia
a ke
atan ata n no / Ketidak seim%angan nutrisi kurang dari ke%utuhan tu%uh
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*. Melakuka Melakukan n tindaka tindakan n penanga penanganan nanmasa masalah lah penyelama penyelamatan tan jiwa dan pen!egah pen!egahan an ke!a!atan /. Melakukan tindakan sesuai dengan masalah keperawatan keperawatan yang yang mun!ul mun!ul 1ontoh ; jalan nafas tidak efektif Tindakan mandiri keperawatan ;
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