PENDAHULUAN Tujuan Mata kuliah Desain Enjiniring/Machine Design pada Jurusan Teknik Mesin diharapkan agar peserta mampu menerapkan , analisis dan evaluasi pada bidang desain enjiniring meliputi rancang bangun dan rekayasa , keputusan dan simulasi untuk mendapatkan optimisasi desain faktor keamanan kekuatan struktur . Melalui analisa pemilihan material, interaksi material,proses dan desain mampu merencana , menganalisa kerusakan dan kegagalan serta mengintegrasikan desain enjiniring. Melalui kuliah tatap muka, tugas dan pendalaman materi sengga peserta manpu mensintesa dan mengevaluasi bidang Desain Enjiniring
Satuan Acara Perkuliahan
TIU : Agar peserta mampu menerapkan, analisa dan evaluasi pada rancang bangun, Rekayasa, teori keputusan dan simulasi, optimisasi desain, pemilihan material, Interaksi material, proses&desain , project project planning &analisa &analisa kerusakan, proses&test Definisi
Istilah Manufaktur ( Manufacture) Manufacture) : · Pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1622. · Berasal dari kata latin Manufactum latin Manufactum yang berarti Made berarti Made by Hand . Istilah produksi ( Production) Production) : · Pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1483 · Berasal dari kata latin Producere latin Producere ( Lead Lead Forward ) yang berarti membuat sesuatu yang baru baik yang bersifat tangible (produk) maupun intangible (jasa). Saat ini Manufacturing ini Manufacturing diartikan secara lebih luas dari pada arti production. Manufaktur Manufaktur adalah suatu cabang industri industri yang mengaplikasikan mengaplikasikan peralatan,energi peralatan,energi dan suatu medium proses untuk mentransformasi bahan mentah menjadi barang jadi untuk dijual. Kegiatan ini melibatkan semua proses antara yang dibutuhkan untuk produksi dan integrasi komponen komponen-komp -komponen onen suatu produk. produk. Beberapa Beberapa industri, industri, menggunak menggunakan an istilah fabrikasi atau pabrikasi. pada dasarnya manufaktur adalapada adalah aktivitas yang memberi nilai tambah
Pada dasarnya manufaktur adalah aktivitas yang memberi nilai tambah Preses Desain
I. Proses desain suatu pembuatan pembuatan produk pada studi studi kelayakan meliputi : A. Keabsahan kebutuhan Kebutuhan yang dimaksud ialah memutuskan berbuat sesuatu, dimulai dengan merangkai merangkai kebutuhan kebutuhan itu dalam bentuk kata-kata kata-kata sampai kesimpulan kesimpulan akhir yang bulat untuk membuat sesuatu. Kebutuhan itu karena adanya permasalahan dalam kehidupan manusia dengan lingkungannya, lingkungannya, sehingga kebutuhan tsb menjadi menjadi alat bantu yang dapat meringankan kerja, punya effisiensi serta efektifitas yang tinggi terhadap aspek-aspek manusia. B. Kemungkinan solusi pemecahan
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Untuk mewujudkan kebutuhan yang sudah ditetapkan ( diabsahkan), maka harus menguasai pokok-pokok utama dan pengalaman untuk menunjang keberhasilan kemungkinan solusi pemecahan sebuah desain. Pengembangan teknis suatu desain dapat dapat dilaksanakan dengan me ngikuti langkah-langkah konstruktif seperti berikut : 1. Produksi Produksi atau atau hasil kerja perdana perdana,, memenuhi memenuhi target target yang yang ditetapka ditetapkan. n. 2. Pengem Pengemban bangan gan lanjut lanjut.. elimina eliminasi si faktor faktor hambat hambatan, an, kesemp kesempurn urnaan aan,, kesekese- derhan derhanaan aan,, dan penurunan harga dari desain. 3. Penye Penyesuai suaian an hasil desain desain untuk untuk menerapa menerapan n di bidang bidang khusus, khusus, dan pe – ngemb ngembang angan an produksi khusus. 4. Spesifikasi Spesifikasi khusus. khusus. Menentukan Menentukan ukuran ukuran tertentu tertentu,, bentuk dan dan daya tahan tahan khusus, khusus, jika ini belum dilakukan dalam langkah terdahulu. 5. Memproduk Memproduksi si dengan dengan cara cara lain atau menggu menggunakan nakan bahan lain. 6. Hasil Hasil desain desain baru baru yang yang lebi lebih h bermu bermutu. tu. C. Solusi Evaluasi Evaluasi adalah suatu tahapan pemeriksaan akhir yang menyeluruh dar suatu perancangan yang sukses, dengan dilakukan pengujian dari prototype di laboraturium laboraturium D. Realisasi Physic 1. Desai Desain n meny menyel eluru uruh h dan dan bersk berskal ala. a. Ukur Ukuran an-uk -ukur uran an utam utamaa dan dan tata tata susu susuna nan n yang yang pasti pasti sudah di tetapkan. tetapkan. Sejalan dengan ini diadakan diadakan perbaikan-pe perbaikan-perbaik rbaikan an yang bertujuan membuat kontruksi bertambah sederhana,hemat bahan kerja dan hanya membutuhkan sedikit ruangan. 2. Pengel Pengelomp ompoka okan n kontru kontruksi ksi total, total, Ini terdiri terdiri dari dari berane beraneka ka ragam ragam kompon komponen-k en-kom ompon ponen en dapa dapatt dike dikelo lomp mpok okan an menj menjad adii kelo kelomp mpok okan an utam utama, a,in inii diba dibagi gi menj menjad adii kelo kelomp mpok ok elemen.lalu dibagi lagi menjadi kelompok bagian dan kelompok sub bagian. 3. Bent Bentuk uk dari dari bagi bagian an-b -bag agia ian. n. 4. Peng Pengece eceka kan n gamba gambarr kerja kerja,, dalam dalam hal ini gamb gambar ar diper diperik iksa sa dua kali kali denga dengan n cermat cermat berdasarkan setiap pokok utama dari pada mengubahnya mengubahnya setelah produksi berjalan. E. Ekonomi dan Keuangan Pertimbangan atas biaya,pada proses pengambilan keputusan pada perancangan mencakup : a. Posisi dalam pembiayaan pembiayaan , kualitas, kualitas, macam macam pandang pandangan an (standar (standar dari dari akurasi atau kepersisian yang dikehensdaki). b. Kualitas yang dikehendaki, tanggal ,dan batas pengiriman. pengiriman. c. Biaya po pokok. d. Biaya Biaya operasi operasi (biay (biayaa energi energi/ef /effisi fisiens ensii biaya, biaya, biaya biaya penggant penggantii kerusa kerusakan kan atu bagian bagian pemakaian). e. Penye Penyedia diaan an mater material ial (pem (pemanf anfaata aatan n sisa) sisa) f. Persed Persediaa iaan n fasilitas fasilitas pemb pembuata uatan n (perusa (perusahaa haan n kecil kecil atau atau [perusa [perusahaa haan n besar, besar, peralat peralatan an yang mengerjakannya sepenuhnya). g. Menggunaka Menggunakan n facialitas facialitas yang yang ada, ada, atau membeli membeli semua semua componen componen h. ( barangkal barangkalii mengontr mengontrak ak semua semua bagian bagian untuk untuk membua membuat). t). Kemampuan yang dapat dipertukarkan (componen yang relevan /sebagian rakitan/keseluruhan kesatuan). i. Kema Kemamp mpua uan n menyesu menyesuai aika kan n diri (keco (kecoco coka kan n deng dengan an berba berbaga gaii peng penggu guna naan an,, ada ada keuntungannya) F. Konsep Desaian
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Konsep desain bersifat “product oriented” pada sekitar tahun 1950 seperti berikut: Material IPTEK
} Desain}
Research & deplopment
Produk
Sekarang desain berorientasi pada apa kebutuhan market/customer atau bersifat “costomer oriented” dengan konsep seperti berikut : Scientific Knowledge
Tecnological concept
Customer need or satisfaction
Product design
Material Manufacture
Products
II. Desain Awal (Desain preliminary) preliminary) Meliputi sasaran kuantitatif, desain unjuk kerja & biaya A. Sasaran Kuantitatif Jumlah produksi minimum yang dibuat dihitung berdasar pada kelayakan ekonomis produk tersebut, sedangkan produk maksimun dihitung berdasar pada keinginan konsumen dan inovasi produk. B. Desain unjuk kerja & biaya Perancangan hendaklah mempertimbangkan berbagai kemungkinan : 1. Kekuat Kekuatan an 8. Keguna Kegunaan an 15. Ukuran Ukuran 2. Keandalan 9. Biaya 16. Kelendupan 3. Pertimbang angan panas 10. Keamanan 17. Pengaturan 4. Korosi 11. Berat 18. Kekakuan 5. keausa keausan n 12. kebisin kebisingan gan 19. Penger Pengerjaan jaan akhir akhir 6. Geseka Gesekan n 13. Corak Corak bentuk bentuk 20.Pel 20.Peluma umasan san 7. Pembuatan 14. Bentuk 21. Pemeliharaan III. Detail desain Meliputi tujuan pengembangan, diskripsi uji produk& gambar kerja. A. Tujuan pengembangan Pengembangan dengan tujuan peningkatan sejumlah ide dasar demi mencapai kesempurnaan desain. Dalil-dalilnya logis yang dapat dikoreksi, dan diatur dalam pembuatannya, mudah dalam pemasangan dan perawattan serta dikehendaki rugi-ruginya seminimum mungkin dan keuntungan yang besar. B. Diskripsi uji produk dan gambar kerja 1. Diskripsi uji produk Dalam hal ini hendaklah mempertimbangkan kemungkinan Penyelesaian dari dari berbagai pilihan, dan diambil yang paling Mendekati atau yang yang terbaik. Yaitu diperlukan sebagai alternatif perbandingan atau pengukuran bagaimana bagaimana baik buruknya sesuai
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dengan spesifiknya akhir. 2. Gambar kerja Gambar dari produk yang terdiri dari gambar yang sudah terpa sang beserta detailnya. detailnya. Gambar Gambar detail yang dibuat hendaklah menunjukan metoda pengerjaan yang yang mudah mudah diseleksi, material yang dipilih, dimensi, toleransi, pengerjaan akhir permukaan. Gambar Gambar tersebut tersebut membayangkan membayangkan pertimbangan pertimbangan produksi produksi sesuai dengan standar standar dan memperlihatkan sedikit perbedaan antara bagian yang berpasangan. C. Rancangan pembuatan Pertimbangan didalam rancangan pembuatan adalah adalah : 1. Biaya Biaya atau pembiyaan. pembiyaan. 12. Penggunaan Penggunaan dari setiap bagian. bagian. 2. Kuantitas. 13. Kualitas. 3. Waktu pengiriman. 14. Keandalan. 4. Tersedianya fasilitas. 15. Material. 5. Pengerjaa. 16. Metoda 6. Ketepatan untuk pengiriman. 17. Nilai teknik 7. Unit/kesatu Unit/kesatuan an atau satuan konstruksi. konstruksi. 18. Kesederhana Kesederhanaan an 8. Pengerjaan akhir. 19. Cetakan, perlengkapan. 9. Pelapisan. 20.Toleransi. 10.Pengerjaan panas (perlakuan panas). 21. Model. 11.Standardisasi. 22. Prototype. D. Penggunaan produk. Meliputi perlindungan konsumen dan keamanan produk : 1. Tes dan dan ujian yang dilakukan dilakukan terhadap terhadap produk produk hendaklah hendaklah memenu memenuhi hi standar. 2. Memerlukan Memerlukan perlidu perlidungan ngan sesuai sesuai dengan dengan undang-u undang-undang ndang dan kebutuha kebutuhan n 3. Desain Desain betul-b betul-betu etull tidak tidak rusak sampai sampai ke operator operator atau masyarak masyarakat at umum, umum, jika petunjuk-petunjuk tidak diikuti. diikuti. 4. Berikan Berikan pelindun pelindungan gan secukup secukupnya nya (termasuk (termasuk pemberian pemberian nama). nama). 5. Berikan Berikan informasi informasi yang tepat tepat berhubungan berhubungan dengan dengan tingkat tingkat penggun penggunaan aan produk. produk. 6. Cega Cegah h semua semua kemu kemung ngki kina nan n yang yang akan akan dibe diberi rika kan n elem elemen en-el -elem emen en dari dari prod produk uk dalam penggunaanya. 7. Perlu diberikan diberikan petunju petunjuk k khusus khusus untuk untuk pemakaian pemakaian produk produk.. 8. Berika Berikan n petunjuk petunjuk pengop pengoperas erasian ian secukup secukupny nya. a. 9. Pastik Pastikan an produk produk sama sama sekali sekali tidak tidak berbah berbahay aya. a.
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TEORI PERENCANAAN MESIN
Drs. Anasril NIP. 131 604 395
JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN POLITEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 1993
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DAFTAR ISI BAB HALAMAN JUDUL KATA PENGANTAR DAFTAR ISI I. PENDAHULUAN II. II. PERE PERENC NCAN ANAA AAN N A. Defi Defini nisi si B. Perenc Perencana anaan an Teknik Teknik Mesin Mesin C. Pros Proses es Per Peren enca cana naan an D. Pertim Pertimban bangan gan Peren Perencan canaan aan E. Ide dan Evalu Evaluasi asi Perenca Perencanaa naan n F. Sist Sistem emati atika ka Peren Perencan canaan aan G. Reverse Reverse Engine Engineerin ering g H. Value Analysis Analysis dan Value Engineerin Engineering g I. Ide Ide yang ang Krea Kreati tif f J. Faktor Faktor – fakt faktor or Lain Lain Dalam Dalam Meranc Merancana ana
III. PENULISAN PENULISAN PERENCANA PERENCANAAN AN A. Defi Defini nisi si B. Keran Kerangk gkaa Penu Penuli lisan san IV. PENUTU PENUTUP P A. Kesi Kesimp mpul ulan an
HALAMAN
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B. Sara Saran n – Sara Saran n DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN
KATA PENGANTAR Puji dan syukur syukur penyusun persembahkan kehadirat Tuhan yang Maha Kuasa, karena berkat karunia-Nya penyusun dapat menyelesaikan menyelesaikan buku ini. Perkembangan teknologi semakin dirasakan, baik dalam bidang sistemnya itu sendiri, fungsi, teknik, material, maupun aspek lain yang berkaitan dengan operasionalnya. Teorinya Teorinya perncanaan (design) sebagai metode dan prinsip – prinsip prinsip yang difokuskan difokuskan dala dalam m menc mencip iptak takan an sesua sesuatu tu dan dan peng pengem emba bang ngan an dari dari hasi hasill yang yang suda sudah h terc tercip ipta ta,, dan dan memodifikasi hasil cipta menjadi bentuk lain, dan berfungsi lain. Buku ini terutama dialamatkan kepada kepada para mahasiswa yang pada suatu saat akan akan mend mendap apat at mata mata kuli kuliah ah “Per “Peran ancan canga gan n Mesin Mesin”, ”, dan dan tuga tugass akhi akhirr bagi bagi yang ang baka bakall mengakhiri kuliahnya, khususnya Jurusan Teknik Mesin di Politeknik USU Medan. Buku ini menguraikan tentang hal yang bertalian dengan perencanaan. Dengan tujuan adalah untuk membantu mahasiswa, khususnya teknik mesin, dan yang memerlukan tugas semac semacam am ini, ini, teru teruta tama ma yang yang belu belum m berp berpen enga galam laman an (pem (pemul ula), a), agar agar dapa dapatt mela melaku kuka kan n perencanaan dengan baik dan bermutu. Disamping itu dapat meringankan tugas pembimbing, juga tidak tertutp kemungkinan untuk dipedomani oleh jurusan lain. Atau sebagai penambah wawasan pengetahuan yang sudah dimiliki. Keberadaan buku ini diharapkan dapat memenuhu teorit teoritis is dalam dalam perenc perencana anaan. an. Sesung Sesunggun gunya ya lebih lebih sempur sempurna na lagi lagi dengan dengan saran saran – saran saran dan tegoran – tegoran dari pembaca buku ini.
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN Dengan semakin kerasnya persaingan antara satu perusahaan dengan perusahaan lain, maka setiap perusahaan meningkatkan daya saing dari setiap produk yang akan mereka jual di pasaran. Fakt Faktor or – fact factor or comp competi etitiv tivee (pers (persai aing ngan an)) terse tersebu butt anta antara ra lain lain : kual kualit itas, as, harg harga, a, ketepatan waktu, model, dsb. Faktor – faktor tersebut sangat dipengaruhi dengan tahapan perancangan seperti berikut :
Maksudnya adalah : Mate Materi rial al : bah bahan an baku baku yang ang ter terse sed dia atau atau yang ang ad ada di di pas pasar aran an.. IPTEK : ilmu lmu pengetahu ahuan dan tekn eknologi yan yang g su sudah dimiliki. R ( research ) : melakukan penelitian dan uji coba. D (deplopment): dikembangkan agar jadi lebih baik dari sebelumnya. Desa Desain in : dir diran anca cang ng deng engan mel melal alui ui ber berba bag gai per perh hitu itungan gan dan dan perti ertim mbang bangan an.. Prod Produk uksi si : dib dibik ikin in ata atau u diol diolah ah men menja jadi di ben benda da yan yang g sesu sesuai ai den denga gan n apa apa yan yang g dirancang. Produk : hasil sil bi bikina at atau olahan yang si siap dipasar sarkan. Konsep perancang diatas bersifat “product oriented”, maksudnya suatu perusahaan mempro memproduk duksi si suatu suatu barang barang tanpa tanpa meliha melihatt apa yang yang sebena sebenarny rnyaa yang yang dibutu dibutuhka hkan n oleh oleh si pembeli (customer). Hal ini sangat s angat mempengaruhi kelancaran bisnis dari perusahaan tersebut. Sebagai contoh, Jepang mencoba mengekspor mobil ke Amerika Serikat sekitar tahun 1950. Terny Ternyata ata Jepang Jepang mengala mengalami mi kerugi kerugian an besar. besar. Karena Karena dalam dalam hal kualita kualitass dan reabili reabilitas tas (keandalan) tidak memenuhi apa yang dibutuhkan masyarakat Amerika Serikat. Sekara Sekarang ng permasa permasalah lahan an desain desain sudah sudah berori berorient entasi asi pada pada apa kebutu kebutuhan han market market// custo custome mer, r, atau atau bersi bersifa fatt “custo “custome merr orie orient nted ed”, ”, maksu maksudn dnya ya berp berped edom oman an pada pada apa apa yang ang
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Technology/ Market orientation
Technology/Market Orientation
BAB II PERENCANAAN A. Defe Defen nisi isi Meranc Merancana ana yaitu yaitu merumu merumuska skan n sesuatu sesuatu rancan rancangan gan dalam dalam memenu memenuhi hi kebutu kebutuhan han manusia, diantranya suatu kebutuhan manusia, diantaranya suatu kebutuhan tertentu mungkin dengan mudah dapat diutarakan secara jelas, sebagai contoh : 1. Baga Bagaim iman anaa caran caranya ya kita kita mend mendap apat atkan kan tena tenaga ga dalam dalam juml jumlah ah yang ang besar besar,, teta tetapi pi bersih, aman, dan ekonomis tanpa menggunakan bahan bakar minyak dan tanpa merusak alam dan lingkungan. 2. Poros Poros roda roda gigi yang yang dipakai dipakai pada salah salah satu mesin mesin kerap kali kali patah. patah. Apa yang akan diperbuat dalam hal ini. Di lain pihak, pihak, suatu suatu kebutu kebutuhan han tertent tertentu u yang yang harus harus dipenu dipenuhi hi mungki mungkin n samar samar – samar, dan dipaparkan secara tidak jelas, tentunya begitu sulit untuk merumuskannya sebagai suatu masalah yang memerlukan pemecahan, seperti contoh : 1. Banyak Banyak korban dalam dalam kecelakaan kecelakaan pesawat terbang. terbang. 2. Dikota Dikota – kota besar terlalu banyak banyak kendaraan kendaraan – kendaraan kendaraan di jalanan. jalanan.
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4. Pere Perenc ncan anaan aan lans lanska kap, p, 5. Pere Perenc ncan anaan aan gedu gedung ng,, 6. Pere Perenc ncan anaa aan n kapa kapal, l, 7. Pere Perenc ncan anaan aan jemba jembata tan, n, 8. Pere Perenc ncan anaan aan syste system m peman pemanas, as, 9. Pere Perenc ncan anaa aan n mesi mesin, n, 10. Perencanaan Perencanaan teknik,d teknik,dan an 11. Perencanaan Perencanaan proses Perencanan tidak mempunyai jawaban yang khas, atau berbeda dengan persoalan ilmiah dan matematik. matematik. Jadi mustahil mustahil untuk untuk mengharapk mengharapkan an suatu jawaban yang tepat. Pada kenyataannya suatu jawaban yang baik hari ini, besok, lusa bias saja menjadi jawaban yang buruk, bila pengetahuan berkembang, atau bila struktur ataum kelembagaan mengalami perubahan dalam kurun waktu antara kedua masa tersebut. Persoa Persoalan lan perenc perencana anaan an bukanl bukanlah ah suatu suatu persoa persoalan lan hipote hipotesa. sa. Perenc Perencana anaan an suatu suatu kreasi untuk mendapatkan suatu hasil akhir dengan mengambil suatu tindakan yang jelas, atau suatu kreasi atas sesuatu yang mempunyai kenyataan fisik. B. Perenc Perencana anaan an Teknik Teknik Mesin Mesin Perencanaan mesin berarti perencanaan dari system dan segala yang berkaitan dengan sifat mesin, mesin – mesin produksi, struktur, alat – alat, dan instrument. Pada umumnya perencanaan mesin mempergunakan Matematik, Ilmu Bahan, dan Mekanika Teknik. Perenc Perencana anaan an teknik teknik mesin mesin mencak mencakup up semua semua perenc perencana anaan an mesin, mesin, tetapi tetapi dalam dalam pelajaran yang lebih luas, karena termasuk didalamnya seluruh disiplin teknik mesin seperti Ilmu Fluida Panas. Disamping ilmu-ilmu dasar yang diperlukan, pelajaran pelajaran dasar dalam perencaan teknik mesin adalah perencanaan mesin.
C. Pros Proses es Per Peren encan canaa aan n Josep oseph h E. Shig higley ley dalam alam bukuny kunyaa “Mec “Mecha han nical ical Engin nginee eeri rin ng Desi Design gn”” menyimpulkan ada enam langkah dalam proses desain. Keenam langkah dalam proses desain tersebut sifatnya interative, sehingga setelah selesai satu tahapan dapat kembali lagi ke permasalahan permasalahan tersebut, bila belum mencapai mencapai hal yang optimum optimum pada langkah langkah trsebut. Tahapan – tahapan tersebut adalah seperti dilukiskan pada berikut ini.
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Proses dimulai dengan penentuan kebutuhan, dan keputusan untuk berbuat sesuatu hal. Melal Melalui ui inter interasi asi pros proses es akan akan berak berakhi hirr deng dengan an peny penyaji ajian an dari dari rancan rancanga gan n untu untuk k memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. Langkah – langkah ini secara terperinci dapat diuraikan sebagai berikut. Recog cognition of need sifatn atnya adalah “cu “custo stomer oriented”. Shigley mengis mengistila tilahka hkanny nnyaa dengan dengan recogni recognitio tion n of need, need, artiny artinyaa pengen pengenala alan n kebutu kebutuhan han.. Kadangkala tidak selalu perencana bermula saat seorang sarjana teknik menentukan adanya suatu kebutuhan dan memutuskan untuk berbuat sesuatu akan hal tersebut. Merangk Merangkaik aikan an kebutu kebutuhan han itu dalam dalam bentuk bentuk kata kata – kata, kata, sering sering merupa merupakan kan suatu suatu tindakan tindakan kreatif yang tinggi, tinggi, karena kebutuhan kebutuhan tersebut bias saja hanya berupa berupa suatu ketidakpuasan yang samar, suatu rasa kegelisahan atau suatu perasaan bahwa ada sesu sesuatu atu yang yang kura kurang ng beres beres.. Kebut Kebutuh uhan an terseb tersebut ut serin sering g tida tidak k jelas, jelas, peng pengen enal alan an kebutuhan itu sering tercetus tiba –tiba, karena lingkungan yang acak tidak sesuai. Bahwa seseorang yang peka, yang mudah mudah merasa terganggu terganggu oleh sesuatu, akan lebih mudah mengenal suatu kebutuhan dan lebih mungkin untuk sesuatu akan hal itu. Karena alasan inilah, maka orang yang lebih peka akan lebih kreatif. Suatu kerbutuhan akan mudah dikenal setelah seseorang mengatakan hal itu. Defenition of problem (perumusan masalah) haerus mencakup seluruh spesikasi tentan tentang g sesuatu sesuatu yang yang akan akan direnc direncana anakan kan.. Perinc Perincin in tersebu tersebutt mencak mencakup up sejuml sejumlah ah masukan dan keluaran. Sifat dan dimensi ruang yang dipakai, dan semua batasan – batasan atas besaran yang berkaitan dengan hal tersebut. Spesifikasi tentang biaya yang jelas, jumlah yang harus dibuat, tafsiran umur, batas suhu operasi, dan ketahanan ujiann ujiannya ya.. Hal yang yang jelas jelas dalam dalam spesifi spesifikas kasii tersebu tersebutt antara antara lain lain adalah adalah kecepa kecepatan tan,, kapa kapasi sita tass baha bahan n masu masuk, k, bata batasan san suhu suhu,, daera daerah h kerja kerja maks maksim imum um,, varia variasi si yang yang diharapkan dari variable – variable yang ada, batasan ukuran dan berat. Ada beberapa spesifikasi yang dinyatakan secara tidak langsung, sebagai akibat dari lingkungan tertentu dari perencanaan (designer), atau sebagai akibat dari sifat persoala itu sendiri. Proses pembuatan yang sudah tersedia, bersama – sama dengan fasilit fasilitas as yang yang sudah sudah ada pada pada suatu suatu pabrik pabrik tertent tertentu, u, akan akan membat membatasi asi kebeba kebebasan san seorang seorang perenc perencana ana.. Keteram Keterampil pilan an pekerja pekerja yang yang ada, ada, dan suasan suasanaa persain persaingan gan juga juga merupakan spesifikasi yang dinyatakan secara tidak langsung. Segala sesuatu yang
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Jadi untuk mencapai optimum perlu dilakukan berulang – ulang. Jadi perencanaan adalah suatu proses yang yang interatif, interatif, dimana dimana beberapa beberapa langkah langkah harus dilalui, kemudian kemudian menguji hasil akhir, dan kemudian kembalike tahap awal dari prosedur. Maka perlu dilakukan sintesa atas beberapa bagian dari sys system menganalisa, mengop mengoptim timisas isasiny inya,d a,dan an kembali kembali ke sintesa sintesa lagi, lagi, untuk untuk melihat melihat apa pengar pengaruhn uhnya ya terhadap bagian – bagian lain adri system tersebut, yang mungkin berbentuk analisa matem matemati atik, k, yang yang diseb disebut ut math mathem emati atical cal model models. s. Dala Dalam m pemb pembua uatan tanny nyaa selal selalu u dih diharap arapka kan n agar agar bisa isa mend endapat apatk kan sala salah h satu satu model del yang ang pali paling ng dap dapat menggambarkan kenyataan system yang sebenarnya secara tepat. Evaluation adalah suatu tahapan yang penting dari suatu proses perencanaan yang menyeluruh. Evaluasi yaitu pemeriksaan akhir dari suatu perencanaan yang sukses, dan biasanya melibatkan pengujian dari prototype di laboraturium. Pada tahap ini diharapkan menemukan apakah ia dapat bersaing dengan produk lain yang sejenis. Apakah rencana tersebut memenuhi kebutuhan. Apakah itu dapat diandalkan. Apakah ia mudah dirawat dan distel. Dapatkah ia memberi keuntungan dari penjualan dan pemakaiannya. Presen Presentati tation on (peny (penyajia ajian), n), yaitu yaitu merupa merupakan kan penya penyampa mpaian ian perenc perencana anaan an kepada kepada pihak lain. Ini suatu tahapan akhir yang penting dari proses perencanaan. Perencanaan adalah sejenis kerja penjualan. Pada dasarnya hanya ada tiga cara penyajian atau penyampaian, yakni tertulis (writen), lisan (oral), dan dalam bebtuk grafik (graphical). Kemampuan dalam menulis dapat diperoleh dengan menulis surat – surat, laporan – laporan, nota – nota, naskah – naskah, naskah, dan karang karang – karang karangan. an. Kemamp Kemampuan uan lisan, lisan, berbic berbicara, ara, atau atau berpid berpidato ato bias bias diperoleh dengan melibatkan diri dalam kegiatan social dalam kehidupan keluarga, masyarak masyarakat, at, keagam keagamaan, aan, dan profesi profesi.. Dalam Dalam melatih melatih kemamp kemampuan uan mengga menggamba mbar, r, membuat sketsa dengan pensil dapat dimanfaatkan dalam menggambarkan setiap ide – ide yang mungkin digambarkan. D. Pertimbangan Pertimbangan Perencanaan Perencanaan ( Design Design Consid Consideration eration ) Pertimbangan perencanaan berarti menghubungkan dengan beberapa sifat yang mempengaruhi rencana. Biasanya sejumlah faktor harus dipertimbangkan pada setiap situasi perencanaan perencanaan tertentu. Kadangkala Kadangkala salah satu antaranya antaranya menjadi menjadi kritis, kritis, dan hal itu dipenuhi, maka faktor – faktor lain tak perlu dipertimbangkan lagi. Diantaranya sering merupakan faktor yang dipertimbangkan :
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Beberapa diantara faktor – faktor tersebut ada yang berkaitan langsung dengan ukuran, jenis bahan, pengerjaan, dan faktor lainnya memepengaruhi susunan bentuk dari sistem secara keseluruhan. Faktor yang perlu diperhatikan dapat diperinci seperti berikut : 1. Faktor uta utama a. Bentuk Bentuk aksi aksi (apa (apa prinsi prinsip p kerja kerjany nya), a), b. Pembebanan mekanis (tipe dan besaran, static/ dinamik/ kejut, konstan/ bervariasi, dsb, c. Kece Kecepa pata tan n (dib (diberi erika kan/ n/ dite ditent ntuk ukan an oleh oleh bent bentuk uk dan dan susu susuna nan n pera peranc ncan anga gan, n, apak apakah ah konstan/ bervariasi), d. Waktu Waktu putaran putaran ( perme permenit nit atau atau jam, jam perm perming inggu) gu),, e. Sumber Sumber daya daya tersed tersedia ia (relati (relative ve ekonom ekonomisny isnya), a), f. Lama Lama pemakai pemakaian an yang dikehe dikehenda ndaki ki (total (total pemakaian pemakaian// pemakai pemakaian an antara antara servis servis setiap setiap tahun, jumlah putaran, dsb), g. Ting ingkat kat kean eandala dalan n yang ang diin iingink inkan kemungkinan rusak sebelum waktunya).
(lam (lamaa
pem pemakai akaian an
tan tanpa
mempe emperh rhat atik ikan an
2. Fakt Faktor or Lin Lingk gkun unga gan n a. Temperatur Temperatur ekstrim ekstrim (effek (effek sifat material, material, problem problem disebabkan disebabkan oleh oleh penuruna penuruna panas panas atau kenaikan panas), b. Kelembaban (masalah korosi atau kehausan)
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e. Penye Penyediaa diaan n mater material ial ( pemanf pemanfaata aatan n sisa), sisa), f. Persediaan Persediaan fasilitas fasilitas pembu pembuatan atan (perusah (perusahaan aan kecil kecil atau perusahaan perusahaan besar, besar, peralatan peralatan yang mengerjakannya sepenuhnya), g. Meng Menggu guna naka kan n fasil fasilit itas as yang ada, ada, atau atau memb membel elii semua semua komp kompon onen en (bar (baran angk gkal alii juga juga mengontrak semua bagian untuk membuat), h. Kemamp Kemampuan uan yang dapat dipertuk dipertukark arkan an (komp (kompone onen n yang yang relevan relevan// sebagia sebagian n rakitan rakitan// keseluruhan kesatuan), i.
Kema Kemamp mpua uan n meny menyesu esuai aika kan n diri diri (kec (kecoc ocok okan an deng dengan an berb berbag agai ai peng penggu guna naan anny nya, a, ada ada keuntungannya),
4. Faktor Um Umum a. Ukuran Ukuran (batasanny (batasannya, a, jumlah jumlah dimensi, dimensi, keutuhan keutuhannya nya adakah adakah bagus bagus dipasaran dipasaran), ), b. Berat (apakah penting), c. Kepada Kepadatan tanny nyaa (bukan (bukan sebag sebagai ai kekua kekuatan tan), ), d. Kelihatanny Kelihatannyaa (penampilann (penampilannya, ya, keistimew keistimewaanny aannyaa yang dikemu dikemukakan kakan), ), e. Ergonomik Ergonomiknya nya (kontrol (kontrol pengoper pengoperasian asian dalam posisiny posisinyaa tepat sekali, apak apak operator operator dapat dapat duduk, bagaimana kontrol kaki), f. Keamanan Keamanan (pelindun (pelindung g untuk untuk kemanan kemanan operator, operator, perlengkapa perlengkapan n permuatan, permuatan,perlin perlindung dungan an mesin, dsb. g. Fakt Faktor or keam keaman anan an (kem (kemun ungk gkin inan an reta retak, k, meny menyeb ebabk abkan an keru kerusak sakan an,, keti ketida dak k aman amanan an,, kemampuan material dan pembuatannya dengan perhitungan yang akurat, dsb.
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1. Keperluan Kper Kperlu luan an analy analysis sis akan akan tida tidak k dapa dapatt dipu dipung ngki kiri ri lagi lagi,, bahw bahwaa info inform rmasi asi perlu perlu untu untuk k penyelesaian yang memuaskan untuk perencanaan, yaitu desain akan sempurna dengan memp memper ertu tunj njuk ukka kan n perin perinci cian an dalam dalam perm permasa asalah lahan an desai desain. n. Bebe Bebera rapa pa info inform rmasi asi ini ini akan akan diketahui, tentu saja siperencana (designer) punya sumber – sumber untuk memilih semua informasi yang dikehendaki. Oleh karena itu siperencana dalam pekerjaannya harus membuat assumsi untuk mendirikan kerangka sebagai referensi, sebagai basis untuk susunan persoalan, dan berikutnya aksi perencana.
Pertimbangan Persoalan yang telah ditetapkan sebagai persoalan nyata, hendaklah dipertimbangkan dalam sistem dan hubungannya. Beberapa hal yang perlu dijawab siperencana dalam perencanaan : a. Apa yang diperlukan diperlukannya nya (diperlukan (diperlukan atau diinginkan diinginkan), ), b. Kenapa memerlukannya, c. Berap Berapaa banyak banyak diper diperlu luka kann nny ya, d. Kapa Kapan n dip diper erlu luka kan, n, e. Dima Dimana na dipe diperl rluk ukan an,, f. Berapa Berapa bany banyak ak memer memerluk lukann annya ya,, dan harg hargany anya, a, g. Jika berbed berbeda, a, berapa berapa yang akan diteliti, diteliti, satu satu atau atau dua, dua, h. Adakah Adakah yang yang memerluk memerlukan an sementara sementara waktu waktu saja, juga ada yang memerlu memerlukan kan pada masa masa depan,
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ii. ii. Elem Elemen en flui fluida da : hidrau hidrauli lik, k, pneu pneuma mati tic, c, dsb, dsb, iii. iii. Elemen Elemen listrik listrik : magnet magnetik, ik, elektr elektro o magneti magnetik, k, iv. iv. Elem Elemen en opti optik k : alat alat yang yang berh berhub ubun unga gan n denga dengan n mata, mata,da dan n v. Eleme emen ak akusti stik
: al alat yan yang g be berhubungan de dengan bu bunyi nyi, su suara, dsb dsb..
d. Sejar Sejarah ah peng pengem emba bang ngan an,, e. Spes Spesif ifik ikas asii pate paten, n, f. Tekn Teknik ik penc pencat atata atan, n, buku buku – buku bukuny nya, a, g. Petunj Petunjuk, uk, khursu khursus, s, pameran pameran,, h. Hukum Hukum yang yang pasti pasti dan efek efek – efekny efeknyaa (akibatn (akibatnya ya), ), i.
Barang Barang dari dari luar luar,, dari dari lain lain lapang lapangan( an(daer daerah) ah)
j.
Percobaan,
k. Peng Pengam amat atan an umum umum,, l.
Ide Ide dar darii met metod odaa umu umum m, dan dan
m. Komb Kombin inasi asi diata diatas. s.
2. Biaya Biaya masin masing g – masing masing altern alternativ ative, e, 3. Beban mekanis mekanis : perhitung perhitungan an gaya (static (static dan dinamik), dinamik), konstant konstanta, a, variable, variable, putaran, putaran, besar tegangan, goncangan (kejutan), getaran (vibrasi), pengaruh inersia, konstanta elastisitas,
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14. Sumber daya : manusia, listrik (mesin, sel penyimpan), penyimpan), mesin uap, udara (angin), hidraulik hidraulik (air), solar, dan sumber energi lainnya. 15. Pemakaian Pemakaian daya, daya, 16. Keandal Keandalan, an, 17. Operasi Operasi,, 18. Pengerjaan Pengerjaan akhir(finishes) akhir(finishes),, 19. Toleransi Toleransi (batasan, (batasan, ketepatan), ketepatan), dan 20. Kecepatan Kecepatan (waktu putar, putar, jam/ minggu) minggu)
3. Penggunaan Pertimbangan a. Ergo Ergono nomi mik k : anth anthro ropo pome metr trii data data (ber (berup upaa data data), ), peng pengaru aruh h ling lingku kung ngan an,, fakt faktor or manu manusia sia,, kontrol/ pertunjukkan hubungan, dsb b. Keamanan c. Penyalah Penyalah guna gunaan an (salah (salah paka pakai), i), memb membuat uat aman, aman,
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e. Pengrjaan, f. Ketep Ketepat atan an untu untuk k pen pengi giri rima man, n, g. Unit/ Unit/ kesatu kesatuan an atau atau satua satuan n konstr konstruks uksi, i, h. Peng Penger erja jaan an akhi akhir, r, i.
Pelapisan,
j.
Pengrjaan panas (perlakuan panas, dsb),
k. Stan Stand dard ardisas isasi, i, l.
Peng Penggu guna naan an dari dari set setiap iap bagi bagian an,,
m. Kual Kualit itas as,, n. Keand andalan, o. Material Material : jenisnya, jenisnya, ukuran berat, berat, pembeban pembebanan an mekanik, mekanik, pengaruh pengaruh kimia, kimia, pengaruh pengaruh iklim, iklim, pengerjaan permukaan, pembiayaan, pemakaian bagian pelindung (lapisan pelindung), kuantitas, persediaan, sisa, standar, pemanasan, bagian pengerjaan akhir, dll, p. Metoda,
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5. Permukaan, keseluruhan, 6. Susunan warna, 7. Kesatuan, dan 8. Maksud
h. Keselam Keselamata atan, n, hukum hukum,, dan pengat pengatura uran, n, i.
Pemasangan, Pemasangan, keahlian, keahlian, (keterampilan (keterampilan), ), dan ketidak ketidak keterampilan keterampilan,,
j.
Grafis perencanaan, gambaran yang berhubungan dengan badan hukum, atau tamsilan menurut badan hukum.
k. 6
Main Mainte tena nanc ncee (Per (Peraw awat atan an))
Siapa Siapa yang yang akan akan melaku melakukan kan perawat perawatan, an, pemaka pemakai, i, pembua pembuat, t, atau atau agen. agen. Pertim Pertimban bangan gan perawatan diperlukan : b. Kebenarannya, dan perhitungan lama pemakaian,
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F. Sist Sistem emat atik ikaa Peren Perenca cana naan an Sistem perencanaan secara terperinci dapat diuraikan dari struktru perencanaan seperti berikut :
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1.Brief Brief (permasalahan) yang ditemukan dalam kehidupan manusia dan lingkungannya. Khususnya Khususnya dalam permesinan permesinan yang merupakan merupakan alat bantu yang dapat memperingan memperingan kerja, punya efisiensi dan efektifitas terhadap aspek – aspek kehidupan manusia. Boleh jadi permasalahan itu terlihat dari hasil perencanaan atau produk yang sudah ada, dengan harap harapan an lebi lebih h baik baik atau atau berk berkua uali litas tas atau atau juga juga memo memodi difi fika kasi si dalam dalam bent bentuk uk lain lain dan dan keperluan lain. Permasalahan juga bias dijumpai imajinasi pikiran atau khayalan yang dapat diwujudkan dalam bentuk objek nyata. Permasalahan tersebut dituliskan, mencakup semua jawaban dari pertanyaan yang muncul dan bakal timbul dari apa – apa yang akan direncanakan.
Facts Facts adalah sejumlah data – data atau spesifikasi dari permasalahan yang ada dan batasan – batasannya. Jika masalah itu berupa perencanaan ulangan (redesign), tentunya sudah ada ada fak fakta – fakt faktaa atau atau spes spesif ifik ikas asii dari ari obje objek k ters terseb ebut ut.. Han Hanya tin tinggal gal baga bagaim iman anaa pengembangannya. Jika berupa permasalahan baru, mesti perlu dicari faktor – faktor pendukung dalam menyelesaikan menyelesaikan perencanaan nantinya. 2. Requi equire rem ments ents Hal ini adalah persyaratan atau faktor penentu yang mesti dipenuhi. Antara lain ada
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Cycle time adalah suatu mekanisme yang memungkin memungkinkan kan proses proses belajar kontinu terhadap waktu, artinya selagi proses yang satu berlangsung, maka prose yang lain adalah kelanjutan dari proses tersebut. Insert Insert mechan mechanism ism adalah adalah cara suatu suatu mekani mekanisme sme memasu memasukka kkan n kaleng kaleng – kaleng kaleng bekas bekas keda kedalam lam press pressin ing g mech mechani anism sm tanp tanpaa meng mengga gang nggu gu pros proses es yang yang lain. lain. Krite Kriteri riany anyaa cepa cepat, t, mekanismenya sederhana, aman meskipun tiada operatornya. Load Loadin ing g mech mechan anism ism adal adalah ah dike dikehe hend ndak akii meng mengelu eluar arka kan n hasil hasil pros proses es deng dengan an cepat, cepat, sederhana dalam mekanisnya, dan tidak mengganggu proses lainnya. Pressing mechanism adalah proses merubah bentuk kaleng dari banyak memakai tempat menjadi kecil dan teratur, sehinggah mudah dibawa ketempat peleburan (recycle). Kriterianya adalah adalah gaya gaya press press yang yang tepat, tepat, mekanis mekanisme me sederah sederahana ana,, agar agar peneka penekanan nan berhen berhenti ti dengan dengan sendirinya. Possible Solution
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8. Desig Design n Spec Specif ific icati ation on Pada akhir perencanaan yang tidak bias dipungkiri dan informasi lebih lanjut adalah penyediaan. Spesifikasi semula boleh dimodifikasi sedikit atau dikembangkan dan nantinya mengeluarkan yang terbaru.
9. Lay Layout out Draw Drawin ings gs Ini adalah bentuk pola (gambar) perencanaan, gambar detail yang dibuat hendaklah menunjukkan metoda pengerjaan yang mudah diseleksi, material yang dipilih, dimensi, toleransi, dan pengerjaan akhir permukaan. Gambar tersebut membayangkan pertimbangan produksi sesuai dengan standar, dan memperlihatkan sedikit perbedaan antara bagian yang berpasangan. Dalam hal ini meliputi detail drawings (gambar detail) atau gambar setiap
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3. Adakah Adakah semua semua fungsi fungsiny nyaa perlu perlu.. 4. Apakah dengan bentuk lain ain dapat berfungsi sama. 5. Dapa Dapatk tkah ah beberap beberapaa fung fungsi si berg bergab abun ung g pada suatu komponen. Bahan (material)
1. 2. 3. 4.
Bahan Bahan apakah apakah yang yang diguna digunakan kan.. Apak Apakah ah spe spesif sifik ikas asii bahan bahan.. Dapatk Dapatkah ah materi material al lain lain diguna digunakan kan.. Dapa Dapatk tkah ah bebe bebera rapa pa spes spesif ifik ikas asii lain lain pada material yang sama digunakan. 5. Dapatkah pemakaian material dikurangi. 6. Dapatk Dapatkah ah mater material ial memen memenuhi uhi stan standar dar.. 7. Dapa Dapatk tkah ah mater ateria iall diben ibentu tuk k dala dalam m berbagai rupa.
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dapa apat dibeli mudah.
dengan
murah
dan
I. Ide ya yang Kr Kreati atif Desain yang inovatif (baru) tentunya berorientasi pada kebutuhan pasar/ pembeli, suatu hal sangat diperlukan oleh setiap designer. Innovation dan kreatif merupakan dua hal yang tak dapat dipisahkan. Tanpa kreatifitas tentunya tidak akan menghasilkan desain yang innovatif. Kreatifitas dapat dipelajari selain memang sudah ada orang yang mempunyai daya kratifitas yang baik. Ada beberapa teknik yang kita dapatkan dari beberapa teknik yang kita dapatkan dari beberapa penulis, terutama De Bono. Banyak buku – bukunya yang sudah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Twis membagi “techniques for creative problem solving (teknik kreatifitas menyelesaikan problem)” menjadi dua bagian :
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Sedangkan non analytical terbagi atas : 1. Brai Brains nsro rorn rnin ing, g, sekel sekelom ompo pok k oran orang g berk berkum umpu pull untu untuk k mend mendap apatk atkan an suatu suatu ide ide secara secara spontan. 2. Synectics, Synectics, yakni yakni untuk untuk memperoleh memperoleh jawaban jawaban dari dari suatu problem problem hendak hendaklah lah menyisikan menyisikan jawaban nrgatif, menangguhkan pendapat dan pola pemikiran orthodox (kuno atau tradisionil). 3. Lateral Lateral thinkin thinking, g, yakni yakni gambara gambaran n dari dari imajina imajinasi si pikiran pikiran yang yang bukan bukan menurut menurut logika logika (pikiran vertical). 4.
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mula mulaii deng dengan an eval evalua uasi si atau atau peng penguj ujia ian n dari dari prod produk uk yang ang seda sedang ng bere bereda darr dan dan memperkenalkan metode dari pembuatan. Sering permasalahan dan kesukaran itu tersembunyi, sukar menghilangkannya dari penglihatan perancang. Pada sesi yang akan dating material yang digunakan akan diperkenalk diperkenalkan an beberapa beberapa contoh. contoh. Keselamatan, Keselamatan, keamanan, keamanan, dan ketelitian ketelitian merupakan merupakan
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e. Berap Berapak akah ah lama lama pema pemaka kaia iann nny ya. f. Berapak Berapakah ah temp temperat erature ure yang yang dapat dapat dikena dikenakan kan.. g. Berapakah Berapakah defleksi defleksi material material atau bengko bengkok, k, dan penetap penetapan an fungsi fungsi sebenarny sebenarnya. a.
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7. Bagaimana Bagaimana soal perakitan perakitan,, hubungan hubungan terhadap terhadap bagian bagian yang yang lain, dan bagaim bagaimana ana tingkat tingkat kepentingannya.
Untuk memperoleh jawaban yang baik waktu pengeluaran dibutuhkan perhitungan yang
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b.
Faktor Tambahan Untuk Dipertimbangkan Dipertimbangkan
Uji coba suatu cadangan material sering memanfaatkan buku pegangan (literature), berbagai data sebagai catatan yang jelas, yakni penting untuk dicatat sebagai tambahan spesifik, dan sebagai pertanyaan yang relavan untuk produk baru. Juga segelintir data penting muncul disini disini petunj petunjuk uk yang yang baik baik akan akan dikons dikonsult ultasik asikan an dengan dengan pembua pembuatt materia materiall yang yang kualif kualifaid aid
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