Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
In this revision of the test bank, I have hav e updated all of the questions to reflect changes in th Sociology, 14 edition. There edition. There is also a new system for identifying the difficulty of the questions. In earlier editions, the questions were tagged in o ne of three ways: factual (recall of factual material), conceptual (understanding key concepts), and applied (application of sociological knowledge to a situation). In this revision, the questions are now tagged according to the si levels of learning that help organi!e the tet. Think o f these si levels as moving from lower" level to higher"level cognitive reasoning. The si levels are: #$%$%&$#: a question involving recall of key terms or factual material '$#*T+: '$#*T+: a question testing comprehension of more comple ideas +-: +-: a question applying sociological knowledge kno wledge to some new situation ++-/$: ++-/$: a question requiring identifying elements of an argument and their interrelationship $0+-'+T$: a question requiring critical assessment 1#$+T$: 1#$+T$: a question requiring the generation of new ideas The 176 questions in this chapter2s test bank are divided into four types of questions. True/False questions are the least demanding. +s the table below shows, two"thirds of these questions are 3#emember4 questions and all questions fall within the lowest three levels o f cognitive reasoning (#emember, 'nderstand, and +pply). Multiple-choice questions span a broader range of skills (almost half are 3#emember4 questions and the remainder are divided among four higher levels.) Short answer questions also span a broad range of skills (from 3'nderstand4 to 3$valuate4). 5inally, 5inally, essay questions are the most demanding because they include the four highest levels of cognitive reasoning (from 3+pply4 to 31reate4). Types of 6uestions $asy to ifficult -evel of ifficulty True75alse %ult 1hoice #emember 88 (99) ;; (;;) 'nderstand >> (??) ?> (?>) +pply 9 (>?) >; (>;) +naly!e < >9 (>9) $valuate < @ (@) 1reate < < @< ><<
1
*hort +nswer < 9 (8=.@) ? (>?.@) 9 (8=.@) ? (>?.@) < >9
$ssay < < ? (?<) 8 (8<) ? (?<) 8 (8<) ><
Total 6s == 8A ?; ?@ B 8 >=9
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
1C+T$# >: TC$ *D1ID-DEI1+- $#*$1TI0$
T#'$75+-*$ T#'$75+-*$ 6'$*TID* >. +ccor +ccordi ding ng to to soci sociol olog ogis ists ts,, human human beha behavi vior or ref refle lect ctss our our pers person onal al 3fr 3free ee wil will. l.44 (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page ?) ?. *oci *ociol olog ogy y is is defi define ned d as the the sy system stemat atic ic stu study dy of of huma human n soci societ ety y. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page ?) 8. *oci *ociol olog ogis ists ts focu focuss onl only y on on unu unusu sual al patt patter erns ns of beha behavi vior or.. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F pages ?"8) ;.
'sing 'sing the sociol sociologi ogical cal perspe perspecti ctive, ve, we would would conclud concludee that that people people2s 2s lives lives are mostly mostly a result of what they decide to do. (+-F answer: 5F pages ?";)
@. 1oll 1olleg egee stud student entss in the the '.* '.*.. tend tend to to come come fro from m fami famili lies es wit with h above above"a "aver verage age incom incomes es.. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page ;) 9.
urk urkhe heim im doc docum ument ented ed tha thatt cate catego gori ries es of peopl peoplee with with wea weake kerr soci social al tie tiess have have low lower er suicide rates. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page @)
=. In the the 'ni 'nite ted d *tat *tates es,, +fr +fric ican an +me +meri rica cans ns hav havee a highe higherr suic suicid idee rate rate tha than n whit whites es.. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page @) A.
eopl eoplee with with lowe lowerr soc socia iall stand standin ing g are are usua usuall lly y mor moree likel likely y to to see see the the worl world d from from a sociological perspective than people who are well off. (+-F answer: TF page @)
B. In the the 'nit 'nited ed *ta *tate tes, s, men men have have a high higher er suic suicid idee rat ratee tha than n wom women en.. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page @) ><. + global perspective has little in common with a sociological perspective. ('$#*T+F ('$#*T+F answer: 5F pages 9"=) >>.
'.*. sociologist 1. Gr Gright ight %ills argued that times of social crisis foster widespread sociological thinking. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page 9)
>?.
1. Gri Gright ght %ill %illss claim claimed ed that, that, most most of of the time, time, people people must must lear learn n to take take resp respons onsibi ibilit lity y for their own problems. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5: page 9)
2
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>8. *tudying other societies is a good way to learn about our own way of life. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page A) >;. *ocieties around the world are more interconnected than ever before. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page A) >@.
&ased on the work of &arbara $hrenreich, who tried to live by working at low"wage Hobs, we should epect most people in such Hobs to be able to move ahead to better paying work. (+-F answer: 5F page ><) >9.
*ociological research may be interesting, but it is of little use in shaping public policy, including legislation. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page A) >=.
The sociological perspective reveals the truth of the 3common sense4 beliefs we tend to take for granted. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page A) >A. 'nderstanding how society operates benefits only the most privileged people. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page B) >B. *ociology is useful training for any Hob that involves working with people. (#$%$%&$#F TF page B) ?<. #evolutionary changes in $uropean societies sparked the development of sociology. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page ><) ?>. The term 3sociology4 was coined by $mile urkheim in >ABA. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page >>) ??. +s a discipline, sociology first took root in 5rance, Eermany, and $ngland. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page >>) ?8.
+ncient philosophers, including lato, were primarily interested in imagining the 3ideal4 society rather than studying society as it really is. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page >>) ?;.
The last of 1omte2s three stages is the metaphysical stage, in which people know the world in terms of Eod2s will. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page >>) ?@. +mong all academic disciplines, sociology is one of the youngest. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page >>)
3
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
?9.
+uguste 1omte was a positivist who believed that there were laws of society in the same way that there are laws of physics that describe the operation of the natural world. ('$#*T+F answer: TF page >>) ?=.
The $nglish philosopher Thomas Cobbes believed that society reflected the basic goodness of human nature. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page >>) ?A. G.$.&. u &ois translated the writings of +uguste 1omte from 5rench into $nglish. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page >;) ?B.
*ociologists test their theories by gathering facts in order to confirm, reHect, or modify them. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page >>) 8<.
The structural"functional, social"conflict, and symbolic"interaction approaches are three basic theoretical approaches in sociology. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF pages >>">?) 8>.
+ccording to #obert . %erton, social patterns are always good and have the same effect on all members of a society. ('$#*T+F answer: 5F page >8) 8?. #arely are people aware of all the functions of any social structure. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page >?) 88.
To say that a social pattern is 3dysfunctional4 means that it has more than one function for the operation of society. ('$#*T+F answer: 5F page >8) 8;. eeping young people out of the labor market is one latent function of higher education. (+-F answer: TF page >8) 8@.
The manifest functions of our society2s reliance on personal automobiles include tens of thousands of deaths each year in traffic accidents. (+-F answer: 5F page >8) 89.
The goal of the structural"functional approach is not simply to understand how society operates, but to reduce social inequality. ('$#*T+F answer: 5F pages >?">8) 8=.
In the 'nited *tates, secondary schools place students in college preparatory tracks that partially reflect the social background of their families. ('$#*T+F answer: TF pages >8">;)
4
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
8A.
G.$.&. u &ois wrote a classic study of the +frican +merican community in hiladelphia. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page >@) 8B.
&oth arl %ar and G.$.&. u &ois carried out their work following the structural" functional approach. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F pages >8">@) ;<.
&oth feminism and the gender"conflict approach highlight ways in which women are unequal to men. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page >;) ;>.
&oth Jane +ddams and Carriet %artineau are remembered today because they were married to important sociologists. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page >;) ;?.
-ike the gender"conflict approach, the race"conflict approach is concerned with social inequality. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page >;) ;8. The symbolic"interaction approach is a micro"level orientation. ('$#*T+F answer: TF page >9) ;;.
The focus of the symbolic"interaction approach is how society is divided by class, race, and gender. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F page >9) ;@. *ocial"echange analysis is one micro"level approach to understanding social interaction. ('$#*T+F answer: TF page >9) ;9.
*ociological research shows that all categories of people have had the same opportunities to participate in sports. ('$#*T+F answer: 5F page >=) ;=.
3*tacking4 in sports is the pattern by which people of one racial category disproportionately play in favored positions. (#$%$%&$#F answer: TF page >A) ;A.
The meaning people find in competitive sports would be one focus of a symbolic" interaction approach. (+-F answer: TF page >A) ;B.
+ symbolic"interaction analysis focuses on how social interaction in any everyday life setting involves social inequality. (#$%$%&$#F answer: 5F pages >=">A)
5
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
@<. *ociological generali!ations are the same as simple stereotypes. ('$#*T+F answer: 5F page >B)
%'-TI-$"1CDI1$ 6'$*TID* @>.
Ghat might a sociologist say about people2s selection of marriage partnersK a. eople marry because they fall in love. b. Ghen it comes to romance, it2s all a matter of personal taste. c. Typically, a person marries someone of similar social position. d. Ghen it comes to love, opposites attract. (++-/$F answer: cF page ?) @?.
Ghat does the idea that the social world guides our actions and life choices Hust as the seasons influence activities and choice of clothing describeK a. the basis of what philosophy calls 3free will4 b. the essential wisdom of the discipline of sociology c. the fact that people everywhere have 3common sense4 d. the fact that people from countries all around the world make mostly identical choices about how to live ('$#*T+F answer: bF page ?) @8.
Ghich discipline defines itself as 3the systematic study of human society4K a. sociology b. psychology c. economics d. history (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF page ?) @;.
eter &erger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the LLLLLL in the LLLLLLL. a. goodF worst tragedies b. newF old c. specificF general d. generalF particular (#$%$%&$#F answer: dF page ?) @@.
&y stating that the sociological perspective shows us 3the strange in the familiar,4 the tet argues that sociologists a. focus on the bi!arre elements of society. b. reHect the familiar idea that people simply decide how to act in favor of the initially strange idea that society shapes our lives. c. believe that people often behave in strange ways. d. believe that even people who are most familiar to us have some very strange habits. (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF page 8)
6
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
@9.
Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. + sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of a. only age, because college students tend to be young. b. only class, because college students tend to come from families with above" average incomes. c. only our place in history, because a century ago going to college was not an option for most people. d. age, class, and our place in history, because of these are all ways in which society guides college attendance. (+-F answer: dF pages ?"8) @=.
The chapter2s sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects a. only her preference for family si!e. b. how many children she can afford. c. whether she lives in a poor or a rich society. d. simply the desires of her husband. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page @) @A.
+ccording to $mile urkheim, people with a higher suicide rate typically have a. more clinical depression. b. less money, power, and other resources. c. lower social integration. d. greater self"esteem. (++-/$F answer: cF page @) @B.
The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in $urope was a. #obert . %erton. b. +uguste 1omte. c. $mile urkheim. d. arl %ar. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page @) 9<.
In the 'nited *tates today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the followingK a. white males b. +frican +merican males c. white females d. +frican +merican females (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF page @)
7
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
9>.
&ecause there is more social isolation in rural areas of the 'nited *tates than in urban areas, we would epect suicide rates to be a. higher in urban areas. b. higher in rural areas. c. high in both urban and rural areas. d. low in both urban and rural areas. (++-/$F answer: bF page @) 9?.
*ociologists use the term 3social marginality4 to refer to a. people who have little understanding of sociology. b. people who have special social skills. c. people who are defined by others as an 3outsider.4 d. people who are especially sensitive about their family background. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page @) 98.
If marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would epect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspectiveK a. the wealthy b. disabled persons or people who are a racial minority c. politicians d. the middle class (++-/$F answer: bF page @) 9;.
5ollowing the thinking of 1. Gright %ills, we would epect the sociological imagination to be more widespread in a population a. during times of peace and prosperity. b. among the very rich. c. among very religious people. d. during times of social crisis. ('$#*T+F answer: dF page 9) 9@.
1. Gright %ills claimed that the 3sociological imagination4 transformed a. common sense into laws of society. b. people into supporters of the status quo. c. personal problems into public issues. d. scientific research into common sense. ('$#*T+F answer: cF page =) 99.
The 'nited *tates falls within which category of the world2s nationsK a. low"income nations b. middle"income nations c. high"income nations d. one of the above is correct. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page 9)
8
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
9=.
Ghich of the following categories contains countries in which average income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban areaK a. low"income nations b. middle"income nations c. high"income nations d. one of the above is correct. ('$#*T+F answer: bF page 9) 9A.
The nations of Gestern $urope, Israel, Japan, and +ustralia fall into which of the following categories of countriesK a. low"income nations b. middle"income nations c. high"income nations d. one of the above is correct. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page 9) 69.
Almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within which of the following categories? a. low-income nations b. middle-income nations c. high-income nations d. very rich nations (#$%$%&$# ; answer: b; page 6) =<.
The tet presents a portrait of a 3global village.4 Ghich of the following statements about this village is trueK a. %ore than half the people are orth +mericans. b. %ore than half the people are rich. c. %ore than half the people are +sians. d. %ore than half the people do not get enough to eat. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page A) =>.
#ead the following statements. Ghich one is T#'$K a. &ecause the 'nited *tates is so rich, there is little reason for us to learn about other nations. b. Eaining a global understanding is important for college students because most new '.*. Hobs involve international trade. c. There is no longer very much poverty in the world. d. eople the world over have ways of life that are mostly the same. (++-/$F answer: bF page =)
9
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
72.
About 1.4 million immigrants enter the United States each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become well known. These facts support the conclusion that a. the world’s nations are increasingly interconnected. b. other nations have little effects on life in rich countries such as the United States. c. people around the world share little in terms of their ways of life. d. sociology does not have to pay attention to nations other than the United States. (UNDERSTAND; answer: a; page 7) =8.
Read the following four statements about social patterns we find in the world as a whole. Which statement is FALSE? a. The world is now home to 7 billion people. b. A majority of the world’s people live in Asia. c. People in the United States make up one-third of the global population. d. Less than 10 percent of the world’s people have completed a college degree. (UNDERSTAND; answer: c; page 8)
=;.
*arah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. + sociologist might epect that this eperience would lead her to a. end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life. b. accept what people in the 'nited *tates call 3common sense.4 c. assume that people2s lives simply reflect the choices they make. d. gradually understand less and less about her own way of life. (+-F answer: aF pages B"><) =@.
%aking use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging commonly held beliefs. b. accepting commonly"held wisdom. c. the belief that society is mysterious. d. people to be happy with their lives as they are. ('$#*T+F answer: aF pages A"B) 76.
Which of the following statements best illustrates the career advantage a person gains by studying sociologyK a. + researcher discovers a new and effective vaccine. b. + person in retail sales knows how to eceed the monthly sales target. c. + police officer understands which categories of people who are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. d. + financial services worker devises a new type of hedge fund. (APPLY; answer: c; page 9)
10
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
==.
*ociologist -enore Geit!man carried out research showing that women who divorce a. typically remarry within one year. b. claim they are happier than before. c. suffer a significant loss of income. d. have a happier se life. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page A) =A.
-earning more sociology can help you to do all but which one of the followingK a. assess the truth of 3common sense4 b. assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives c. be more active participants in society d. see how individuals guide their own lives through 3free will4 (++-/$F answer: dF pages A"B) =B.
In the bo about &arbara $hrenreich working at low"wage Hobs, we learned that she a. was able to make a good living right from the start. b. worked very hard, but never made enough money to pay for her basic needs. c. found most of her coworkers to be dull and la!y. d. ended up convinced that personal ability is everything. (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF page ><) A<.
*ociology provides an advantage to students preparing for later careers by preparing them for work a. only as teachers of sociology. b. only in criminal Hustice or social work. c. only as clinical sociologists. d. in teaching, criminal Hustice, business, and many other careers. (#$%$%&$#F answer: dF page B) A>.
$amples of people applying their knowledge of sociology at work include people in a. law enforcement, understanding which categories of people are at high risk of becoming victims of crime. b. medicine, understanding patterns of health in a community. c. business, dealing with different categories of people. d. +ll of the responses included here are correct. (+-F answer: dF page B) A?.
Ghich of the following historical changes is among the factors that stimulated the development of sociology as a disciplineK a. the founding of the #oman 1atholic church b. the rise of the industrial economy and growth of cities c. the power of tradition d. a belief that our futures are defined by 3fate4 (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF page ><)
11
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
A8.
Ge would epect the sociological perspective to be most likely to develop in a place that was a. very traditional. b. eperiencing many social changes. c. very poor. d. small and socially isolated. (++-/$F answer: bF pages ><">>) A;.
In which of the countries noted below did sociology first appear as a formal disciplineK a. the 'nited *tates b. Japan c. 5rance d. 1hina (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page >>) A@.
The concept 3sociology4 was coined in >A8A by a. arl %ar. b. Cerbert *pencer. c. +dam *mith. d. +uguste 1omte. (#$%$%&$#F answer: dF page >>) A9.
*ociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on a. what the ideal society should be. b. human nature. c. the place of Eod in shaping human events. d. how society actually operates. ('$#*T+: answer: dF page >>) A=.
The maHor goal of sociology2s pioneers, including +uguste 1omte and $mile urkheim, was a. to serve the powerful. b. to help build an 3ideal society.4 c. to discover how society actually operates. d. to prevent disruptive social change. ('$#*T+F answer: cF pages ><">>) AA.
1omte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of historical developmentK a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post"scientific stage (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF page >>)
12
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
AB.
The ancient #omans saw the stars as being gods. +uguste 1omte would classify #oman society as which of the following stages of historyK a. scientific stage b. metaphysical stage c. theological stage d. post"scientific stage (++-/$F answer: cF page >>) B<.
+ccording to +uguste 1omte, people begin to see society as a naturalMrather than a supernaturalMphenomenon as their society enters which stage of d evelopmentK a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post"scientific stage (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF page >>) B>.
Thomas Cobbes2s idea that society reflects a selfish human nature illustrates the thinking common at which of 1omte2s historical stagesK a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. one of the above is correct. (+-F answer: bF page >>) B?.
+ccording to +uguste 1omte, people living in $urope during the %iddle +ges thought of society as a. a system operating according to its own laws. b. chaotic and having little order or form. c. an epression of Eod2s will. d. a system behavior according to natural laws. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page >>) B8.
+ccording to +uguste 1omte, the type of thinking favored by people such as Thomas $dison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal developmentK a. theological stage b. metaphysical stage c. scientific stage d. post"scientific stage (++-/$F answer: cF page >>)
13
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
B;.
LLLLL is a way of understanding the world based on science. a. Tradition b. ositivism c. %etaphysics d. 5ree will (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF page >>) B@.
Ghen did sociology become established as an academic discipline in the 'nited *tatesK a. during the %iddle +ges b. about >A<< c. about >B<< d. about ?<<< (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page >>) B9.
%ost of today2s sociologists agree with +uguste 1omte2s claim that a. no society has reached the scientific stage of history. b. human behavior is not patterned and orderly. c. sociology should be based on religion. d. science has an important place in sociology. ('$#*T+F answer: dF page >>) B=.
*ociologists cannot identify 3laws of society4 that allow us to precisely predict the behavior of an individual because a. human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous. b. sociology is still very young. c. no sociologist ever tried to discover such laws. d. no sociologist would wish to predict human behavior. (++-/$F answer: aF page >>) BA.
+ statement that eplains how and why specific facts are related is called a(n) a. approach. b. precept. c. concept. d. theory. (#$%$%&$#F answer: dF page >?) BB.
To evaluate a theory using evidence, sociologists a. gather data or facts. b. accept the conventional wisdom of their society. c. are guided by their personal feelings about the issue. d. look to the past for guidance. ('$#*T+F answer: aF page >?)
14
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
><<.
If we state that children raised in single"parent families are at high risk of being single parents themselves, we have constructed a(n)LLLLL of family life. a. approach b. precept c. concept d. theory (+-F answer: dF page >?) ><>.
In deciding what kinds of questions to ask in their research, sociologists are guided by a. one or more theoretical approaches. b. their own common sense. c. our societyNs traditional wisdom. d. sheer chance. (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF page >?) >
-ooking at the 'nited *tates, high suicide rates are typical of areas in which people a. live densely packed in cities. b. live spread apart in rural areas. c. have higher incomes. d. live in a warmer climate. (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF page >?) ><8.
Ghich theoretical approach was used by the early sociologists +uguste 1omte and $mile urkheimK a. the structural"functional approach b. the social"conflict approach c. the symbolic"interaction approach d. no theoretical approach was used ('$#*T+F answer: aF page >?) ><;.
The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a comple system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the a. structural"functional approach. b. social"conflict approach. c. symbolic"interaction approach. d. tradition"based approach. ('$#*T+F answer: aF pages >?) ><@.
Ghich concept is used to describe relatively stable patterns of social behaviorK a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF page >?)
15
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
><9.
Ghich of the following best describes the focus of the structural"functional approachK a. the meaning people attach to their behavior b. patterns of social inequality c. the consequences of social patterns for the operation of society d. ways in which each person differs from all others (++-/$F answer: cF page >?) ><=.
'sing the structural"functional approach, which of the following questions might you ask about marriageK a. Ghat do people think marriage meansK b. Cow does marriage benefit women and men unequallyK c. Ghat are the consequences of marriage for the operation of societyK d. Cow can we help people find more pleasure in their marriagesK (+-F answer: cF page >?) >
*ocial structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. Ghat is the term for these negative consequencesK a. social structure b. eufunctions c. social functions d. social dysfunctions (#$%$%&$#F answer: dF page >8) >
Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology2s structural"functional approach. a. +uguste 1omte, arl %ar, G.$.&. u &ois b. +uguste 1omte, Cerbert *pencer, $mile urkheim c. Cerbert *pencer, arl %ar, +uguste 1omte d. Carriet %artineau, #obert %erton, G.$.&. u &ois (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF pages >?">8) >><.
Cerbert *pencer described human society as a comple system having much in common with a. animal societies. b. planets and stars. c. the human brain. d. the human body. (#$%$%&$#F answer: dF page >?) >>>.
Gho was the '.*. sociologist who distinguished between the manifest functions and the latent functions of social patternsK a. #obert . %erton b. Gilliam Eraham *umner c. Talcott arsons d. 1. Gright %ills (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF page >8)
16
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>>?.
The recogni!ed and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions. (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF page >8) >>8.
'nrecogni!ed and unintended consequences of a social pattern are called a. latent functions. b. manifest functions. c. eufunctions. d. dysfunctions. (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF page >8) >>;.
Ghich of the following is the best eample of a latent function of going to collegeK a. providing skills needed for later Hobs b. keeping young people out of the labor force, which may not have Hobs for them c. gaining the knowledge required to be an active and thoughtful citi!en d. giving young people eperience living on their own (+-F answer: bF page >8) >>@.
#obert %erton eplained that what is functional for one category of a society2s population a. is always functional for everyone. b. may not be functional for another category. c. is unlikely to change over time. d. can never be functional in the future. ('$#*T+F answer: bF page >8) >>9.
The main characteristic of the LLLLL approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable. a. structural"functional b. social"conflict c. social"interaction d. tradition"based (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF pages >8) >>=.
Ghich of the following is an accurate criticism of the structural"functional approachK a. It ignores inequality that can generate tension and conflict. b. It focuses too much on social dysfunction. c. It focuses too much on power divisions in society. d. It is a politically liberal view of society. ($0+-'+T$F answer: aF page >8)
17
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>>A.
The 3framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change4 is the a. structural"functional approach. b. social"conflict approach. c. symbolic"interaction approach. d. tradition"based approach. (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF page >8) >>B.
The social"conflict approach draws attention to a. how elements contribute to the overall operation of society. b. how people construct meaning in their interaction. c. patterns of social inequality. d. the stable aspects of society. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page >8) >?<.
-ooking at the operation of '.*. schools, the social"conflict approach might lead a sociologist to conclude that a. the function of schools is to teach needed skills. b. the meaning of schooling varies from child to child. c. schools have been a maHor path to social advancement. d. tracking provides some students with far better schooling than others. (+-F answer: dF page >8) >?>.
Ghich of the following statements might be made by a sociologist using the gender" conflict approachK a. %en and women share in the Hoys of family life. b. In many ways, men are in positions of power over women. c. Eender functions in an important way to keep society operating. d. +ll of the above are correct. (++-/$F answer: bF page >;) >??.
Gho helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of +uguste 1omteK a. Carriet %artineau b. Jane +ddams c. $li!abeth 1ady *tanton d. orothea i (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF page >;) >?8.
Ghich pioneering sociologist founded 1hicago2s Cull Couse to assist immigrants and was awarded the obel eace ri!eK a. Jane +ddams b. Carriet %artineau c. G.$.&. u &ois d. Cerbert *pencer (#$%$%&$#F answer: aF page >;)
18
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>?;.
arl %ar, speaking for the social"conflict approach, argued that the point of studying society was a. to understand how society really operates. b. to compare '.*. society to others. c. to foster support for a nation2s government. d. to bring about greater social Hustice. ('$#*T+F answer: dF page >>) >?@.
Ghich of the following early sociologists had an important influence on the development of the social"conflict approachK a. arl %ar b. Talcott arsons c. $mile urkheim d. Cerbert *pencer (#$%$%&$#F answer aF page >>) >?9.
Ghich early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Carvard 'niversity to a person of colorK a. Jane +ddams b. Carriet %artineau c. G.$.&. u &ois d. Cerbert *pencer (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page >@) >?=.
Ghich early '.*. sociologist studied the +frican +merican community and served as a founding member of the ational +ssociation for the +dvancement of 1olored eople (++1)K a. Jane +ddams b. Carriet %artineau c. G.$.&. u &ois d. Cerbert *pencer (#$%$%&$#F answer c: page >@) >?A.
Ghich theoretical approach would highlight the fact that, on average, +frican +merican families have less income than white familiesK a. the race"conflict approach b. the gender"conflict approach c. the structural"functional approach d. the symbolic"interaction approach ('$#*T+F answer: aF page >;)
19
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>?B.
'sing the social"conflict approach, a sociologist might highlight which of the followingK a. income differences among young people in high school b. gender inequality in college sports c. racial inequality in a company2s hiring and promotion practices d. the functions of a social institution such as the family (+-F answer: dF pages >8">;) >8<.
G.$.&. u &ois claimed that LLLLL was the maHor problem facing the 'nited *tates during the twentieth century. a. class b. race c. gender d. ethnicity (#$%$%&$#F answer: bF page >@) >8>.
G.$.&. u &ois described +frican +mericans as having a 3double consciousness4 because a. most felt that, compared to white people, they had to be twice as careful in how they acted. b. there is a double disadvantage in being both poor and black. c. black people have to work twice as hard as whites to get the same reward. d. they are +merican citi!ens who have a second identity based on skin color. (++-/$F answer: dF page >@) >8?.
The social"conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for a. focusing on values that everyone shares. b. being openly political. c. promoting the status quo. d. +ll of the above are correct. ($0+-'+T$F answer: bF page >@) >88.
The LLLLL approaches are macro"level, describing societies in broad terms. a. structural"functional and social"conflict b. structural"functional and symbolic"interaction c. social"conflict and symbolic"interaction d. +ll of the above are correct. ('$#*T+F answer: aF page >9) >8;.
Ghich of the following eamples illustrates a micro"level focusK a. the operation of the '.*. economy b. patterns of global terrorism c. two people on an airplane getting to know one another d. class inequality in the armed forces (+-F answer: cF page >9)
20
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>8@.
The basic idea of the symbolic"interaction approach is that society is a. an arena of conflict between categories of people. b. the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations. c. a system that operates to benefit people. d. a system that generates social inequality. ('$#*T+F answer: bF page >9) >89.
Ghich theoretical approach claims that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behaviorK a. structural"functional approach b. social"conflict approach c. symbolic"interaction approach d. social"echange approach ('$#*T+F answer: cF page >9) >8=.
Ghich of the following founding sociologists urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in itK a. arl %ar b. $mile urkheim c. +uguste 1omte d. %a Geber (#$%$%&$#F answer: dF page >9) >8A.
Ghich of the following statements reflects a social"echange analysisK a. eople typically seek mates who offer as much as they do b. 1lass differences are reflected in favored sports c. eople build reality as they introduce themselves d. eople who do more important work usually earn more pay (++-/$F answer: aF page >9) >8B.
+ criticism of the symbolic"interaction approach is that it a. calls attention to maHor social institutions. b. ignores the influence of factors such as culture, class, gender, and race. c. paints a very positive picture of society. d. says little about how individuals actually eperience society. ($0+-'+T$F answer: bF page >9) >;<.
Ghich of the following questions is the focus of the symbolic"interaction approachK a. Cow is society held togetherK b. Cow is society dividedK c. Cow do people eperience societyK d. Cow do some people protect their privilegesK (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page >9)
21
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>;>.
Ghich of the following is a manifest function of sportsK a. providing recreation and physical conditioning b. fostering social relationships c. generating Hobs d. teaching a society2s way of life (+-F answer: aF page >=) >;?.
&uilding social relationships and creating tens of thousands of Hobs are two of the LLLL of sports. a. manifest functions b. latent functions c. dysfunctions d. non"functions ('$#*T+F answer: bF page >=) >;8.
Ghich of the following would be the focus of a social"conflict analysis of sportsK a. the way in which sports help encourage competition b. the importance of physical ability in success c. how sports reflect social inequality d. the different meanings people attach to games (+-F answer: cF page >=) >;;.
#acial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in a. the positions typically played by white and black players. b. the eclusion of +frican +merican players from professional sports. c. the fact that most managers and team owners are +frican +merican. d. the fact that women2s sports attract less attention than men2s sports. (++-/$F answer: aF page >A) >;@.
Ghich of the following statements is based on a symbolic"interaction analysis of sportsK a. Ginning at sports means different things to different people. b. *ome categories of people benefit more than others from sports. c. *ports help develop important cultural values. d. 3*tacking4 is a type of racial inequality in sports. (++-/$F answer aF page >A) >;9.
'sing the symbolic"interaction approach, sports becomes a. a structure that contributes to the functioning of society. b. a matter of social inequality. c. less a system than an ongoing process. d. Hust a game without any meaning. (+-F +nswer cF page >A)
22
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>;=.
+ simplified description unfairly applied to every person in some category is called a. a sociological insight. b. a sociological generali!ation. c. a stereotype. d. an act of discrimination. (#$%$%&$#F answer: cF page >B) >;A.
'nlike simple stereotypes, sociological generali!ations a. do not apply to all individuals in some category. b. are based on all available facts. c. are offered fair"mindedly with an interest in the truth. d. +ll of the responses given here are correct. ('$#*T+F answer: dF page >B) >;B.
Ghich of the following is a limitation of the symbolic"interaction approachK a. not being concerned with the meaning people attach to behavior b. not focusing on macro"level social structures c. not using the sociological perspective d. not focusing on interaction in some everyday situation ($0+-'+T$F answer: dF page >9) >@<.
Ghich of the following is a limitation of the structural"functional approachK a. not being concerned with the meaning people attach to behavior b. not focusing on macro"level social structures c. not using the sociological perspective d. not focusing on the consequences of patterns for society as a whole ($0+-'+T$F answer: dF pages >?">8)
*CD#T +*G$# 6'$*TID* >@>. In several sentences, what is the essential wisdom of sociologyK ('$#*T+F pages ?";) >@?.
Ghat did eter &erger mean when he said the sociological perspective is 3seeing the general in the particular4K (++-/$F pages ?"8) >@8.
Ghy, in individualistic orth +merica, can the sociological perspective be described as 3seeing the strange in the familiar4K (++-/$F page 8) >@;.
$plain why the power of society is evident in the decision to bear a child or even in the act of committing suicide. (+-F page @)
23
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>@@. Ghy is a global approach a logical etension of the sociological perspectiveK ('$#*T+F pages 9"A) >@9.
Ghat did 1. Gright %ills mean by 3the sociological imagination4K Cow does this point of view reveal a limitation of what members of our society call 3common sense4K Cow does it change the way we see personal problemsK ($0+-'+T$F page =) >@=.
$plain some of the personal benefits of learning to use the sociological perspective, including career advantages. (+-F pages A"B) >@A.
ame the three social changes in $uropean history that were especially important to the development of sociology. Ghy did change spark the development of sociologyK ('$#*T+F pages B"><) >@B. Ghat can you say sociologically about why sociology arose when and where it didK (++-/$F pages >?">8) >9<. In several sentences, eplain the focus of the structural"functional approach. ('$#*T+F pages >?">8) >9>. istinguish between the manifest and latent functions of any specific social pattern. (++-/$F page >8) >9?.
Ghat is social structureK Cow do the structural"functional and social"conflict approaches understand social structure differentlyK (++-/$F pages >8">;) >98. In several sentences, eplain the focus of the social"conflict approach. ('$#*T+F page >8) >9;.
$plain the focus of the gender"conflict or feminist approach. 1ompare and contrast this approach to the race"conflict approach. 'sing each of these approaches, provide several sentences that offer a critical analysis of our society. ($0+-'+T$F page >;) >9@.
&riefly eplain the difference between a macro"level and micro"level theoretical orientation. (++-/$F page >9) >99. In several sentences, eplain the focus of the symbolic"interaction approach. ('$#*T+F pages >9)
24
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
$**+ 6'$*TID*7TDI1* 5D# *CD#T +$#* >9=.
$plain the difference between sociological generali!ations about categories of people and the simple stereotypes we hear in everyday life. (++-/$) >9A.
The sociological perspective helps us recogni!e that the lives of individuals are shaped by the forces of society. $plain, in a short essay, how the sociological perspective reveals 3the general in the particular.4 To illustrate, eplain how society plays a part in your o wn decision to attend college. (+-) >9B.
*ociologists increasingly focus on not Hust '.*. society, but the world as a whole. rovide several reasons for this global focus. Cow is an awareness of global patterns, such as immigration or social inequality, very much a part of the sociological perspectiveK (++-/$) >=<.
oint out what the viewpoint of a sociologist who is influenced by the structural" functional approach (say, $mile urkheim) has in common with that of a sociologist influenced by the social"conflict approach (say, arl %ar). That is, how are they both sociologicalK +t the same time, how does each represent a different assumption about the nature of the societyK Cow is the purpose of sociological study differentK (++-/$) >=>.
evelop the differences among the three theoretical approaches by applying each to the family. In each case, how do we understand a family and its operationK (+-) >=?.
o you see any dangers in adopting the sociological perspective too intenselyK 5or eample, if we say that society is at work in all of our choices about how to live, do we lose any sense of personal responsibility for our actionsK ($0+-'+T$) >=8.
$plain how the structural"functional approach is more focused on understanding society as it is and how the social"conflict approach (consider the gender"conflict or race"conflict approaches) is more focused on social change. o you prefer one approach to the otherK $plain. ($0+-'+T$) >=;.
*ince beginning this course in sociology, how has your view of the world changedK rovide one specific eample of something in your life that you see differently now compared to before you started this course. Is this change a good thingK $plain. (1#$+T$)
25
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
>=@.
Imagine that you were asked by another student, 3Ghat would be the benefits of taking a course in sociologyK4 $plain how and why sociology can transform the way someone sees the world. (1#$+T$) >=9.
1an you identify some social pattern that people in our society tend to see as an epression of personal ability or personal choiceK escribe the pattern and then eplain how society is at work in the pattern you have identified. (1#$+T$)
26
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
Name ________________________________ Quick Quiz: Chapter 1 The *ociological erspective
%ultiple 1hoice: >. +ccording to $mile urkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has a. more clinical depression. c. lower social integration. b. less money, power, and other resources. d. greater self-esteem. 2. The United States falls within which category of the world’s nations? a. low-income nations c. high-income nations b. middle"income nations d. one of these is correct. 8. %aking use of the sociological perspective encourages a. challenging commonly held beliefs. c. the belief that society is mysterious. b. accepting conventional wisdom. d. people to be happier with their lives as they are. ;. The term 3sociology4 was coined in >A8A by a. arl %ar. b. Cerbert *pencer.
c. +dam *mith. d. +uguste 1omte.
@. -ooking at the 'nited *tates, high suicide rates are typical of states in which people a. live densely packed in cities. c. have higher incomes. b. live spread apart in rural areas. d. live in a warmer climate. 9. Cerbert *pencer described human society as having much in common with a. animal societies. c. the human brain. b. planets and stars. d. the human body.
=. G.$.&. u &ois claimed that LLLLL was the maHor problem facing the 'nited *tates during the twentieth century. a. class
c. gender d. ethnicity
b. race True75alse
__________ 8. Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behavior. __________ 9. As a discipline, sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England.
Short Answer ><. ame the three social changes in $uropean history that were especially important to the development of sociology.
27
Macionis, Sociology, 14/e
Name ________________________________ Quick Quiz: Chapter 1 !S"#$S The *ociological erspective
%ultiple 1hoice: >. +ccording to $mile urkheim, a category of people with a higher suicide rate typically has a. more clinical depression. c. lower social integration. b. less money, power, and other resources. d. greater self-esteem. 2. The United States falls within which category of the world’s nations? c. high-income nations a. low-income nations b. middle"income nations d. one of these is correct. 3. Making use of the sociological perspective encourages a% challen&in& co''only hel( )elie*s% c. the belief that society is mysterious. b. accepting conventional wisdom. d. people to be happier with their lives as they are. ;. The term 3sociology4 was coined in >A8A by a. arl %ar. b. Cerbert *pencer.
c. +dam *mith. (% u&uste Co'te%
@. -ooking at the 'nited *tates, high suicide rates are typical of states in which people a. live densely packed in cities. c. have higher incomes. )% li+e sprea( apart in rural areas% d. live in a warmer climate. 9. Cerbert *pencer described human society as having much in common with a. animal societies. c. the human brain. b. planets and stars. (% the hu'an )o(y%
=. G.$.&. u &ois claimed that LLLLL was the maHor problem facing the 'nited *tates during the twentieth century. a. class )% race
c. gender d. ethnicity
True75alse ___False___8. Sociologists focus only on unusual patterns of behavior. ___True___ 9. As a discipline, sociology first took root in France, Germany, and England.
Short Answer ><. ame the three social changes in $uropean history that were especially important to the development of sociology.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
28
