MAJOR ISSUES RELATING TO INFRASTRUCTURE OF RAILWAYS
GROUP – 6
INTRODUCTION
• EVOLUTION OF RAILWAYS • HISTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAYS
EVOLUTION OF RAILWAYS The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years and includes systems with man or horse power and rails of wood or stone. Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s
a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer
In 1814 George Stephenson, inspired by the early locomotives of Trevithick, Murray and Heto , persuaded him to build a steam-powered machine.
HISTORY OF INDIAN RAILWAYS • THE BEGINNING OF BRITISH RULE • 1ST WORLD WAR (1914-1919) • 1924-1929
• 2ND WORLD WAR (1939) • POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD(1945) • AFTER 1991 - THE PRESENT
Impact - role and importance of indian railways as monopoly player
Indian Railways- In brief The Indian Railways operates the world’s second largest rail network under a single management. It has an established route length of 62,759 km divided into three gauges – broad, meter and narrow. The functions of the Indian Railways can be divided into core and non-core activities. The core activities comprise transportation of freight and passengers(running of trains and owning of assets). Non-core activities- comprises catering , running schools and colleges for the children of the railway staff, medical health care facilities for the railway staff, production units and workshops.
• In terms of contribution to the national gross product the railways account for 1 per cent of India’s GNP. • According to the Planning Commission, the Indian economy is expected to grow at an average 9% per annum during the 11th Five Year Plan (from 2007-08 to 2011-12) • It is also the largest employer in the world and supports a work force of over 1.4 million.
• The IR was in the midst of an impending financial breakdown in 2001. • The fund balances have grown to over Rs 12,000 crore in 2005-06 • This is the same Indian Railways which in 2001 had deferred dividend payment, whose fund balances had reduced to just Rs.149 crore (in 19902000) and which had been written off as a bankrupt department. • Indian Railways is today the second largest profit making Public Sector Undertaking after ONGC. • It achieved an operating ratio of 78.7% in 2006-07 which is comparable to that achieved by the North American Class I railroads.
• The total planned investment for the eight-year time frame (2007-2015) is tentatively in the order of Rs.3,50,000 crore. • The Railways have been described as the ‘lifeline of the nation’, operating approximately 12,000 trains a day (of which 11,000 are passenger trains). • It carries about 17.7 million passengers and 1.49 million tonnes of freight every day
Railway network of INDIA
Organization Overview The Ministry of Railways under Government of India controls Indian Railways. The Ministry is headed by Union Minister who is generally supported by a Minster of State. The Railway Board consisting of six members and a chairman reports to this top hierarchy. The railway zones are headed by their respective General Mangers who in turn report to the Railway Board.
For administrative convenience Indian Railways is primarily divided into 16 zones:
Indian Railways bottleneck Indian Railways require finance for modernization however the required budgetary support is absent. For example, the provision of automated signaling system to prevent the crashes is missing. The stiff competition between private airlines has brought serious threat on upper class passengers of the railways. Though Rajdhanai and Shatabadi trains are the fastest and luxurious trains of India their speed and food service is not competitive as compared to the air travel. The other key problem faced by the Indian Railways is the high accident rate, which includes derailment, collisions, many being run over by trains.
Introduction of Metro rails in INDIA
History • Before independence, there was a plan by the British to construct underground Railway in Kolkata. After independence, the burgeoning transport problem of Kolkata drew the attention of the city planners, the State Government and also the Government of India. It was soon realized that something had to be done and done quickly to cope with the situation. Bidhan Chandra Roy, at that time the Chief Minister of West Bengal , conceived the idea in 1949 of building an underground railway for Kolkata to solve the problems to some extent. A survey was done by a team of French experts without any concrete results. Efforts to solve the problem by augmenting the existing fleet of public transport vehicles barely touched the fringe of the problem as the roads account for only 4.2% of the surface area in Calcutta, compared to 25% in Delhi and even 30% in other cities.
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With a view to finding an alternative solution, the Metropolitan Transport Project (Rlys) (i.e., Railways) was set up in 1969. After detailed studies, the MTP (Rlys) came to the conclusion that there was no other alternative but to construct a Mass Rapid Transit System. The MTP (Rlys) had prepared a Master Plan in 1971 envisaging construction of five rapid-transit lines for the city of Kolkata, totaling a route length of 97.5 km. Of these, the highest priority was given to the busy North-South axis between Dum Dum and Mahanayak Uttam Kumar over a length of 16.45 km, and the work on this project was sanctioned on June 1, 1972. The foundation stone of the project was laid by Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, on December 29, 1972, and the construction work started in 1973. At first, 5 lines were planned, but finally 3 selected. Those were Dum Dum - Tollygunge Bidhannagar (Salt Lake Sector V) - Ramrajatala Dakshineshwar - Thakurpukur
Methods of construction
• Metro construction is of a very complex nature requiring application of several new technologies in the fields of civil, electrical, signaling and telecommunication engineering. Indian engineers backed by their own experience and supplemented by their studies abroad, adopted advanced technologies in the following fields for the first time in India. • Underground substations with dry type transformers and SF-6 circuit breakers. • Tunnel-Train VHF-radio communication system. • Micro-processor-based train control and supervisory remote control system for substations. • Automatic ticket vending and checking system.
• Cut and cover method of construction using diaphragm walls and sheet piles. • Use of extensive decking to keep the traffic flowing over the cut while construction in progress underneath. • Shield tunneling using compressed air and airlocks. • Ballast less track using elastic fastenings, rubber pads, epoxy mortar and nylon inserts. • Air-conditioning and ventilation system for environmental control of stations and tunnels. • Third Rail current collection system for traction
Delhi Metro The Yellow Line of theDelhi Metro system consists of 15 metro stations from Jahangirpurito Central Secretariat with a total distance of 17.36 km.
The Blue Line of the Delhi Metro system consists of 47 metro stations from Dwarka Sector 9 to Noida City Centre and Anand Vihar, with a total distance of 53.6 km.
The Violet Line of the Delhi Metro system will start from Central Secretariat station of Yellow line and will terminate at Badarpur station
The Red Line of the Delhi Metro system consists of 21 metro stations fromDilshad Garden to Rithala with a total distance of 25.15 km.
Rolling Stock •
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The whole rake is vestibuled. Rolling stock is from ICF, Chennai and the electrical equipments are from NGEF, Bangalore. The rolling stock is unique in that they are the only ones in India with end-mounted cab doors (excepting some of the WAG-6 series locomotives). ICF has specifically designed, manufactured and supplied these coaches for the Kolkata Metro Underground Railway System. The special features incorporated are: With all these sophistications built in, the design and manufacture of these coaches to a very high standard of reliability and safety has been a major task. This was achieved without any technical collaboration. The entire formation is capable of carrying 2356 passengers. Now there is a plan to part by part replace present stocks with modern air conditioned stocks. It is expected to be introduced in 2010
BRIEF HIGHLIGHTS
No increase in passenger fares Rs.100 reduction in freight per wagon for fertilisers and kerosene Free travel for cancer patients in 3rd AC classes Cost-sharing in public-private-partnership (PPP) mode in some gaugeconversion projects Further extension of Kolkata Metro on priority basis; stations to be named after Bahadur Shah Zafar, Tagore family Karmabhoomi trains to be introduced for migrant labour
New Janmabhoomi train between Ahmedabad and Udhampur Special "Bharat Teertha" train to be run around India to commemorate Rabindranath Tagore's 150th birth anniversary Railway line to be extended from Bilaspur in Himachal Pradesh to Leh in Jammu and Kashmir Andaman and Nicobar Islands to get railway line from Port Blair to Diglipur Sikkim capital Gangtok to be connected by rail from Rangpo 2011 being 150th anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore, special train to be run from West Bengal to Bangladesh
Gross earnings in 2009-10 estimated at Rs.88,281 crore Working expenditure in 2009-10 estimated at Rs.83,440 crore Expenses during 2010-11 estimated at Rs.87,100 crore Thrust on expansion in 2010-11 with allocation of Rs.4,411 crore Kashmir rail link to be extended to Sopore in the north of the valley Net profit of Rs.1,328 crore in 2009-10 10 automobile ancillary hubs to be created
Twenty-two million energy saving CFLs for lighting distributed already Policy decision to employ one member of family whose land is requisitioned for railway projects North-south, east-west dedicated freight corridors to be created Construction of high-speed passenger rail corridors envisaged More multi-functional hospitals to be set up Educational facilities to be set up for children of 80,000 women families
Special facilities to be established for gangmen Insurance facilities for licensed porters as part of railway's corporate social responsibility Centre for railway research to be established with Indian Institutes of Technology and Defence Research and Development Organisation Will involve unions in policy making Integral Coach Factory Chennai to be further modernised New wagon repair shop in Mumbai
Design, development and testing centre for railway wheels at Bangalore Within five years, all unmanned level crossings to be manned Construction of more underpasses, besides road overbridges Greater coordination with state governments to protect railway property Security of women passengers to be improved
Ex-servicemen to be employed in Railway Protection Force Five sports academies to be set up Astroturf to be provided for development of hockey Employment opportunities for sports persons Railways to be lead partner for Commonwealth Games Special drive to increase passenger amenities
Upgrade of 94 stations Six new drinking water bottling plants in PPP mode Modern toilets at railway stations More ticketing centres to help the public Acquisition of cutting edge safety technology 1,000 route km to be created Special task force for clearing investment proposals in 100 days
New business model to be created No privatisation of railways To add 25,000 kms of new lines in the next ten years, as outlined in Vision 2020. Anti-collision device (ACD) and train protection warning system.
Future Trends in IT in Railways On line and e-enabled Freight Management System
Ticketing Solutions (Centralised, Stand-alone, Mobile, Smart Card, Self Service, Internet etc.); value added services to customer
Trends contd.. • • • • •
Introduction of Premium Services Universal access to air-conditioned comfort Market conditions based flexible pricing New benchmarks for passenger amenities Urban, suburban and extra urban transportation needs critical for future
• Passenger safety top priority • Exploit information and communication technologies for service delivery • Identification and adoption of safety, reliability and productivity enhancing technologies • Higher train speeds essential • Adoption of clean Technology
• Suitable onboard train protection system • On board capability to detect & fight initial phases • Furnishing materials in coaches with superior fire retardant properties • Comprehensive fire and smoke detection/fire fighting systems
• brake system & disc brake arrangement for high speed operation • Increasing customer expectations and rapid technological advances -Inculcate customer focus in IR personnel • Training and skill upgradation critical at all levels • Seek to make Railways a career of choice for country’s talented youth
Interesting Facts about Indian Railways • Shortest station name: Near Jharsuguda on the Howrah-Nagpur main line (South Eastern Railway. • Longest station name: Venkatanarasimharajuvariapeta often prefixed with Sri. on the Arakkonam-Renigunta section of the Southern Railway. • Longest run (time): The Himsagar Express running between Jammu Tawi and Kanyakumari, It covers its route of 3751km in 74 hours and 55 minutes. • Longest run for daily train: The Kerala Express has daily service and covers 3054 km in its run (in 42.5 hours). • Longest non-stop run (distance): The Trivandrum Rajdhani does not have a technical halt at Ratlam and, therefore, travels non-stop between Vadodara and Kota (528km), covering the stretch in about 6.5 hours.
• Trains with no commercial halts en route: Sampoorna Kranti Exp,Howrah Rajdhani, Bombay Rajdhani, Pragati Exp and Pune Shatabdi • Shortest runs: Nagpur - Ajni has scheduled services that are just 3km in distance. This is mainly a service for crew to travel from Nagpur station to the workshop at Ajni. • Highest number of halts: Mail and Express trains [3/99] The Howrah-Amritsar Exp. leads in this category with 115 halts. • Busiest Station: Lucknow which caters to as many as 64 trains per day. • Stations straddling state lines: Navapur is a station that is half in Maharashtra and half in Gujarat . Bhawani Mandi station, on the Shamgarh-Kota section of the Bombay-Delhi line is half in Madhya Pradesh and half in Rajasthan. • Station with all the three gauges: Siliguri station.
Information of in Railway in INDIA in jist • Passenger Traffic The passenger traffic has risen from leaps and bounds from 1284 million in 1950-51 to 5112 million in 2002-2003. • Freight Traffic Indian railways carry huge variety of goods such as mineral ores, fertilizers, petrochemicals, agricultural produce and others. Indian Railways make huge revenue and most of its profits are from the freight sector and uses these profits to augment the loss-making passenger sector. • Facilities for Passengers Computer based unreserved ticketing takes care of the large chunk of unreserved segment of passengers. This facility allows issuance of unreserved tickets from locations other than boarding station.
• National Train Enquiry system is another initiative of Indian Railways which offers train running position on a current basis through various output devices such as terminals in the station enquiries and Interactive Voice Response Systems ( IVRS) at important railway stations. • Special Trains Indian Railways have several special trains, which are known across the world such as Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway, Palace on Wheels, Lifeline Express, Fairy Queen, and others. While Fairy Queen, the oldest functioning steam engine has received Heritage Award at the international Tourist Award apart from finding a place in Guinness Book of World Records.
• Suburban Railway The Mumbai Suburban Railway spread over 303-route kms carries more than 6.1 million commuters daily. It is one of the most intensively utilized public transportation in the world. • Rolling Stock Today, Indian Railways have become self reliant in production of rolling stock. It supplies rolling stock to other countries and non-railway customers. The production units are at Diesel Locomotive Works, Varanasi, etc…..
Railway Bridges Godavari Rail Bridge is a bridge over the river Godavari connecting Rajamandri and Kovur in Andhrapradesh , India. It was inaugurated in 2003. Its length is 2,730 meters and it is one of the longest Rail/Road bridge in the India. It is a unique bridge that is based on 28 bow string arch girders with equal spans of 97.5 m, thus making the total length 2.730 km. The bridge is fit for 250 km/h services. Jubilee Bridge is an important rail bridgeover Hooghly River between Naihati and Bandel. Jubilee Bridge is flanked on either side by Garifa and Hooghly Ghat stations. Jubilee Bridge was opened on 16 February 1887 in the fiftieth or jubilee year of the reign of Queen Victoria. The construction started in 1882 and was completed in 1887. The Bridge was designed by Sir Bradford Leslie, Chief Engineer in India
The Pamban Bridge on the Palk Strait connects Rameswaram to mainland India. It refers to both the road bridge and the cantilever railway bridge, though primarily it means the latter. It was India's first sea bridge. It is the second longest sea bridge in India at a length of about 2.3 km.
Vivekananda Setu (also calledWillingdon Bridge and Bally Bridge) is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Howrah, at Bally, to its twin city of Kolkata, at Dakshineswar. Built in December 1932, it is a multispan steel bridge and was built to provide road cum rail link between the Calcutta Port and its hinterland.
DURING THE PERIOD OF LALOO PRASAD
• Lalu Prasad Yadav (लालू पसाद यादव) is an Indian politician from Bihar. He was Minister of Railways from 2004 to 2009. • The organisation has been commercially viable despite hurdles and limitations. • When Yadav took over, the Indian Railways was a loss-making organization. The Rakesh Mohan Committee (secretary, department of economic affairs) had termed it a 'white elephant' and predicted that it was destined to hit Rs 61,000 crore (Rs 610 billion) in bankruptcy by 2015.
Steps Taken • He banned plastic cups to serve tea at railway stations and ordered that they be replaced by kulhads (earthen cups), to generate more employment in rural areas. • He also said that he had plans to introduce buttermilk and khadi. • He left passenger fares untouched and found several other profitable sources of revenue for the Railways.
• Apart from this, Lalu cut the general and second class fare by one rupee, and announced the implementation of internet based ticketing and reservations.
• Garib Raths was an attempt to reach out to the migrant workers from these areas. Lalu introduced three Garib Nawaz trains for pilgrimage at the Mazar of Khwaja Garib Nawaz. • Lalu also "found" 80,000 old C and D grade vacancies in the Railways. The vacancies had existed for over half a decade. • As of 2007, IR was India's second largest profit making Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) after Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC).
• During Lalu's tenure as the railway minister, many rail mishaps and crimes took place(but a lesser amount than during any other ministers tenure). To check the crimes, he planned to introduce joint patrolling by the Railway Protection Force (RPF) and the Government Railway Police (GRP).
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Downsizing The number of employees, which peaked at 1.652 million in 1991, was brought down progressively to 1.472 million by 2003, and to 1.412 million by 2006.
Outsourcing Besides the catering and parcel service activity, the IR also outsourced advertising activity. • Product Innovation The IR introduced double stack container trains on some diesel routes. Further, it introduced new design of wagons with higher pay load (carrying capacity) but lower tare weight that improved safety features. The effect of these measures can be seen in higher freight revenue. •
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Rise in demand The rise in freight revenue - the main plank of the IR turnaround. IR raised the freight on iron ore by 17%.
Achievements • In FY 2005-2006, IR registered profits of Rs. 150 billion. • The next year, it generated profits of Rs. 147 billion. • In FY 2006-2007, of around Rs. 200 billion despite a cut in passenger fares. • Mr Lalu Prasad has demonstrated that good economics is good politics. • Under him, the Railways booked an unprecedented surplus of 110 billion rupees (2.47 billion dollars)
Impact of the magical efforts of LALU • Many local barbers and saloons are earning money by offering what they call the Lalu style hair cut. • A Patna-based company had launched "Lalu Khaini" (tobacco) in 2004, which was a hit. • In 2005, Speedage Corp. introduced "Laluji" dolls that became popular with kids. • In 2006, Lalu ka Khzana, a chocolate became very popular with kids in rural areas of north Bihar districts. The wrapper of the chocolate packet depicted two different caricatures of Lalu — one as a politician and the other as a magician
Conclusion • Both ‘good management’ and ‘good luck’ helped the Indian Railways turnaround from a low performing organization to a high performing one in about five years. • Nitish kumar presented future growth of Indian railways and lalu implemented it. • He might know profit behind the railways,70 percent profits on coal called an “profit on weakness” – Indian railways making profits on weakness. • “The nobler sort of man emphasizes the good qualities in others, and does not accentuate the bad. The inferior does”. • Even if the economy is good, it needed leadership at all levels to bring Indian Railways to what it is today.
• the freight carriage system since it was the major revenue earner for IR, contributing to 70 percent of its annual revenues • He left passenger fares untouched and found several other profitable sources of revenue for the Railways. He also improved on his first year's performance by stating a profit of 14,000 crores with decreased freight and unchanged passenger fares in 2006. • Then, in the 2007 budget, he increased the profit level to 20,000 crores with the introduction of cushion seats in all unreserved compartments.In 2008, profits were 25,000 crore (equals $ 6.25 billion @ $1~Rs.40)
SWOT of IR
STRENTHS • For long distance and bulk sector railways is the most economical transport. • Comparatively safer mode of transport. • Monopoly of railways SERVICES • E-booking • Upgraded stations. • Railway tickets are also available at post offices. • Improving the security system in trains and stations. • New trains started in every budget & festival seasons. • Coaches available for different classes of the society. • New routes for reducing the time and distance.
Facts & Figure Route Kilometers
63,221
BG(1676 mm)
46807
MG(1000 mm)
13290
NG(726/610 mm)
3124
Locomotives
7817
Passengers coaches Wagons Stations Electrified
40800 2,28,000 7000 16500 KM
Output Passenger Trains (daily)
- 8,700
No, of passengers (daily)
- 17 million
Freight Trains (daily)
- 5800
Freight carried (daily)
-1.5 million tonnes
Units of Energy – per Tonne/KM Type of Transport
Output Relative to Rail
Railway
100
Inland water way
42
Road truck
16
Road bus
3.4
Air transport
0.5
Share of Oil consumption in India Railway
10%
Road
77%
Air
12%
Waterway
1%
Strategy HIGHER VOLUME, LOWERING UNIT COST 1. Goods Earning • Increasing in loading . • Increase in rates by change of classification. 2. Other Earnings • Outsourcing through public privet partnership. • Advertising.
3. Passenger Earnings • • • • • • •
1: The ‘superfast’ 2: Cancellation charge 3: Cluster ticket 3: The return ticket hidden charge 4: Tatkal 5.Additional Trains. 6.Increasing No.of coaches
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Weakness • • • • • • •
Poor service Quality High travelling time Customer focus is missing Small & inadequate rail networks Outdated technology of locomotives Poor Maintenance of stations Interference of Govt.
Swot of IR
Opportunities • • • • • •
Gauge Conversion Doubling the Track Track Renewal New Lines New Technology Privatization
77
Threats • • • • •
Competition from low cost airlines Regular service IST maintenance Oil price hike Concern for social responsibility
Cut down in Accident rate Hi tech systems Better infrastructure Disaster management Less political interference
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