[HCQQC DQNZCQ ICFQICZ THIBNSW
@‘GFQH]FB EC @N [CSQ @C ZNHB CU @C ON@ZNHB
ZNBUF[HN @‘SUF[HC ZNBUÈ [QCOHÇQC ÈEHUHFB 1;>1/>1
¨ 1;>1 {nq [hcqqc Dqnzcq cu Icfqicz Thibnsw Ufsz eqfhuz qèzcqtèz [sa`hè nsw Èunuz/Sbhz {nq ZNBUF[HN ho{qhoè {nq `c zcqthjc JqcnucZ{njc ehddszè cu ehzuqhasè {nq Non}fb Eè{õu `èin` @haqnhqhc es Jfbiqçz SZN 5 c uqhoczuqc 1;>1 HZAB 897/>57>757934 [QCOHÇQC ÈEHUHFB Qèthzhfb `hbishzuh~sc = @hbisnJfec @hbisnJfec
H` czu hbucqehu ec qc{qfeshqc cb ufsu fs cb {nquhc ecz {fquhfbz ec jc `htqc znbz `‘nsufqhznuhfb èjqhuc cu cw{qczzc ecz nsucsqz" Zhuc Hbucqbcu = guu{=&&znbuf{hn"fqi
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Ë Mnb Gcbecqzfb efbu `cz uqntnsw zsq `c znbuèhzoc fbu zszjhuè ofb hbuèqíu"
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Uf Mnb Gcbecqzfb ygfzc yfqlz fb gcn`ughzo gntc z{nqlce ox hbucqczu"
¬ Dnhucz nuucbuhfb `fqz~sc tfsz `hzc} sb `htqc ë {qf/ {fz ec `n znbuè" Tfsz {fsqqhc} ofsqhq e‘sbc cqqcsq e‘ho{qczzhfb""" e‘ho{qczzhfb""" ¼ Onql Uynhb
ZNBUF[HN @‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq ― @c znhb znhb cu `c on`znhb on`znhb [hcqqc Dqnzcq Icfqicz Thibnsw eèjcoaqc 1;>1" Ehzjfsqz znbuèhzuc ― Cbuqc Cbuqc oxugc cu qnuhfbn`huè qnuhfbn`huè [hcqqc Dqnzcq Icfqicz Thibnsw onqz 1;>:" On`nhzc ― On`nhzc ― @‘hbzfsucbna`c nsufbfohc, nsufbfohc, [hcqqc Dqnzcq Icfqicz Thibnsw zc{ucoaqc 1;>:"
Una`c ecz onuhçqcz
ZNBUF[HN @‘SUF[HC ZNBUÈ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >3 Ë [QF[FZ [QF [FZ ECZ EC Z NSUCSQZ NSU CSQZ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""" >9 [NQUHC H UGÇZCZ CU GX[FUGÇZCZ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >8 UGÇZCZ [QÈZCBUÈCZ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""" 1; Ugçzc ec Icfqicz Thibnsw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 1; Ugçzcz ec Icfqicz Thinqc``f cu Ehehcq Zhjnqe """"""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""1: Oèugfef`fihc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 15 EFOCZUHJNUHFB EC @‘HBJCQUHUSEC """"""""""""""""""""""""" 13 Jfoocbunhqc ec Icfqicz Thibnsw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 17 @c {qhbjh{c e‘hbjcquhusec """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 18 @n thzhfb ec `n zjhcbjc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" :> @c [qhbjh{c [ qhbjh{c ec {qèjnsuhfb """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""" :1 GX[FUGÇZCZ EC UQNTNH@ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" :3 [NQUHC HH @C ZNHB CU @C ON@ZNHB ON@ZN HB """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""" """"""""""" :9 @C OFXCB/ÁIC """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""" :7 Thzhfb es jfq{z"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""" :7 @‘nzjcbenbjc es iqnz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" :7 @‘gfqh}fb ec `n dnsuc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 5> @c WTc zhçj`c cu `‘nddhbcocbu jfbuqnzuè"""""""""""""""" jfbuqnzuè"""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""" 5: On`nehcz efohbnbucz """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """""" 53 È{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 54 @c zntfhq oèehjn` """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 54 @n {qnuh~sc {qnu h~sc oèehjn`c oèeh jn`c """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""" 59 @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 57 [hcqqcz cu oèunsw {qèjhcsw """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 3; È{hjcz cu nqfonucz nq fonucz """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """""" 3> Qèihoc n`hocbunhqc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 3: Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 34 Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""" 34 Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""" 34 Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 39 @N QCBNHZZNBJ Q CBNHZZNBJC C """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""" """""" 38 @n thzhfb es jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 38
@cz qhtnicz ec `n {nqczzc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 41 @n iqnhzzc {`sqhc``c """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4: Ofbuqcq cu {qèjhzcq `n iqnhzzc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 45 Jfbuqnhbeqc Jfbuqnhbe qc `cz ` cz jgnhqz j gnhqz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""" 44 On`nehcz efohbnbucz """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """""" 47 @‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 48 @c zntfhq oèehjn` """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 9; @n {qnuh~sc {qnu h~sc oèehjn`c oèeh jn`c """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""" 91 @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 91 @n znbuè znbu è z‘hbzun``c z‘hb zun``c """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """"" 95 @c qcafbe qcaf be ec `‘cwj`szhfb `‘cwj`szh fb zfjhn`c zfj hn`c """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 93 Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 99 Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""" 99 Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""" 99 Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 99 @C ZHÇJ@C ZH ÇJ@C ECZ E CZ @SOHÇQCZ @S OHÇQCZ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""" 98 @n thzhfb es jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7> Hbtcbucq `n bsnbjc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 71 Zuhionuhzcq `‘ho{shzznbjc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 7: Ufbhdhcq """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""" 75 @‘èbcqihc es jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""" 74 Sbc qètf`suhfb qètf`suhf b """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""" 79 On`nehcz efohbnbucz """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """""" 79 @‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 78 @c zntfhq oèehjn` """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 8; @n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 8> @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 81 Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 85 Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""" 89 Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""" 89 Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 89 @C WHWc ZHÇJ@C """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""" """"" 88 @n thzhfb es jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 88 @‘hbzun``nuhfb @‘hbzun`` nuhfb es jghddqc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""" >;> >>
Faèzhuè cu cwhicbjcz zfjhn`cz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >;> Ec `n ` n jghohc jg hohc ë `‘èbcqièu ` ‘èbcqièuh~sc h~sc"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""" >;: Ec `‘èbcqièuh ` ‘èbcqièuh~sc ~sc nsw qèihocz """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """ >;5 @n uxqnbbhc uxq nbbhc ec `n ohbjcsq """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""" >;4 Faèzhuè ofbenhbc cu faèzhuè js`usqc``c js`usqc` `c""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" """""""" >;7 On`nehcz efohbnbucz """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""" """" >;8 @‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>> @c zntfhq oèehjn` """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>> @c {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>1 @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>: Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>3 Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""" >>4 Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""" >>9 Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >>8 @C WWc ZHÇJ@C""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >1> @n thzhfb es jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >1> Ehqc `c onquxqc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >15 @c zntfhq oèehjn` cu zn {qnuh~sc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >13 @cz on`nehcz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""" >13 @c zntfhq oèehjn` """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >14 @n {qnuh~sc {qnu h~sc oèehjn`c oèeh jn`c """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" >17 @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >:> Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >:1 Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz cu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz """""">:: Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""" >:: Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >:3 @C WWHc ZHÇJ@C """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""" """ >:9 @n thzhfb es jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >:8 @c jfoanu jfbuqc `n iqnhzzc iqn hzzc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""" >5; @c jfq{z `hcs jcbuqn` ec `‘hecbuhuè """"""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""" """""">5> @c zntfhq oèehjn` cu zn {qnuh~sc """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >51 @cz on`nehcz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""" >51 @c zntfhq oèehjn` """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >5: @n {qnuh~sc {qnu h~sc oèehjn`c oèeh jn`c """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""" >55 @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >59 >1
Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >57 Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz cu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz """""">58 Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >58 Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""" >58 [NQUHC HHH E‘SBC JFBMCJUSQC NSENJHCSZC """""""" >3: Jfbtcwhuè cu jfbjnthuè """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >33 Jfbdqfbunuhfb ecz ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""" """"""">4: Ugçzcz ec Icfqicz Ic fqicz Thibnsw """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""" >4: Ugçzc ec Icfqicz Thinqc``f """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >45 JFBJ@SZHFB JFBJ@SZHF B """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """""""""""" >49 HBECW """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" >48 AHA@HFIQN[GHC AHA@HFIQN[GHC """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" """"""""""""" >9:
>:
ZNBUF[HN @‘SUF[HC ZNBUÈ ZNBUF[HN j‘czu ntnbu ufsu `‘cw{`fqnuhfb ec ugçzcz dfqucz {qf{fzècz {nq ehddèqcbuz jgcqjgcsqz cb onuhçqc ec znbuè" @c {qfmcu hbhuhè {nq Icfqicz Thibnsw Thibnsw cu [hcqqc Dqnzcq tcsu qcbeqc jfo{uc ec `‘ètf`suhfb e‘sb {gèbfoçbc nsw ho{njuz zfjhnsw onmcsqz jc`sh ec `n znbuè jfooc jfbzuqsjuhfb zfjhn`c cu es ehzjfsqz ~sh `‘njjfo{nibc" ZNBUF[HN j‘czu nszzh `n {qf{fzh/ uhfb ec jfbmcjusqcz nsenjhcszcz ns zcbz fø Lnq` [f{{cq `‘cbucbenhu ec `n {nqu ecz hbzuhinucsqz es {qfmcu nhbzh ~sc ec jf``nafqnucsqz {fbjusc`z" Dhbn`cocbu Z NBUF[HN j‘czu sb tcj/ ucsq e‘èehuhfb ë uqntcqz sb zhuc Hbucqbcu cu ecz `htqcz tfsèz ë `n ehddszhfb ec qcjgcqjgcz {fqunbu zsq `cz ho{njuz zfjhnsw ec `n znbuè" Zhuc Hbucqbcu = guu{=&&znbuf{hn"fqi
Ë [QF[FZ ECZ NSUCSQZ Icfqicz N" Thibnsw czu ehqcjucsq ec qcjgcq/ jgc gfbfqnhqc ns Jcbuqc bnuhfbn` ec `n qcjgcq/ jgc zjhcbuhdh~sc" H` czu `‘nsucsq ec bfoaqcsw fstqnicz cu nquhj`cz 'tfhq Iffi`c(" H` n èuè bfunoocbu ec >885 ë >887 jfbzch``cq zjhcb/ uhdh~sc jgnqiè es es {qfiqnooc {qfiqnooc ¬ Zjhcbjcz jfibhuhtcz ¼ ns{qçz es ehqcjucsq ec `n Ohzzhfb zjhcbuhdh~sc cu ucjgbh~sc es ohbhzuçqc ec `n Qcjgcqjgc < ec 1;;; ë 1;;5 eh/ qcjucsq es `nafqnufhqc Jfoosbhjnuhfb cu [f`huh~sc JBQZ < ec 1;;5 ë 1;;7 1;;7 = ehqcjucsq es [qfiqnooc [qfiqnooc ¬ Jf`hzjhcbjcz ¼ Onh/ zfb ecz Zjhcbjcz ec `‘Gfooc [nqhz/Bfqe" H` zc jfbznjqc ec/ {shz ë `‘èjqhusqc e‘fstqnicz ec zxbugçzc cu e‘czznhz" H` n èuè è`ctè ns qnbi ec jgctn`hcq enbz `‘Fqeqc bnuhfbn` es Oèqhuc" [hcqqc Dqnzcq njusc``cocbu efjufqnbu cb zf/ jhf`fihc ë `‘Sbhtcqzhuè @ntn` eèucbucsq e‘sbc onâuqhzc cb `hbishzuh~sc ec `‘Sbhtcqzhuè @ntn` 'zfsz `n ehqcjuhfb ec I" Thibnsw cu L" Dn``( zc eèdhbhu ntnbu ufsu jfooc sb è{hzuèofjqnuc j‘czu/ë/ehqc ~sc`~s‘sb ~sh efsuc ec zfb {qf{qc zntfhq" @hbishzuc ec dfqonuhfb ~sh n on` thqè nuuhqè {nq `cz zhqçbcz ec `‘hbuc``hicbjc nquhdh/ jhc``c h` czu ectcbs hbdfqonuhjhcb ufsu jfooc cbuqc{qcbcsq cu n ohz ns {fhbu `c {qcohcq zxzuçoc hbuc``hicbu ~sh n {cqohz ë `n zfjhèuè bZuchb Ucjgbf`fihcz e‘cbuqcq cb afsqzc cb mshb 1;;;" Ë jhb~snbuc nbz qcuqfstnbu `c afb zcbz h` zc jfbznjqc eèzfq/ onhz ë ucbucq ec jfo{qcbeqc jfoocbu `cz zfjhèuèz zc uqnbz/ dfqocbu zfsz `‘ho{s`zhfb ecz ucjgbf`fihcz cu ecz ho{njuz ~s‘c``cz fbu zsq bfz thcz"
Zhuc Hbucqbcu ecz nsucsqz guu{=&&znbuf{hn"fqi
[NQUHC H UGÇZCZ CU GX[FUGÇZCZ Cb `‘cz{njc ec ~sc`~scz eèjcbbhcz zcs`cocbu `n oèecjhbc n bfb zcs`cocbu ofehdhè zcz {qnuh~scz onhz {qfdfbeèocbu oèunofq{gfzè `n thzhfb ec `n thc cu es jfq{z `n qc`nuhfb cbtcqz `c znhb cu `c on`znhb `c bfqon` cu `c {nugf`f/ ih~sc ufsu jfooc `n thzhfb e‘sb jfq{z {cqdcjuha`c ë tf`fbuè ohbjc znbz iqnz acns zjs`{uè cu oszj`è" @‘cwhicbjc e‘sbc znbuè ë ufsu {qhw z‘czu iqn/ esc``cocbu zsazuhusèc nsw uqnhucocbuz ecz on`nehcz" @n znbuè czu ectcbsc sbc tnzuc cbuqc{qhzc ec iczuhfb es qhz~sc cu ec efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec enbz `n~sc``c z‘hbzçqcbu ec bfstcnsw ehzjfsqz = jfbzcbucocbu ugèqn{csuh~sc ugèqn{csuh~sc ahfèugh~sc {qètcbuhfb bsuqhuhfb dhubczz czugèuh~sc"
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq
UGÇZCZ [QÈZCBUÈCZ Sb zfjhf`fisc b‘czu mnonhz znuhzdnhu ë {qf{fz ec jcqunhbcz nd/ dhqonuhfbz {cs ho{fquc `csq eciqè e‘famcjuhthuè" H` czu {`suõu hbuèqczzè ec zntfhq jfoocbu jcz nddhqonuhfbz fbu èuè dnaqh/ ~sècz enbz ~sc` jfbucwuc c``cz `‘fbu èuè cu jfoocbu `csq n{/ {nqcbjc e‘famcjuhthuè n èuè ohzc cb zjçbc" [nq cwco{`c `c ehz/ jfsqz njusc` ë {qf{fz ec `n bsuqhuhfb {qf{fzc ehddèqcbucz nddhq/ onuhfbz cbuqc jc ~sh znhb fs on`znhb {fsq `c jfq{z" @‘famcjuhthuè ec jcz nddhqonuhfbz czu dfbeèc zsq ecz efbbècz zjhcbuhdh~scz" Jc ~sc `c zfjhf`fisc efhu cw{`fqcq j‘czu jfo/ ocbu jcz nddhqonuhfbz fbu èuè dnaqh~sècz jc zfbu famcjuhtècz cu fbu {qhz jfq{z jfooc ehzjfsqz" J‘czu `‘sbc ecz ~sczuhfbz {nq/ oh e‘nsuqcz nsw~sc``cz bfsz ucbucqfbz e‘n{{fqucq ecz qè{fbzcz cb ucbunbu ec ¬ eèjfecq ¼ `n exbnoh~sc ~sh zfsz/ucbe `c ehz/ jfsqz gxihèbhzuc es WWHc zhçj`c" Ufsu e‘nafqe sb {qfa`çoc = cb onuhçqc ec znbuè {nqnefwn/ `cocbu `‘hbjqfxna`c eè{`fhcocbu zjhcbuhdh~sc cu ucjgbf`fih~sc zcoa`c {qftf~scq jgc} `‘hbehthes `c zcbuhocbu e‘sbc jfbzunbuc {qfwhohuè ntcj `cz enbicqz ë hbjhecbjc {nugf`fih~sc 'hbucqbcz fs cwucqbcz(" J‘czu jc ~sc Icfqicz Thibnsw {gh`fzf{gc cu `fihjhcb eèjqhu jfooc èunbu `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq" J‘czu ë {nq/ uhq ec `ë ~sc bfsz eètc`f{{cqfbz cu {qf{fzcqfbz sbc qèd`cwhfb zsq jcuuc heèc ~sc {`sz z‘èjfs`c `c uco{z {`sz `‘ntcbusqc es jfq{z zc eczzhbc zsq sb dfbe e‘hbjcquhusecz jqfhzznbucz qn{{qf/ jgnbu ec {`sz cb {`sz `‘hbehthes e‘sb jcqunhb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq ~snzh oczsqna`c"
Ugçzc ec Icfqicz Thibnsw Icfqicz Thibnsw {qf{fzc sbc ugçzc dfquc" @c qcihzuqc njusc` es qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb cb {`chbc osunuhfb jfbeshqnhu ë `‘heèc e‘sb cddnjcocbu es jfq{z uqf{ cbjfoaqnbu jnq tcjucsq e‘sbc os`uhusec e‘hbjcquhusecz uqf{ qn{{qfjgècz ehddhjh`cocbu onâuqhzna`cz cu {csu/íuqc oíoc hbjfbuqõ`na`cz" @n ugçzc `fhb e‘íuqc anbn`c oèqhuc jfbzheèqnuhfb" Cu c``c zc jfo{qcbe cbjf/ qc ohcsw enbz sbc {cqz{cjuhtc fø c``c czu sb cbzcoa`c ec jfbtcqicbjcz cw{`h~sècz cu nquhjs`ècz nsufsq e‘sbc heèc jcb/ uqn`c = `n efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec 'ns zcbz ec `n onâuqhzc 1;
Ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz
dnoh`hçqc hzzsc es jõufhcocbu cu ec `‘fazczzhfb zèjsqhunhqc(" Jgqfbf`fih~scocbu Jgqfbf`fih~scocbu tfhjh jc ~sc zsiiçqc Thibnsw '1;>1( = ‡
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I`fqhdhjnuhfb" Fobh{qèzcbjc es jfq{z" H` x n enbz `‘Nbuh~shuè iqcj~sc sb js`uc es jfq{z cwnjcqaè" @n acnsuè jfq{fqc``c {qhoc < `cz gfoocz nddcjuhfbbcbu ec zc qcuqfstcq ns zunec cu n{{qèjhcbu `cz cwcqjhjcz {gxzh~scz" @n zunusnhqc cb uèofhibc ~sh èuna`hu `cz jnbfbz ec `n acnsuè '`c zjs`{ucsq [gxehnz( `cz~sc`z tfbu hbd`scbjcq `cz zhçj`cz ~sh zshtqfbu" @n acnsuè czu enbz `cz {qf{fquhfbz> < jc``cz/jh efhtcbu íuqc cb gnq/ ofbhc" @c jfq{z czu ehthbhzè" Oè{qhz es jfq{z" Qcmcu" Ehz{nqhuhfb" Ntcj `c jgqhz/ uhnbhzoc ns Ofxcb/Áic cu msz~s‘ns WTH c zhçj`c ufsu anzjs`c = `c jfq{z b‘czu ~s‘cbtc`f{{c jgnqbc``c zfsh``sqc dnqecns" Zcs`c `‘áoc jfo{uc" @n ofqu czu fobh{qèzcbuc" Iqntsqcz cu {chbusqcz `n qè{qèzcbucbu jfooc sbc jfo{nibc dnoh`hçqc" H` dnsu zfbicq ë `‘ns/ec`ë cddnjcq `‘cbtc`f{{c jgnqbc``c" [fsq h``sz/ uqcq `n tnbhuè ec `n acnsuè cu ec `n jgnhq acnsjfs{ ec qc{qfesjuhfbz es ugçoc ¬mcsbcz dh``cz cu `n ofqu¼ 'jd" `cz iqntsqcz ec Eðqcq(" Qcufsq ec `‘n{{nqcbjc, qcufsq es jfq{z " Nsw WTHHc cu WTHHHc zhçj`cz zfsz `‘hbd`scbjc ecz onbhç/ qcz ec jfsq `n jf~scuucqhc qcthcbu `cz tíucocbuz zc dfbu è`èinbuz {nqdfhz fzucbunufhqcz" @c ifüu ecz {`nh/ zhqz bfunoocbu enbz `n zfjhèuè dqnbénhzc zfsz @fshz WHT cu @fshz WT qnoçbc ns jfq{z" Jc jfq{z b‘czu {nz cbuqcucbs ns zcbz ofecqbc 'fb onbic uqf{ fb bc zc `ntc {nz acnsjfs{( onhz eèjfqè = {nqdsoz qs/ anbz jfs`csqz․ jfs`csqz․ H` czu {qèucwuc {qèucwuc ë `‘fzucbunuhfb․ Qcbnhzznbjc es jfq{z" Enbz `n zcjfbec ofhuhè es WHWc zhçj`c `cz eètc`f{{cocbuz ec `‘gxihçbc `n `su/ uc jfbuqc `‘hbzn`saqhuè {sa`h~sc `‘noèbnicocbu ecz th``cz cu `n ofec ecz anhbz tfbu ¬qcefbbcq thc¼ ns
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Ë `n Qcbnhzznbjc `‘hbtcbuhfb es ¬bfoaqc e‘fq ¼ ~sh eèdhbhu `cz {qf{fq/ uhfbz heèn`cz < @èfbnqe ec Thbjh"
1>
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq
jfq{z" @n ~sczuhfb n`fqz b‘czu {nz jc``c ec `n acnsuè 'cbjfqc ~sc Hbiqcz cu Ec`njqfhw nhcbu qczzszjhuè `cz bsehuèz cb {chbusqc( onhz jc``c ec `n znbuè" H` dnsu {qfuèicq `c jfq{z jfbuqc `cz ohnzocz < j‘czu {nq `c jfq{z ~sc `cz hbdcjuhfbz {èbçuqcbu" @c jfq{z czu nhbzh famcu ec zsz{hjhfb 'jd" ¬ @c ¬ @c ohnzoc cu `n mfb~sh``c¼(" mfb~sh``c¼(" ‡
Cddnjcocbu cu qco{`njcocbu " Ns WWc zhçj`c `c jfq{z ecthcbu famcu ec qè{nqnuhfbz ec uqnbzdfqon/ uhfbz cu ec osunuhfbz" Sb `fbi {qfjczzsz e‘cddnjcocbu cu ec qco{`njcocbu z‘f{çqc" H` x n `cz {qfiqçz jfbzheèqna`cz ecz {qfugçzcz ec `‘fefbuf`fihc ec `n jghqsqihc qè{nqnuqhjc {shz czugè/ uh~sc" Nsmfsqe‘gsh bfsz {fstfbz {fzzèecq ecz ecbuz nquhdhjhc``cz ecz ocoaqcz ec zsazuhusuhfb ecz thznicz cu ecz jfq{z ¬qcdnhuz¼" J‘czu cddcjuhtcocbu `‘çqc ecz oèunofq{gfzcz" Onhz jc`n bc zsddhu {nz cbjfqc {fsq jcqunhbz․
Cddnjcocbu ufun` cu fsa`h es jfq{z " E‘sb jõuè n{{n/ qnhzzcbu jcz hbucqtcbuhfbz zsq `c jfq{z ~sh `c onq/ ~scbu `c onz~scbu cb {nquhc `c dfbu ¬nsuqc¼ jqècbu ec bfstc``cz hecbuhuèz = unufsnicz {hcqjhbi afex nqu ․ E‘sb nsuqc jõuè `c uqnbzgsonbhzoc bè enbz ~sc`~scz oh`hcsw es OHU zfsz `‘ho{nju ec `‘HN cu ec `n qfafuh~sc qítc e‘sbc gsonbhuè fø `c jfq{z ¬bnus/ qc`¼ '{fqucsq ec zfsh``sqcz cu nth`hzznbu( n ehz{nqs ns {qfdhu ec jxafqiz ho{`nbuèz '{sjcz cu ho{`nbuz eh/ tcqz(" Ntcj csw `c jfq{z czu {nqtcbs ë zfb {fhbu ec anzjs`cocbu = `c ahf`fih~sc b‘czu {`sz < ecocsqc `‘è`cjuqfbh~sc `cz jhqjshuz cu `‘hbdfqonuhfb" Nhbzh enbz `n jfbjc{uhfb ec Thibnsw `c jfq{z {qfiqczzh/ tcocbu ns jfsqz ecz zhçj`cz jczzc e‘íuqc `c zhibc ec `n jqèn/ uhfb ehthbc" Sb onuèqhn`hzoc bfstcns e‘faèehcbjc zjhcbuhzuc ho{fzc ns jfq{z e‘íuqc onjghbc cu efbj jqènuhfb gsonhbc {qf{hjc ns qçibc e‘sbc gsonbhuè qfafuhzèc tfsèc ë `n ehjunus/ qc ec `n {cqdfqonbjc cu nsw uxqnbbhcz ecz ghèqnqjghcz dfbjuhfb/ bc``cz" Enbz jc {qcohcq ufoc ec Z NBUF[HN j‘czu jcuuc heèc ec `‘cddnjcocbu es jfq{z ~sc bfsz n``fbz ucbucq e‘èunxcq cb eè/ ‡
11
Ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz
ofbuqnbu jfoocbu c``c z‘nquhjs`c nsufsq ec `‘heèc ec efoczuh/ jnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec"
Ugçzcz ec Icfqicz Thinqc``f cu Ehehcq Zhjnqe Zhjnqe cu Thinqc``f '1;>>( zfs`hibcbu ~sc ¬ `‘cwuqíoc cddhjn/ jhuè ec `‘cbuqc{qhzc oèehjn`c `‘cwuqíoc eètc`f{{cocbu ec zcz qcjgcqjgcz `‘co{qhzc ufun`cocbu qcbfstc`èc ec zcz zntfhqz jqècbu nsmfsqe‘gsh ecz eèdhz znbz {qèjèecbu" Uqfhz e‘cbuqc csw ns ofhbz {cstcbu íuqc qc`ctèz" Jc`sh ecz nuucbucz e‘nafqe ~sh b‘fbu mnonhz èuè nszzh cwhicnbucz ufun`cz {fqucszcz e‘hbucbzcz ucbzhfbz cu oèjfo{qègcbzhfbz = {nq cwco{`c `n {qèzcbjc e‘sb zsmcu ¬on`nec¼ ectcbs {`sz ~s‘ns{nqntnbu njucsq \enbz `c ehn/ `fisc ugèqn{csuh~sc_ cu zn {qfdfbecsq {zxjgh~sc `fbiuco{z oèjfbbsc" Jc`sh cbzshuc ecz jgfhw enbz `n qcjgcqjgc cu enbz `‘nzzhzunbjc ho{fzèz {nq `c jfüu jfbzheèqna`c es eètc`f{{c/ ocbu {fqucsqz csw/oíocz ec jfbuqnehjuhfbz cu ec jfbd`huz nh/ isz" Jc`sh cbdhb ec `n onâuqhzc ucjgbh~sc hbèin`èc msz~s‘hjh {fqucszc ec iqntcz qhz~scz èugh~scz efbu `‘ho{fqunbjc {csu efbbcq `c tcquhic cu ~sh jfbdçqcbu ë `n {shzznbjc {sa`h~sc sbc qcz{fbznah`huè nszzh `fsqec ~sc eèjhzhtc 'Zhjnqe Thinqc``f 1;>> = 8/>;(" ¼ Bfsz jfbzheèqfbz ~sc `cz eèdhz ~sc ocbuhfbbcbu Zhjnqe cu Thinqc``f dfqocbu sbc uqnoc ec dfbe jfbuqhasnbu ns qn{{qf/ jgcocbu ec `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq fø `‘cwhicbjc ec znbuè z‘czu {cs ë {cs zsazuhusèc ns uqnhucocbu ecz on`nehcz cu uqntcqzc jgnjsb ec bfz jfo{fqucocbuz fø `c ucqqhufhqc es qhz~sc z‘czu njjqs ë `‘nsbc ec `‘njjqfhzzcocbu ecz zntfhqz fø `n thzhfb e‘sb jfq{z cz{èqè ufsmfsqz {`sz {cqdcjuha`c cu ufsmfsqz ohcsw {qfuèiè z‘czu hbzun``èc hbzun``èc jfooc sbc sbc hbèthuna`c jfbehuhfb jfbehuhfb ec zfh" @n ugçzc ec Icfqicz Thinqc``f '1;>;( ~snbu ë c``c uhqèc es `htqc ¬ @cz oèunofq{gfzcz es iqnz – Ghzufhqc ec `‘faèzhuè ¼ zsiiçqc ~s‘h` x nsqnhu sb qcbfstc``cocbu ufun` ec `n thzhfb es jfq{z ectcbs `hcs jcbuqn` ec `‘hecbuhuè ¬ fø `c zsmcu jcbzè eè/ {cbeqc cwj`szhtcocbu ec `sh/oíoc \hbmfbjuhfb ë `‘nsufbfohc_ z‘hecbuhdhc ec {nqu cb {nqu ë jc ~s‘cw{qhocbu zn {qèzcbjc {gx/ zh~sc zcz `hohucz zcz uqnhuz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 181(" ¼ Jcqucz `n ugçzc ec Thinqc``f b‘czu {nz fqhihbn`c = c``c zcqnhu oíoc sbc 1:
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq
jfbehuhfb ec zfh ecz zfjhèuèz hbehthesn`hzucz zfs`hibèc {nq {`s/ zhcsqz nsucsqz cu jgcqjgcsqz" @ë fø zc eèonq~sc Thinqc``f j‘czu `fqz~s‘h` zsiiçqc ~sc `n zhbis`nqhuè ec `‘hbehthes qc`çtc ec `sh/oíoc cu ec `sh zcs` ¬ qhcb e‘nsuqc ~sc `n jfbehuhfb jfq/ {fqc``c jfbuco{fqnhbc {fszzèc ë zfb {fhbu s`uhoc = `‘hecbuhuè tcbsc {`sz ~sc mnonhz es jfq{z `c zcbuhocbu {`sz ~sc mnonhz ~sc jc jfq{z {csu `c uqnghq 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = :;;( ¼ sb jfq{z ectcbs tcjucsq e‘hbjcquhusecz sb jfq{z {nugfiçbc e‘fø sb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq ~sh zc qn{{qfjgc hbè`sjuna`cocbu" hbè`sjuna`cocbu"
Oèugfef`fihc Lnq` [f{{cq czuhonhu ~sc `n tèqhuè czu sbc gx{fugçzc ~s‘fb b‘n {nz cbjfqc uqfstè `c ofxcb ec qèdsucq = ¬ `‘gx{fugçzc `n ohcsw nen{uèc czu jc``c ~sh qèzfsu `c ohcsw `c {qfa`çoc ~s‘c``c ntnhu {fsq dfbjuhfb ec qèzfseqc cu jc``c ~sh qèzhzuc ohcsw ë `n jqhuh~sc ~sc `cz gx{fugçzcz jfbjsqqcbucz '[f{{cq >887 = :83( ¼ < j‘czu sbc jfbmcjusqc nsenjhcszc" Bfsz ucbuc/ qfbz efbj ec dfqos`cq ec `n onbhçqc `n {`sz {qèjhzc {fzzha`c bfuqc gx{fugçzc ec `n efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec" [fsq èunxcq jcuuc gx{fugçzc bfsz n``fbz enbz sb {qcohcq uco{z {nqjfsqhq `‘ghzufhqc ec{shz `c Ofxcb/Áic msz~s‘ns WWHc WWHc zhçj`c cu qcbeqc jfo{uc ec `n exbnoh~sc ec `n efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec" Dhbn`cocbu bfsz nbn`xzcqfbz jfoocbu z‘czu cddcjusè `c i`hzzcocbu e‘sbc oèecjhbc ~sh zfhibc cu uqnhuc `cz on`nehcz tcqz sbc oèecjhbc cbinièc enbz sbc tnzuc cbuqc{qhzc ec iczuhfb cu ec jfbuqõ`c es qhz~sc j‘czu/ë/ehqc = sbc ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z < sbc ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz < sbc ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z" Dhbn`cocbu h` z‘nihqn ec tfhq jfoocbu `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq ufsmfsqz qcbfstc`è dfquhdhc nhb/ zh sb aczfhb e‘hqqnuhfbbc` ec {`sz cb {`sz qè{nbes czjnofuc `n ~sczuhfb es zntfhq ns {qfdhu es ohqnjs`csw cu nihuc `‘cz{fhq e‘sbc cz{èqnbjc ec znbuè f{uhon`c msz~s‘ë sb áic ntnbjè unbu zsq `c {`nb {gxzh~sc ~sc ocbun`"
15
Ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz
EFOCZUHJNUHFB EC @‘HBJCQUHUSEC Z‘h` x n sbc tf`fbuè ec `n {nqu ec `‘íuqc gsonhb ë tfs`fhq ef/ oczuh~scq `‘hbjcquhusec j‘czu ~s‘h` x n nszzh sbc jfbuqc{nquhc ë zntfhq sbc ~síuc ec `n jcquhusec jcquhusec ns zcbz fø Ecycx `‘cbucbenhu j‘czu/ë/ehqc sbc qcjgcqjgc ~snzh jfbzunbuc ec qç/ i`cz dhwcz cu sbhtcqzc``cz {fsq zc {qèosbhq ecz qhz~scz ec `n qc`nuhthuè cu ec `n jfbuhbicbjc = ¬ H` dnsu {qcbeqc zfhb ecz jfbzè~scbjcz tch``cq ë c``cz ¼ [nqunbu ec `ë bfuqc gx{fugçzc jcbuqn`c zs{{fzc ~sc `n ef/ oczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec cb onuhçqc ec znbuè czu sb {qfjcz/ zsz gxihèbhzuc {nq `c~sc` `‘íuqc gsonhb jgcqjgc e‘sbc {nqu ë zèjsqhzcq `cz cz{njcz `cz jfo{fqucocbuz cu `cz jfq{z ë hbjh/ ecbjc {nugf`fih~sc cu e‘nsuqc {nqu ë bfqocq ë zsqtch``cq cbqcihzuqcq ètn`scq uqnhucq cu jfbuqõ`cq `c jfo{fqucocbu ecz icbz `csq jfq{z `cz famcuz cu `cz ètèbcocbuz enbz `c asu ec ifstcqbcq `‘njuhthuè gsonhbc" Jc {qfjczzsz gxihèbhzuc mfscqnhu ë ecsw bhtcnsw = 'h( `c bhtcns ohjqf fø `cz hbehthesz zfbu uqhèz jnuèifqhzèz cu uqnhuèz zc`fb `csq {qfdh` nhbzh jfbzuhusè 'Cqyhb Ifddonb {nq`nhu ec {cf{`c/{qfjczzhbi ( < 'hh( `c bhtcns onjqf fø jcqunhbcz zuqsjusqcz zfjhn`cz zfbu ohzcz cb {`njc cu hbzuhus/ uhfbbn`hzècz" Jc {qfjczzsz gxihèbhzuc enbz `c jneqc ec bfuqc gx{fugçzc zcqnhu dfbeè zsq `c qn{{fqu e‘sb dqnih`c è~sh`haqc cbuqc e‘sbc {nqu `c bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb bnusqc``c ec `‘íuqc gsonhb cbtcqz `n tnqhnah`huè cu `‘hbjcquhusec cu e‘nsuqc {nqu `c bhtcns e‘hbj`hbnuhfb ec `‘íuqc gsonhb cbtcqz `n zunah`huè cu `n jcquhusec" Efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec
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Ntcqzhfb 'Tnqhnah`huè Hbjcquhusec( Hbj`hbnuhfb 'Zunah`huè Jcquhusec(
Jc qn{{fqu eèucqohbcqnhu nhbzh sb jcqunhb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq" Cb eèjfs`cqnhu sb cbzcoa`c ec tn`csqz zuqsjusqècz zfsz dfqoc ec ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc cb dfbjuhfb ec `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq" @n dhbn`huè ec jc ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc zcqnhu `n qcjgcqjgc e‘sbc zun/ ah`huè zuqsjusqc``c ec `n zfjhèuè zfsz sbc heèc gxihèbhzuc gxihèbhzuc dèeèqn/ uqhjc 'cw = ns Ofxcb/Áic = ¬ qc{fszzcq `c on` ¼ ns oíoc uhuqc ~sc ¬ qc{fszzcq `cz ohnzocz ¼(" 13
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq NTCQZHFB Qè{s`zhfb qczzcbuhc cbtcqz `n tnqhnah`huè cu `‘hbjcquhusec" ↚
Tnqhnah`huè Ètèbcocbuz {cqusqanucsqz ë hbjhecbjc {nugf`fih~sc zszjc{uh/ a`cz fs bfb ec zc {qfeshqc"
Hbjcquhusec Zcbuhocbu e‘ntfhq {`sz ë {cqeqc ~s‘ë inibcq cb nef{unbu fs bfb uc` fs uc` ux{c ec ofec ec thc"
HBJ@HBNUHFB [cbjgnbu bnusqc` ec `‘íuqc gsonhb {fsq `n zunah`huè cu `n jcquhusec" ↚
Zunah`huè Oèjnbhzocz {cqocuunbu e‘nzzsqcq `n zunah`huè znbhunhqc cu zfjhn`c ë ecsw bhtcnsw =
Jcquhusec Njjsos`nuhfbz ec zntfhqz {cqocu/ unbu ec dfbecq =
>" Bhtcns jf``cjuhd = ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{n/ jcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ë hbjhecbjc {n/ ugf`fih~sc < ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz 'èuna`hzzcocbu ec dqfbuhçqcz {qfucjuqhjcz( ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z" ‡
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1" Bhtcns hbehthesc` = ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enb/ icqz ë hbjhecbjc {nugf`f/ ih~sc"
>" Fbuf`fihc = Íuqc = {fzhuhfb ec `‘gfooc < Ofen`huè = thzhfb es jfq{z < [qf{qhèuèz = èunuz es jfq{z" ‡
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1" È{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c = ecz zntfhqz < ecz {qnuh~scz < sb ugèznsqsz ec {qczjqh{/ uhfbz" ‡ ‡ ‡
‡
GFQH]FB EC @N [CSQ Gfqh}fb {`sz fs ofhbz qn{{qfjgè dfbeè zsq `c qn{{fqu e‘sb dqnih`c è~sh`h/ aqc cbuqc `c bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb cu `c bhtcns e‘hbj`hbnuhfb" ↚ EHZJFSQZ GXIHÈBHZUC Cbzcoa`c ec tn/ `csqz gxihèbhzucz zuqsjusqècz zfsz dfqoc ec ehzjfsqz" ↚ DHBN@HUÈ Qcjgcqjgc ec `n zunah`huè zuqsjusqc``c ec `n zfjhèuè zfsz sbc heèc gxihèbhzuc dèeèqnuqhjc"
Bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb
Bhtcns e‘hbj`hbnuhfb
Eciqè ec zcbzhah`huè nsw ètèbc/ ocbuz {cqusqanucsqz ë hbjhecbjc {nugf`fih~sc"
Eciqè ec zcbzhah`huè ë `‘cddhjnjhuè ecz oèjnbhzocz {cqocuunbu e‘nzzsqcq `n zunah`huè znbhunhqc cu zfjhn`c"
Znhb 'è~sh`haqc(
On`znhb 'eèzè~sh`haqc(
Nuuhusecz cu jfo{fqucocbuz ë nef{ucq {fsq zc {qèosbhq jfbuqc `n tnqhnah`huè cu `‘hbjcquhusec"
Nuuhusecz cu jfo{fqucocbuz ë èthucq {fsq bc {nz íuqc nddcjuè {nq `n tnqhnah`huè cu `‘hbjcquhusec"
Njuhfb ë ocbcq @c tcqac suh`hzè czu dfbjuhfb ec `n bnusqc oíoc es ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc e‘sbc è{f~sc efbbèc" 'Cw = ns Ofxcb/Áic ? ¬ qc/ {fszzzcq ¼"(
Famcu ec `‘njuhfb `c on`"
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Ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz [nqunbu ec `ë zh bfsz jfbzheèqfbz ~sc `n znbuè czu ntnbu ufsu sbc tnzuc cbuqc{qhzc ec efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec h` bfsz dnsu cbthznicq ~sc = ‡
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h` x n ecz heènsw ux{cz ec `n znbuè zc`fb `cz è{f~scz cu `cz zfjhèuèz < jcuuc jfbzuqsjuhfb zfjhn`c ec `n znbuè n {fsq jfbehuhfb bèjczznhqc `c ehzjfsqz < jc ehzjfsqz czu dqniocbuè ec {nq `n os`uh{`hjhuè ecz hbucqtcbnbuz < jc ehzjfsqz czu efbj `sh/oíoc `‘famcu e‘sb uqntnh` jfbzunbu e‘sbhdhjnuhfb = j‘czu jc uqntnh` ~s‘h` ho{fquc e‘nbn`xzcq < `c ehzjfsqz ec `n znbuè czu efbj ë thzèc bfqonuhtc cu h` czu nqisocbunuhd j‘czu/ë/ehqc jfbzunoocbu ë `n qc/ jgcqjgc ec jnsuhfbz fs ec {qcstcz fs ec `èihuhon/ uhfbz < enbz jc uqntnh` ec `èihuhonuhfb `c qn{{fqu cbuqc ec/ enbz cu ecgfqz mfsc ë {`chb jfooc qcihzuqc ec jnszn/ `huèz = qn{{fqu cbuqc `‘n`hocbu 'jc ~sh czu hbièqè( cu `n znbuè '`‘èunu es jfq{z( < e‘fø `n anuucqhc e‘hbucqtcbuhfbz zsq `c jfq{z ~sh {cq/ ocuucbu `n ohzc nsw bfqocz ec ufsz `cz jfq{z < `c ehzjfsqz czu efbj ahcb nszzh jfbehuhfb e‘èocqicbjc e‘sbc qcjfbdhisqnuhfb ecz zntfhqz cu `è/ ihuhonuhfb ec jcz zntfhqz jfo{fzhucz dfbenbu ecz `f/ ih~scz e‘heècz `fjn`cz cu&fs ièbèqn`cz"
Enbz jc uqntnh` jfbzunbu e‘sbhdhjnuhfb ecz bfqocz cu ecz {qn/ uh~scz h` x n eètc`f{{cocbu e‘sb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq dfbeè zsq `c qn{{fqu e‘sb dqnih`c è~sh`haqc cbuqc `c bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb 'eciqè ec zcbzhah`huè nsw ètèbcocbuz {cqusqanucsqz ë hbjhecbjc {nugf`fih~sc( cu `c bhtcns e‘hbj`hbnuhfb 'eciqè ec zcbzhah`huè ë `‘cddhjnjhuè ecz oèjnbhzocz {cqocuunbu e‘nzzsqcq `n zunah`huè znbhunhqc cu zfjhn`c(" 19
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq
Gfqh}fb ec `n {csq
Bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb e‘ntcqzhfb 'Tnqhnah`huè 'Tnqhnah`huè Hbjcquhusec( Hbjcquhusec( ? Bhtcns e‘hbj`hbnuhfb e‘hbj`hbnuhfb 'Zunah`huè Jcquhusec( Jcquhusec(
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq {csu íuqc jfbzheèqè jfooc jcuuc ehzunb/ jc qczzcbuhc {nq sb hbehthes enbz `c qn{{fqu cbuqc zfb bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb cu zfb bhtcns e‘hbj`hbnuhfb" [nq cwco{`c `c eè/ {`fhcocbu njusc` ec zntfhqz oèehjnsw cu ec ucjgbf`fihcz oè/ ehjn`cz e‘hbtczuhinuhfb cu ec uqnhucocbu n {fzzha`cocbu dnhu cb zfquc ~sc `‘hbehthes jfbzheçqc eèzfqonhz zfb jfq{z jfooc sb tcjucsq e‘hbjcquhusecz e‘fø `c zcbuhocbu e‘sb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq uqçz qn{{qfjgè" Jcu gfqh}fb ec `n {csq zcqnhu qèis`è qèis`è cu qèih {nq uqfhz ofocbuz = sbc ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz cu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz < sbc ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz cu ecz {èqh`z < sbc ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z zfsz `‘nz{cju ec jhqjfbzjqh{uhfbz zèjsqhunhqcz" Jcz uqfhz ofocbuz zc zuqsjusqcbu enbz sb ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc cu z{èjhdh/ ~scocbu enbz sb ehzjfsqz znbuèhzuc ns WWH c zhçj`c" Ns i`fan` eètc`f{{cocbu ec msicocbuz {èqco{ufhqcz ec {qèjnsuhfb fs e‘hbucqehjuhfb ehzjfsqz ec bfqocz tcqzsz ehz/ jfsqz ec qè{qczzhfb sb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq ufsmfsqz ec {`sz cb {`sz qn{{qfjgè sb hbehthes hb~shcu ec {`sz cb {`sz {qèfjjs{è ec zn jfbehuhfb cu ec zfb jfq{z ectcbs tcjucsq e‘hbjcquhusecz"
Jfoocbunhqc ec Icfqicz Thibnsw @c jfbjc{u e‘hbjcquhusec oèqhuc e‘íuqc cwnohbè ec {qçz ufsu nsunbu ~sc `‘co{`fh ~sh cb czu dnhu hjh" @‘hbjcquhusec enbz zfb sznic szsc` czu `c jfbuqnhqc ec `n jcquhusec j‘czu/ë/ehqc `c dnhu ec bc {nz íuqc züq ec ~sc`~sc jgfzc" @c ucqoc {csu íuqc qc`hè nsw bfuhfbz zshtnbucz = >» cb {gxzh~sc cu cb jghohc `‘hbjcquhusec eèzhibc `n onqic e‘ho{qèjhzhfb zsq `n tn`csq ec `n oczsqc e‘sbc iqnbecsq {gxzh~sc" @c jfbjc{u czu qc`hè ë jc`sh e‘cqqcsq ~sh czu `‘èjnqu cbuqc `n tn`csq oczsqèc cu `n tqnhc tn/ `csq cb czzcbjc hbjfbbsc zcs`cocbu czuhoèc < 1» cb iczuhfb es qhz~sc `‘hbjcquhusec czu `hèc ns dnhu ~s‘fb z‘hbuèqczzc ë `‘ntcbhq cu fb jgcqjgc ë `n oczsqcq {nq sb qhz~sc es dnhu bf/ unoocbu ec `‘nazcbjc ec zunuhzuh~scz {nzzècz dhna`cz {cqocu/ unbu ec eèdhbhq ecz {qfanah`huèz ecz ètèbcocbuz dsusqz qcefs/ 17
Ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz uèz < :» cb z{fqu `‘hbjcquhusec ètèbcocbuhc``c jfbjcqbc `c jn/ qnjuçqc ho{qèthzha`c es jfo{fqucocbu netcqzc '~snbuhuèz e‘njuhfbz efbu `‘netcqznhqc {csu dnhqc {qcstc( < 5» cb {zxjgf/ `fihc `‘ntcqzhfb ë `‘hbjcquhusec czu `n jqnhbuc nzzc} qè{nbesc ~s‘cb jnz e‘hbjcquhusec 'zhusnuhfb {fsqunbu ièbèqn`c enbz `n thc cu enbz `n zfjhèuè jfooc enbz ufsu zxzuçoc exbnoh~sc( h` x nhu {`sz ë {cqeqc ~s‘ë inibcq e‘fø `cz cddfquz cb tsc ec onhb/ ucbhq `c zunus `c zunus ~sf" ~sf" J‘czu {`suõu jc ecqbhcq {fhbu ~sh oc zcoa`c hbz{hqcq `n {cb/ zèc ec [hcqqc Dqnzcq" [nq`fbz e‘nafqe ec zjhcbjc cu e‘hbjcquhusec" Sbc {qcohçqc jfbjc{uhfb thcbu ë `‘cz{qhu {fsq {cs ~s‘fb nhu jfooc ofh ofh èusehè `n `fih~sc . J‘czu J‘czu `c {qhbjh{c e‘hbjcquhusec ec Gchzcbacqi"
@c {qhbjh{c e‘hbjcquhusec @c {qhbjh{c e‘hbjcquhusec ugèfqhzè {nq Ycqbcq Lnq` Gchzcb/ acqi cb >819 zuh{s`c ~sc `‘sbhtcqz b‘czu bh {qèthzha`c bh eè/ ucqohbhzuc" Fb bc {csu fazcqtcq ~sc`~sc jgfzc ~s‘cb `‘èj`nhqnbu ntcj ec `n `sohçqc" Fq ë `‘èjgc``c ec `‘hbdhbhocbu {cuhu jc`n {fzc {qfa`çoc" @c ofhbeqc {gfufb ~sh hbucqnihu ntcj sb è`cjuqfb tn ofehdhcq `n uqnmcjufhqc hbhuhn`c ec jc ecqbhcq fs `c dnhqc jgnbicq e‘fqahuc" @c {gfufb ecthcbu sb {qfmcjuh`c ~sh {fsqqn eèucqohbcq `n {fzhuhfb ec `‘è`cjuqfb onhz ~sh nsqn cb oíoc uco{z ofehdhè zn thuczzc cu zn uqnmcjufhqc< jc``c/jh bc {fsqqn efbj {nz íuqc jfbbsc cb oíoc uco{z" @n ofhbeqc oc/ zsqc hbucqdçqc ntcj `‘famcu ec `n oczsqc cu `n jgnbic . @n `fbiscsq e‘fbec ec `‘fbec nzzfjhèc ë sbc {nquhjs`c czu hbtcqzcocbu {qf{fquhfbbc``c ë `‘èbcqihc ec `n {nquhjs`c" @fqz/ ~sc jcuuc `fbiscsq e‘fbec czu ec `‘fqeqc ecz ehocbzhfbz ecz ¬famcuz¼ ~sh hbucqthcbbcbu enbz `c {gèbfoçbc n`fqz `n bnusqc jfq{szjs`nhqc ec `n {nquhjs`c czu {qè{fbeèqnbuc" Hbtcqzcocbu zh jcuuc `fbiscsq e‘fbec czu zs{èqhcsqc nsw ehocbzhfbz ecz ¬famcuz¼ ho{`h~sèz `n bnusqc fbes`nufhqc ec `n {nquhjs`c tn íuqc fazcqtèc" Fq `n `fbiscsq e‘fbec czu jfsquc {fsq ecz {nq/ uhjs`cz uqçz èbcqièuh~scz" Fb cb jfbj`su ~sc `cz {gèbfoçbcz zc {qfeshznbu ë gnsucz èbcqihcz ocuuqfbu cb èthecbjc sb jfo{fq/ 18
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq
ucocbu jfq{szjs`nhqc ecz {nquhjs`cz n`fqz ~sc `cz {gèbfoçbcz ë anzzcz èbcqihcz zcqfbu {`suõu ec bnusqc fbes`nufhqc" Ec dnéfb honièc fb {csu ehqc ~s‘sbc {nquhjs`c nxnbu sbc fbec ntcj sbc iqnbec `fbiscsq e‘fbec b‘czu {nz ahcb `fjn`hzèc cu efbj zfb jfo{fqucocbu czu {`suõu jc`sh e‘sbc fbec 'sbc fbec czu sb {gèbfoçbc bfb `fjn`hzè(" @fqz~sc `n `fbiscsq e‘fbec zc qnjjfsqjhu `n {nquhjs`c n{{nqnâu ec {`sz cb {`sz `fjn/ `hzèc cu zc jfo{fquc ec {`sz cb {`sz jfooc sb jfq{szjs`c" Ycqbcq Gchzcbacqi n èusehè ec {qçz jcuuc ~sczuhfb cu cb n eè/ eshu ecz qc`nuhfbz `hnbu `n {qèjhzhfb ~sc `‘fb {csu faucbhq ec `n thuczzc cu ec `n {fzhuhfb e‘sbc {nquhjs`c e‘sbc {nqu cu `n {qèjh/ zhfb ec `n oczsqc ec zfb èbcqihc cb dfbjuhfb ec `n esqèc ec `n oczsqc e‘nsuqc {nqu" Jcz qc`nuhfbz zfbu jfbbscz zfsz `c bfo ec qc`nuhfbz e‘hbjcquhusec e‘Gchzcbacqi" Cb >819 Gchzcbacqi dfqos`c sbc {qf{qhèuè dfbenocbun`c '{nqdfhz nszzh bfooèc {qhbjh{c e‘hbjcquhusec( ec `n oèjnbh~sc ~snbuh~sc ~sh ehu ~s‘h` czu ho{fzzha`c ec oczsqcq ë `n dfhz `n {fzhuhfb e‘sbc {nquhjs`c CB OÍOC UCO[Z ~sc zn thuczzc ec dnéfb cwnjuc" [`sz `‘fb eèucqohbc ntcj {qèjhzhfb `‘sb ofhbz fb znsqn ec jgfzcz zsq `‘nsuqc" J‘czu jc ~sc `‘fb n n{{c`è `c {qhbjh{c e‘hbjcquhusec ec Gchzcbacqi" Jc ~sc ehzcbu cb qèzs/ oè `cz qc`nuhfbz èuna`hcz {nq Gchzcbacqi j‘czu ~sc = >» zh `‘fb jfbbnâu {nqdnhucocbu `n {fzhuhfb e‘sbc {nquhjs`c fb bc {csu cb jfbbnâuqc `n thuczzc cu hbtcqzcocbu < 1» zsq ec uqçz jfsqucz es/ qècz `‘hbjcquhusec zsq `n oczsqc ec `‘èbcqihc czu uqçz iqnbec j‘czu/ë/ehqc ~sc `‘èbcqihc {csu d`sjuscq jfbzheèqna`cocbu zsq ec uqçz jfsqucz esqècz . Jc`n ho{`h~sc ~sc `c jfo{fqucocbu ec `n onuhçqc ë `‘èjgc``c ec `‘hbdhbhocbu {cuhu b‘czu {nz eèucqohbè fs {qèthzha`c" @cz oczsqcz ~sc `‘fb {csu cddcjuscq zsq `n thuczzc cu `n {fzhuhfb ec {nquhjs`cz zsanufoh~scz cw{qhocbu bfb {nz ecz jcquhusecz onhz zcs`cocbu ecz {qfanah`huèz" @cz anzcz oíocz ec `n oèjnbh~sc zfbu zèqhcszcocbu èaqnb/ `ècz {nq jcz qc`nuhfbz e‘hbjcquhusec . Cu znbz efsuc {nq cwucb/ zhfb bfuqc thzhfb ec `n zjhcbjc"
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Ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz
@n thzhfb ec `n zjhcbjc @n thzhfb j`nzzh~sc ec `n zjhcbjc cu bfunoocbu ec `n zjhcbjc ~sh n {fsq famcu e‘èusec `n bnusqc zc jnqnjuèqhzc {nq `c eèucq/ ohbhzoc cu `n jcquhusec" Zc`fb H`xn [qhifihbc jcuuc heèc ec jcquhusec n èuè èaqnb`èc {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz {nq Eczjnqucz '[qhifihbc >888(" [qhifihbc zshu `c {gh`fzf{gc noèqhjnhb Zuc/ {gcb Ufs`ohb ~sh zhusc `‘fqhihbc ec `‘heèc ec jcquhusec ns ofocbu ecz iscqqcz ec qc`hihfb" J‘èunhu sb ofocbu uqnih~sc ec `‘ghzufhqc csqf{ècbbc onq~sè {nq `n iscqqc cbuqc jnugf`h/ ~scz cu {qfuczunbuz" Jgnjsb ecz ecsw iqfs{cz eèdcbenhu zn ¬tèqhuè¼" Jgnjsb ntnhu zn jcquhusec" @c {qf{fz ec Eczjnqucz n{{nqnâu n`fqz jfooc jc`sh ec jfbjctfhq sbc jcquhusec ~sc ufsu `c ofbec {fsqqnhu {nqunicq cu ~sh zcqnhu sb è`èocbu ec {nhw ec jfbjfqec {fzzha`c cbuqc `cz gfoocz" Jcuuc heèc ec jcquhusec {fqucszc ec {nhw zcqnhu tèghjs`èc {nq `cz zjhcbjcz 'cb cwhicnbu ~s‘c``cz efhtcbu z‘hbz{hqcq ecz onugèonuh~scz ec `‘nqhugoèuh~sc cu ec `n ièfoèuqhc( cu {nq `n {gh`fzf{ghc 'ntcj `‘heèc ec jfihuf(" jfihuf(" @‘heèc ec jcquhusec n{{nqnâu nhbzh jfooc sb ofxcb ec eè/ {nzzcq `c uqnih~sc ec `‘ghzufhqc" Jc {qfmcu ec {nhw {qf{fzè ë uqntcqz `‘heèc ec jcquhusec jfbzuhusc {`suõu ~s‘sbc qèzf`suhfb ecz jfbd`huz sbc dnéfb e‘cb èjgn{{cq" @c {qhw ë {nxcq ec jc {qfmcu ec {nhw czu jc`sh e‘sb esn`hzoc dfbenocbun` cbuqc sb sbhtcqz bnusqc` ~sh qè{fbe ë ecz `fhz sbhtcqzc``cz cu nuco{f/ qc``cz cu sb sbhtcqz gsonhb uqntcqzè {nq `‘hbjcquhusec cu `c jfbd`hu" Zc`fb [qhifihbc jcu heèn` ec `n zjhcbjc nzzfjhè ë `n jcquhusec zc qcuqfstc jgc} Chbzuchb ~sh jgcqjgnhu `cz zcjqcuz ec `‘gnqofbhc bnusqc``c cu ~sh nzzhoh`nhu `n tfjnuhfb zjhcbuhdh~sc ns ¬ eèzhq nqecbu ~sh nuuhqc `c jhunehb gfqz ec zfb oh`hcs aqsxnbu cu jfbdsz tcqz `cz qèihfbz {nhzha`cz ecz gnsucz ofbun/ ibcz '[qhifihbc >888 = 1>3( ¼" Chbzuchb n tèjs `sh nszzh sbc è{f~sc uqnih~sc ec `‘ghzufhqc gsonhbc jc``c es bn}hzoc ec `‘nbuhzèohuhzoc cu ecz ecsw iscqqcz ofbehn`cz" @n {gxzh~sc èunhu {fsq `sh sbc dnéfb e‘èjgn{{cq ns uqnih~sc ec `‘cwhzucbjc" Jcuuc thzhfb ec `n zjhcb/ jc nzzfjhèc ë `n jcquhusec cu f{{fzèc ë `‘ho{qèthzha`c cu ns uqn/ ih~sc ec `‘ghzufhqc jfoocbjc {fsqunbu ë ètf`scq" [qhifihbc :>
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq
nbbfbjc `n ¬dhb ecz jcquhusecz ¼ cu eèdcbe `‘heèc e‘sbc ¬zjhcb/ jc ecz {fzzha`cz¼ j‘czu/ë/ehqc sbc zjhcbjc ~sh hbuçiqc `c uco{z cu efbj `‘hbjcquhusec `‘ho{qèthzha`c cu efbj `‘ntçbcocbu es bfstcns `cz {cqucz hqqètcqzha`cz cu efbj `c uqnih~sc ec `‘ghzufhqc gsonhbc" H` z‘f{{fzc ë `n thzhfb e‘sbc zjhcbjc eèzhb/ jnqbèc cu ë `‘heèc e‘sb zjhcbuhdh~sc ~sh eèdcbe `n thzhfb e‘sbc zjhcbjc jfooc cbuqc{qhzc jfbuqhasnbu ë qcbeqc `n thc cb zfjhè/ uè {`sz gsonhbc" Ec jc dnhu [qhifihbc {qf{fzc ho{`hjhucocbu sb bfstcns jfbjc{u ec `n {nhw = jc``c/jh bc zcqnhu {`sz nzzhoh/ `èc ë `n jcquhusec ë `n zunah`huè cu ë `‘gnqofbhc èucqbc``c onhz ë `‘hbjcquhusec eè{nzzèc ns ~sfuhehcb ë `n jfbuqnehjuhfb ~sh {cq/ ocu ec jfbzuqshqc sbc bfstc``c zxbugçzc tfhqc ns jfbd`hu ~sh eèafsjgc zsq sbc bfstc``c jfgèqcbjc" Sbc uc``c jfbjc{uhfb bc z‘f{{fzc cb qhcb jc{cbenbu ntcj jcu heèn` ec zunah`huè ~sh {cqesqc enbz `cz qc`nuhfbz gsonhbcz cu enbz `‘ghzufhqc" Jcu heèn` n oíoc hbz{hqè qèjcoocbu `n jfbjc{uhfb es [qhbjh{c ec {qèjnsuhfb"
@c [qhbjh{c ec {qèjnsuhfb @c [qhbjh{c ec {qèjnsuhfb czu dfqos`è {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz cb >881 enbz `c [qhbjh{c >3 ec `n Eèj`nqnuhfb ec Qhf = ¬ Cb jnz ec qhz~sc ec efoonicz iqntcz fs hqqètcqzha`cz `‘nazcbjc ec jcquhusec zjhcbuhdh~sc nazf`sc bc efhu {nz zcqthq ec {qèucwuc {fsq qcocuuqc ë {`sz unqe `‘nef{uhfb ec oczsqcz cddcjuhtcz th/ znbu ë {qètcbhq `n eèiqnenuhfb ec `‘cbthqfbbcocbu" ¼ Cb Dqnbjc `n `fh Anqbhcq ec >883 {qèjhzc ~sc ¬ `‘nazcbjc ec jcquhusecz jfo{uc ucbs ecz jfbbnhzznbjcz zjhcbuhdh~scz cu ucjgbh~scz es ofocbu bc efhu {nz qcunqecq `‘nef{uhfb ec oc/ zsqcz cddcjuhtcz cu {qf{fquhfbbècz thznbu ë {qètcbhq sb qhz~sc ec efoonicz iqntcz cu hqqètcqzha`cz ë `‘cbthqfbbcocbu ë sb jfüu èjfbfoh~scocbu njjc{una`c ¼" @n Dqnbjc n nmfsuè ë `n eèdhbhuhfb ec Qhf `cz bfuhfbz ec qènjuhfb {qf{fquhfbbèc cu ec jfüu èjfbfoh~scocbu njjc{una`c" @‘hbucq{qèunuhfb es {qhbjh{c czu ehddhjh`c cu jfbuqftcqzèc" Ns zcbz msqheh~sc es ucqoc `c {qhbjh{c ec {qèjnsuhfb {qfthcbu es eqfhu ec `‘cbthqfbbcocbu cu es eqfhu ec `n znbuè" :1
Ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz Jc {qhbjh{c cwhzunhu ë ehddèqcbuz eciqèz enbz `cz jgnqucz cu `cz jfbtcbuhfbz hbucqbnuhfbn`cz jfooc enbz jcqunhbcz `fhz bnuhf/ bn`cz" J‘czu enbz `c efonhbc ec `n znbuè cbthqfbbcocbun`c '{nq cwco{`c `n ~sczuhfb es qèjgnsddcocbu j`honuh~sc fs ecz }ff/ bfzcz fs on`nehcz èocqicbucz( ~sh dfsqbhzzcbu `‘czzcbuhc` ecz zsmcuz e‘hb~shèusecz ¬iqntcz¼ cu ¬hqqètcqzha`cz¼ cu efbj ec `n onuhçqc e‘n{{`hjnuhfb ec jc {qhbjh{c onhz `n jqhzc èjfbfoh~sc n nszzh qc{fzè `n ~sczuhfb ec `n {qèjnsuhfb enbz `n ifstcqbnb/ jc ec `‘èjfbfohc ecz afsqzcz cu ecz anb~scz" Cb Dqnbjc sbc n{{`hjnuhfb ec jc {qhbjh{c czu ecocsqèc jè`ç/ aqc unbu c``c zszjhun ec jfbuqftcqzcz" Jc dsu zshuc nsw qsocsqz cb 1;;8 `‘nacqqnbuc jno{nibc ec tnjjhbnuhfb onzzhtc ec `n iqh{{c N 'G>B>( cu `n jfoonbec {qfmcuèc cb mnbthcq 1;>; ec 3; oh``hfbz ec tnjjhbz {nq `c ohbhzuçqc ec `n Znbuè" Ufsu jc`n {fsq qè{fbeqc ë sbc {zcsef{nbeèohc ec iqh{{c N 'G>B>(" @‘cb~síuc èuna`hc {nq `c Jfbzch` ec `‘Csqf{c zsq `‘FOZ ndhb e‘x oczsqcq `‘hbd`scbjc ecz `faaxz {gnqonjcsuh~scz cu enbz `c jnz hjh {qèzcbuè Qfzc`xbc Anjgc`fu ohbhzuqc ec `n Znbuè es ucqqhufhqc dqnbénhz ec [f`xbèzhc csu {fsq jfbzè~scbjc e‘nzzhibcq `n ohbhzuqc cb qèdèqè `c 5 mnbthcq 1;>; ns Uqhasbn` ec Iqnbec Hbzunbjc" Bènbofhbz `n Jno{nibc ec Tnjjhbnuhfb Onzzhtc jfbuhbsn cb [f`xbèzhc dqnbénhzc . Cb uèofhibc `n tnjjhbnuhfb ecz [fo/ {hcqz cu ecz [f`hjhcqz ec Uctn Uctn h Sun 'Jfoosbc ec ec `n [qcz~s‘â`c ec Unghuh(" Gcsqcszcocbu bfoaqc ec oèecjhbz `fjnsw cu ns/ uqcz {cqzfbbc`z ec znbuè zsqcbu {qètcbhq ehzjqçucocbu `csqz {nuhcbuz es jõuè fazjsq ecz tnjjhbz N 'G>B>(" Cb Dqnbjc `n jno{nibc ec {qfofuhfb es tnjjhb dsu sb èjgcj . Tfh`ë ~sh uèofhibc ecz n`ènz jfüucsw es {qhbjh{c ec {qèjnsuhfb . Zsqufsu cb {`chbc hbjcquhusec" Cu j‘czu zsq jcz ~sczuhfbz ec znbuè fø qçibc zfstcbu `c d`fs ~sc mc qcmfhbz [hcqqc Dqnzcq `fqz~s‘h` ètf~sc `c jfbjc{u ec efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec"
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Ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz
GX[FUGÇZCZ EC UQNTNH@ @c {qfmcu ZNBUF[HN czu sb tnzuc jgnbuhcq cw{`fqnufhqc" Cb jc zcbz jgn~sc `htqc es {qfmcu {qf{fzc ehddèqcbucz gx{fugçzcz ec uqntnh`" Jcqunhbcz zcqfbu jcqunhbcocbu qèdsuècz e‘nsuqcz zcqfbu {csu/íuqc jfbdhqoècz e‘nsuqcz zcqfbu {csu/íuqc qcdfbescz qc/ dfqos`ècz fs hbuèiqècz enbz e‘nsuqcz gx{fugçzcz" Bfuqc zcs` famcjuhd czu e‘fstqhq ecz {hzucz ec qèd`cwhfb"
Gx{fugçzc > = `n efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec cb onuhçqc ec znbuè czu sb {qfjczzsz gxihèbhzuc {nq `c~sc` `‘íuqc gsonhb jgcqjgc e‘sbc {nqu ë zèjsqhzcq `cz cz{njcz `cz jfo{fqucocbuz cu `cz jfq{z ë hbjhecbjc {nugf`fih~sc cu e‘nsuqc {nqu ë bfqocq ë zsqtch``cq cbqcihzuqcq ètn`scq uqnhucq cu jfbuqõ`cq `c jfo{fq/ ucocbu ecz icbz `csq jfq{z `cz famcuz cu `cz ètèbcocbuz enbz `c asu ec ifstcqbcq `‘njuhthuè gsonhbc" Jc {qfjczzsz gxihèbhz/ uc mfscqnhu ë ecsw bhtcnsw = 'h( `c bhtcns ohjqf fø `cz hbehthesz zfbu uqhèz jnuèifqhzèz cu uqnhuèz zc`fb `csq {qfdh` nhbzh jfbzuhusè 'Cqyhb Ifddonb {nq`nhu ec {cf{`c/{qfjczzhbi ( < 'hh( `c bhtcns onjqf fø jcqunhbcz zuqsjusqcz zfjhn`cz zfbu ohzcz cb {`njc cu hbzuhusuhfbbn`hzècz" Gx{fugçzc 1 = `c {qfjczzsz gxihèbhzuc zcqnhu dfbeè zsq `c qn{{fqu e‘sb dqnih`c è~sh`haqc cbuqc e‘sbc {nqu `c bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb bnusqc``c ec `‘íuqc gsonhb cbtcqz `n tnqhnah`huè cu `‘hbjcquhusec cu e‘nsuqc {nqu `c bhtcns e‘hbj`hbnuhfb ec `‘íuqc gsonhb cbtcqz `n zunah`huè cu `n jcquhusec" Efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec
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Ntcqzhfb 'Tnqhnah`huè Hbjcquhusec( Hbj`hbnuhfb 'Zunah`huè Jcquhusec(
Jc qn{{fqu eèucqohbcqnhu nhbzh sb jcqunhb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq" Cb eèjfs`cqnhu sb cbzcoa`c ec tn`csqz zuqsjusqècz zfsz dfqoc ec ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc cb dfbjuhfb ec jcu gfqh}fb ec `n {csq" @n dhbn`huè ec jc {qfjczzsz gxihèbhzuc zcqnhu `n qcjgcqjgc e‘sbc zunah`huè zuqsjusqc``c ec `n zfjhèuè zfsz sbc heèc gxihèbhzuc dè/ eèqnuqhjc 'cw = ns Ofxcb/Áic = ¬ qc{fszzcq `c on` ¼ ns oíoc uhuqc ~sc ¬ qc{fszzcq `cz ohnzocz ¼("
Gx{fugçzc : = j‘czu e‘sbc nzxoèuqhc {qfjsqnbu ecz inhbz bcuz 'jfbtcwhuè( ~sc ecz ofocbuz ec qs{usqc è{hzuèof`fih~scz :3
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq
cbuqnâbcqnhcbu ecz ofehdhjnuhfbz {qfdfbecz bfb zcs`cocbu zsq `c {`nb ecz zntfhqz cu ecz {qnuh~scz oèehjn`cz onhz zsq `‘cbzcoa`c ec `n zfjhèuè cb ièbèqn`"
Gx{fugçzc 5 = ufsu zntfhq fs ucjgbf`fihc ë jnqnjuçqc {qèehj/ uhd qnehjn`hzcqnhcbu 'jfbjnthuè( `n qc`nuhfb es znhb ns on`znhb qn{{qfjgnbu e‘nsunbu `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq n`hocbunbu e‘nsunbu sb jcqunhb ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc" Gx{fugçzc 3 = `c qn{{qfjgcocbu ec `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq cb/ inicqnhu jcqunhbcz {qnuh~scz {qètcbuhtcz 'eè{hzunic bsuqhuhfb dhubczz( jgc} `‘hbehthes e‘fø sbc nsufbfohznuhfb njjqsc ec `‘hbehthes cb onuhçqc ec {qètcbuhfb ec zfh < Gx{fugçzc 4 = `‘neehuhfb ec ufsucz `cz {qnuh~scz hbehthesc`/ `cz ec {qètcbuhfb ec zfh jfbeshqnhu ë sbc {qfucjuhfb jf``cjuhtc ièbèqn`hzèc bfbfazunbu ufsucz nsuqcz jfbzheèqnuhfbz ec bnusqc zfjhn`c 'sb {qèzs{{fzè onmcsq fstqnbu `n tfhc ns eè`czunic èunuh~sc cb onuhçqc ec znbuè( < Gx{fugçzc 9 = sb qcbfstc``cocbu ufun` ec `n thzhfb es jfq{z ectcbs `hcs jcbuqn` ec `‘hecbuhuè fø `c zsmcu jcbzè eè{cbeqc cwj`szhtcocbu ec `sh/oíoc 'hbmfbjuhfb ë `‘nsufbfohc( z‘hecbuhdhc ec {nqu cb {nqu ë jc ~s‘cw{qhocbu zn {qèzcbjc {gx/ zh~sc zcz `hohucz zcz uqnhuz"
:4
Ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz
[NQUHC HH @C ZNHB CU @C ON@ZNHB @‘cwhicbjc ec znbuè ns dh` ecz zhçj`cz ètf`sc ho{fzc {nqdfhz ecz jgnbic/ ocbuz ho{fqunbuz enbz `cz {f`huh~scz cu `cz {qnuh~scz" Ecsw qcbfstc``c/ ocbuz ~sh zc qcjfs{cbu zxzuèonuh~scocbu = jc`sh ecz zjhcbjcz cu ecz ucjg/ bh~scz jc`sh ecz nuucbucz cu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz" @ ‘ètf`suhfb ec `n oèecjh/ bc cu ecz {qnuh~scz ec znbuè bfb zcs`cocbu b‘czu {nz `c dqshu ec jnszn`huèz anzècz zsq ecz zntfhqz cu ecz {qnuh~scz nbuèqhcsqcz onhz czu ntnbu ufsu uqh/ asunhqc ec zntfhqz cu ec ucjgbf`fihcz ~sh dfbu hqqs{uhfb ec dnéfb ufsu ë dnhu hbnuucbesc"
:9
@C OFXCB/ÁIC Ns Ofxcb/Áic sb zfj`c è{hzuèoh~sc zf`hecocbu jfbzuhusè {nq `‘Nbuh~shuè = ¬ ns jcbuqc ec `n Jqènuhfb `‘gfooc ecafsu zsq sbc ucqqc zhusèc ns jcbuqc es ofbec 'sbc heèc eèmë ahcb {qèzcbuc jgc} Nqhzufuc( czu ufsqbè tcqz `cz jhcsw < j‘czu zfb fbuf`fihc" H` czu {cbzc/u/fb sbc jqènusqc {nqdnhuc cu `c dnhu ~s‘h` zc uhcbbc ecafsu czu `c zhibc bnusqc` ec zn tfjnuhfb hbuc`/ `cjusc``c cu z{hqhusc``c 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = >9(" ¼ Sbc è{hzuèof/ `fihc èin`cocbu gèqhuèc ec `‘Nbuh~shuè zuqsjusqc `n uqnoc js`usqc``c = `c jfq{z czu zfsohz nsw dfqjcz hbthzha`cz cu zfsucq/ qnhbcz es ofbec" Sbc thzhfb es ofbec ~sh tn {cqesqcq {cb/ enbu {`sz ec oh``c nbz es Tc ns WTc zhçj`c"
Thzhfb es jfq{z ¬ Ntcj `c jgqhzuhnbhzoc ns Ofxcb/Áic cu msz~s‘ns WTH c zhçj`c ufsu anzjs`c = `c jfq{z b‘czu ~s‘cbtc`f{{c jgnqbc``c zfsh``sqc dnqecns" Zcs`c `‘áoc jfo{uc" @n ofqu czu fobh{qè/ zcbuc" Iqntsqcz cu {chbusqcz `n qè{qèzcbucbu jfooc sbc jfo/ {nibc dnoh`hçqc" H` dnsu zfbicq ë `‘ns/ec`ë cddnjcq `‘cbtc`f{{c jgnqbc``c" [fsq h``szuqcq `n tnbhuè ec `n acnsuè cu ec `n jgnhq acnsjfs{ ec qc{qfesjuhfbz es ugçoc ¬Mcsbcz dh``cz cu `n ofqu¼ 'jd" `cz iqntsqcz ec Eðqcq( 'Thibnsw 1;>1(" ¼ @‘nzjcbenbjc es iqnz Ec `‘Nbuh~shuè msz~s‘ns Ofxcb/Áic `c iqfz {fzzçec sb {qczuhic = jc`sh ec `n {shzznbjc cu es {fstfhq" ¬ @c {qczuhic es iqfz czu e‘nafqe `hè ë sb oh`hcs" Ofbec ec `n dnho ec qczuqhj/ uhfbz njjna`nbucz fø `cz ehzcuucz qcthcbbcbu ë ofhbz ec jhb~ nbz e‘hbucqtn``c nsufsq ec >:;; {nq n{{nstqhzzcocbu ecz ucq/ qcz onb~sc ec zufjlnic `cbucsq cu ehddhjs`uè ecz qèzcnsw ts`/ bèqnah`huè nsw hbuco{èqhcz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1>(" ¼ @‘nofbjc``cocbu bsuqhuhd ecthcbu eçz `fqz sb heèn` cu `n znbuè zs{{fzc sb tcbuqc {`chb < ¬ `n thiscsq z‘nj~shcqu enbz `n jfo/ {njhuè ecz jgnhqz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1>(" ¼ Enbz sbc zfjhèuè iscqqhçqc efohbèc {nq sb heèn` ec dfqjc {gxzh~sc jc`sh ~sh onbic ë znuhèuè czu `c gèqfz" Jc`sh ~sh onbic acnsjfs{ efoh/ bc `cz nsuqcz"
@c Ofxcb/Áic @èicbec = sbc bfstc``c on`nehc czu zhibn`èc {nq sb nzuèqhz~sc" OFXCB/ÁIC HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N JCQUHUSEC fbuf`fihc
è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c
thzhfb es jfq{z
zntfhq oèehjn`
{qnuh~sc oèehjn`c
Íuqc = `‘gfooc/ ohjqfjfzoc z‘hbzjqhu enbz `n Jqènuhfb
‡ uqhasunhqc e‘Gh{{fjqnuc cu ec In`hcb ‡ uqhasunhqc es zntfhq nqnac ‡ zntfhq hbzuhusuhfb/ hbzuhusuhfb/ bn`hzè enbz `cz {qcohçqcz sbhtcqzh/ uèz ‡ on`nehc czu sb eèqçi`cocbu ecz gsocsqz 'co{qsbu nqhzufuè`hjhcb( ‡ on`nehc esc ë sbc jfqqs{uhfb ec `‘nhq"
‡ qciqfs{cocbuz cb oèuhcqz fs cb jfq{fqnuhfbz ‡ qçi`cz eèfbuf`fih/ ~scz ‡ nszjs`unuhfb 'fecsqz jfs`csqz {n`{nuhfb cwnocb es {fs`z es znbi cu ecz sqhbcz( ‡ jghqsqihc 'usocsqz gcqbhcz dqnjusqcz no{sunuhfbz(
Ofen`huè = `c jfq{z zfsohz nsw dfqjcz hbthzha`cz cu zfsucqqnhbcz zfsucqqnhbcz es ofbec [qf{qhèuèz es jfq{z = ‡ dnqecns ‡ oè{qhz ‡ qcmcu
NTCQZHFB tnqhnah`huè on`nehcz efohbnbucz ‡ jnqcbjcz n`hocbunhqcz ‡ on`nehcz hbdcjuhcszcz '`ç{qc {czuc bfhqc- {czuc asafbh~sc- tnqhf`c usacqjs`fzc ux{gsz hb/ d`scb}n jf~sc`sjgc qfsicf`c tnqhf`c fqch``fbz qsaèf`c exzcbucqhc jgnqafb(
hbjcquhusec znhb & on`znhb ‡ znbuè & {czuc ‡ {sqcuè & {fsqqhz/ zcocbu ‡ mfxnsw & on`n/ ehcz ‡ è{hjcz & on`nehcz ‡ qc`h~scz & on`n/ ehcz
HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N ZUNAH@HUÈ bhtcns jf``cjuhd ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ jqèjc``c j`h~scuuc cu j`fjgcuuc es jfbunohbè ‡ {fqu ec usbh~scz hecbuhdhna`cz
bhtcns hbehthesc`
ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ ~snqnbunhbc hzf`cq `cz hbehth/ esz ‡ ~snqnbunhbc hzf`cq `cz oh`hcsw jfbunohbnbuz ‡ jfbuqõ`cq `n jhqjs`nuhfb ecz hbehthesz cu ecz onqjgnbehzcz onqjgnbehzcz ‡ jfqefbz znbhunhqcz ‡ jhocuhçqcz z{èjhnsw ‡ hzf`cocbu ecz on`necz enbz `csq onhzfb ‡ cbdcqocq `cz on`necz ë `‘èjnqu cu `cz cwj`sqc ec `n jfoosbnsuè ‡ èuna`hzzcocbuz z{èjhnsw hzf`èz = qèzcns ec `è{qfzcqhcz cu ec `n}nqcuz ‡ {csqz 2 jfbmsqnuhfbz 2 qè{nqn/ uhfbz
ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz ‡ {ç`cqhbnicz znhbucz qc`h~scz cwfqjhzoc onihc {qhçqcz ‡ {hcqqcz {qèjhcszcz ‡ è{hjcz cu nqfonucz ‡ qèihoc n`hocbunhqc 1 n{{qf/ jgcz = zfaqhèuè nafbenbjc ‡ dshq `cz `hcsw jfqqfo{sz ‡ sznic es thbnhiqc cu ec {cnsw ec aíuc ë fecsq dfquc {qfjsqcbu sbc njuhfb {qf{gx`njuh~sc {qf{gx`njuh~sc qc`nuhtcocbu cddhjnjc ‡ jqèonuhfb ecz gnahuz cu ecz cddcuz {cqzfbbc`z ‡ dnhqc afsh``hq `‘cns ‡ zc `ntcq `cz onhbz nafbeno/ ocbu ‡ {sqhdhjnuhfb cu cwcqjhjcz znbhunhqcz
DHBN@HUÈ ? QC[FSZZCQ @C ON@ 'zfsz ufsucz zcz dfqocz x jfo{qhz onih~scz(
Ns Ofxcb/Áic `c iqfz bc dnhu {nz `‘famcu e‘hbmsqcz" H` bc {csu íuqc ehziqnjhè" Jcqucz ¬ `cz `cz ucqocz ec `cjgcfq `cjghcqc fs :8
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
`hjghcqczzc z‘ho{fzcbu zsiièqnbu `‘njuc ec `èjgcq jfooc zh/ ibc ec i`fsufbbcqhc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 14( ¼ onhz jc ~sh czu thzè j‘czu `c jfo{fqucocbu cu bfb `c jfbufsq" Jc ~sh eèqnbic jgc} `c iqfz jc zfbu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz ~sh bc jfbthcbbcbu {nz ë `n ofqn`c = ¬ `c iqfz czu n{{qèjhè `c uqçz iqfz jfbenobè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 17(" ¼ Ë jcuuc è{f~sc zcs`cz ecsw oczsqcz eèdhbhzzcbu `c qn{{fqu ec `n {cqjc{uhfb ns iqfz = ¬ `‘sbc {fsq/ tfxcszc ec dfqocz ec dfqjcz dnhuc ec jgnhqz ecbzcz zhbfb ec thtnjhuè < `‘nsuqc cwuqíoc onhz bfb jghddqèc èufsddnbu `n jgn/ `csq thun`c {nq zcz hqqèoèehna`cz cwjçz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 18(" ¼ @c msicocbu czu fb bc {csu {`sz j`nhq = `n iqfzzcsq zfjhn`cocbu njjc{uèc czu zhibc e‘f{s`cbjc ec {shzznbjc cu ec {fstfhq unbehz ~sc `n zcjfbec czu zhibc ec eèah`huè" @n {qcohçqc jfbdhqoc bfb zcs`cocbu `c {qczuhic es iqfz onhz ¬ c``c jfbdhqoc nszzh `n jqfxnbjc nsw tn`csqz ec afoanbjcz cu ecz onbicqz eèaqheèz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 18( ¼" Ns jfsqz ecz zhçj`cz jcbuqnsw es Ofxcb/Áic sbc thzhfb {qèefohbc = `n iqnhzzc czu msièc suh`c zcqu `‘n{{nqcbjc 'qhjgcz/ zc( inqnbuhu afbbc znbuè cu thiscsq" ¬ @n dfqoc jfq{fqc``c bc thcbu {nz es oszj`c onhz e‘fazjsqcz è{nhzzcsqz ec jgnhqz oí/ `ècz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = :>(" ¼ C``c efbbc ecz dfqocz dnjh`huc `n ehiczuhfb cu {qfuçic es dqfhe" @‘hbehthes mszuc ahcb iqfz czu sbc {cqzfbbc eèdhbhuhtcocbu cb znbuè" @c onb~sc ec iqnhzzc czu jfbzheèqè jfooc zhibc ec on`nehc 1" @c uqçz iqfz {nq jfbuqc zfsddqc e‘sb eèafqecocbu i`fan` : jc ~sh b‘czu {nz znbz jfbzè~scbjc enbz `n qc{qèzcbunuhfb oèeh/ jn`c ec `n jgfzc ns Ofxcb/Áic" H` z‘nihu zfhu e‘sbc ¬ thzhfb ufsu hbushuhtc ec `h~shecz tcbsz eèdhisqcq `cz jfbufsqz 'Thin/ qc``f 1;>; = :>( ¼ zfhu e‘sb uqf{/{`chb e‘nhq tcbs ifbd`cq `cz jgnhqz sb nhq ~sh nsqnhu èuè thjuhoc ¬ e‘sb co{qhzfbbcocbu cwjczzhd ec tcbufzhuèz eènoas`nbucz enbz `c jfq{z 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = :3(" ¼ @c tcbu jfbzuhusc nszzh sbc onuhçqc es jfq{z jfooc h` jfbzuhusc sbc onuhçqc es ofbec" Hjh ufsu czu enbz 1
Sbc thzhfb ë oh``c `hcscz ec jc``c e‘sb WWH c zhçj`c fazèeè {nq `n ehz{nqh/ uhfb ecz jgnhqz ehzucbescz" : Nsmfsqe‘gsh h` czu {`suõu ~sczuhfb e‘cbtnghzzcocbu zèqcsw es uhzzs jc``s/ `nhqc {`sz jfoosbèocbu jfoosbèocbu n{{c`è faèzhuè"
5;
@c Ofxcb/Áic
sbc qc{qèzcbunuhfb oèehjn`c cu {f{s`nhqc dfbeèc zsq jc``c ec `‘cns cu ec `‘nhq `‘sbc cu `‘nsuqc fjjs{nbu `‘honihbnhqc oèehè/ tn`" ¬ @‘honihbnhqc ec `‘nhq ec `‘cns jc`sh ecz fsuqcz cu ecz jfbucbnbuz jc`sh ecz {cnsw `csqz `nwhuèz cu `csqz qczzcqqcocbuz zsiiçqcbu `cz {qnuh~scz jsqnuhtcz znbz ~sc `c {qfdh` ecz on`n/ ecz jfbjcqbèz zfhu j`nhqcocbu hbeh~sè" [qnuh~scz zho{`cz cb qctnbjgc = `nhzzcq èjgn{{cq `c uqf{ 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = :7( ¼ e‘fø `‘heèc ecz znhibècz ~sh zc qè{nbeqn"
@‘gfqh}fb ec `n dnsuc Enbz `‘sbhtcqz oèehètn` uqfhz iqfzzcsqz cwhzucbu cu eèucqoh/ bcbu `‘èunu ec znbuè e‘sb hbehthes = `n {qcohçqc czu on`nehc {nq zcz `nwhuèz `h~shecz < `n zcjfbec `c uqçz iqfz czu on`nec {nq zcz cwuqèohuèz hb~shèunbucz < `n uqfhzhçoc `c iqfz czu cb znbuè {nq zn dfqjc n{{nqcbuc" Ec `ë ecz {qèfjjs{nuhfbz ec `ë ecz {qcz/ zhfbz jc``cz ecz j`cqjz ecz oèecjhbz cu ec `n js`usqc efohbnb/ uc es {fstfhq" @n {qczzhfb ecz j`cqjz Dhb WHHc cu eèasu WHHHc zhçj`c sb ufsqbnbu ho{fqunbu sb {fhbu ec anzjs`c cb ~sc`~sc zfquc = `‘nasz es tcbuqc czu `n {qèohjc ë e‘nsuqcz {èjgèz `n ¬ tfqnjhuè efhu zc jfbucwusn`hzcq `‘cwjçz zc thzsn`hzcq zsiièqnbu zhusn/ uhfbz cu famcuz" Jc ~sh efbbc ë `n i`fsufbbcqhc cu ë zcz zxoaf`cz sb qc`hcd ~s‘h`z b‘ntnhcbu {nz msz~s‘ns acz/ uhnhqc nzzfjhnbu {fqj cu i`fsufb dnbic cu iqfzzcsq" 'Th/ inqc``f 1;>; = 5;(" ¼ @c uqçz iqfz czu eèzfqonhz sb {è/ jgcsq co{fquè {nq zfb thjc `‘nszuèqhuè j`èqhjn`c z‘ho{fzc `n qcucbsc ecthcbu sbc bfqoc enbz `n dfs`èc ec `n jfbzuhusuhfb ecz th``cz tcqz `n dhb es WHH c zhçj`c" @c `hcb zfjhn` zc uqnbzdfqoc `n jfbuhbcbjc ecthcbu sb bfstcns ofeç`c ec jfo{fqucocbu cu ¬ `‘n``szhfb ns tf`sohbcsw jfbbfuc ifhbdqcqhc cu nthehuè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 5>(" ¼ [nq sb `cbu uqntnh` ec {cqzsnzhfb ecz j`cqjz oèehètnsw ë uqntcqz {qíjgcz cu zcqofbz sbc ehd/ dszhfb ec `‘heèc e‘nazuhbcbjc z‘ho{`nbuc {fsq ectcbhq sbc ~sczuhfb ec jfo{fqucocbu zfsz `‘èihec ec `n bfq/ onuhthuè cu ec `n qè{qègcbzhfb" H` x n `ë sbc dnsuc ~sc jfoocu `c uqçz iqfz nz{hqè ~s‘h` czu enbz sbc zshuc hb/ 5>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
zsqofbuna`c e‘cbjgnâbcocbuz ~sh `c zuhionuhzcbu" Ë zfs`hibcq hjh ~s‘h` b‘czu {nz cbjfqc ~sczuhfb e‘czugèuh~sc < zcs` `c jfo{fqucocbu czu thzè"
@n {qczzhfb ecz oèecjhbz @n {nqf`c ecz oèecjhbz z‘nddhqoc = `c jsos` czu enb/ icqcsw" J‘czu nszzh sbc {nqf`c ~sh zc zuqsjusqc ¬ zsq sb cbzchibcocbu sbhtcqzhunhqc {`sz jfbzuqshu ntcj `c WHHH c zhçj`c fqhcbuèc tcqz ecz qèihocz ec znbuè ohcsw ehdds/ zèz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 5:(" ¼ Fb qconq~scqn hjh jcuuc heèc bnhzznbuc ec jqèehah`huè es ehzjfsqz zjhcbuhdh~sc ~sh ecthcbeqn zh {qèibnbuc ë jfo{ucq es WHW c zhçj`c" Fb qconq~scqn nszzh jcuuc heèc bnhzznbuc ec ehddszhfb ecz qèihocz ec znbuè" @n jfoahbnhzfb ec `n jqèehah`huè es zntfhq es ehzjfsqz zjhcbuhdh~sc cu `n ehddszhfb ec jc oíoc zntfhq ecthcbbcbu `n j`è jcbuqn`c e‘sb {shzznbu oèjnbhzoc ~sh zc ocu cb {`njc 5" [fsq `c oèecjhb es WHHH c zhçj`c oíoc ¬ zh `c iqfz bc zc eèdhbhu isçqc `n zsqtch``nbjc tn ns on`nhzc ehqcjuc/ ocbu {cqés" @c zfaqc czu ns jfcsq es {qf{fz `n zcbzn/ uhfb es `fsqe zcqnhu jc ~sh `c ~sn`hdhc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 5:(" ¼ @‘honic ecz jgnhqz cddfbeqècz ecocsqc jc``c ~sh efohbc `n eèdhbhuhfb es uqçz iqfz jc`sh ~sc `‘fb ~sn`hdhcqnhu nsmfsqe‘gsh e‘façzc" H` b‘x n {nz cbjf/ qc ë jcuuc è{f~sc e‘cz{njc {fsq eèdhbhq `cz nsuqcz iqfzzcsqz = `‘hbehthes czu zfhu iqfz zfhu uqçz iqfz ¬ jc ~sh {csu qcbeqc cbdhb njjc{una`cz fs oíoc ntnbunics/ zcz ecz {cznbucsqz bfuna`cz jc``cz ~sc `‘hbtcbuhfb ec bsnbjcz dsusqcz jfbeshqn ns qcmcu 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 55(" ¼ Hjh cbjfqc `c msicocbu czu {fquè zsq `c jfo{fqucocbu cu bfb `‘czugèuh~sc" @cz {qczzhfbz js`usqc``cz @cz jfsqz oèehètn`cz {nzzcbu ec `‘n{{nqcbjc ë sb zsqjqfâu e‘nddhbcocbu = `c ¬ {fqucsq ec `nbjc `‘gfooc 5
H` {cqesqcqn msz~s‘ë bfz mfsqz no{`hdhè {nq `cz oèehnz ec onzzc cu `cz oèehnz zfjhnsw" Zcs`z `cz ofxcbz {fsq nzzsqcq `n jqèehah`huè es zntfhq zjhcbuhdh~sc cu zn ehddszhfb jgnbicqfbu n`fqz ~sc `c dfbe es ehzjfsqz qczucqn zcbzha`cocbu zcbzha`cocbu `c oíoc ec{shz `c WHHH c zhçj`c"
51
@c Ofxcb/Áic
ec jgctn` jfbdqfbuè nsw cwhicbjcz jqfhzznbucz e‘neqczzc cu ec thzèc czu hbèthuna`cocbu jfbdqfbuè ë ecz cwhicbjcz jqfhzznbucz ec dhbczzc cu e‘n``çicocbu 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 55(" ¼ Ns jfcsq oíoc ec `n js`usqc es iscqqhcq h` x n hbd`èjghzzcocbu ec `n bfqoc zfjhn`c efohbnbuc ~sh {qhth`èihc `n iqfzzcsq {fsq eèofbuqcq ë `n dfhz thiscsq znbuè {shzznbjc cu {fstfhq" @‘cwjçz z‘hbzjqhu cb dnsw es ofocbu ~sc ¬ `‘njuhthuè `c ofs/ tcocbu `n thiscsq {fsqqnhcbu íuqc {cqusqaèz'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 55( ¼ onhz j‘czu nszzh ufsuc sbc zfjhèuè ~s‘cbinicbu `cz jfsqz oèehètn`cz ë uqntcqz ecz ofeç/ `cz ec enbzcz ec onbhçqcz ec una`cz e‘n``sqcz cu ec uc/ bscz" ¬ @n bsnbjc es jfs{ czu {nqn``ç`c {fsq `c jfq{z dèohbhb ufsu cb cbuqcucbnbu ec dfqucz ehddèqcbjcz ntcj `c onzjs`hb nmfsunbu eè`hjnuczzc cu dqnih`huè ecz oco/ aqcz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 55( ¼ fø `n dhbczzc ec `n unh``c cu `‘no{`csq ec `n {fhuqhbc ecthcbbcbu sb ofeç`c ec qèdè/ qcbjc cb onuhçqc ec ofqn`c cu ec znbuè" Sb famcjuhd efbj {fsq `n dcooc = `n ohbjcsq" Hjh sb ofocbu jgnq/ bhçqc jc`sh fø `c jfq{z ec `n dcooc jfoocbjc ë zc jfbzuqshuc zfjhn`cocbu enbz `‘honihbnhqc jf``cjuhd fjjh/ ecbun`" H` czu eèzfqonhz ho{èqnuhd {fsq `n dcooc e‘íuqc ohbjc cu cb {fhuqhbc 3"
@c WTc zhçj`c cu `‘nddhbcocbu jfbuqnzuè Enbz jcuuc tf`fbuè ec qèeshqc `c uqçz iqfz ecsw thzècz j`nh/ qcocbu eèzhibècz = `n ofqn`c cu `n znbuè" Ahcb ~sc `c ofeç`c ec `n dcooc ohbjc cu ufsu cb {fhuqhbc {qcbe ec {`sz cb {`sz ec {`njc `n thzèc czu ë `n znbuè" @‘czugèuhzoc es jfq{z b‘czu {nz cbjfqc sbc {qèfjjs{nuhfb ns zcbz fø fb `‘cbucbe nsmfsqe‘gsh bh oíoc ns zcbz fø `‘cbucbenhcbu `cz Iqcjz ec `‘Nbuh~shuè `c ln`fz lninugfz4" @‘gfooc znhb ~snbu ë `sh b‘czu {fhbu uqf{ iqnz bh uqf{ onhiqc" @c ehzjfsqz es oèecjhb ~snbu ë `sh ufsu ë `n qcucbsc inibc bfb zcs`cocbu cb cddhjnjhuè onhz cb jqèeh/ 3
@cz WWc cu WWHc zhçj`cz bc dcqfbu ~s‘no{`hdhcq jc {gèbfoçbc" 4 @c ln`fz lninugfz 'νξμίρ νἋκξηπρ( czu sb jcqunhb heèn` ec `‘íuqc gsonhb unbu zsq `c {`nb hbuc``cjusc` ~sc zsq `c {`nb {gxzh~sc `c acns cu `c ahcb qè/ sbhz enbz sbc zcs`c cu oíoc {cqzfbbc"
5:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
ah`huè" H` z‘n{{`h~sc ë nzzfjhcq gfbuc cu i`fsufbbcqhc e‘fø zcz oczznicz ¬ uqnbzdfqoèz cb qçi`cz ec thc zfb n{{c` nsw ofqn/ `hzucz cu nsw ugèf`fihcbz zfb ètfjnuhfb es {`sz iqnbe {èjgè = qèdèqcbjc ofqn`c cbjfqc nsunbu ~sc thzhfb oèehjn`c e‘sb jfq{z efbu h` dnsu oèbnicq `cz gsocsqz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 31( '31( " ¼ Sb jfq{z efbu h` dnsu oèbnicq `cz gsocsqz 9 zh fb `c tcsu n{uc ë thtqc znhbcocbu 7" Enbz `cz dnhuz `c WT c zhçj`c efhu íuqc jfbzheèqè jfooc sb zhçj`c jgnqbhçqc cb onuhçqc ec qceèdhbhuhfb es iqfz" E‘sbc {nqu h` x n `c ehzjfsqz oèehjn` ~sh {qõbc `n qcucbsc {fsq íuqc cb znbuè" E‘nsuqc {nqu h` x n sb ehzjfsqz zfjhn` ~sh ehu ~sc `‘nafbenbjc czu ns zcqthjc ec `‘nzjcbenbjc cu es {fstfhq" @cz ecsw ofeç`cz zc jõufhcbu" @c uqntnh` zsq `‘czugèuh~sc b‘czu {nz cbjfqc sb jqhuçqc eèucqohbnbu cu eèdhbhzznbu `n znbuè" ¬ @cz gfoocz nsw qfacz `nqicz cu ns thznic {`chb jfbuqnhqcocbu nsw dcoocz nsw qfacz èuqnbi`ècz {cstcbu zsiièqcq sbc nzjcbenb/ jc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 34(" ¼ Cbuqc jc eèzhq ec {qèzcqtcq `n znbuè {nq `n qcucbsc cu `c eèzhq ec {fsqtfhq ë zfb nzjcbenbjc zfjhn`c zc qceèdhbhqn `c qõ`c zfjhn` ec jc`sh ~sh eèuhcbeqn `c {fstfhq ns jfsqz ec `n Qcbnhzznbjc"
9
Ufsu ns zchb ec `n jqènuhfb jfooc enbz `‘gfooc czu jfo{fzè ec ~snuqc è`èocbuz = 5 qçibcz 'ohbèqn` tèièun` nbhon` cu gsonhb( 5 znhzfbz 5 ehqcj/ uhfbz 5 uco{èqnocbuz cu 5 gsocsqz" @cz gsocsqz zfbu = 'h( `n ah`c mnsbc jgnsec cu zçjgc efohbc cb èuè < 'hh( `c znbi jgnse cu gsohec efohbc ns {qhbuco{z < 'hhh( `c {g`cioc dqfhe cu gsohec czu {qè{fbeèqnbu {qè{fbeèqnbu cb ghtcq < 'ht( `n ah`c bfhqc dqfhec cu zçjgc efohbc cb nsufobc" J‘czu ec `csq mszuc {qf{fquhfb ~sc ~sc `n afbbc znbuè znbuè zcqnhu nzzsqèc" nzzsqèc" 7 Fb qconq~scqn `n zhoh`husec cbuqc `c ehzjfsqz es WT c zhçj`c cu jc`sh e‘nsmfsqe‘gsh" Ecz qçi`cz ec thc dfqos`ècz {nq sb jfquçic ec z{èjhn`hzucz es WWHc zhçj`c ― oèecjhbz bsuqhuhfbbhzucz lhbèzhf`fiscz ― dfqoèz nsw {qnuh~scz zjhcbuhdh~scz `cz {`sz qhifsqcszcz qhifsqcszcz efbu `n jqèehah`huè {csu ehddhjh/ `cocbu íuqc ohzc cb efsuc" Sbc ofqn`c es {èjgè e‘cwjçz ~s‘cbuqcuhcbbcbu ecz èohzzhfbz ec uè`èqèn`huè jfooc Ugc Ahiiczu‘z @fzcq ~sh ofbuqcbu `c {èjgè ec `‘cwjçz nsw uè`èz{cjunucsqz uè`èz{cjunucsqz fø ecz cbuqnâbcsqz bc jczzcbu ec qn{/ {c`cq ë ecz {nquhjh{nbuz façzcz ë ~sc` {fhbu h`z fbu dnh``h ë `csq qcz{fbznah`h/ uè e‘íuqc cb znbuè"
55
@c Ofxcb/Áic
On`nehcz efohbnbucz Ecz on`nehcz hbjfbufsqbna`cz = `ç{qc {czuc {czuc bfhqc {cz/ uc asafbh~sc tnqhf`c exzcbucqhc ehnqqgèc usacqjs`fzc fzzcs/ zc cu {s`ofbnhqc zjfqasu ux{gsz hbd`scb}n jf~sc`sjgc {n/ `sehzoc 'on`nqhn(" Sb zntfhq oèehjn` uqhasunhqc e‘Gh{{fjqnuc cu ec In`hcb cu ec jc`sh ecz oèecjhbz nqnacz" Sb zntfhq hbzuhus/ uhfbbn`hzè enbz `cz {qcohçqcz sbhtcqzhuèz ns WHH c zhçj`c" Sbc {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c zfsz `‘èihec ecz {qcohcqz jfq{z ec oèuhcqz cu jfq{fqnuhfbz cu ohzc cb {`njc ec {qfufjf`cz z{èjhdh~scz cu ec qçi`cz eèfbuf`fih~scz `fqz ecz jfbzs`unuhfbz cb onuhçqc e‘nszjs`unuhfb ehqcjuc 'fecsqz jfs`csqz {n`{nuhfb cwnocb es {fs`z es znbi cu ecz sqhbcz( cu ec jghqsqihc 'usocsqz gcqbhcz dqnjusqcz no{sunuhfbz(" Ecz jfbehuhfbz znbhunhqcz {nquhjs`hçqcz = ¬ `n {czuc ec Mszuh/ bhcb ë {nquhq ec 35> cu msz~s‘ns THHH c zhçj`c ~sh eètnzuc sbc `nqic {nquhc es Anzzhb oèehucqqnbècb cu ec `‘Fjjhecbu czu `‘ètèbcocbu hbnsisqn` < njgçtcocbu es ofbec nbuh~sc hqqs{/ uhfb e‘sbc bfstc``c çqc jgqèuhcbbc fs oszs`onbc tnzucz ofstcocbuz ec {f{s`nuhfb qc{`h èjfbfoh~sc qèuqnjuhfb js`usqc``c dqniocbunuhfb ecz {fstfhqz 'Ufsnuh = 1;>> = 59(" ¼ [fhbu ec anzjs`c e‘sbc è{f~sc ë `‘nsuqc eè{`njcocbu es jcb/ uqc ec iqnthuè {f`huh~sc tcqz `c bfqe ec `‘Csqf{c `n {czuc zc qè{nbe enbz ufsu `c {fsqufsq oèehucqqnbècb" @n tnqhf`c cbuqc 35> cu 884 ¬ zc qè{nbe ë zhw qc{qhzcz ns ofhbz 'Ufsn/ uh = 1;>> = 57(" ¼ @‘è{heèohc czu `n uqnoc ec dfbe = `ç{qc {czuc tnqhf`c exzcbucqhc ehnqqgèc usacqjs`fzc fzzcszc cu {s`ofbnh/ qc zjfqasu ux{gsz hbd`scb}n jf~sc`sjgc" ¬ Jcz è{hzfecz jqh/ uh~scz ehzcbu `n dqnih`huè ecz è~sh`haqcz ec zsazhzunbjcz 'Ufsn/ uh = 1;>> = 57(" ¼ @n dnohbc czu sbc jfbehuhfb qèjsqqcbuc" @‘nbèohc {nquhjh{c ë jcuuc uqnoc ec dfbe è{heèoh~sc zc eèj`h/ bc cb ecqonufzcz = uchibc in`c cj}èon èqxzh{ç`c gcq{çz èqxugçocz oxjfzcz" ¬ Ë `‘f{{fzè ecz jnqcbjcz jfsqnbucz `n zsqbsuqhuhfb ecz oh`hcsw dntfqhzèz eèbfbjèc jfooc i`fsufb/ bcqhc bc qcbe {nz qnqcz `cz ocbuhfbz ec `n ifsuuc `c {feniqc '`c ehnaçuc( cu ec `‘faèzhuè" @‘èugx`hzoc cu zcz zè~sc``cz ofq/ uc``cz '{cquc ec `‘è~sh`haqc {f`xbètqhucz eè`hqcz zxbeqfoc è{h`c{uh~sc jhqqgfzc( zfbu dqè~scbuz x jfo{qhz {nqoh `cz cb/ 53
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
dnbuz cu `cz cjj`èzhnzuh~scz esqnbu `c gnsu Ofxcb/Áic 'Ufsn/ uh = 1;>> = 3>(" ¼ On`nehcz es {cs{`c on`nehcz ec `‘è`huc zsq dfbe e‘hbèin`huèz zfjhn`cz {qfbfbjècz"
È{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c Sbc jfbzunbuc `n {qfwhohuè ec `n ofqu = ¬ dnjc ë jc eèzfqeqc unbu zfjhn` ~sc ahf`fih~sc zc jfbzuhusc sbc oèun{gxzh~sc es on` {shznbu zcz zfsqjcz enbz `n uqnehuhfb n{fjn`x{uh~sc mseèf/ jgqèuhcbbc" Dfbeèc zsq sbc hbucq{qèunuhfb qc`hihcszc `n qè{fbzc hbzuhusuhfbbc``c ë `n jfbunihfb zc dfqos`c e‘nafqe cb ucqocz ugèf`fih~scz" Onhz `c qcjfsqz {cqonbcbu ë jc ofeç`c cw{`hjn/ uhd bc znsqnhu zsddhqc = z‘èehdhc zhos`unbèocbu sb zxzuçoc ec jfbbnhzznbjcz {qnuh~scz efbu `‘hbzuhusuhfb ~snqnbucbnhqc czu `n j`cd ec tfüuc 'Dnaqc >884 = 7:(" ¼ @c zntfhq oèehjn` Sb zntfhq oèehjn` ufsmfsqz zfsz `c {nqnehioc ecz gsocsqz" @n on`nehc czu cbjfqc cu ufsmfsqz czzcbuhc``cocbu sb eèqçi`c/ ocbu ecz gsocsqz" Ufsuc on`nehc czu ¬ sbc hbdcjuhfb nuofz/ {gèqh~sc = j‘czu `‘heèc onâuqczzc e‘sbc jfqqs{uhfb ec `‘nhq ― jnszc bnusqc``c ec `n {czuc ― ~sc `‘fb cw{`h~sc n`fqz {nq `cz hbd`scbjcz on`hibcz es jhc` `cz tn{csqz co{fhzfbbècz `cz ohnzocz qcofbunbu ecz èunbiz fs zc eèinicnbu ecz jnentqcz cb eèjfo{fzhuhfb 'Dnaqc >884 = 77(" ¼ @c ohnzoc qcthcbu dqè~scoocbu enbz `n `huuèqnusqc oèehjn`c es Ofxcb/Áic bf/ uhfb jcbuqn`c {fzzèenbu sbc ehocbzhfb oèun{gfqh~sc hbeèbhn/ a`c" ¬ @cz ohnzocz zfbu zfbu jfbzheèqèz e‘coa`èc e‘czzcbjc e‘czzcbjc eè`èuç/ qc = h`z faèhzzcbu ë sbc qc{qèzcbunuhfb uqhthn`c es on` ~sc `n zjhcbjc oèehjn`c es ofocbu dnhu zhcbbc ~sh qc{fzc zsq `n {qf/ {qhèuè zs{{fzèc ec `‘nhq ec tèghjs`cq `cz nicbuz hbdcjuhcsw 'Dn/ aqc >884 = 8;(" ¼ Nsuqc qcihzuqc oèun{gfqh~sc `‘honic ec `n {czuc ~sh `çtc jfooc `c `ctnhb dnhu `ctcq `c {nhb cu jc``c ecz nbhon`js`cz hbthzha`cz {qèzcbuz enbz `‘nhq {fsqtsz e‘nh`cz cu ec {hcez tcjucsqz ec jfbunihfb" Hjh ¬ `n oèun{gfqc dnhu fddhjc ec oèehnuhfb cbuqc `c qnhzfbbcocbu {f{s`nhqc cu `c ehzjfsqz zn/ tnbu 'Dnaqc >884 = 8>(" ¼
54
@c Ofxcb/Áic
Sb zntfhq oèehjn` cb {`chbc è`nafqnuhfb uqhasunhqc ecz uqn/ tnsw e‘Gh{{fjqnuc cu ec In`hcb ¬ qczuqsjusqè {nq `c ofbec nqnac 'jgqèuhcb oszs`onb fs mshd( 'Ufsnuh = 1;>> = 33( ¼ cu qcehddszè ns iqè ecz jfb~síucz cu ec `n ehz`fjnuhfb ecz qfxns/ ocz" @cz sbhtcqzhuèz hbzuhusècz ns eèasu es WHHH c zhçj`c fddqcbu `cz ofxcbz e‘sbc ehddszhfb znbz {qèjèecbu" Ofbu{c``hcq [nqhz cu Af`fibc ecthcbbcbu sbhtcqzhuèz ec oèecjhbc eçz >11;" @cz jf``çicz ec oèecjhbz zfbu jqèèz ¬ `cz onâuqcz z‘x ehzuhbiscbu n{{fqunbu `csq {qczuhic ec zntnbuz nsw {qfdczzhfbbc`z èuqfhuc/ ocbu jfbuqõ`èz 'Ufsnuh = 1;>> = 34(" ¼ Sbc {qcohçqc ehzuhbjuhfb enbz `cz zntfhqz = `cz jghqsqihcbz `fbiuco{z oè{qhzèz {fsq `csq jfbunju ntcj `c znbi qcmfhibcbu `cz oèecjhbz ns WHT c zhçj`c" Anqahcqz n{fughjnhqcz cu njjfsjgcszcz zfbu ~snbu ë csw qc`èisèz ë `n {cuhuc jghqsqihc" Sb zntfhq oèehjn` {fsq ecsw j`nzzcz zfjhn`cz nszzh = `cz qèjc{unhqcz fs nbuhefunhqcz eczuhbèz ns {cs{`c ¬ mswun{fzcbu nsw {qczjqh{uhfbz oèehjn`cz ecz hbjnbunuhfbz onih~scz 'Ufsnuh = 1;>> = 3:( ¼ < ecz jfbzh/ ibcz {fsq `‘è`huc ufsjgcbu entnbunic ë `n ehèuèuh~sc cu qcjfs/ {cbu ecz {qèfjjs{nuhfbz efohbnbucz = ¬ `‘nzjçzc {qõbèc {nq `cz ofhbcz cu ~sh `csq nzzsqc sbc `fbièthuè zfstcbu zsq{qcbnbuc ns/ec`ë ec 9; nbz 'Ufsnuh = 1;>> = 3:(" ¼
@n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c Ecsw exbnoh~scz {fsq è`fhibcq `n ofqu = '>( `c qcdsic ec `n qc`hihfb cu ec `n zs{cqzuhuhfb < '1( `cz an`asuhcocbuz e‘sbc {qn/ uh~sc oèehjn`c ~sh z‘fqinbhzc cu zc zuqsjusqc" ¬ Qciqfs{cocbuz Qciqfs{cocbuz cb oèuhcqz fs cb jfq{fqnuhfbz {fsq `cz jghqsqihcbz `cz anqahcqz fs `cz n{fughjnhqcz cu tèqhdhjnuhfb ec `csqz jn{njhuèz" Jfbuqõ`c ecz on`necz cbzshuc {nq `csqz ugèqn{csucz jfooc `c {qè/ tfhcbu `cz zunusuz ecz jghqsqihcbz ec [nqhz cb >:>> {fsq ecz qnhzfbz ec {f`hjc 'Ufsnuh = 1;>> = 4>(" ¼ Èuna`hzzcocbu efbj ec {qfufjf`cz cu ec qçi`cz eèfbuf`fih~scz cb onuhçqc ec jfbzs`unuhfb cu e‘nszjs`unuhfb ehqcjuc dfqonbu `n {qnuh~sc oè/ ehjn`c cw{`fqnufhqc" Sb nuuqnhu {nquhjs`hcq {fsq `n ¬ {qnuh~sc jghqsqihjn`c z‘no{`hdhc ë {nquhq ec `n dhb es WHHH c zhçj`c" H` zc uqneshu {nq `‘nsiocbunuhfb ecz Śstqcz cu {nq `‘nz{hqnuhfb zfjhn/ `c cu ehzjh{`hbnhqc ecz jghqsqihcbz ë sb zunusu èin` ë jc`sh ecz oèecjhbz 'Ufsnuh = 1;>> = 37(" ¼ @n jghqsqihc uqnhuc nszzh ahcb 59
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
`cz usocsqz cu `cz gcqbhcz ~sc `cz dqnjusqcz" @fhb e‘íuqc sbc {qnuh~sc znstnic eçz `c Wc zhçj`c `n jghqsqihc suh`hzc `‘f{hso {fsq `cz hbucqtcbuhfbz `fsqecz = no{sunuhfb na`nuhfb ec {f`x/ {cz ec usocsqz jnbjèqcszcz cu e‘gèofqqfæecz e‘gèofqqfæecz cwuqnjuhfb ec jn`js`z tèzhjnsw"
@c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb zc jnqnjuèqhzc cbuqc {sqcuè cu {fsqqhzzcocbu < {hcqqcz {qèjhcszcz cu on`nehcz < è{hjcz cu on/ `nehcz < znhbucz qc`h~scz cu on`nehcz" @n thzhfb es jfq{z czu jc``c e‘sbc cbtc`f{{c jgnqbc``c {cqésc jfooc sb dnqecns e‘fø `‘heèc ec zfb oè{qhz cu ec zfb qcmcu" Ns Ofxcb/Áic sbc noahuhfb {qètcbuhtc ecsw heècz jcbuqn/ `cz = `n {sqcuè cu `c jfbunju" E‘sbc {nqu sbc {sqcuè ¬ ufsu ho/ {qèibèc e‘honihbnhqc \․_ cu ec ofqn`c < hzzsc e‘sb nqu ecz nbn`fihcz e‘sbc qcjgcqjgc fø efohbcbu `cz qczzcoa`nbjcz cu `cz jfo{nqnhzfbz 'Thinqc``f >888 = >9( ¼" E‘nsuqc {nqu `c jfbunju {nq jfbuhisæuè ntcj `cz d`shecz e‘sbc {cqzfbbc cu ¬ `cz nos`cuucz {cbecbuhdz fs mfxnsw {fquèz {fsq jfoosbh~scq `csq tcqus {sqhdhnbuc 'Thinqc``f >888 = >9(" ¼ È`fhibcq `‘ho{sq jfbuqcq `cz {fsqqhusqcz hbucqbcz sb {qfiqnooc sbh~sc sbc thzhfb gxihèbhzuc dfbeèc zsq ecz jqfxnbjcz onhz nszzh {qcohç/ qc ohzc zfsz usuc``c es jfq{z zfsohz nsw dfqjcz hbthzha`cz cu zfsucqqnhbcz es ofbec" @n {fsqqhusqc hbucqbc ecthcbu ugçoc qèjsqqcbu ~sc jfbdhqoc `n `ç{qc" Sbc èthecbjc thzsc``c = ¬ jgnhqz eèiqneècz eèdfqon/ uhfbz ecz uqnhuz zshbucocbuz 'Thinqc``f >888 = >9(" ¼ @n `ç{qc mfsc eçz `fqz zsq ecsw una`cnsw = zn `cbuc cu fazjsqc {qfiqcz/ zhfb enbz `cz fqinbcz e‘fø {fsqqhusqc hbucqbc cu zn uqnbzohz/ zhfb eèmë nuuqhasèc ns jfbunju cu ë `n {qfwhohuè" @n `ç{qc zc jfoosbh~sc e‘sb jfq{z ë `‘nsuqc oèjnbhzoc zcjqcu on` jfo/ {qhz ¬ sb on` tcbs ecz gsocsqz {fsqqhcz 'Thinqc``f >888 = >7( ¼ sbc jqnhbuc es ufsjgcq cu es zfsdd`c ecz fecsqz sbc cwj`szhfb zfjhn`c ë `n {qhoc" @‘hzf`cocbu ecz `è{qcsw ec/ thcbu ¬ qhusc` ec `n {qfzjqh{uhfb \․_ qhusc` ec `‘cbucqqcocbu \․_ sbc ehz{nqhuhfb {gxzh~sc cu qc`hihcszc 'Thinqc``f >888 = >7( ¼" Cb >1:8 `n th``c ec @h``c dqn{{c e‘hbucqehu ufsz 57
@c Ofxcb/Áic
`cz `è{qcsw" [nq jfbuqc c``c nsufqhzc `csq `haqc jhqjs`nuhfb cb jno{nibc ntcj ufsucdfhz `‘hbucqehjuhfb e‘cbuqcq enbz `cz onh/ zfbz" @c `è{qcsw nqoè ec zn jqèjc``c ntcquhu ec zfb nqqhtèc < `c {nxznb cu zn dnoh``c dnoh``c z‘è`fhibcbu" ¬ [`sz ~sc ufsuc nsuqc on`nehc es Ofxcb/Áic `n `ç{qc jfbtnhbj \bfb zcs`cocbu_ ~sc `c on` czu {fsqqhusqc jnentèqh~sc 'Thinqc``f >888 = >7( ¼ onhz jfbtnhbj èin`cocbu ec `n ohzc cb {`njc ec oczsqcz e‘gxihçbc {sa`h~sc ns WHHHc zhçj`c" Sb zfsjh efbj = ¬ è`fhibcq `cz qhz~scz ec eèjfo{fzhuhfb èthucq `‘cbuqèc ec `n {fsqqhusqc enbz `c jfq{z jfooc èthucq zn bnhzznbjc enbz `cz cbuqnh``cz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1>(" ¼ @n zcbzhah`huè es Ofxcb/Áic czu ntnbu ufsu jc``c e‘sb qn{/ {qfjgcocbu cbuqc `c jnentqc cu `n jgnqfibc" Hjh nbn`fihcz cu neè~snuhfbz {qètn`cbu = ¬ `c on` z‘èucbe jfooc `cz ofhzhzzs/ qcz < h` inibc jfooc `c jqfs{hzzcocbu ecz cnsw efqonbucz < h` iqnbehu jfooc dfbu `cz inbiqçbcz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1;(" ¼ Jfbunju cu {qfwhohuè uqnbzohzzhfb hbjfbuqõ`na`c ec `n jfqqs{/ uhfb ~sh eèofbuqcqnhu sbc jnszn`huè fqinbh~sc ë jc on`" ¬ @c qc{çqc czu `c oíoc enbz `n js`usqc cu `n oèecjhbc nqnacz oè/ ehètn`cz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1;(" 1;(" ¼ Ns Wc zhçj`c Qgn}çz8 cw{f/ zc ecz ~snquhcqz ec thnbec nsw ~snuqc jfhbz ec Aniene < `ë fø `n eèjfo{fzhuhfb czu `n {`sz qn{hec hecbuhdhc `‘cbeqfhu ë èthucq" @n {fsqqhusqc czu jcuuc zcbzhah`huè" Ë c``c zcs`c c``c ehu `c on`" ¬ @‘czzcbuhc` czu zsqufsu jcuuc ehzuhbjuhfb cbuqc `c {sq {sq cu `‘ho{sq ~sh tn uqntcqzcq `cz uqfhz iqnbecz qc`hihfbz es @htqc cu z‘cw{qhocq zfsz dfqoc ec qçi`cz n{{`h~sècz ë ufsucz `cz njuhth/ uèz gsonhbcz cu ë ufsz `cz qn{{fquz ec `‘gfooc ntcj `n bnusqc `cz tèièunsw cu `cz nbhonsw 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = 4>(" ¼ @cz gsocsqz es jfq{z zhibcz {fucbuhc`z ec {suqèdnjuhfb ¬ `h~scsqz dsxnbu nsw ofhbeqcz a`czzsqcz èocqicnbu ecz fs/ tcqusqcz fs ecz hbjhzhfbz `cz {`sz ehzjqçucz {qèzcbuz enbz `n zn`htc `c {sz `cz cwjqèuhfbz tnqhècz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1>( ¼ ehzcbu bfb zcs`cocbu `c enbicq onhz `‘è{sqcocbu ~sh efhu íuqc 8
Qgn}çz '743/813( oèecjhb {cqznb n hbuqfeshu ecz {qnuh~scz hbbftnbucz cb onuhçqc ec zfhb ecz {nuhcbuz cu ec dfqonuhfb ecz oèecjhbz" H` n nszzh j`nhqcocbu eèdhbh `cz uqfhz jgno{z ec {qnuh~scz ec `n oèecjhbc = znbuè {s/ a`h~sc oèecjhbc oèecjhbc {qètcbuhtc {qètcbuhtc cu uqnhucocbu uqnhucocbu ecz on`nehcz z{èjhdh~scz" z{èjhdh~scz"
58
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
dnhu < `n znhibèc" ¬ @n {qnuh~sc efhu eèjgnqicq cb `c jfbuqõ`nbu `c zsq{`sz e‘gsocsqz njjsos`ècz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 11(" ¼ Sb jfbzunu = uqf{ e‘gsocsqz zsqjgnqic uqf{ e‘gsocsqz czu qhz~sc ec {fsqqhusqc" ¬ @n qc{qèzcbunuhfb jfoosbc ~s‘fb n n`fqz es jfq{z j‘czu ~s‘h` thtqnhu enbz sbc zfquc e‘è~sh`haqc hbucqbc {fsq {cs ~s‘h` znjgc zc {qfuèicq ecz enbicqz es ecgfqz 'Th/ ibnsw 1;;8 = 4>(" ¼ @n zcbzhah`huè gxihèbhzuc oèehètn`c n bfb zcs`cocbu jfqqè`è gsocsq cu {fsqqhusqc onhz n nszzh hbzuhusuhfbbn`hzè `n {qnuh~sc" @cz icbz zc znhibcbu {nq {qèjnsuhfb ¬ zhusnuhfb eè`haèqèc cb/ thznièc hbeè{cbenoocbu ec ufsuc on`nehc eèjheèc {fsq `c zcs` cbuqcuhcb es jfq{z 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1:(" ¼ @‘cwj`szhfb zfjhn`c z‘hbzun``c cb onuhçqc ec znhibèc" @n afsqicfhzhc `n {qn/ uh~sc {`sz zfstcbu ~sc `n j`nzzc {nxznbbc c``c ehz{fzc ecz qczzfsqjcz dhbnbjhçqcz {fsq qc~sèqhq `cz zcqthjcz e‘sb oèecjhb"
[hcqqcz cu oèunsw {qèjhcsw @n {sqcuè nsuqc zcbzhah`huè gxihèbhzuc oèehètn`c z‘famcjuhtc enbz `cz {hcqqcz cu `cz oèunsw qnqcz" @n qèdèqcbjc cb `n onuhçqc jc``c es oèecjhb iqcj ec `‘Nbuh~shuè In`hcb {fqunbu ¬ sbc {hcqqc ec mnz{c zsq `n afsjgc ec `‘czufonj jgnqièc ec jfbdfq/ ucq `n ehiczuhfb 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1:(" ¼ @n jfbzhzunbjc esqc cu hbn`uèqna`c ecz {hcqqcz cu oèunsw qnqcz `csq èj`nu ¬ {qfuçicbu e‘nsunbu ohcsw ~s‘h`z zfbu {sqz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1:(" ¼ Hjh cbjfqc `n zcbzhah`huè ë `n {sqcuè" Jc ~sh czu {sq bc jfqqfo{u bh bc {fsqqhu cu {qfuçic ecz {fsqqhusqcz hbucqbcz cu cwucqbcz < eè/ dcbzc s`uhoc nbn`fihc neè~snuhfb jfqqè`nuhfb" Cwj`szhfb zf/ jhn`c sbc dfhz ec {`sz = `cz afsqicfhz zcqnhcbu nhbzh ohcsw {qf/ uèièz ~sc `cz {nxznbz>;" Jcz ecqbhcqz ~snbu ë csw suh`hzcbu ~sh ecz ecbuz ~sh ecz jfqbcz ~sh ecz fz jnofsd`èz zfsz `csqz tíucocbuz" @c qn{{fqu èuna`h cbuqc jcz famcuz czu jc`sh e‘sbc qc`nuhfb ntcj `c thtnbu" ¬ H`z zfbu ë `n dfhz enbz `n thc cu ns/ec`ë 'Thinqc``f >888 = 14( ¼ ufsu jfooc `cz {hcqqcz cu mfxnsw {nq >;
Hjh sbc qèdèqcbjc hbuèqczznbuc ns WWH c zhçj`c = zcs`z jcsw ~sh ehz{fzcbu e‘sb qctcbs neè~snu {cstcbu z‘n`hocbucq znhbcocbu ufsu jfooc qcucbhq `cz zcqthjcz e‘sb cbuqnâbcsq {qhtè" Cb onuhçqc ec znbuè `‘cwj`szhfb zfjhn`c ë uqntcqz `cz áicz zcqnhu sb eèucqohbnbu zfjhn` ec `n znbuè"
3;
@c Ofxcb/Áic
nh``csqz" Ns Ofxcb/Áic cwhzuc nszzh jcuuc heèc ~sc `cz {hcqqcz zfbu ec `‘fqeqc ec `‘fqinbh~sc ~s‘c``cz fbu oíoc sb zcwc `n Ucqqc èunbu jfbzheèqèc jfooc sb fqinbhzoc thtnbu >>" @c {fqu e‘famcuz {sqhdhjnucsqz cu {qèzcqtnucsqz ufsu jfooc `n znhibèc z‘hbzuhusuhfbbn`hzc" ¬ Ë `‘gõuc`/Ehcs ec Uqfxcz {nq cwco{`c cb >14: fø bs``c qc`hihcszc bc efhu {fqucq nbbcnsw bh {hcqqcz {qèjhcszcz zh jc b‘czu {fsq jnszc ec on`nehc 'Thinqc`/ `f >888 = 15(" ¼ @‘èi`hzc znbjuhfbbc e‘sbc jcqunhbc dnéfb `‘cwhzucbjc ec dfqjcz hbthzha`cz cu bnusqc``cz" Zh `n {hcqqc {qèjhcszc {qfuçic cu {qèzcqtc jc ~sh czu znhbu {nq zfb zcs` jfbunju uqnbzosuc `n {fsqqhusqc cb {sqcuè" ¬ @c jfq{z ecz znhbuz `csqz eè{fsh``cz zsqufsu zfbu uqnbzdhisqèz cb famcuz {sqz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 19( ¼ jfbzheèqèz ho{suqczjha`cz" Cbjfqc `ë {sqcuè cu jfbunju e‘fø `cz ¬ qc`h~scz cbufsqècz e‘fq fs ec {hcqqcz {qèjhcszcz znjqn`hznuhfb ecz ohbèqnsw 'Thinqc`/ `f >888 = 19(" ¼ [nq cwco{`c `c Tcbeqceh znhbu `c qfh Èefsnqe HH eè{fznhu zsq `c onâuqc nsuc` sbc jcqunhbc ~snbuhuè e‘fq cu e‘nqicbu" Jcuuc {qnuh~sc ntnhu bfb zcs`cocbu {fsq asu `n {sqh/ dhjnuhfb s`uhoc es oèun` ë uqntcqz sbc znjqn`hznuhfb qfxn`c cu ehthbc onhz ec `sh {qíucq èin`cocbu `c {fstfhq ec ufsu {qfuè/ icq cu {sqhdhcq" Ufsmfsqz enbz `c oíoc fqeqc e‘heècz `cz `h/ ~scsqz ë anzc ec {fseqc e‘fq ns Ofxcb/Áic zfbu ¬ `c inic `c {`sz nzzsqè ec `n {sqcuè" Cb >57; jc zfbu cbjfqc 84 èjsz e‘fq ~sh zfbu dfbesz {nq `cz n{fughjnhqcz ec @fshz WH 'Thinqc`/ `f >888 = 17(" ¼
È{hjcz cu nqfonucz Ns Ofxcb/Áic `n {sqcuè b‘czu {nz zcs`cocbu ec `‘fqeqc ecz {hcqqcz {qèjhcszcz onhz onhz èin`cocbu ecz ecz è{hjcz cu ecz nqfonucz nqfonucz = ¬ `n {sqcuè czu zsiièqèc {nq `c ifüu cu `‘fefqnu 'Thinqc`/ `f >888 = 18(" ¼ Hjh cbjfqc mfsc `n qc`nuhfb ec {sqcuè cu ec {qfucjuhfb" @n zcbznuhfb aqsuc {qftf~sèc {nq `cz è{hjcz cu `cz nqfonucz zsiiçqc ~s‘h` dnsu zc dhcq ns oczznic ecz zcbz" ¬ @n >>
Jfbjc{u ~s‘sbc jcqunhbc ofstnbjc èjf`fihzuc jc``c ec Mnocz @ftc`fjl qcocuuqn ë `‘fqeqc es mfsq ntcj `‘gx{fugçzc Inæn" @n Ucqqc zcqnhu ¬ sb zxz/ uçoc {gxzhf`fih~sc exbnoh~sc ~sh hbj`su `n ahfz{gçqc cu onhbuhcbu bfuqc {`nbçuc ec{shz ec{shz {`sz ec uqfhz oh``hnqez oh``hnqez e)nbbècz e)nbbècz cb gnqofbhc gnqofbhc ntcj `n thc" ¼
3>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
{sqcuè {qèzcqtnuqhjc zc tfhu zc ufsjgc zc qcz{hqc" Es jfs{ è{hjcz cu {nqdsoz z‘ho{fzcbu {nq `‘niqèocbu ec `csq zntcsq fs ec `csq fecsq" @c afb ifüu {fsqqnhu/h` uqfo{cq 6 @‘cdd`stc niqèna`c {fsqqnhu/h` uqnghq 6 'Thinqc``f >888 = 18(¼" Sb jfbz/ unu sbc neè~snuhfb = `n {qèzcqtnuhfb ecz ~snquhcqz ec thnbec {nq `cz è{hjcz" C``cz {qèzcqtcbu ec `n eèjfo{fzhuhfb>1" Nazfq/ acq ecz è{hjcz j‘czu èjnqucq `n {fsqqhusqc è`fhibcq `n {qèzcbjc ec `n ofqu enbz `n thc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 18(" ¼ @‘njuhfb ecz è{hjcz czu efsa`c = c``c nçqc `cz gsocsqz c``c `cz ètnjsc" Sbc dfhz ec {`sz jcuuc heèc e‘n``çicocbu ecz gsocsqz" @c zc` ~snbu ë `sh {fzzèecqnhu jcuuc ¬ tcqus ë ecinzucq cu ë bcjufxcq `cz gsocsqz ~sh zfbu {fsqqhcz 'Thinqc``f >888 = :;( ¼ znbz jfo{ucq ~s‘h` {qèzcqtc `cz thnbecz e‘fø `‘fa`hinuhfb {nq eè/ jqcu {fsq ufsu bnthqc ec qctcbhq ntcj sb jgnqicocbu ec zc`" @c jfouc ec [qftcbjc Jgnq`cz e‘Nbmfs ns oh`hcs es WHHH c zhç/ j`c hbzuhusc {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz sb ofbf{f`c èunuh~sc = jc/ `sh es zc`" N``èicq `cz gsocsqz czu eèdhbhuhtcocbu sb ugçoc qèjsqqcbu ns Ofxcb/Áic" @cz è{hjcz {nq `csq cddcu {sqinuhd n``çicbu jcz gsocsqz" @cz è{hjcz zfbu ec `‘fqeqc ec `n d`nooc" ¬ H`z bc jgnzzcbu {nz zcs`cocbu `cz gsocsqz on`znhbcz h`z `cz aqü`cbu 'Thinqc``f >888 = :>(" ¼ J‘czu `n thzhfb ec `‘Nbuh~shuè es dfxcq ~sh cbuqcuhcbu `n thc < `c dcs czu è{sqcocbu" @cz è{hjcz cu `c thb zcqnhcbu ecz ecbqècz ec `fbisc thc>:" @cz è{hjcz ecthcbbcbu `‘n`hocbu {nq `c~sc` {nzzc `n znbuè" Ec os`uh{`cz hbucqoèehnhqcz zfbu eçz `fqz ofah`hzèz {fsq zc `cz {qfjsqcq" Sbc d`fuuc onq/ jgnbec es jõuè ec @ctnbu qnoçbc `cz è{hjcz ns {fqu e‘N`cwnbeqhc cb zh``fbbnbu `cz ocqz ec{shz `cz Hbecz cu `n Jgh/ bc msz~s‘ë `n ocq Qfsic" @cz nqonucsqz csqf{ècbz njgcohbcbu >1
Nsmfsqe‘gsh sb jfbzunu cu sbc neè~snuhfb zhoh`nhqc = nazfqacq ecz Foc/ in: cu ecz n`hocbuz ifqièz e‘nbuhfwxenbuz {qfuçic ecz on`nehcz jnqehftnz/ js`nhqcz" Ecsw è{f~scz ehddèqcbucz `‘sbc znbz qèdèqcbu zjhcbuhdh~sc `‘nsuqc hoocqièc enbz `cz qèdèqcbuz zjhcbuhdh~scz" Sbc oíoc heèc ~s‘ns Ofxcb/ Áic ¬ è`fhibcq `n {qèzcbjc ec `n ofqu enbz `n thc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 18(" ¼ >: [nqn``ç`c ë dnhqc ntcj `c WWH c zhçj`c ë {qf{fz ecz bsuqnjcsuh~scz zs{{f/ zèz nsiocbucq `‘cz{èqnbjc ec thc cu `‘cz{èqnbjc ec znbuè ufsu jfooc `c ugè tcqu cu `c jgfjf`nu bfhq qè{suèz nbuhfwxenbu efbu `‘njuhfb thzcqnhu ë è{sqcq `‘fqinbhzoc ecz eèjgcuz oèunaf`h~scz"
31
@c Ofxcb/Áic
{nq `n zshuc tcqz Iíbcz cu Tcbhzc jcuuc {qèjhcszc jnqinhzfb efbu `c {qhw nsiocbuc {nqdfhz ec 5; #" @cz è{hjcz zfbu zh {qè/ jhcszcz ~s‘ë `csq nqqhtèc c``cz zfbu zè~sczuqècz enbz ecz jfd/ dqcz" Cbjfqc `ë cwj`szhfb zfjhn`c = `cz è{hjcz {fsq `n jfsq `cz bfa`cz `cz ètí~scz `cz afsqicfhz < `c zc` cu `‘nh` {fsq `cz {nxznbz" ¬ @cz qhjgcz cu `cz {nstqcz jfoahbcbu ë uqntcqz c``cz njuc {qètcbuhd cu n`hocbuz" H`z qítcbu e‘sbc znbuè ehqcjucocbu njjczzha`c enbz `cz {qfeshuz>5 jfbzfooèz 'Thinqc`/ `f >888 = :8(" ¼
Qèihoc n`hocbunhqc @c qèihoc n`hocbunhqc nsw zhçj`cz jcbuqnsw es Ofxcb/Áic czu ntnbu ufsu sb {nqnefwc" ¬ Cbuqc ehçuc fs intnic zc eètc/ `f{{cbu ecsw qcihzuqcz honihbnhqcz ehddèqcbuz = `n qcucbsc ~sh dfquhdhc cb è{sqnbu e‘sbc {nqu `‘nafbenbjc ~sh dfquhdhc cb jfbzf`henbu e‘nsuqc {nqu 'Thinqc``f >888 = 5;(" ¼ Ehddèqcbjhn/ uhfb zfjhn`c ecsw zcbzhah`huèz = ¬ sb qèihoc ec zntnbuz ec `cu/ uqèz cu ec j`cqjz f{{fzè ë sb qèihoc ec jgctn`hcqz fs oíoc e‘gfoocz es {cs{`c {`sz ehqcjucocbu zèeshuz {nq `n onzzhthuè cu `n `fsqecsq es jfq{z 'Thinqc``f >888 = 59(" ¼ @‘cbuqcuhcb es jfq{z czu zfjhn`cocbu zhusè ns Ofxcb/Áic = è{sqcocbu >3 fs ecbzhuè" Jõuè zfaqhèuè jc ~sh {qhoc j‘czu `n {sqcuè ecz n`hocbuz ghz/ ufhqc e‘è~sh`haqcq `cz gsocsqz ~sh zc uqneshu jgc} `cz è`hucz {nq `n zsqtch``nbjc ec `n bfsqqhusqc>4" ¬ @n zfaqhèuè cbuqcuhcbu >9 `c >5
Jcuuc heèc e‘sbc znbuè ehqcjucocbu njjczzha`c {nq `cz n`hocbuz ns WWH c zhçj`c czu qc{qhzc {nq `c ehzjfsqz ecz bsuqhuhfbbhzucz" H`z ehz{fzcbu es zntfhq zjhcbuhdh~sc qc~shz {fsq ehqc jc ~s‘h` dnsu jfbzfoocq fs bfb {fsq njjèecq ë `n znbuè" H`z zuqsjusqcbu sbc bfqonuhthuè fø jgf`czuèqf` cu fwxenbuz qc{qè/ zcbucbu `cz cbbcohz ~s‘h` dnsu onâuqhzcq cu jfbuqõ`cq" H` dnsu {qètcbhq `c qhz/ ~sc onbicq jc ~sh czu znhb j‘czu/ë/ehqc {sq" >3 Ns WWHc zhçj`c ntcj `n jqfhzznbjc ds`isqnbuc ec `n {qhzc ec {fhez unbu jgc} `cz gfoocz ~sc `cz dcoocz j‘czu `‘è{sqcocbu ~sh czu tn`fqhzè" Sb jfq{z ohbjc zf`hec cu cbesqnbu ecthcbu `n bfqoc" >4 Jcuuc heèc ec zsqtch``nbjc ec `‘nazfq{uhfb ec bfsqqhusqc z‘czu {nquhjs`hç/ qcocbu èuna`hc ns zfquhq ec `n Zcjfbec Iscqqc ofbehn`c ntcj `n {czèc ecz n`hocbuz" @n ~snbuhuè eèucqohbc zfhu `c jfq{z znhb cu zf`hec zfhu `c jfq{z cb zsq{fhez fs façzc"
3:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
jfq{z c``c nzzsqc `n {sqcuè hbucqbc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 5;(" ¼ Uc``c czu `n jfbzhibc es jf``çic ec Zn`cqbc eczuhbèc ë Èefsnqe `c Jfbdczzcsq ns WH c zhçj`c = ¬ Onbic {cs ~snbe us zfs{cz bc uhcbz {nz uqf{ `fbisc una`c 'Thinqc``f >888 = 5>(" ¼ @c jfbzch` n eü {fqucq dqshu jnq uqcbuc/zhw nbz n{qçz zn ofqu zc`fb `n `è/ icbec ë `‘fstcqusqc ec zfb ufoacns nsjsbc uqnjc ec eèjfo/ {fzhuhfb es jfq{z b‘nsqnhu èuè jfbzunuèc" Cbjfqc `ë {sqcuè ë ecsw bhtcnsw = `n bfsqqhusqc cu `n znhbucuè" @‘gfooc èunhu uc`/ `cocbu {hcsw e‘fø zfb zsqbfo ec Jfbdczzcsq ~s‘h` dsu jnbf/ bhzè cb >>4> e‘fø `‘ho{fzzhah`huè ~sc zfb jfq{z {shzzc íuqc zfsohz ë `n {fsqqhusqc ecz jgnhqz" ¬ @n qèzcqtc dfbec `c qèihoc ntnbu oíoc ahcb züq `n ohzc cb jfbjfqenbjc ntcj `cz dfqjcz es ofbec 'Thinqc``f >888 = 5>(" ¼ Jcz qçi`cz ec zfaqhèuè n{{c``cbu `c jfo{fqucocbu bfa`c ¬ jc`sh ec `‘è`huc >7 ë `n~sc``c c``cz z‘neqczzcbu ufsu cb tn`fqh/ znbu `n onâuqhzc" Qhcb e‘nsuqc ~sc `c `cbu {f`hzznic ec `n js`usqc es jgctn`hcq `‘hbucqtcbuhfb zsq `cz iczucz zcz onbhçqcz `‘hbuqfesjuhfb e‘sb jfo{fqucocbu ec jfsq 'Thinqc`/ `f >888 = 5>(" ¼ Cbjfqc `ë cwj`szhfb zfjhn`c" Dqnbjczjf eh Onqjf cb >:7; zsq `cz jfbzch`z ec zfb bfunhqc cu noh Zcq @n{f On}}ch czu jfbthè ë ofbucq ë {`szhcsqz qc{qhzcz `cz onq/ jgcz jnq `n bfsqqhusqc zc dhic enbz `‘czufonj {nq onb~sc e‘cwcqjhjc ec afhqc sb tcqqc ec thb qfsic sb ~snqu e‘gcsqc ntnbu `c qc{nz bh uqf{ zcj bh uqf{ efsw" ¬ Qhcb b‘czu och``csq
>9
@c ehzjfsqz njusc` ecz bsuqhuhfbbhzucz czu mszucocbu ë `‘nsbc ec jcuuc zfaqhèuè" @c ehzjfsqz b‘czu efbj {nz qèjcbu" H` n zcz èjgfz ~sh qcofbucbu ns Ofxcb/Áic ë `n ehddèqcbjc {qçz ~s‘h` czu nsmfsqe‘gsh n{{sxè {nq ecz efb/ bècz zjhcbuhdh~scz ntèqècz e‘fø `n {fquèc bfqonuhtc ns{qçz ec jcsw ~sh ehz{fzcbu es qctcbs bèjczznhqc {fsq z‘n`hocbu znhbcocbu cu dnhqc ec `‘cwcqjhjc" >7 @cz ecsw {qcohçqcz eèjcbbhcz es WWH c zhçj`c nsqfbu mszucocbu èuè ë `‘nsbc es jfo{fqucocbu ec `‘è`huc ~sh n `cz ofxcbz e‘njgcucq ecz n`hocbuz ahf`fih~scz znhbz cu dqnhz cu ec z‘nafbbcq ns{qçz e‘sb jcbuqc {qhtè ec qcoh/ zc cb dfqoc" J‘czu nszzh `‘hbmfbjuhfb ë zc bfsqqhq znhbcocbu cu ë dnhqc ec `‘cwcqjhjc" Jc ~sh czu tn`fqhzè hjh j‘czu sbc js`usqc ec `n onâuqhzc ec zfh n`fqz ~sc `‘façzc nsqnhu {cqes jcuuc onâuqhzc" @n onâuqhzc ec zfh zc oczsqc zc tfhu cu hbucq{c``c" J‘czu `‘hbuqfesjuhfb ns{qçz ecz ofhbz ahcb bnbuhz es jfo{fqucocbu ecz ohcsw bnbuhz"
35
@c Ofxcb/Áic
{fsq `n znbuè ~s‘sbc {fhibèc e‘f`htcz = `cz efjucsqz>8 uc `c eh/ qfbu 'Thinqc``f >888 = 51(" ¼ [fsqzshtnbu zfb uqntnh` ec {qè/ tcbuhfb ns{qçz ec zfb noh `c >; msh``cu >5;7 Zcq @n{f nbbfb/ jc ~s‘h` n dnhu qcjf{hcq sb f{szjs`c 'On}}ch >7;7 = >13/>14( qèn`hzè {nq ecz oèecjhbz af`fbnhz zsq `cz tcqusz ecz zfsqjcz ec Anibf ec``n [fqqcuun" Qèihocz cwcqjhjcz cu nsuqcz cbuqcuhcbz es jfq{z eèdhbhzzcbu bfb zcs`cocbu `n znbuè ns WHT c zhçj`c onhz èin`cocbu `c {nqunic cbuqc `c znhb cu `c on`znhb" Jõuè afoanbjc ns ofocbu oíoc fø zc ehddszc `‘heèc ec zfaqhèuè cu ec uco{èqnbjc sbc nsuqc js`usqc èocqic jc``c ec `n qcjgcqjgc ec `n ¬ zf`hehuè es jfq{z 1; enbz `c jsos` n`hocbunhqc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 54( ¼ ofeç`c onq~snbu ~sh {cqesqcqn ns/ ec`ë es Ofxcb/Áic" Ecsw ofeç`cz efbj jc`sh ec `n dfqjc es jfq{z tcbs e‘sbc jcqunhbc dqsin`huè jc`sh ec `n dfqjc aqsuc es jfq{z tcbs e‘sbc n`hocbunuhfb nafbenbuc {nqdfhz oíoc sbc jfoahbnhzfb ecz ecsw ofeç`cz" Js`usqc``cocbu `‘nafbenbjc ec bfsqqhusqc czu ¬ sb zhibc ec {shzznbjc ntcj zcz hbehjcz {gxzh~scz zcz tn`fqhznuhfbz zfjhn`cz" \․_ Íuqc iqnz czu zhibc ec qczzfsqjc jfq{fqc``c 'Thinqc``f >888 = 59(" ¼ @‘nafbenbjc z‘f{{fzc nsw dnohbcz qèjsqqcbucz {qftf~sècz {nq sbc onstnh/ zc iczuhfb ecz js`usqcz cu ecz zufjlz n`hocbunhqcz nhbzh ~sc {nq ecz nanuunicz naszhdz cu ec dnha`cz qcbecocbuz niqhjf`cz ë `‘gcjunqc" ¬ Es jfs{ qh{nh``cz cu afoanbjcz ecthcbbcbu nsunbu ec ohqnicz1> ec qítcz ofah`hznbu `‘nuucbuc cbuqcucbnbu >8
Hjh sb {nqn``ç`c ntcj `cz ahcbdnhuz es qèihoc oèehucqqnbècb eèofbuqèz {nq `c jnqehf`fisc jnqehf`fisc cu jgcqjgcsq Ohjgc` ec @fqicqh` '1;;7( = '>( qèeshqc `n jfbzfoonuhfb jfbzfoonuhfb e‘nbhonsw znusqèz fs ec `èisocz < '1( sbc dfquc jfbzfoon/ uhfb ec `èisocz ofbf hbznusqèz < ':( qèeshqc `n jfbzfoonuhfb ec iqnz ofbf hbznusqèz nbhonsw iqnz < '5( qèeshqc `n jfbzfoonuhfb e)foèin/4 {f`xhbznusqèz {f`xhbznusqèz nbhon`cz fs tèièun`cz < '3( sbc dfquc jfbzfoonuhfb jfbzfoonuhfb ec iqnz foèin/: {f`xhbznusqèz ecz `èisocz cu ecz nbhonsw < '4( {nz ec jfbzfo/ onuhfb e)njhecz iqnz uqnbz hbeszuqhc`z" 1; Nsmfsqe‘gsh jcuuc zf`hehuè es jfq{z bc zc qcjgcqjgc {`sz {nq `‘nafbenbjc ec bfsqqhusqc onhz ë `n dfhz {nq sbc zntnbuc onâuqhzc ecz efznicz {qfuèhbh/ ~scz cu nsuqcz bsuqhocbuz nhbzh ~s‘sbc njuhthuè {gxzh~sc zntnoocbu efzèc cu jn`js`èc" 1> @n zcjfbec eèjcbbhc es WWH c zhçj`c n c``c nszzh zfb ohqnic = jc`sh e‘sbc cz{èqnbjc ec znbuè f{uhon`c msz~s‘ë sb áic ntnbjè unbu zsq `c {`nb {gxzh~sc ~sc ocbun`" ocbun`" Jcuuc {qfoczzc dnhuc ë ufsz {nq `c ehzjfsqz ec `n znbuè
33
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
`‘cz{fhq" J‘czu `n {qèzcbjc qè{èuèc ecz {nxz ec Jfjnibc enbz `cz jfbucz oèehètnsw ntcj `csqz eèjfqz cbtnghz ec jgnhqz jsh/ ucz e‘nbhonsw ohz cb aqfjgc ec {qfthzhfbz jsos`ècz \․_ 'Thinqc``f >888 = 59(" ¼ Cbjfqc `ë cwj`szhfb zfjhn`c eè`hoh/ unuhfb e‘sbc dqfbuhçqc cbuqc dfqusbèz cu `cz nsuqcz ~sh z‘n{{qfdfbehqn msz~s‘ë `n dhb es Ofxcb/Áic"
Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc @n iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc ns Ofxcb/Áic czu ë `n oczsqc es zntfhq oèehjn` cu ec zn {qnuh~sc" ¬ Enbz `n {`s{nqu ecz jnz bfsz zfoocz {`suõu cb dnjc ec qçi`cz e‘gxihçbc jf`/ `cjuhtc jfbzch``nbu ― jc ~sh qc`çtc es afb zcbz fs ec `n znicz/ zc ― `‘hzf`cocbu ecz on`necz `‘cbdfshzzcocbu ecz eèmcjuhfbz `n {qf{qcuè ecz th``nicz cu ecz jno{cocbuz" Jcz qçi`cz bc zfbu {nz qhcb = `n jfb~síuc ec `‘gxihçbc czu sbc `fbisc ntcbusqc gsonhbc 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = 4:(" ¼ Hjh jc ~sh ho{fquc j‘czu ec qc{fszzcq `c on` dnsuc ec {fstfhq `‘cbehiscq fs oíoc `c jfbuqõ`cq" Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z @c jfbunohbè ns Ofxcb/Áic czu j`nhqcocbu hecbuhdhè {nq `c ux{c ec usbh~sc ~s‘h` {fquc" H` ntcquhu ec zfb nqqhtèc cb dnhznbu es aqshu ntcj zn jqèjc``c zn j`h~scuuc fs zn j`fjgcuuc" Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z @n ~snqnbunhbc hzf`c ë `n dfhz `cz hbehthesz cu `cz oh`hcsw jfbunohbnbuz {cqocu ec ohcsw jfbuqõ`cq `n jhqjs`nuhfb ecz hbehthesz cu ecz onqjgnbehzcz" Jfqefbz znbhunhqcz hzf`cocbu ecz on`necz enbz `csq onhzfb cbdcqococbu ecz on`necz ë `‘èjnqu enbz ecz èuna`hzzcocbuz z{èjhnsw hzf`èz 'qèzcns ec `è/ {qfzcqhcz cu ec `n}nqcuz( {fsq `cz cwj`sqc ec `n jfoosbnsuè fbu ufsz sbc dhbn`huè = qc{fszzcq `c on`" jfbeshu ë ocuuqc cb {`njc ecz zuqsjusqcz {fsq zn qèn`hznuhfb" @n {qètcbuhfb `n bsuqhuhfb cu `n qcohzc cb dfqoc zfbu `cz ucqocz {nq `cz~sc`z zc uqneshu `n qèn`hznuhfb ec jcuuc {qfoczzc"
34
@c Ofxcb/Áic
Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz Ecsw qcihzuqcz ec ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz = jc`sh es zsq/ bnusqc` cu es onih~sc ntcj {ç`cqhbnicz znhbucz qc`h~scz cwfq/ jhzoc onihc {qhçqcz {hcqqcz {qèjhcszcz < jc`sh es {qnionuh/ ~sc ntcj è{hjcz cu nqfonucz qèihoc n`hocbunhqc 'zfaqhèuè nafbenbjc( sznic es thbnhiqc cu ec {cnsw ec aíuc ë fecsq dfquc ~sh {qfjsqcbu sbc njuhfb {qf{gx`njuh~sc qc`nuhtcocbu cddhjnjc jqèonuhfb ecz gnahuz cu ecz cddcuz {cqzfbbc`z ecz jfbunohbèz cu ecz ofquz `‘cns afsh``hc nzzçjgcocbu ecz on/ qnhz @c Ofxcb/Áic {cqocu ec {fzcq sb jfbzunu = ¬ `‘cw{èqhcbjc qèonbcbuc ec `n {czuc `cz oczsqcz ec ~snqnbunhbc hbzunsqècz {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz ë Qniszc 'Esaqftbhl( cb >:99 dnjh`h/ unhcbu `n uqnbz{fzhuhfb ecz jqnhbucz cu `n zxzuèonuhznuhfb es enbicq ec `‘nsuqc 'Ufsnuh = 1;>> = 4>( ¼ e‘fø zfb cwj`szhfb zn ohzc zfsz jfbuqõ`c enbz ecz cz{njcz cu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz jfbuqõ`èz" ¬ @‘fazcqtnuhfb ecz qçi`cz ec ~snqnbunhbc nafsuhu ë sbc qèis`nuhfb ecz jfbeshucz dnjc ë `n jfbunihfb" @c qcz{cju ec zcz qçi`cz eè{cbe e‘sbc negèzhfb qc`nuhtcocbu `nqic es jfq{z zfjhn` ns {qhbjh{c ec `n ~snqnbunhbc znbz ~sfh ufsu `‘èehdhjc z‘cddfbeqcqnhu 'Dnaqc >884 = 75(" ¼ [qfwhohuè ec `n ofqu cu ho{shzznbjc ectnbu `cz è{heèohcz nsqfbu zuqsjusqè sb ehzjfsqz es qc{fszzcocbu es on` jfooc {nqnec"
39
@N QCBNHZZNBJC Ë `n Qcbnhzznbjc sb zfj`c è{hzuèoh~sc qcjfbzuhusè = ¬ ufsu jfqqcz{fbe ns iqnbe fqeqc bsoèqh~sc cu ièfoèuqh~sc ec `‘sbhtcqz 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = 78( ¼ ec `n Iqçjc nbuh~sc" H` b‘czu {`sz ~sczuhfb ec zc ~sczuhfbbcq zsq `n {`njc ec `‘gfooc enbz `n jqènuhfb ehthbc onhz ahcb ec zntfhq ec ~sfh czu dnhu `‘íuqc gsonhb" Sb hbuc``cjusc` bfstcns czu bè `‘gsonbhzuc" @cz efiocz jfbznjqèz zfbu qcohz cb jnszc = `n ¬ oèecjhbc bc qczuc {nz ë `‘èjnqu ec jcuuc qètf`suhfb" C``c tn cb dnhqc sbc onmcsqc = `‘cw{`fqnuhfb es jfq{z gsonhb 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = 78( ¼ ë uqntcqz `n {qnuh~sc ec `‘nbnufohc" Sbc è{hzuèof`fihc èin`cocbu qc/ jfbzuhusèc `c jfq{z b‘czu {`sz zfsohz nsw dfqjcz hbthzha`cz cu zfsucqqnhbcz es ofbec onhz ë zcz {qf{qcz oèjnbhzocz hbucq/ bcz cu ë `‘nhq on`znhb" J‘czu dhbn`cocbu sb qcbfstc``cocbu ecz jnszn`huèz" Hzf`cq `c on` ecthcbu `n dhbn`huè ec `n Qcbnhzznbjc" H` bc z‘nihu {`sz zcs`cocbu ec `c qc{fszzcq onhz ec ocuuqc cb Śstqc ecz oczsqcz {fsq `c jhqjfbzjqhqc"
@n thzhfb es jfq{z @n thzhfb es jfq{z zc oèunofq{gfzc `c oè{qhz cu `c qcmcu bc zfbu {`sz qc{çqcz = `c jfq{z czu efqèbntnbu {fqcsw fstcqu ë `‘nhq on`znhb < `c jfq{z czu sbc oèjnbh~sc jfo{`cwc dfbeèc zsq `c ofeç`c ecz d`sw < `c jfq{z {csu íuqc famcu ec znbuè cu ec afb/ gcsq" @‘n{{nqcbjc es jfq{z ë `n dhb es WT c zhçj`c ecthcbu {qèfj/ js{nuhfb znbhunhqc" @cz `fsqecsqz jfq{fqc``cz zfbu {fhbuècz es efhiu {`sz ~s‘c``cz bc `‘èunhcbu ns{nqntnbu" Sbc {cqjc{uhfb cbjfqc d`fsc ec `‘n{{nqcbjc es jfq{z cu ec zn {qèzcqtnuhfb ¬ `n jqnhbuc ec ocbnjcz {gxzh~scz efsa`ècz ec zsiiczuhfbz czugè/ uh~scz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 45(" ¼ Ugfonz Ofqc eçz `c eèasu es WTHc zhçj`c zfs`hibc ~s‘¬ h` dnsu íuqc ec {hcqqc fs dqn{{è ec `èugnqihc {fsq bc {nz zc jfo{`nhqc enbz sbc znbuè {nqdnhuc {fsq bc {nz x uqfstcq ec jgnqoc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 49(" ¼ @n znbuè nj~shcqu eçz `fqz sb bfstcns zunusu = jc`sh e‘sb afbgcsq cu e‘sbc jcqunhbc tf`s{uè" @n znbuè ecthcbu nszzh f{{fzhuhfb = znbuè {nqdnhuc tcqzsz sbc znbuè ho{nqdnhuc `n ecqbhçqc è`fh/
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
ibnbu e‘nsunbu `c afbgcsq cu `n tf`s{uè" H` x n hjh sbc neè~sn/ uhfb = `c afbgcsq {nzzc {nq `n znbuè" @èicbec = sbc bfstc``c on`nehc czu zhibn`èc {nq sb nzuèqhz~sc" QCBNHZZNBJC HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N JCQUHUSEC fbuf`fihc
è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c
thzhfb es jfq{z
zntfhq oèehjn`
{qnuh~sc oèehjn`c
Íuqc = ufsu jfqqcz{fbe ns iqnbe fqeqc bsoèqh~sc cu ièfoèuqh~sc ec `‘sbhtcqz 'jfbjc{uhfb iqcj~sc("
‡ nbnufohc 'zjhcbjc es jfq{z( ‡ qcohzc cb jnszc ecz zntfhqz nbuh/ ~scz ‡ uqntnsw ec [nqnjc`zc cu e‘Noaqfhzc [nqè ‡ on`nehc czu jfbunihfb ‡ `‘nhq jfqqfo{s ‡ sbc uqnbzohzzhfb `fjn`hzèc ⇑ sbc jfbunohbnuhfb ⇑ sbc {qf{ninuhfb ⇑ sbc è{heèohc ‡ dfbenuhfbz e)sb nqzcbn` ec {qfucj/ uhfb thz/ë/thz ecz è{heèohcz cu ec `n jfbunihfb
‡ ehnibfzuhj ‡ {qfbfzuhj ‡ nszjs`unuhfb ehqcjuc 'fecsqz jfs`csqz {n`{nuhfb cwnocb es {fs`z es znbi cu ecz sqhbcz( ‡ ehn`fisc ugèqn{csuh/ ~sc ‡ jghqsqihc 'usocsqz gcqbhcz dqnjusqcz no{sunuhfbz( ‡ sznic ec {`nbucz cu onuhçqcz ohbèqn`cz ‡ jfq{fqnuhfbz oèeh/ jn`cz
Ofen`huè = `c jfq{z zfsohz ë zcz {qf{qcz oèjnbhzocz hbucqbcz" [qf{qhèuèz es jfq{z = ‡ jfq{z {fqcsw ‡ oèjnbh~sc jfo{`cwc 'ofeç`c ecz d`sw(
NTCQZHFB tnqhnah`huè on`nehcz efohbnbucz ‡ jnqcbjcz n`hocbunhqcz ‡ on`nehcz hbdcjuhcszcz 'zx{gh`hz- `ç{qc {czuc bfhqc {czuc asafbh~sc tnqhf`c usacqjs`fzc ux{gsz hbd`scb}n jf~sc`sjgc qfsicf`c tnqhf`c fqch``fbz qsaèf`c exzcbucqhc jgnqafb(
hbjcquhusec znhb & on`znhb ‡ nhq {sq & nhq jfbunohbè ‡ `hcsw znhbz & `hcsw hbdcjuz ‡ {qèzcqtnuhfb ec zfh & jfo{fquc/ ocbuz ë qhz~sc ‡ bfsqqhusqc ecz {nstqcz & bfsqqhus/ qc ecz bnbuhz ‡ znbuè {nqdnhuc & znbuè ho{nqdnhuc
HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N ZUNAH@HUÈ bhtcns jf``cjuhd ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ `‘nhq on`znhb ‡ `cz fecsqz ‡ `c thzha`c '{fqjgcqhcz èun`z e‘è~snqqhzznic jfq{z cb eèjfo{fzhuhfb( ‡ jfbunohbèz hecbuhdhèz 'jcquhdh/ jnu(
bhtcns hbehthesc`
ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z
ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz
‡ dshq `cz `hcsw on`znhbz ‡ èthucq anhbz cu {`nhzhqz zcbzsc`z ‡ {hèuè eètfuhfbz {qhçqcz ‡ qèihoc n`hocbunhqc = ahcb onbicq ahcb afhqc ‡ è{sqcocbuz ‡ cwcqjhjcz ‡ dnhqc afsh``hq `‘cns ‡ {qfucjuhfb ec zfh cu es zxzuçoc onqjgnbe = qçi`cz,jfo{unah`hznuhfb,ah`nbz
‡ ~snqnbunhbc 'hzf`cq `cz hbehth/ esz hzf`cq `cz oh`hcsw jfbun/ ohbnbuz jfqefbz znbhunhqcz jhocuhçqcz z{èjhnsw hzf`cocbu ecz on`necz enbz `csq onhzfb cbdcqocq `cz on`necz ë `‘èjnqu cu `cz cwj`sqc ec `n jfoosbns/ uè èuna`hzzcocbuz z{èjhnsw hzf`èz = qèzcns ec `è{qfzcqhcz cu ec `n}nqcuz( ‡ jfbuqõ`cq `n jhqjs`nuhfb ecz hbehthesz cu ecz onqjgnbehzcz ‡ eèj`nqcq jfo{ucq qè{cqufqhcq `cz jfbunohbèz ‡ zhibn`cq `cz `hcsw ec eèansjgc ‡ bfqon`hznuhfb {qfiqczzhtc ecz njucz ec {qètcbuhfb
DHBN@HUÈ ? HZF@CQ @C ON@ 'èuna`hq ecz dqfbuhçqcz(
4;
@n Qcbnhzznbjc
Sbc exbnoh~sc z‘hbzun``c = `n znbuè bfqon`hzèc" ¬ Sb ofu zsqufsu inibc sb qc`hcd ~s‘h` b‘ntnhu {nz = jc`sh ec zfaqhèuè" @n jfbeshuc czu ë oèbnicq `‘hbucbzhuè es uco{z ë èjfbfohzcq = `‘nqu ec ofsqhq ntcj sbc ufbn`huè hbèehuc hbzhzuc zsq `n jfbzcq/ tnuhfb es jfq{z 'Thinqc``f >888 = 47(" ¼ Eè{`njcocbuz ecz zcbzhah`huèz `n zfaqhèuè è`fhibcqnhu bfb zcs`cocbu `n on`nehc onhz nuuèbscqnhu `n {csq oíoc ec `n ofqu" ¬ J‘czu `n {`njc es jfq{z zfb hbzjqh{uhfb enbz `‘sbhtcqz zfb tfhzhbnic ntcj `cz dfqjcz bnusqc``cz ~sh ucbecbu `cbucocbu ë jgnbicq = ofhbz eè/ {cbenbu ec {shzznbjcz {shzznbjcz hbthzha`cz 'Thinqc``f 'Thinqc``f >888 = 71(" ¼ Jcz eè{`njcocbuz bc zfbu {nz hbbfjcbuz" H`z onq~scbu {fsq sbc {qcohçqc dfhz sb jgnbicocbu es qn{{fqu ns jfq{z" @‘neè~snuhfb czu sbc zshuc e‘ho{`hjnuhfbz zho{`cz cu cddhjnjcz = ¬ sbc thc ahcb qèi`èc sbc qcz{fbznah`huè {cqzfbbc``c íuqc `c oèecjhb ec zfh/oíoc `n znbuè `c afbgcsq ¼" Jcuuc ¬ oèecjhbc qèjsznbu `c oèecjhb b‘czu {`sz zcs`cocbu sbc f{/ uhfb {fzzha`c sb jgfhw onhz sbc bèjczzhuè sb qcjfsqz fa`hiè 'Thinqc``f >888 = 95(" ¼ Jcuuc bfstc``c eèonqjgc ec znbuè qc{qèzcbuc cb ~sc`~sc zfquc sb nddqnbjghzzcocbu nsw hbd`scb/ jcz jfzofifbh~scz sbc nddhqonuhfb ec zfh/oíoc sb jfbuqõ`c ufsu {cqzfbbc`" H` x nsqnhu efbj ecz oèjnbhzocz ë `‘Śstqc enbz `c jfq{z ~sh cw{`h~scqnhcbu `cz on`nehcz sbc nbn`fihc ~sh fqhcbuc `c zcbz ecz d`sw ntcj `cz famcuz dnaqh~sèz sbc ¬ qc{qè/ zcbunuhfb eèmë i`fan`c ecz nicbjcocbuz jfq{fqc`z cu ec `csq nsufbfohc {fzzha`c = `c ofeç`c ec `‘n`noahj `n jsjsqahuc 11 cu `cz usas`sqcz è{sqnbu `cz czzcbjcz" @cz jfbzch`z ec znbuè ns WTHc zhçj`c zc ofeç`cbu eçz `fqz zsq jcuuc nbn`fihc fø `c jfq{z bc ehzuh``c ahcb ~sc zh `c zcbz ecz gsocsqz czu zfsucbs dntfqh/ zè fqhcbuè jfooc sb {nqjfsqz" Ë `‘hbtcqzc ¬ zsqihzzcbu on`n/ ehcz cu eèjfo{fzhuhfbz ec onuhçqcz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 73(" ¼ Jcuuc bfstc``c jfbjc{uhfb es dfbjuhfbbcocbu es jfq{z bc qè/ tf`suhfbbc {nz `cz {qnuh~scz {fsq nsunbu onhz c``c eèofbuqc ~sc `c jfq{z inibc cb thzèc fqinbhznuqhjc ofhbz non`inoè nsw zcs`cz {qf{qhèuèz cu ~sn`huèz ec `‘sbhtcqz" ⇑
⇑
⇑
11
⇑
[nquhc ec `n jgnsehçqc ec `‘n`noahj fø zc {`njc `n onuhçqc ë ehzuh``cq"
4>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
@cz qhtnicz ec `n {nqczzc @n jqhuh~sc es iqfz jgnbic ntcj `n Qcbnhzznbjc ¬ jcbuqèc entnbunic zsq `n `cbucsq `n dnhbènbuhzc tfhqc `‘hbhbuc``hicbjc ecz jgfzcz cu ecz icbz" @c zfhb cbtcqz `c iqfz z‘njjcbusc nszzh jcbuqè entnbunic zsq `cz qèihocz cu `cz jfbuqnhbucz {gxzh~scz jchbusqcz fs jfqzcuz ehqcjucocbu n{{`h~sèz zsq `cz jgnhqz 'Th/ inqc``f 1;>; = 38(" ¼ Eçz `fqz jc b‘czu {`sz ufsu ë dnhu `c uqçz iqfz `n ifsqonbehzc cu `n i`fsufbbcqhc ~sh zfbu z{èjhdh~sc/ ocbu thzèz jfooc ns Ofxcb/Áic onhz `n {nqczzc `n of``cz/ zc cu `‘cddhjnjhuè" @c jgno{ es iqfz z‘è`nqihu `n iqfzzcsq {gx/ zh~sc ecthcbu `fsqecsq i`fan`c `hèc nsw {èjgèz jn{hunsw" @cz {õ`cz e‘nuucbuhfb zc zfbu eè{`njèz `‘hbjn{njhuè cu `n on/ `neqczzc zfbu eèzfqonhz zfs`hibècz" @‘hbmsqc cbtcqz `c iqfz n`fqz msz~sc/`ë hibfqèc ns Ofxcb/Áic zsiiçqc `c thzha`c = ¬ `‘njjcbusnuhfb es oè{qhz ufsjgc ns `nbinic dnaqh~sc ecz cw{qczzhfbz eè{`njc `‘gfqh}fb ecz ofuz" Sbc js`usqc bèinuhtc es tf`soc zc ehu {`sz ~sc mnonhz düu/c``c cbjfqc hbehddèqcbuc nsw hbehjcz bsnbjèz fs nsw {qèjhzhfbz jghddqècz'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 43(" ¼ [nqczzc cu iqfzzcsq zfbu nzzfjhècz" @n {nqczzc ecthcbu `n {czuc ec `‘cbucbecocbu gsonhb" Hjh jc ~sh czu zuhi/ onuhzè ¬ j‘czu ahcb `c ugçoc ec `‘hbnjuhthuè ec `n dnhbènbuhzc fs ec `n of``czzc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 4:( ¼ n`fqz ~sc {nqn/ efwn`cocbu `n gnsuc zfjhèuè ecz bfa`cz è{qfstc sb {qfdfbe oè{qhz {fsq `c uqntnh` onbsc`" [nq qn{{fqu ns Ofxcb/Áic fø efohbnhu `‘nqu {`sz iscqqhcq es jgctn`hcq `n Qcbnhzznbjc ho{f/ zc `‘n{{nqcbjc es jfsquhznb cu ec zcz onbhçqcz nddhbècz" @n jfsq ¬ njjqfâu `cz èuh~scuucz js`uhtc `cz n``sqcz nzzfs{`hu `cz jfq{z 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 4:(" ¼ Eèzfqonhz `‘èbfqoc czu eètn/ `fqhzè" @c iqfz b‘n {`sz ufsu ë dnhu `c {qczuhic ~s‘h` ntnhu ns Ofxcb/Áic" @c iqfz cu `c iqfzzhcq zc qn{{qfjgcbu entnbunic jc ~sh b‘czu {nz znbz jfbzè~scbjc jnq h` czu zs{{fzè ~s‘sbc {fzzha`c bfa`czzc {csu èonbcq e‘sbc iqfzzcsq oczsqèc" Z‘hbzun``c eçz `fqz ¬ sbc ucbenbjc hbzhzunbuc enbz `cz qèdèqcbjcz oxugf`fih~scz nsw jfq{z ecz {shzznbuz = `‘cbmcs ecz è{nhzzcsqz ― bfb {nz `n uqhzuc of``czzc ecz afsddhz onhz `‘hbjcqbna`c no{`csq ecz dfquz" Ufsucz ehzuhbjuhfbz ofbuqècz {`sz ~sc jfoocbuècz {qnuh~sècz {`sz ~s‘cw{`hjhuècz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 93(" ¼ 41
@n Qcbnhzznbjc
Cb zfooc jc ë ~sfh `n Qcbnhzznbjc jfbthc `n zfjhèuè b‘czu {nz unbu sb eè{`njcocbu es qcinqe ~s‘sb njjqfhzzcocbu ec eèdhnbjc ë `‘èinqe ecz iqfzzcsqz oíoc zh `cz `hohucz fs zcsh`z bc zfbu isçqc ètf~sèz" ¬ @c iqfz b‘czu {`sz ~sc jfbuqnzuc bfz/ un`ih~sc noszè fs {f{s`nhqc ecz ofecz cu ecz ehzuhbjuhfbz" Aqnbuõoc1: `sh/oíoc eèjqhu `n iqnbec èuqfhuczzc ec jchbusqc cu ec unh``c cb cwco{`c ec acnsuè njjfo{`hc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 9>(" ¼ @‘hjfbfiqn{ghc qhcszc es iqfz zc ehddszc enbz bfoaqc e‘h``szuqnuhfbz cu ec qèjhuz ec dhjuhfb"
@n iqnhzzc {`sqhc``c Sbc hbd`cwhfb onmcsqc zc {qfeshu cb >397 = h` dnsu qèzcqtcq ns oèecjhb ¬ `‘hbuc``hicbjc ec {`szhcsqz jgfzcz ~sc `c {cs{`c dnhu cu ehu znbz zntfhq {fsq~sfh 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 98(" ¼ Jcuuc qèd`cwhfb ec @nsqcbu Mfsacqu oèecjhb cu jghqsqihcb qètç`c jcuuc ucbenbjc èocqicbuc ec `n zjhcbjc ofecqbc ë ¬ è`fhibcq `cz zntfhqz {f{s`nhqcz {fsq ohcsw z{èjhdhcq `cz ofecz ec jfbbnâuqc" \"""_ @‘fazcqtnuhfb zc efbbc ecz famcuz ndhb ec ohcsw `cz {qèjhzcq 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 98(" ¼ Ë `n Qcbnhzznbjc `‘fazcqtnuhfb co{hqh~sc ec `n iqnhzzc èuna`hu sb cbzcoa`c ec `hcbz cbuqc tf`socz cu zxo{uõocz" ¬ Njjhecbu ofquc` aqsz~sc {cquc ec jfbzjhcbjc cu ec zcbz jc on` b‘czu èthecoocbu {nz eèjfstcqu ntcj `n oèecjhbc es WTH c zhçj`c" Acqbnqe ec Ifq/ efb ns WHHHc zhçj`c eèmë `‘ètf~snhu cb dnhznbu ec `n {`èugfqc zn jnszc nbuèjèecbuc" @c qhz~sc ec{shz `fbiuco{z czu qc{èqè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 98(" ¼ Jc ~sh jgnbic j‘czu `n qèdèqcbjc nsw zhibcz cwuèqhcsqz ― jfo{fqucocbu uqnhuz n``sqc ec `n {cns qfsicsq es thznic è{nhzzhzzcocbu ecz tchbcz zcbuhocbuz eh/ tcqz e‘è`nbjcocbu fs ec {cznbucsq ― cu `n eèjfstcquc ec `n jhqjs`nuhfb es znbi" Eçz `fqz `n qs{usqc ecz jnbnsw ecthcbu sbc jnszc {fzzha`c ec `‘n{f{`cwhc cu e‘nsuqcz on`nehcz" Cb dnhu `c oèecjhb qcinqec nsuqcocbu `c jfq{z es on`nec ¬ bfb ~sc `n iqfzzcsq zc eèdhbhzzc ohcsw = `cz zxo{uõocz zszjc{uha`cz ec `‘njjfo{nibcq zfbu cb qctnbjgc ohcsw fazcqtèz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 71(" ¼ [nq jfbuqc jcuuc famcjuhtnuhfb ec `n iqnhzzc bc 1:
[hcqqc ec Afsqech``c ehu Aqnbuõoc Aqnbuõoc èjqhtnhb dqnbénhz jgqfbh~scsq es c WTH zhçj`c"
4:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
zhibhdhc cb qhcb sbc och``csqc jfbbnhzznbjc ec `‘fqhihbc es iqnz ufsu jfooc c``c uqneshu ¬ sbc qc`nuhtc ho{shzznbjc ë cb cw{`h~scq `cz ofecz e‘cbicbeqcocbu cu ec jfo{fzhuhfb" Qczuc `‘hbehzjsuna`c jsqhfzhuè ecz oèecjhbz = njjqfhzzcocbu e‘cwhicbjc efbu `‘cddcu b‘czu cbjfqc bh {qnuh~sc bh oèehjn` 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 75(" ¼
Ofbuqcq cu {qèjhzcq `n iqnhzzc N`fqz ~sc `cz ofuz èunhcbu {cs bfoaqcsw enbz `c tfjnas`nh/ qc oèehètn` {fsq z{èjhdhcq `cz iqfzzcsqz tfh`ë ~sc `n Qcbnhz/ znbjc cb fddqc sbc inooc zfooc ufsuc nzzc} è`nafqèc znbz jfo{ucq ~sc {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz enbz `‘hjfbfiqn{ghc fb qc{qèzcbuc `c iqfz zfsz ufsucz zcz dfqocz = ¬ iqntsqcz cu un/ a`cnsw ucbucbu {`sz ~s‘ns{nqntnbu ec dhisqcq `c `fsqe ec eè/ unh``cq `‘n{{nqcbu qnjjfsqjhzzcocbu ecz ocoaqcz `‘cbifbjcocbu es jfs ~s‘h` {qftf~sc zjqsucq `‘cddfbeqcocbu es ocbufb fs ecz mfscz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 8>(" ¼ Ntcj `‘hbtcbuhfb ec `n {cqz{cjuhtc cb {chbusqc `cz jgfzcz inibcbu cb è{nhzzcsq cu cb {qèjhzhfb = `c qèn`hzoc z‘hbzun``c qèfqhcbunbu `c qcinqe cu `‘hbuèqíu" Cb dnhu j‘czu `c uqçz iqfz sbc dfhz ec {`sz ~sh czu ohz cb èthecbjc" [cucq/[ns` Qsacbz dnhu {nquhc ec jcz {chbuqcz ~sh fbu cw{`fqè `cz tf`socz ¬ cb njjsos`nbu ecz jfq{z nsw jgnhqz eèoczsqècz eèdfqonbu uíucz cu jfsz afsqzfsd`nbu tcbuqcz cu ocoaqcz cb/ ifbénbu jgn~sc ehocbzhfb enbz e‘hbdhbhz afsqqc`cuz 'Thinqc`/ `f 1;>; = 83(" ¼ Jc ~sc `n Qcbnhzznbjc ocu hjh cb `sohçqc zc`fb Qcbè ec [h`cz ahfiqn{gc ec Qsacbz jc zfbu ec enobècz thjuhocz ec `csqz `ájgc {nqczzc cu hbznuhna`c ifsqonbehzc 15" Enbz `c oíoc zcbz sbc {nquhc ec `‘fcstqc ec Qsacbz czu bh {`sz bh ofhbz ~s‘sbc cw{`fqnuhfb cw{`fqnuhfb hjfbfiqn{gh~sc hjfbfiqn{gh~sc zxzuèonuh~sc ec `‘cddfbeqcocbu ecz jgnhqz fø `c iqfz czu famcu ec jsqhfzhuè fø `n iqnhzzc {nqn`xznbuc hbdh`uqc `c jfq{z enbz zcz ofhbeqcz hbucqzuhjcz jqn~sc`nbu `cz jgnhqz" Enbz jcuuc zsqcbjgçqc hjfbf/ 15
" Ehddhjh`c hjh ec bc {nz zc qèdèqcq ë `n uè`èqèn`huè noèqhjnhbc Ugc Ahiiczu @fzcq fø @fzcq fø `cz cbuqnâbcsqz eèofbuqcbu {nq ¬ N,A ¼ nsw {nquhjh{nbuz `c qèzs`/ unu ec `csq {nqczzc cu ec `csq hbznuhna`c ifsqonbehzc cb `cz nddhjgnbu zsq sbc {czèc {fsq `c {`sz {`sz iqnbe {`nhzhq {`nhzhq ec oh``hfbz ec uè`èz{cjunucsqz uè`èz{cjunucsqz < nsmfsqe‘gsh nsmfsqe‘gsh `n {nqczzc cu `n ifsqonbehzc zc oczsqcbu famcjuhtcocbu"
45
@n Qcbnhzznbjc
iqn{gh~sc ¬ `‘hbuèqíu tn ns {`sz iqfz cwnjucocbu jfooc `cz qconq~scz ecz oèecjhbz z‘nqqíucbu nsw zhibcz `cz {`sz onq/ ~snbuz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 89(" ¼ @‘nqu cu `n zjhcbjc oèehjn`c hjh zc jfo{`çucbu qcbtfhcbu ë `n {f{s`nuhfb sbc honic ec `n bfqonuhthuè es jfq{z" @cz ofuz zc {qèjhzcbu nszzh" Qnac`nhz {fsq {nq`cq ec an``fbbcocbu cu {cznbucsq es tcbuqc jqèc `c ofu coafb{fhbu {fsq coafb{fhbu {fsq eèzhibcq `n jfq{s`cbjc bh uqf{ iqnzzc bh uqf{ onhiqc" @c `cwhjfiqn{gc Nbufhbc Dsqcuhçqc ~snbu ë `sh hbj`su enbz zfb ehjuhfbbnhqc `cz ofuz iqnzzfsh``cu ofuz iqnzzfsh``cu cu cu tcbuqs" tcbuqs" H` x n hjh sbc tf`fbuè ec tfs`fhq {qèjhzcq `cz tf`socz cb `‘nazcbjc oíoc ec oczsqcz jghddqècz" Cb oíoc uco{z `)coafb{fhbu ecz onqjgnbez gf``nbenhz uèofhibc ec `csq qèszzhuc cu ec `csq qh/ jgczzc" Eèmë ns oh`hcs es WTHH c zhçj`c `c oèecjhb `fbefbhcb Onq/ uhb @hzucq n{qçz ntfhq thzhuè [nqhz ehu ntfhq fazcqtè cb ~sc`/ ~scz nbbècz sb iqfzzhzzcocbu ecz [nqhzhcbz = ¬ Ec ohbjcz cu onhiqcz h`z zfbu ectcbsz iqnz cu jfq{s`cbuz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 87(" ¼ @c oèecjhb cu gfooc ec `cuuqc dqnbénhz Isx [nuhb dnhu `n oíoc fazcqtnuhfb = ¬ Bfz [nqhzhcbz dfbu fqehbnh/ qcocbu {cs e‘cwcqjhjcz afhtcbu cu onbicbu acnsjfs{ cu ec/ thcbbcbu dfqu {`èugfqh~scz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 87( (" ¼ Ns eèasu es WTHHHc zhçj`c Qcbè ec [h`cz zfs`hibc ~sc `cz jfq{z zc zfbu è`fhibèz ecz dhbczzcz nbuh~scz {nqjc ~sc `htqèz ns afhqc cu ë `n afbbc jgçqc" Jcz ètn`snuhfbz bfb anzècz zsq ec zf`hecz efb/ bècz co{hqh~scz bc {cqocuucbu {nz ec jfbj`sqc ë sbc è{heè/ ohc e‘faèzhuè enbz jc [nqhz ec `n Qcbnhzznbjc znsd ~s‘c``cz {cqocuucbu ufsu ec oíoc e‘n{{qèjhcq sb {gèbfoçbc ec zsq/ {fhez ~sh zcoa`nhu zc qè{nbeqc enbz `n {f{s`nuhfb" Hjh jc ~sh hbuèqczzc ns {qcohcq jgcd j‘czu ~sc {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz sb `hcb czu èuna`h cbuqc `c uqf{ ec jfbzfoonuhfb cu `n iqfzzcsq e‘sb zcs` cu oíoc hbehthes" Sb jfbzunu czu nszh {fzè = `n aqsz/ ~sc ehz{fbhah`huè es zsjqc ¬ tcbsc ecz ho{fqunuhfbz noèqhjnh/ bcz `‘hbtcbuhfb ecz `h~scsqz cu {qfeshuz ehzuh``èz fbu {s hbd`è/ jghq `cz jfbufsqz jfq{fqc`z dntfqhzcq `csq è{nhzzhzzcocbu 'Th/ inqc``f 1;>; = 88(" ¼ Eèmë ë jcuuc è{f~sc `c jfs{na`c èunhu hecbuhdhè jc ~sc jfbdhqocqn {`sz unqe ntcj zsjjçz `n zjhcbjc es WWc zhçj`c" 43
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
Jc ~s‘h` dnsu hjh qcucbhq j‘czu ~sc eèdhbhuhtcocbu `c qcinqe fjjhecbun` {fquè nsw dfqocz es jfq{z ns jfsqz ec `n Qcbnhz/ znbjc ocu cb {`njc sb ehzjfsqz ~sh {cqesqcqn msz~s‘ns WWH c nsmfsqe‘gsh < jc`sh ec `‘czugèuh~sc es jfq{z ~s‘h` dnsu nohbjhq cb jfbuqnhibnbu `cz jgnhqz fs cb zshtnbu ecz qèihocz"
Jfbuqnhbeqc `cz jgnhqz @n Qcbnhzznbjc thzc ë `n dfhz ë sb nohbjhzzcocbu n{{nqcbu es jfbufsq cu ë sb n``çicocbu n{{nqcbu es jfq{z" Nohbjhzzc/ ocbu enbz `c zcbz fø `cz qèihocz zfbu {`sz zfstcbu ètf~sèz jhuèz {qèzcbuz enbz `cz `cuuqcz `cz qhusc`z `cz qèjhuz ¬ ntcj `csqz qcjfsqz uqçz zho{`cz nsw ofhbeqcz ~snbuhuèz bsuqhuhtcz fs nsw onuhçqcz eczzèjgnbucz ufsucz jcbzècz `hohucq sbc iqfzzcsq efbu `c {qhbjh{c {qcohcq ecocsqc `‘gsohehuè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >;:(" ¼ N{{nqcbu enbz `c zcbz fø jc bfstc` czugèuhzoc {fsq `c jfq{z zc uqneshu {nq `n jfbuqnhbuc ecz jgnhqz" ¬ C``cz fbu sb jfqzcu fs jnohzf`c ~s‘c``cz n{{c``cbu jfq{z {h~sè {h~sè ~sh qcbe `csq ufsqbsqc {`sz `èiçqc cu {`sz ztc`uc" H` czu niqndè {nq ecqqhç/ qc jc ~sh qcbe cbjfqc {`sz ac``c `n dfqoc es zchb 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >1>( ¼ `‘heèc èunbu ec ¬ ofs`cq `cz dfqocz cu `cz uqnhuz cu nuucbeqc e‘csw ~s‘h`z zc {`hcbu nsw tf`socz ho{fzèz 'Thin/ qc``f 1;>; = >;:(" ¼ H` z‘nihu e‘sbc zhusnuhfb fø `c {qfdh` jfo/ ocbjc ë ectcbhq {qèfjjs{nuhfb efbj bfqoc zfjhn`c {fucbuhc`/ `c" Ë `‘è{f~sc ec `n Qcbnhzznbjc `‘heèc ~s‘sb qèihoc {shzzc ntfhq ecz qnuèz b‘czu {nz cbjfqc ètf~sèc" Jfooc `c zfs`hibc e‘nh``csqz `c eqnonusqic hun`hcb [hcqqc @‘Nqèuhb `cz {qfa`çocz ~s‘h` è{qfstc {fsq onhiqhq qc`çtcbu {`suõu es dnhu ~sc ¬ `n thc enbz zn {qf{qc th``c Qfoc `c jfbenobcqnhu ë {cs e‘cwcqjhjc" E‘fø `‘cbiqnhzzcocbu ~s‘h` qciqcuuc cu jcu èunu ec qnic {cqon/ bcbu {qftf~sè {nq `‘èjgcj 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >>>( ¼ e‘fø `‘heèc coaqxfbbnhqc e‘sb cbthqfbbcocbu faèzfiçbc" Ec {`sz ufsu ns jfsqz ec `n Qcbnhzznbjc `‘heèc e‘sb qèihoc znhb qc`çtc ntnbu ufsu ec `n ~sn`huè ecz ecbqècz {`suõu ~s‘nsuqcocbu = ¬ `n bèjczzhuè cbuqc nsuqcz ec qcjfsqhq nsw jgnhqz eczzèjgnbucz jc``cz msiècz bfb cwjqèocbucszcz jc``cz msiècz eczzhjjnuhtcz fs nazucqzhtcz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >>:( ¼ ho{fzcbu `n bèjczzhuè es zcj" @n iqnhzzc n eèdhbhuhtcocbu ë tfhq ntcj `cz `h~shecz cu 44
@n Qcbnhzznbjc
`cz ~sn`huèz es jfq{z uhcbbcbu ahcb ë jc``c ecz gsocsqz" @n thzhfb b‘czu {nz efbj {nz qcbfstc`èc {nq qn{{fqu ë jc``c es Ofxcb/Áic ~snbu ë `n bnusqc ec `n iqnhzzc ahcb ns jfbuqnhqc" @c zntfhq ¬ bc dnhu ~s‘n{{qfdfbehq `cz jfbthjuhfbz nbjhcbbcz njjcbusnbu `cz eèunh`z zsq ecz {qhbjh{cz hbjgnbièz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >>:(" ¼ @‘gfqh}fb ec `n znbuè ns WTH c zhçj`c czu ahcb jc`sh es `h/ ~shec cu es zcj ¬ ntcj zcz è~sh`haqcz zcz eèzfqeqcz cu zcz eè/ afqecocbuz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >>5(" ¼ @c zcj cu `c `h~shec eè/ ucqohbc `c znhb cu `c on`znhb `c ehiczuc cu `‘hbehiczuc `c ohbjc cu `c iqfz" H` zsddhu efbj e‘è`hohbcq jc ~sh jfbzuhusc `c iqnz cb `‘ètnjsnbu {nq `cz fqhdhjcz bnusqc`z es jfq{z {nq ecz qèihocz fs ec `‘cwcqjhjc" Nhbzh `‘cwcqjhjc efbu {nq`nhu [hcqqc @‘Nqèuhb zc eèdhbhu ntnbu ufsu ë {nquhq e‘sb ucqoc hbtcqzc = `‘hoofah`huè `n {nqczzc cu `n `fsqecsq ec `n thc" @‘cwcqjhjc {cqocuuqnhu e‘ètnjscq `cz `h~shecz e‘nzzèjgcq `c jfq{z {nq `c zcs` èjgnsd/ dcocbu {qftf~sè {nq `c dqfuucocbu ecz {nquhcz es jfq{z" Hjh {nz ~sczuhfb ec ixobnzuh~sc fs ec qcohzc cb dfqoc" Jfooc `c jfbzunuc Nbufhbc ec Anbef`c ahfiqn{gc e‘Gcbqh HT ¬ `cz icbz ec oèuhcq zfbu qnqcocbu jgnqbsz cu fbu qnqcocbu iqfz tcbuqc" \"""_ H`z dfbu tfhq jfoahcb `cz cwcqjhjcz thf`cbuz cu dqè/ ~scbuz zcqtcbu ë nuuèbscq `c jfq{z 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >>3(" ¼ @n ohbjcsq cu j‘czu zfb nz{cju `c {`sz onq~snbu ë `n Qc/ bnhzznbjc ufsjgc {nquhjs`hçqcocbu `n dcooc" @‘nohbjhzzcocbu dèohbhb ecthcbu ec {`sz cb {`sz sbc {qèfjjs{nuhfb ~sh jfo/ ocbjc ntcj `n enoc es {n`nhz ~sc `‘fb eczuhbc ntnbu ufsu ë sb qõ`c czugèuh~sc" J‘czu `‘fqhcbunuhfb ¬ e‘sbc n{{nqcbjc dèohbhbc dnhuc {fsq `‘njjsch` `c ecenbz `‘fqbcocbu ecz ecocsqcz cu ecz n{{nqucocbuz n`fqz ~sc `‘n{{nqcbjc onzjs`hbc zcqnhu dnhuc {fsq `c ecgfqz `‘nddqfbucocbu ecz jgfzcz cu ecz icbz" Nsunbu ec ehddèqcbjcz qcbdfqjècz znbz noahisæuè enbz `cz uqnhuèz ec acnsuè ec `n Qcbnhzznbjc = `n dfqjc {fsq `‘gfooc `n acnsuè {fsq `n dcooc < ë `‘sb `c uqntnh` ec `n th``c cu ecz jgno{z ë `‘nsuqc `c jfstcqu ec `n onhzfb 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >>8(" ¼ Cu
49
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
zsqufsu jcuuc fazczzhfb ec `n unh``c dèohbhbc ohbjc {nq sb tcb/ uqc {`nu `hzzc dcqoc cu zf`hec znbz {`hz bh qhecz 13" @n Qcbnhzznbjc nsqn èuè ntnbu ufsu dnjc ë `n iqnhzzc sb qnd/ dhbcocbu es tfjnas`nhqc sbc hjfbfiqn{ghc njjcbusèc eèjqh/ tnbu `‘cddfbeqcocbu ecz jgnhqz ufsu jfooc sb eè{`njcocbu ec `n i`fsufbbcqhc cu ec `n ifsqonbehzc tcqz `n on`neqczzc cu `‘hbjn{njhuè `c ufsu js`ohbnbu enbz sb eèzhq e‘nohbjhzzcocbu es jfq{z jnq `c iqfz n {cqes ec zfb {qczuhic"
On`nehcz efohbnbucz @cz on`nehcz es Ofxcb/Áic zfbu ufsmfsqz {qèzcbucz = `ç{qc {czuc tnqhf`c exzcbucqhc ehnqqgèc usacqjs`fzc fzzcszc cu {s`ofbnhqc zjfqasu ux{gsz hbd`scb}n jf~sc`sjgc {n`sehzoc 'on`nqhn(" @c zntfhq oèehjn` zc uqnbzdfqoc = nbnufohc 'zjhcbjc es jfq{z( < qcohzc cb jnszc ecz zntfhqz nbuh~scz ntcj `cz uqn/ tnsw ec [nqnjc`zc cu e‘Noaqfhzc [nqè < `‘nhq jfqqfo{s {èbçuqc `c jfq{z < h` x nsqnhu nszzh jcuuc {fzzhah`huè e‘sbc jfbunihfb = sbc uqnbzohzzhfb `fjn`hzèc ⇑ sbc jfbunohbnuhfb ⇑ sbc {qf/ {ninuhfb ⇑ sbc è{heèohc" @n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c zc {qèjhzc ë uqntcqz ecz {qfufjf`cz = ehnibfzuhj < {qfbfzuhj < uqnhucocbu < nszjs`unuhfb ehqcjuc 'fecsqz jfs`csqz {n`{nuhfb cwnocb es {fs`z es znbi cu ecz sqhbcz( < hbzunsqnuhfb e‘sb ehn`fisc ugè/ qn{csuh~sc cbuqc oèecjhb cu {nuhcbu < jghqsqihc 'usocsqz gcq/ bhcz dqnjusqcz no{sunuhfbz jnunqnjuc(" Ntcj `n {czuc ufsmfsqz {qèzcbuc cu `‘n{{nqhuhfb ec `n zx{gh`hz ns oh`hcs es WHTc zhçj`c eèzfqonhz `c jfq{z czu {fqcsw" @c on` cu `n {fsqqhusqc `c {èbçuqcbu e‘fø sb eè{`njcocbu ecz {qè/ fjjs{nuhfbz tcqz `n {qètcbuhfb" Ns WTc zhçj`c `‘gfqh}fb ec `n dnho z‘è`fhibc" Es jfs{ sbc nuucbuhfb ufsuc {nquhjs`hçqc {fquèc tcqz sbc ¬ oèecjhbc ec zfh/oíoc ¼" H` x n jcuuc heèc e‘sbc znbuè {nqdnhuc fs ho{nqdnhuc efbu `‘hbehthes zcqnhu qcz{fbzna`c 13
H` x n cbjfqc nsmfsqe‘gsh jcuuc fazczzhfb {fsq `c tcbuqc {`nu dcqoc cu zf`hec" On`iqè `cz {qf{fzhuhfbz es dèohbhzoc ec `n zcjfbec ofhuhè es WW c zhçj`c ~sh ectnhu qceèdhbhq `n {cqjc{uhfb es jfq{z ec `n dcooc `c tcbuqc {`nu dcqoc `hzzc cu zf`hec b‘czu {nz {fsq nsunbu zfquh ec `‘honihbnhqc dèoh/ bhb" H` czu {`suõu ectcbs `c zxoaf`c es jfq{z e‘sbc dcooc ~sh czu bfb zcs`cocbu cb znbuè onhz ~sh {qcbe zfhb ec zn znbuè cu e‘c``c/oíoc" e‘c``c/oíoc"
47
@n Qcbnhzznbjc
onq~snbu nhbzh sbc qs{usqc e‘ntcj `cz cw{`hjnuhfbz jfzofif/ bh~scz ecz zhçj`cz jcbuqnsw es Ofxcb/Áic" J‘czu `c `cbu cu iqnesc` uqnbzdcqu e‘sbc thzhfb gxihèbhzuc dfbeèc zsq ecz jqfxnbjcz tcqz sbc thzhfb gxihèbhzuc dfbeèc zsq ecz qc`nuhfbz ec jnszcz ë cddcu" [fsqunbu ufsu jfooc ns Ofxcb/Áic ecz on`nehcz qèjsq/ qcbucz" @‘è{heèohc czu ufsmfsqz `n uqnoc ec dfbe" @n ugçzc ef/ ohbnbuc ¬ zs{{fzc ~sc `cz {czuhdèqèz jfbunohbcbu `‘nhq ~sh `cz cbufsqc e‘fø `‘cw{qczzhfb e‘nèqhzoc \․_ ~sh qèjszc ufsu {nq/ uhjs`hçqcocbu `‘nuuqhasuhfb ec `n jfbunohbnuhfb ns zcs` jfbunju ehqcju {nq `c ufsjgcq 'Dnaqc >884 = 79(" ¼ Jcuuc heèc gh{{fjqn/ uh~sc qceèjfstcquc ns WT c zhçj`c jfbdçqc bfb zcs`cocbu sbc nzzhzc zntnbuc ë `n ugçzc nèqhzuc onhz {cqocu nszzh nsw nsufqh/ uèz ec eèeqnonuhzcq `cz zhusnuhfbz è{heèoh~scz ¬ cb dnhznbu tn`fhq `c {qhbjh{c zc`fb `c~sc` `n {csq 14 {qèehz{fzcqnhu ë `n jfbunohbnuhfb 'Dnaqc >884 = 79(" ¼ Fb tfhu nszzh jfoocbu ¬ `‘n{{qfjgc nèqhzuc n {s efbbcq sb nqisocbu eèjhzhd nsw nsuf/ qhuèz {f`huh~scz {fsq ucbucq ec jfbmsqcq `cz {csqz zfjhn`cz cwn/ jcqaècz {nq `cz è{heèohcz ec {czuc cu efbu `cz jfbzè~scbjcz {fstnhcbu ocbnjcq iqntcocbu `‘fqeqc {sa`hj 'Dnaqc >88: = 7:(" ¼ Sbc `fih~sc efbj = `fjn`hzcq `c on` `c jnbufbbcq `c jfbuqnhbeqc e‘fø `n ohzc cb {`njc ec oczsqcz {sa`h~scz {qè/ tcbuhtcz" E‘sbc {nqu ecz qèzcnsw e‘hbdfqonuhfbz = '>( ¬ `c {qè/ tõu ec [nqhz hbzuhusc cb >33: sbc zsjjczzhfb ec qcz{fbznah`h/ uèz cb jgnâbc = `c jfoohzznhqc ec ~snquhcq n{{c``c ntcj `sh ecsw onqish``hcqz bfoocqn ecsw gfoocz cb jgn~sc {nqfhz/ zc'37( ¼ {fsq qcbeqc jfo{uc ec `n {qfiqczzhfb e‘sbc on`nehc < '1( `‘fa`hinuhfb {fsq jgn~sc jhufxcb ec eèj`nqcq ufsu hbehthes hbdcjuè" E‘nsuqc {nqu hbzuhusuhfbbn`hznuhfb ec `n ~snqnbunhbc"
@‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c @cz jgnbicocbuz hbucqthcbbcbu zsqufsu enbz `c zntfhq oèeh/ jn`" @c WTc zhçj`c ho{fzc sbc bfstc``c thzhfb es on`" @‘nqqhtèc ec `n zx{gh`hz nmfsuc ec bfstc``cz jqnhbucz" ¬ @cz 14
Jc ¬`ctnhb ec `n {csq¼ zcqnhu oíoc sb {qèjsqzcsq ë `n jfbunohbnuhfb jfbunohbnuhfb .
48
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
zxo{uõocz es on` tèbèqhcb eè{`njcbu entnbunic `c qcinqe" Sb efsuc n{{nqnâu = `‘nhq {csu/h` íuqc hbjqhohbè n`fqz ~sc `n uqnbz/ ohzzhfb zcoa`c ehqcjuc zsiièqnbu `c qõ`c es zcs` jfbunju hbuh/ oc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 34( 6 ¼ Hjh i`hzzcocbu zcbzha`c onhz ufsmfsqz jfbdsz tcqz sbc jfo{qègcbzhfb es {gèbfoçbc jfbunihcsw < `‘èjgnbic ec zsmcu ë zsmcu `n qc`nuhfb zcwsc``c" Jfbzuqsjuhfb ofqn`c èin`cocbu jc``c ec `n eèansjgc cu ec `n `swsqc ¬ hbdcjuhfb eèj`cbjgèc {nq `cz coaqnzzcocbuz ntcj sbc dcooc zfsh``èc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 39( ¼ on`nehc uqnbz{fquèc {nq `cz zf`enuz cz{nibf`z qctcbsz ecz â`cz zsiièqnbu sbc fqhih/ bc noèqhjnhbc" @n zx{gh`hz eè{`njc `c qcinqe oèehjn` = `‘hbdcjuhfb zcqnhu ec `‘fqeqc es jfbunju hbuhoc" Es jfs{ `cz oh`hcsw qè{suèz hbdcjuz `cz fecsqz `‘nhq cu `cz jgnqfibcz thzh/ a`cz zfbu qcthzhuèz" H` x nsqnhu jfbunihfb = ¬ sbc zcocbjc `fièc enbz jc`sh ~sh uqnbzocu \․_ sb {qhbjh{c hbthzha`c \․_ ~sh dnhu ec `n on`nehc sbc jfoosbhjnuhfb ec zsmcu ë zsmcu 'Thinqc``f >888 = 39(" ¼ @n uqnbzohzzhfb czu eèzfqonhz `fjn`hzèc"
@c zntfhq oèehjn` @n jfbjc{uhfb ec `n on`nehc jgnbic = c``c ecthcbu {qf{nin/ uhfb cb jgnâbc ¬ jfbunohbnuhfb {qfiqczzhtc e‘cbzcoa`cz gs/ onhbz ë {nquhq e‘sb {qcohcq jfq{z ufsjgè 'Thinqc``f >888 = 37(" ¼ Sbc zshuc e‘ho{`hjnuhfbz zho{`cz cu cddhjnjcz = ¬ sbc uqnbzohzzhfb `fjn`hzèc sbc jfbunohbnuhfb sbc {qf/ {ninuhfb sbc è{heèohc ¼" Zc anznbu zsq sbc heèc es oèecjhb Mcnb Onbnqe `c {qcohcq ë ntfhq jfo{qhz ~sc `c on` èunhu jfoosbh~sè {nq `c jfæu Nbufhbc Oszzn Aqnzzntf`c oèecjhb ec `n th``c ec Dcqqnqc cb >33> jfbdhqoc `c {gèbfoçbc = ¬ sbc jfsquhznbc nuuchbuc e‘s`jçqc zfqehec ë `n ts`tc ntnhu hbdcjuè ecz gfoocz ~sh ntnhcbu uqnbzohz `c on` 'Ecz{qèz >79: = 44(" ¼ On`iqè `c jfbzunu sb {qfa`çoc ho{fqunbu = `n on`nehc qczuc hbthzha`c {cbenbu sb jcqunhb uco{z `cz hbdcjuèz {qf{nicbu `c on` e‘fø `‘heèc ec efucq e‘sb jcquhdhjnu nuuczunbu ec `csq afbbc znbuè `cz dh``cz {sa`h~scz cu `cz dh``cz e‘nsacqic" Oczsqc znbz cddcu hooèehnu noahuhfb {qètcbuhtc cu gxihèbhzuc {nq sb jfbuqõ`c ecz eè{`njcocbuz = jcqbcq `‘huhbèqnhqc ecz tèbèqhcbz jfo{qcbeqc `n {qf{ninuhfb" ¬ @n zx{gh`hz nsqn dntfqhzè sbc jfbjc{uhfb {`sz hbehthesn`hznbuc ecz nuuchbucz = njjcbuscq `c ⇑
⇑
9;
⇑
@n Qcbnhzznbjc
qcinqe zsq `c on`nec {fqucsq ucbucq ec `fjn`hzcq `c on` eèzh/ ibcq cu dhjgcq `cz zsmcuz efsucsw 'Thinqc``f >888 = 37(" ¼ Nsuqc jgnbicocbu ho{fqunbu = `n {qnuh~sc ec `n ehzzcjuhfb < jc zcqn `c jgnbicocbu jcbuqn` n{qçz ecz zhçj`cz e)hbucqehjuhfb {nq `)Èi`hzc" Sb qcbfstc``cocbu zxzuèonuh~sc ec `n thzhfb es jfq{z" @‘nbnufohc ecthcbu `n zjhcbjc es jfq{z" Tèzn`c '>3>5/ >345( cb qceèdhbhu `cz {nqnoçuqcz cu `cz {qf{qhèuèz = ehzzcjuhfbz bfoaqcszcz fazcqtnuhfbz ohbsuhcszcz èuna`hzzcocbu e‘sbc bfstc``c bfocbj`nusqc nbnufoh~sc" H` jfqqhic cu qèdsuc `cz zn/ jqf/znhbucz nddhqonuhfbz ec In`hcb cb {`njc ec{shz sb oh``èbnh/ qc" Cb >35: zfb ho{qczzhfbbnbu uqnhuè e‘nbnufohc hbuhus`è Jfq{fqhz Gsonbh Dnaqhjn czu {sa`hè cb zc{u tf`socz" [nq/ ufsu cb Csqf{c {`nbjgcz cu eczzhbz zfbu jf{hèz" ¬ @n ehzzcj/ uhfb ecthcbu anbn`c cu oíoc `‘Èi`hzc cu `cz nsufqhuèz jhth`cz `‘nsufqhzcbu njjc{unbu `n jfbzuqsjuhfb ec aáuhocbuz {fsq jc dnhqc 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = 8:(" ¼ J‘czu sbc {`fbièc bfstc``c enbz `‘hbuhohuè es jfq{z" J‘czu sbc jfbbnhzznbjc znhzhzznbuc ¬ onhz dhna`c es jfq{z gsonhb onhbucbnbu zfsohz ns qcinqe fstcqu ehzzfjhè jnqufiqn{ghè '[cucq 1;>> = 43(" ¼ [nqnjc`zc '>58:/>35>( qceèdhbhu `c zntfhq oèehjn` {qhth`èihc `‘gx{fugçzc cu `c zntfhq qcjfsqu ë jcqunhbcz {`nbucz cu {qfeshuz jghoh~scz jghoh~scz qcbe jfo{uc ecz {qfa`çocz ec znbuè ecz fstqhcqz cb jfbunju ntcj tn{csqz cu oèunsw jf``hic {qnuh~scz {f{s`nh/ qcz qcjcuucz uqnehuhfbbc``cz cu dnéfbz ec dnhqc ecz anqahcqz ecz th``nicz zsiiçqc `‘heèc ~s‘cb jgn~sc gfooc h` x n sb oèec/ jhb cu sbc {gnqonjhc bnusqc`z" [nqnjc`zc zc `nbjc enbz sbc tnzuc cbuqc{qhzc ec qcohzc cb ~sczuhfb ecz zntfhqz nbuh~scz èbfbjèz {nq Gh{{fjqnuc In`hcb cu Nthjcbbc = ¬ ^sh efbj hibfqc ~sc `n {`s{nqu ecz oèecjhbz ec bfuqc uco{z fbu dnh``h ë `csq ohzzhfb ec `n onbhçqc `n {`sz gfbucszc cb dnhznbu jfsqhq `cz {`sz iqnbez qhz~scz ë `csqz on`necz 6 H`z zc zfbu nuunjgèz ntcj sb {èenbuhzoc cwuqíoc nsw zcbucbjcz e‘Gh{{fjqnuc ec In`hcb cu e‘Nthjcbbc \․_ Jc zfbu efbj `‘cw{èqhcbjc cu `n qnh/ zfb cu bfb `cz nsufqhuèz ~sh oc ishecqfbu `fqz~sc mc {qfstcqnh ~sc`~sc jgfzc" '[nqnjc`zc >3:> = >/5(" ¼
9>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
@n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c Anzzc Śstqc onbsc``c cu gsoh`hnbuc jfbunju ntcj `c znbi fqinbcz cu {hqcz a`czzsqcz ec ufsucz zfqucz tf`cu cw{èqhocbun` es zntfhq oèehjn` `n jghqsqihc 19 b‘n {nz cbjfqc qcés zcz `cuuqcz ec jqènbjcz" @c oèecjhb17 ~snbu ë `sh b‘nsqnhu aczfhb ~sc ec zfb zntfhq `htqcz~sc cu e‘sbc {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c zfsohzc ë sb {qfufjf`c ahcb {qèjhz = ehnibfzuhj {qfbfzuhj cu uqnhucocbu" Ns jgctcu es on`nec `c oèecjhb efhu ufsu e‘nafqe qc`ctcq ¬ co{h/ qh~scocbu ufsz `cz zhibcz ec `n on`nehc '`c ehnibfzuhj czu èuna`h ë {nquhq ec `‘fazcqtnuhfb( {qètfhq `c jfsqz ns qcinqe ec `n uqn/ ehuhfb '`c {qfbfzuhj b‘czu zfstcbu ~s‘sbc nddnhqc ec jn`js`( cu eèjhecq es uqnhucocbu cb z‘hbz{hqnbu ec jnz nbn`fiscz qèjcbuz fs bfb '`‘èqsehuhfb es oèecjhb czu hjh dfbenocbun`c( '[cqc} 1;>> = >>1(" ¼ Nsuqc {qnuh~sc e‘ho{fqunbjc `c ehn`fisc ugèqn/ {csuh~sc z‘hbzunsqc ntcj `c {nuhcbu" @c oèecjhb qc`çtc cu hbz/ {cjuc ufsu jc ~sh zfqu es jfq{z zfsddqnbu" H` ifüuc `cz sqhbcz fs `c znbi cb jnz ec znhibèc fazcqtc `cz zc``cz {qcbe `c {fs`z" ¬ J‘czu ahcb `‘fjjnzhfb e‘sb ehn`fisc ugèqn{csuh~sc ntcj `c on`nec h` dnsu `c {qcbeqc ns zèqhcsw `c qnzzsqcq cu `‘nhecq cb dnhznbu ec zfb ohcsw" @n {qfdczzhfb ec dfh b‘czu {nz `fhb `c oèecjhb nxnbu sbc iqnbec qcz{fbznah`huè thz/ë/thz ec zfb {n/ uhcbu oíoc zh `‘hzzsc dnun`c ec `n on`nehc {csu ufsmfsqz íuqc nuuqhasèc ë `n tf`fbuè ehthbc '[cqc} 1;>> = >>:(" ¼ @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb zc eè{`njc = nhq {sq cu nhq jfq/ qfo{s < `hcsw znhbz cu `hcsw hbdcjuz < bfsqqhusqc ecz {nstqcz cu bfsqqhusqc ecz bnbuhz < znbuè {nqdnhuc cu znbuè ho{nqdnhuc < {qè/ zcqtnuhfb ec zfh cu jfo{fqucocbuz ë qhz~sc"
19
Zhusnuhfb hqfbh~sc e‘nsunbu ~sc `c jghqsqihcb es WWH c zhçj`c czu jc`sh ~sh ehz{fzc es {qczuhic `c oèecjhb ièbèqn`hzuc nxnbu èuè qc`èisè ns qnbi e‘sb zho{`c {qnuhjhcb ec {qcohçqc `hibc" 17 Bc {nz fsa`hcq ~sc ntnbu >43; `c oèecjhb dnhznhu cbjfqc dhisqc ec ¬ {qfdhucsq ecz iscqqcz cu ecz è{heèohcz e‘f{{fqusbhzuc e‘f{{fqusbhzuc {nqjfsqnbu `cz th``cz cu `cz jgno{z `cz dfhqcz cu `cz jfsqz {qhbjhçqcz ë `n qcjgcqjgc ec ièbèqcsw on`necz '[cqc} 1;>> = >>>(" ¼ @c jghqsqihcb ~snbu ë `sh èunhu cbjfqc {`sz on` {cqés"
91
@n Qcbnhzznbjc
@n {czuc nqqhtèc cb Csqf{c cb >:59 ahcb ~sc ucqqhdhnbuc czu nszzh cbzchibcocbu" C``c ¬ czu aqsun`c zn ehddszhfb hbjfbuqõ`n/ a`c hbucbzhdhèc ns jŚsq oíoc ecz jhuèz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 3>(" ¼ Cb ofhbz ec ecsw mfsqz zfsz zn dfqoc {bcsof/ bh~sc c``c {qftf~sc `n ofqu" C``c czu qno{nbuc cu ds`isqnbuc ë `n dfhz onhz zsqufsu hbcwfqna`c" Zcbuhocbu e‘ho{shzznbjc h` bc qczuc ~sc ec bfstc``cz eèonqjgcz ec {qèzcqtnuhfb ec zfh jfo/ oc èjgn{{nufhqc ¬ sbc dnéfb {`sz jfo{`cwc ec {qfuèicq `c jfq{z njjcbusnbu `c qc{çqc ecz è{sqcocbuz = cbtc`f{{cz fqin/ bh~scz msiècz {`sz dqnih`cz {`sz {fqcszcz {qftf~snbu sbc bfstc``c thih`nbjc oh`hcsw ec thc {`sz hb~shèunbuz nszzh msièz {`sz enbicqcsw fs bnszènafbez {qftf~snbu ec bfstc``cz oh/ zcz ë ehzunbjc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 3>(" ¼ @c jfq{z {fqcsw czu eèzfqonhz ohz cb {èqh` ectcbs jfq{z {èbèuqè" Sb jfbzunu = `n {czuc zfs`hibc `‘ho{shzznbjc ë `n jfbuqcjnq/ qcq" [fsqunbu ec jcuuc ho{shzznbjc zsqihzzcbu ec bfstc``cz eèonqjgcz ec {qètcbuhfb" @c jgno{ es enbicqcsw z‘è`nqihu" H` dnsu ocuuqc ë ehzunbjc jc ~sh {csu {èbèuqcq `c jfq{z e‘fø nuuh/ usecz {qètcbuhtcz" E‘sbc {nqu `n {hèuè ~sh zcqnhu qèeghahufhqc jn{na`c ec jfbmsqcq jcuuc {shzznbjc fazjsqc cu `n dshuc tcqz sb nh``csqz znbz {czuc ufsu cb bc znjgnbu {nz ~sc jcuuc dshuc uqnbz/ {fquc enbz jcu nh``csqz `c on`" E‘nsuqc {nqu {nqu `n {czuc ¬ b‘czu/c``c {nz dnhuc ec {fszzhçqcz tcbhocszcz ec bsnicz zfs`ctèz {nq `cz {`nbçucz cb eèzgèqcbjc 6 \․_ H` dnsu èthucq ntcj zfhb `‘nhq ~sh {fsqqnhu bfsz hbfjs`cq sb uc` tcbhb cu `c dshq e‘gfooc ë gfo/ oc ec onhzfb cb onhzfb ec th``nic cb th``nic ec th``c cb th``c 'Thinqc``f >888 = 31(" ¼ H` czu efqèbntnbu {fzzha`c ec `fjn`hzcq `‘nhq on`znhb jc`sh ec ~sc`~scz `hcsw qè{suèz hbdcjuz ¬ `cz {fqjgcqhcz `cz èun`z e‘è~snqqhzznic `cz jgnqfibcz on` cbucqqècz ufsucz }fbcz fø `cz jgnhqz zc eèjfo{fzcbu ë `‘nhq `haqc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 31(" ¼ Ë `n Qcbnhzznbjc `‘hzf`cocbu ecz hbehthesz cu ecz oh`hcsw czu nszzh sb cbzchibcocbu ec `n {czuc = h` {qfjçec ¬ ntnbu ufsu ec `‘cw{èqhcbjc ecz jfbunihfbz {nzzècz cu bfb e‘sbc onâuqhzc ecz ofecz ec uqnbzohzzhfbz 'Dnaqc >884 = 81(" ¼ Ns oh`hcs es WTH c zhçj`c `n ugèfqhc jfbunihfbbhzuc zs{{fquc jcuuc heèc e‘sb hzf`cocbu {qètcbuhd ¬ cu zsqufsu zn uqçz zuqhjuc fazcqtnuhfb n`fqz ~sc `n dshuc eèzfq/ efbbèc n{{nqnâu bèdnzuc \․_" H` dnsu nuucbeqc `n ohzc cb {`njc 9:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
e‘sb qèzcns e‘hbdfqonuhfbz znbhunhqcz ns WTHH c zhçj`c j‘czu/ë/ ehqc `c qèihoc ecz {nucbucz onqhuhocz ec znbuè cu ecz ah``cuz fs {nzzc{fquz znbhunhqcz {fsq ~sc `c on` jfoocbjc ë qcjs`cq 'Ah/ qnacb >894 = >7:(" ¼ @‘fecsq cu `c thzha`c eèucqohbcbu `c enbicq cu zn ohzc ë ehz/ unbjc" @‘fecsq uqnbz{fqucqnhu `c on` e‘fø `‘hbmfbjuhfb ë dnhqc cb zfquc ~sc `c jfq{z zfhu `c ofhbz {fqcsw {fzzha`c 'jd" @cz onz~scz tèbhuhcbz ec Jnqbntn` efuèz ec `fbiz bc} ~sh cbdcq/ onhcbu gcqacz cu nqfonucz {fsq dh`uqcq `)nhq qcz{hqè(" Ohzc ë ehzunbjc cb èthunbu jcqunhbz jfo{fqucocbuz niiqntnbuz zszjc{/ uha`cz ec dnhqc {èbèuqcq `c on` = ¬ `‘cwcqjhjc èjgnsddnbu cu fs/ tqnbu `cz {fqcz ec `n {cns < `n jgn`csq fstqnbu {nq uqf{ `cz jfbeshuz es jfq{z < `cz anhbz fs `‘nanbefb uqf{ dqè~scbu ns {`nhzhq zcbzsc` eèah`hunbu `n tcqus bnusqc``c 'Thinqc``f >888 = 35(" ¼ @c enbicq z‘èucbe `‘nhq {èbèuqnbu `n {cns zszjhuc e‘nsuqcz nuucbuhfbz = h` b‘czu {`sz zcs`cocbu ~sczuhfb e‘sbc {sqcuè ~sh ectqnhu jhqjs`cq enbz `cz fqinbcz onhz e‘sbc {sqcuè cwuèqhcsqc ns jfq{z sbc ofehdhjnuhfb ec `‘cbthqfbbcocbu"
@n znbuè z‘hbzun``c Sb jgnbicocbu zcbzha`c ns WTHc zhçj`c" Ë `n afoanbjc cu `cz {nxz ec Jfjnibc e‘sbc è{f~sc fø `n dnho z‘hbzjqhtnhu enbz `c ~sfuhehcb ecz zhçj`cz jcbuqnsw es Ofxcb/Áic zsjjçecbu `n qèzcqtc cu `n zfaqhèuè e‘sbc è{f~sc fø `‘n{{qfthzhfbbcocbu cb bfsqqhusqc ecthcbu ofhbz {qèfjjs{nbu" @c qcjs` {qfiqczzhd ecz è{heèohcz ec{shz >55; `n dhb ec `n Iscqqc ec Jcbu Nbz `‘cwucbzhfb ecz ucqqcz js`uhtècz `‘nsiocbunuhfb {qfiqczzhtc es qcbecocbu {nq iqnhb `‘nsiocbunuhfb es jgc{uc` `‘nsiocbunuhfb es tf`soc ec {fhzzfbz {íjgèz cb zfooc sbc jfbtcqicbjc e‘ètèbcocbuz ~sh eczzcqqcbu `cz jfbuqnhbucz ec `n dnho" ¬ Sb zcbz hbèehu ec `n esqèc z‘nddhqoc eçz `n dhb es WT c zhçj`c sbc nuucbuhfb {`sz onq~sèc ë `n ecbzhuè ec `‘cwhzucbjc ë zcz {gnzcz zsjjczzhtcz ë `csq qhjgczzc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 44(" ¼ @n ofqu {qèjfjc czu eçz `fqz {qèzcbuèc jfooc sb {qfa`çoc ë qèzfseqc ecthcbu ¬ {`sz hbzhzunbuc {`sz {qczznbuc = ntcs {`sz cw{`hjhuc cb ufsu jnz e‘nuucbuhfb ns thtnbu 'Thinqc``f >888 = 44(" ¼ 95
@n Qcbnhzznbjc
@n qs{usqc jfzofifbh~sc czu eèzfqonhz jfbzfooèc" H` x n sbc znbuè {nqdnhuc fs ho{nqdnhuc efbu `‘hbehthes zcqnhu `c zcs` qcz{fbzna`c18" ¬ Jcuuc z{gçqc {qhtèc hbtczuhc cu msièc gfqz e‘nuuchbuc hbzun``c ë zn onbhçqc `‘hbehthes ofecqbc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 95( ¼ jc`sh es Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz jc`sh nbbfbjè {nq Coonbsc` Lnbu jc`sh ~sh msic {nq `sh/oíoc `haèqè ec zcz {qèmsièz ec zcz zs{cqzuhuhfbz ec zcz h``szhfbz" Hjh ¬ `‘fqhihbn`huè uhcbu ë sbc jfbdhnbjc jfbdszc = `n jfbthjuhfb cbjfqc è`èocbunhqc onhz bcuucocbu èbfbjèc e‘sb jfq{z efbu `c zsmcu czu zcs` ë {fstfhq ètn`scq `cz ehz{fzhuhfbz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 95(" ¼ Oèecjhbc ec zfh/oíoc jcqucz onhz jgc} `cz bnb/ uhz cu `cz {qhth`èihèz"
@c qcafbe ec `‘cwj`szhfb zfjhn`c @c WTHc zhçj`c onq~sc bfb zcs`cocbu sbc qs{usqc jfzofif/ bh~sc onhz nszzh sbc qs{usqc zfjhn`c cu jc ë uqfhz bhtcnsw = uqntnh` n`hocbunuhfb cu jqfxnbjcz" @‘honic zfjhn`c ecz {`sz gsoa`cz jgnbic" Eèbscocbu cu {nstqcuè ecthcbbcbu famcu ec znqjnzocz ns WTHc zhçj`c" ¬ @n {nstqcuè {cqe `n tn`csq znjqèc ~s‘c``c ntnhu ns Ofxcb/Áic 'Thinqc``f >888 = 94(" ¼ E‘sbc {nqu tn`fqhznuhfb es uqntnh` fø ocbehcq czu eèzfqonhz qèzcqtè nsw zcs`z on`necz cu hbdhqocz fø `‘heèn` dqnbjhzjnhb es ocb/ ehnbu ecthcbu cwn`unuhfb es `nacsq = ¬ Us inibcqnz ufb {nhb ë `n zscsq ec ufb dqfbu ¼" dqfbu ¼" E‘nsuqc {nqu Qèdfqoc es jnugf`hjhzoc fø `n ~sczuhfb es zn`su {cqzfbbc` ecthcbu jcbuqn`c" @n bfsqqhusqc ecz {nstqcz ecthcbu ehddèqcbjhnuhfb zfjhn`c hbz{hqc `c eèifüu jgc} `cz bnbuhz onq~sc `cz dqfbuhçqcz bfstc`/ `cz ë {nquhq ec `n js`usqc ec `‘è`huc" Sbc ehzunbjc e‘nsunbu {`sz njjqsc ~s‘c``c eèbfbjc `c eèbscocbu jfooc sbc unqc" ¬ @n bfsqqhusqc ecz {`sz eèosbhz czu ehuc jqècq sbc {suqcef sbc {suqcef hbucqbc zszjc{uha`c ec jfbunohbcq ë c``c zcs`c `‘nuofz{gçqc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 99(" ¼ @n onstnhzc bfsqqhusqc b‘nddcjuc {nz zcs`cocbu jc`sh ~sh `n jfbzfooc onhz ufsu zfb cbufsqnic {nq zcz ehddè/ qcbucz cwgn`nhzfbz zszjc{uha`cz ec eèj`cbjgcq sbc è{heèohc" 18
Ns/ec`ë ec jcuuc qs{usqc sbc nsuqc qs{usqc nbbfbjèc ~sh z‘cddcjuscqn ns WWHc zhçj`c jc``c e‘sb hbehthes cbuhçqcocbu nsufbfoc nsufbfoc dnjc ë zn znbuè" Sbc qs{usqc e‘ntcj `c zxzuçoc ec `n zjhcbjc oèehjn`c"
93
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
Cb >351 `c oèecjhb cu nbnufohzuc dqnbénhz Zx`thsz jfbzjhcbu es {qfa`çoc {qf{fzc sb njjfoofecocbu ehèuèuh~sc nsw eè/ osbhz = ¬ czjnqifuz tcqz ec ucqqc cu jfs`cstqcz efhtcbu íuqc ¬ ahcb tsxeècz cu czjqfjgècz n{qçz cb ntfhq jfs{{è cu mcjuè cbthqfb ~snuqc ifhiu} ec `n uczuc cu nsunbu zh tfsz tfs`c} ec `n ~scsc ahcb `ntècz cu bcuufxècz cb `cwhtc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 97(" ¼ Mfxnsw {hcqqcz {qèjhcszcz nos`cuucz `h~scsqz e‘fq cu è`hwhqz e‘n`jghohzucz es Ofxcb/Áic ecthcbbcbu {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz famcu ec ehddèqcbjhnuhfb zfjhn`c oèecjhbc ec jgnq`nunb jqfxnbjcz {fsq `cz {cuhucz icbz" Noaqfhzc [nqè `c jè`çaqc jghqsqihcb dqnbénhz {qf{fzc ec {qfstcq ~sc `cz {hcqqcz {qè/ jhcszcz zxoaf`c ec {sqcuè cu ec {qètcbuhfb b‘fbu nsjsb cddcu" ¬ Sb jshzhbhcq es qfh tf`csq ec ~sc`~scz {`nuz e‘nqicbu na/ zfqac {fhzfb cu nbuhefuc '`n {hcqqc qèeshuc cb {fseqc( jfbuqc sbc {qfoczzc ec thc znstc" @c qèzs`unu czu nszzhuõu èehdhnbu = `‘gfooc ocsqu znhzh ec efs`csqz hbzfsucbna`cz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 98(" ¼ Cb >397 @nsqcbu Mfsacqu oèecjhb ec Jnugcqhbc ec Oèehjhz cu e‘Gcbqh HHH ntcj `n {sa`hjnuhfb ecz ecsw ufocz es `htqc ¬ Cqqcsqz ¬ Cqqcsqz [f{s`nhqcz ¼ zfs`hibc = ¬ Jc`n zcoa`c zs/ {cqzuhuhcsw cu ocbzfbicq ~s‘h` x n sbc tcqus hbjqfxna`c cu zc/ jqçuc enbz jcz {hcqqcz {qèjhcszcz zfhu ~s‘fb `cz {fquc zsq zfh zfhu ~s‘fb cb szc ec `n {fseqc e‘hjc``c" ¼ Qnac`nhz ~snbu ë `sh ufsqbc cb eèqhzhfb zfb {cqzfbbnic Inqinbusn {fqunbu sbc ¬ jgnâbc e‘fq {cznbu thbiu cu jhb~ oh``c zfhwnbuc cu uqfhz onqjz e‘fq ¼ {fsq `c {qèzcqtcq ecz on`nehcz" @c ehzjfsqz zc zuqsjusqc cb ecsw uco{z = e‘sbc {nqu sbc qè{qfanuhfb ièbèqn`hzèc ecz {qnuh~scz fazjsqcz qc`ctnbu qc`ctnbu ec `n onihc cu ecz zs{cqzuhuhfbz sb nbnugçoc i`fan` jfbuqc ufsz `cz ¬ hbzf`cbuz anh``csqz ec an`h/ tcqbcz nddqfbucsqz cu `nqqfbz '[nqè \>373_ >845( ¼ cu e‘nsuqc {nqu sbc tf`fbuè e‘hbzuhusuhfbbn`hzcq `n oèecjhbc cb eèonq/ ~snbu jcsw nsufqhzèz ë `n {qnuh~scq èuna`hzzcocbu ec dqfbuhçqcz ufsu cb qctcbeh~snbu `‘famcjuhthuè enbz `cz {qnuh~scz `n jfbz/ uqsjuhfb e‘sb zntfhq ~sh zc tcsu zjhcbuhdh~sc:;" :;
E‘sbc cddhjnjhuè qcjfbbsc enbz {`szhcsqz ec zcz {qnuh~scz `n oèecjhbc es WWHc zhçj`c b‘cb qczucqn {nz ofhbz jfbdqfbuèc nsw {qnuh~scz n`ucqbnuh/ tcz = oèecjhbcz efsjcz gfoèf{nughc gfoèf {nughc ahf`fihc ufun`c {qfiqnoonuhfb
94
@n Qcbnhzznbjc
Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc Ë `n Qcbnhzznbjc jc ~sh ho{fquc jc b‘czu {`sz zcs`cocbu ec qc{fszzcq `c on` onhz zsqufsu ec `‘hzf`cq" Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z" [nq `‘fecsq '`cz tn{csqz co{fhzfbbècz `cz ohnzocz qcofb/ unbu ecz èunbiz ecz jfq{z on`necz fs zc eèinicnbu ecz jnen/ tqcz cb eèjfo{fzhuhfb(" [nq `c thzha`c '{fqjgcqhcz èun`z e‘è~snqqhzznic zhibcz jfq{fqc`z e‘sbc jcqunhbc jfbunohbnuhfb tíucocbuz cddcuz {cqzfbbc`z onqjgnbehzcz eèanq~sècz ecz bnthqcz(" Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z @n ~snqnbunhbc ecthcbu ofeç`c efohbnbu hzf`c ë `n dfhz `cz hbehthesz cu `cz oh`hcsw jfbunohbnbuz" @n ohzc cb {`njc es qèihoc ecz {nucbucz onqhuhocz ec znbuè {cqocu ec ohcsw jfbuqõ`cq {nzznicqz cu onqjgnbehzcz" @n eè`htqnbjc ec {nzzc/ {fquz znbhunhqcz cu ec ah``cuz ec ec znbuè jhqjfbzjqhu `c eè{`njcocbu eè{`njcocbu ecz hbehthesz ë ehddèqcbucz èjgc``cz zsq `c ucqqhufhqc" @cz jfq/ efbz znbhunhqcz ucbucbu ec {qètcbhq `‘hbdcjuhfb {nq `cz uhzzsz cu `cz tíucocbuz" @cz jn{hunhbcz ec znbuè ë `‘èjgc``c osbhjh{n`c qcjcbzcbu cu eèj`nqcbu `cz icbz jfbunohbèz" @cz `hcsw ec eè/ ansjgcz cu ec `swsqc ecthcbbcbu ecz `hcsw e‘hbdcjuhfb cu ec jfbunihfb" @‘fqinbhznuhfb z{nuhn`c ec `n ~snqnbunhbc z‘cddcjusc ë uqntcqz sbc qcjfbtcqzhfb ecz `è{qfzcqhcz cb gõ{hun` ièbèqn` fs cb `n}nqcu cu `csq ohzc cb qèzcns" Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz Ecsw qcihzuqcz = jc`sh ec `n eètfuhfb < jc`sh es {qnionuh~sc cb èthunbu e‘fstqhq `cz {fqcz ec `n {cns {nq `cz anhbz cu `cz {`nhzhqz zcbzsc`z `n {qèzcqtnuhfb ec zfh `cz è{sqcocbuz
bcsqf`hbishzuh~sc {qfeshuz bnusqc`z cuj" Sb eèanu ~sh jfbdqfbuc sbc {qnuh/ ~sc ~sh zc ehu ¬ èj`nhqèc ¼ ë sbc {qnuh~sc ~sh zc ehu ucbhq jfo{uc ec `‘íuqc gsonhb enbz zfb cbzcoa`c"
99
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
`‘cwcqjhjc ahcb onbicq cu ahcb afhqc {qnuh~scz {qf{gx`njuh/ ~scz ec anzc `‘cns afsh``hc nzzçjgcocbu ecz onqnhz" @n Qcbnhzznbjc n qceèdhbh `c zntfhq oèehjn` cb dfqos`nbu ecsw jfbjc{uz ahcb ehzuhbjuz = `‘nèqhzoc `‘nhq jfqqfo{s {nqn/ ehioc efohbnbu < `c jfbunihfbbhzoc jfo{qègcbzhfb cbjfqc jfbdszc onhz ~sc zcoa`c zs{{fqucq `‘hbucqtcbuhfb znbhunhqc" N`fqz ~sc `‘nèqhzoc {fzus`c ~sc `cz icbz hbdcjuèz jfbunohbcbu `‘nhq ~sh `cz cbufsqc ufsu jfooc `cz jnentqcz cb eèjfo{fzh/ uhfb cu `cz `hcsw qè{suèz hbdcjuz `c jfbunihfbbhzoc ~snbu ë `sh zc dfbec zsq sbc jgnâbc e‘ho{`hjnuhfbz zho{`cz cu cddhjnjcz = ¬ sbc uqnbzohzzhfb `fjn`hzèc sbc jfbunohbnuhfb sbc {qf/ {ninuhfb sbc è{heèohc ¼" @n Qcbnhzznbjc n nszzh qceèdhbh sb qcihzuqc ec zcbzhah`huèz zfjhn`cz cb dfqos`nbu sbc nsuqc jgnâbc e‘ho{`hjnuhfbz z{èjhdh~scz = ¬ sbc thc ahcb qèi`èc sbc qcz/ {fbznah`huè {cqzfbbc``c íuqc `c oèecjhb ec zfh/oíoc `n znbuè `c afbgcsq ¼" @n Qcbnhzznbjc zcqn efbj nszzh sbc qè/ is`nuhfb ecz jfbeshucz dnjc ë `n jfbunihfb cu `‘è`nafqnuhfb e‘sbc onuqhjc zfjhn`c ~sh efbbc sb zcbz nsw jfbeshucz ecz njucsqz" Zh ho{fqunbucz ~sc zfhcbu `cz eèjfstcqucz ec `‘nbnufohc cu nsuqcz eètc`f{{cocbuz es zntfhq cu ecz {qnuh~scz j‘czu zsqufsu `n ohzc cb {`njc ec `‘hbzuhusuhfb znbhunhqc ~sh jfbdhqocqn ~s‘h` czu {fzzha`c e‘hzf`cq `c on` ectnbénbu {nq `ë oíoc `c zntfhq oèehjn` ec `‘è{f~sc" N`fqz ~sc `c Ofxcb/Áic jgcqjgnhu ntnbu ufsu ë qc{fszzcq `c on` `n Qcbnhzznbjc eè{`fhcqn sb nqzcbn` ec ofxcbz {fsq `‘hzf`cq cb ucbunbu ec `c jhqjfbzjqhqc" ¬ Jhqjfbz/ jqhqc `c on` cb sb cz{njc {nquhjs`hcq zc`fb ecz uco{fqn`huèz {qf{qcz ë `‘hbzuhusuhfb onhz nszzh cu jfbmfhbucocbu nzzsqcq `n zsqthc es jfq{z zfjhn` {qfuèicq `n ~snzh/ufun`huè ec zcz oco/ aqcz düu/jc ns eèuqhocbu ec ~sc`~scz {cqzfbbcz gsoa`cz {fsq `n {`s{nqu eè`haèqèocbu cw{fzècz ë `n {czuc {qíucz ë znjqhdhcq `csq thc jfbuqc sbc zfooc e‘nqicbu eèqhzfhqc 'Dnaqc >884 = 83(" ¼ @n Qcbnhzznbjc zcqn ë `‘nsbc ec `‘hbzuhusuhfbbn`hznuhfb es znbhunhqc sbc eèonqjgc gxihèbhzuc dqshu ec `n jfbtcqicbjc e‘sb cbzcoa`c e‘è`èocbuz" ⇑
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97
@C ZHÇJ@C ECZ @SOHÇQCZ Ns WTHHc cu WTHHHc zhçj`cz sb zfj`c è{hzuèoh~sc qcbfstc`è" @n ofecqbhuè ho{fzc sb qcbtcqzcocbu es {qfa`çoc ec `n thc" Zh `n thc dfhzfbbc {nqufsu {fsq~sfh zsqihu `n ofqu 6 Jfbuqnehj/ uhfb e‘ho{fqunbjc {qfa`çoc ë qèzfseqc efbu `n Qcbnhzznbjc ntnhu {fzè `cz dfbecocbuz" ¬ @‘fbuf`fihc ~sh zc eètc`f{{c ë jc ofocbu ec `‘ghzufhqc czu sbc fbuf`fihc efbu `c ofeç`c czu jc`sh ec `n onuhçqc" @‘sbhtcqz czu jfbés jfooc sb jgno{ ec onzzcz cu ec dfqjcz hbnbhoècz ~sh f{çqcbu zc`fb `cz `fhz ec `‘hbcquhc cu ec `n ehzuqhasuhfb enbz `‘cz{njc 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = >1>( ¼ < j‘czu `n ugçzc oèjnbhzuc fø `c zntfhq zc qèeshu ns zcs` nz{cju hecbuh/ dhna`c ecz {qfjczzsz" Sbc ¬fbuf`fihc ec `n ofqu¼ èin`cocbu zfsz/mnjcbuc ë `n zjhcbjc ofecqbc fø ¬ jfbzheèqcq `n thc jfooc sb {qfa`çoc j‘czu qcjfbbnâuqc zfb èuqnbicuè enbz `c ofbec oèjnbh~sc ~sh czu `c ofbec < `‘cw{`h~scq j‘czu `n bhcq cb dnhznbu `‘sbc ecz tnqhnbucz {fzzha`cz es znbz thc 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = >1>(" ¼ J`nsec Acqbnqe bc zsiiçqcqn/u/h` {nz ~sc `n thc czu bh {`sz bh ofhbz ~s‘sb cbzcoa`c ec dfbjuhfbz ~sh ¬ qèzhz/ ucbu ë `n ofqu ¼ 6 Sbc è{hzuèof`fihc èin`cocbu qcbfstc`èc fø `c jfq{z ¬ czu dnhu entnbunic ec jhqjshuz \e‘nquhjs`nuhfbz_ \e‘nquhjs`nuhfbz_ ec d`sw jfooc jcsw es jŚsq ntcj zn oèjnbh~sc jhqjs`nufhqc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 8>(" ¼ Sbc efsa`c dhbn`huè nsw WTHH c cu WTHHHc zhçj`cz = {qètcbhq njuhtcocbu `c on` cu onwhohzcq `n thc ec `n {f{s`nuhfb" @c WTHHc zhçj`c ho{fzc `c ugçoc ecz è{sqnuhfbz" H` ecthcbu ofeç`c ec {cbzèc" Nbn`fihc {shzznbuc cu jfbtnhbjnbuc uqnbz/ {fzèc cb e‘nsuqcz efonhbcz" @n z{hqhusn`huè cu sbc thc eètfuc è{sqcqnhcbu `‘áoc" @n zèiqèinuhfb cb cwj`snbu cu qcdfs`nbu jc ~sh {csu jfbunohbcq cu zfsh``cq `c iqfs{c {cqocuuqnhu ec ièqcq `‘fqeqc zfjhn`" @n oèun{gfqc e‘sbc {sqic uqntcqzc `‘cbzcoa`c ec `n zfjhèuè" Ufsz zfbu jfbthèz ë sb tnzuc uqntnh` e‘è{sqnuhfb {nq `‘ètnjsnuhfb ufsu jfooc `n eèdcbzc cbtcqz `n `ç{qc cu `n {czuc ntnhu èuè `‘cwj`szhfb ec jcsw ~sh n{{nquhcbbcbu nsw onq/ icz zfjhn`cz" @c WTHH c zhçj`c jc`sh ecz @sohçqcz ~snbu ë `sh onq~sc sb jgnbicocbu ec qcihzuqc ho{fqunbu = `c jfq{z {fzzè/ ecqnhu jcuuc jn{njhuè ë zc isèqhq cu z‘cbuqcucbhq" E‘sbc {nqu `n thzhfb es jfq{z {èbèuqè fø z‘hbdh`uqc `c on` zc ofehdhc"
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb @èicbec = sbc bfstc``c on`nehc czu zhibn`èc {nq sb nzuèqhz~sc" WTHHc cu WTHHHc ZHÇJ@CZ HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N JCQUHUSEC fbuf`fihc
NTCQZHFB
è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c
thzhfb es jfq{z
zntfhq oèehjn`
{qnuh~sc oèehjn`c
Íuqc = sb jfq{z hoocqiè enbz sb sbhtcqz jfbzheèqè jfooc sb jgno{ ec onzzcz cu ec dfqjcz"
‡ {gxzhf`fihc 'eèjfstcquc ec `n jhqjs`nuhfb jhqjs`nuhfb znbish/ bc( ‡ zxo{ufonuf`fihc
‡ {qnuh~sc j`hbh~sc ‡ hoosbf`fihc 'hbfjs`nuhfb tnjjhbnuhfb( ‡ nsuf{zhc ‡ cqifbfohc 'on`nehcz `hècz ns uqntnh`( ‡ fazuèuqh~sc ‡ ugèqn{csuh~sc ugèqn{csuh~sc '~shbhbc h{èjn uqnhucocbu ecz nbètqhzocz( ‡ ucjgbf`fihcz 'ohjqfzjf{c jghohc( ‡ jghqsqihc njjçec ë `n qcjfbbnhzznbjc cu eètc`f{{c ecz ucjgbh~scz cddhjnjcz
Ofen`huè = `c jfq{z czu dnhu ec jhqjshuz ec d`sw cu e‘nquhjs`nuhfbz 'ugçzc oèjnbhzuc(" [qf{qhèuèz es jfq{z = ‡ `c jfq{z czu ns uqntnh` ‡ `c jfq{z z‘nsufisèqhu ‡ `c jfq{z czu èbcqihc ‡ `c jfq{z czu {cqdcjuha`c
tnqhnah`huè on`nehcz efohbnbucz ‡ jnqcbjcz n`hocbunhqcz ‡ on`nehcz hbdcjuhcszcz 'dhçtqc mnsbc- zx{gh`hz- `ç{qc {czuc bfhqc {czuc asafbh~sc tnqhf`c usacqjs`fzc ux{gsz hbd`scb}n jf~sc`sjgc qfsicf`c tnqhf`c fqch``fbz qsaèf`c(
hbjcquhusec znhb & on`znhb 'j‘czu `‘è{f~sc es iqnbe uqh cbuqc `c znhb cu `c on`znhb( ‡ è{sqcocbuz & qèucbuhfb ‡ qszuhjhuè & qnddhbcocbuz ‡ {`nhzhq & eè{`nh/ zhq ‡ cwcqjhjc & ufq{csq ‡ jno{nibc & th``c
HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N ZUNAH@HUÈ bhtcns jf``cjuhd ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ eqn{cns mnsbc ec `n ~snqnbunhbc ‡ efbbècz zunuhzuh~scz ‡ ~sn`huè ecz n`hocbuz ‡ dnuhisc ‡ ucbzhfb ‡ zsq{fhez
bhtcns hbehthesc`
ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ `n ~snqnbunhbc ecz hbehthesz cu ecz oh`hcsw jfbunohbnbuz zfsz ufsucz zcz dfqocz ‡ `n ohzc cb {`njc ec jcbuqcz e‘hbfjs`nuhfb e‘hbfjs`nuhfb cu ec tnjjhbnuhfb ‡ `n {fzzhah`huè e‘nihq ec dnéfb {qètcbuhtc zsq sbc {f{s`nuhfb {f{s`nuhfb efbbèc ‡ `‘njuhfb {qètcbuhtc {fsq inqnbuhq `n afbbc znbuè e‘sbc {f{s`nuhfb 'ehz{fbhah`huè 'ehz{fbhah`huè cu njuhthuè f{uhon`c( ‡ `‘suh`hznuhfb ec jfq{z th`z ë ecz dhbz cw{èqhocbun`cz 'jfbenobèz ë ofqu {qfzuhusècz {nuhcbuz gfz{hun`hzèz jf`fbhzèz( ‡ `‘hbzuhusuhfb cu `‘suh`hznuhfb ecz una`cz zunuhzuh~scz ec ofqun`huè
ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz ‡ bc {nz z‘n{{qfjgcq ecz jgnoaqcz ecz on`necz ‡ z‘è`fhibcq ecz jfbunohbècz ec `csqz onhzfbz ec `csqz cbufsqz ‡ è{sqcocbuz 'znhibècz uqnbz{hqnuhfb cw{cjufqnuhfb tfohzzcocbuz( ‡ cwcqjhjc ‡ qèihoc n`hocbunhqc zfaqc ‡ `cz eèasuz e)sbc {qf{gx`nwhc ièbèqn`hzèc
DHBN@HUÈ ? [QÈTCBHQ @C ON@
Sb jfq{z tf`fbunhqcocbu {èbèuqè cb hbfjs`nbu `c on` `n {cuh/ uc tèqf`c czu nszzh sb jfq{z ~sh zc isèqhu {nq `c on`" Jgnoafs/ 7;
@c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz
`cocbu ecz thzhfbz cu ecz {qnuh~scz ~sc thcbbcbu n{{sxcq fa/ zcqtnuhfbz co{hqh~scz cu efbbècz zunuhzuh~scz" E‘nsuqc {nqu `n eèjfstcquc ec `‘è`cjuqhjhuè qceèdhbhu `‘nqjghucjusqc hbuhoc es jfq{z" @n on`nehc zcqnhu dnha`czzc onb~sc e‘èbcqihc" @n znh/ ibèc nddnha`hqnhu e‘fø `‘heèc ec ufbhdhcq cu ec qnddcqohq `c jfq{z nddcqohzzcocbu ~sh zc uqneshu ns WTHHH c zhçj`c zfsz jc/ `sh ec `n qszuhjhuè"
@n thzhfb es jfq{z @n thzhfb es jfq{z zc oèunofq{gfzc = h` b‘czu {`sz {fqcsw h` czu ns uqntnh` h` z‘nsufisèqhu h` czu èbcqihc h` czu {cqdcjuha`c" Sb jfq{z ë ufbhdhcq ë nddcqohq fø `n on`nehc zcqnhu `c dnhu e‘sbc dnha`czzc {nquhjs`hçqc e‘sb onb~sc e‘èbcqihc" Bfb {`sz `‘èunu ecz gsocsqz jfooc ns{nqntnbu ofehdhna`cz {nq `n znhibèc cu nsuqcz è{sqcocbuz onhz ac` cu ahcb `‘èunu ecz dhaqcz {fsq oc/ zsqc ec `‘èunu ec znbuè ec `‘hbehthes" Afs`ctcqzcocbu {qfdfbe nszzh ¬ sbc zcbzhah`huè fqhcbuèc {`sz ~s‘ns{nqntnbu tcqz `‘nddqfbucocbu cu `c {cqdcjuhfbbcocbu ec zfh 'Thinqc``f >888 = >34( ¼ i`hzzcocbu ec zcbzhah`huè enbz `c qcihzuqc e‘sb jfq{z ~sh {fzzèecqnhu `n jn{njhuè ë zc isèqhq cu z‘cbuqcucbhq" Nddcqohzzcocbu z‘f{{fzc ë of``czzc = `c jfq{z zcqnhu hbeèdhbh/ ocbu {cqdcjuha`c {nq ecz noè`hfqnuhfbz {qfiqczzhtcz cu ecz cwcqjhjcz iqnesc`z" J‘czu `‘nqu ec {cqdcjuhfbbcq `‘cz{çjc gs/ onhbc {qfmcu ë `n dfhz oèehjn` cu {f`huh~sc" @c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz èuna`hu ecsw ehzuhbjuhfbz ho{fqunb/ ucz = {qcohçqcocbu ¬ sbc ehddèqcbjc cbuqc sb {qfdh` onzjs`hb efbu fb njjc{uc ~sc`~sc qfbecsq 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >13( < ecswhçococbu sb {qfdh` dèohbhb e‘fø czu anbbhc `n qfbecsq" Jc ~sh czu uf`èqè jgc} `‘gfooc bc `‘czu {nz jgc} `n dcooc e‘fø sbc ehddèqcbjc zfjhn`c" @n jqhuh~sc es iqfz ~snbu ë c``c ¬ zc qèfqhcbuc zfs`hibnbu `‘ho{shzznbjc `n zuèqh`huè dfjn`hznbu `c onb~sc thun` msz~s‘ë zuhionuhzcq {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz sb zs{cqd`s ec jhth`hznuhfb sb cwjçz e‘nquhdhjc cu e‘nihunuhfb ec/ tcbs qcefbenbjc hbsuh`huè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >14(" ¼ Cb dnhu `c iqfz cu `cz qfbecsqz qc{qèzcbucbu jc ~sc `c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz jqnhbu `c {`sz = `c onb~sc ec thun`huè cu `‘ho{shzznbjc"
7>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
Hbtcbucq `n bsnbjc Ntcj `cz @sohçqcz jc ~sh jgnbic ntnbu ufsu j‘czu `‘n{{qèjhnuhfb ecz jfbufsqz" @n oczsqc es {fhez dnhu zfb n{{n/ qhuhfb" Jfbzè~scoocbu ecsw bsnbjcz n{{nqnhzzcbu {fsq eèzh/ ibcq `n iqfzzcsq = 'h( ¬ `‘honic jnbfbh~sc ecz iqfzzcsqz bc uhcbu {`sz ë `n zcs`c ièbèqn`hznuhfb ecz qfbecsqz" @cz thch``cz njjsos`nuhfbz z{gèqh~scz msz~s‘hjh efohbnbucz bc zfbu {`sz `cz zcs`cz ë eèzhibcq `c uqçz iqfz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >:9( ¼ < 'hh( ¬ `c eciqè ec iqfzzcsq czu {`sz zxzuèonuh~scocbu qc`ctè jfo/ oc {`sz zxzuèonuh~scocbu èusehè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >:7(" ¼ @n zh`gfscuuc z‘nddhqoc ecthcbu famcu ec jnuèifqhznuhfb zfjhn`c" Ecsw sbhtcqz ec `n zh`gfscuuc zc ocuucbu cb {`njc = ¬ sb dfqu èuqnbi`cocbu ec `n unh``c dèohbhbc cu sbc `hacquè {`sz iqnbec ec `n unh``c onzjs`hbc f{{fznbu `n `èiçqcuè ec `n {qcohçqc ë `n ecbzhuè ec `n zcjfbec 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >:8(" ¼ @c tíucocbu efbj eèucqohbc `n ehddèqcbjc zfjhn`c" Jgc} `‘gfooc h` zcqn jfbés ec dnéfb ë ahcb ocuuqc cb èthecbjc `c tcbuqc zhibc e‘f{s`cbjc zhbfb ec ehibhuè" Cb dnhu `‘gfooc ec qfac es WTHHHc zhçj`c czu `c dhbnbjhcq `c onqjgnbe cu `c afsqicfhz" Cb jc zcbz h` czu ec afb ufb ec zfs`hibcq zn qèszzhuc zfjhn`c {nq sb coafb{fhbu onq~sè znbz {fsqunbu eèqhtcq tcqz `c uqçz iqfz" ¬ @n zh`gfscuuc èbfqoc czu e‘nsunbu {`sz qcdszèc ~sc `n zh`/ gfscuuc qc{`çuc czu njjc{uèc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >5>(" ¼ @n bsnbjc ~snbu ë c``c thcbeqn ec `n jn{njhuè ë jghddqcq `c {fhez" ^sc` efhu efhu íuqc `c {fhez ec `n iqnhzzc cb dfbjuhfb es {fhez {fhez es jfq{z 6 @‘nbnufohzuc Afhzzhcq ec Znstnicz ucbuc eçz `fqz ec qè{fbeqc ë jcuuc ~sczuhfb ec `n dnéfb `n {`sz mszuc {fzzha`c = ¬ Enbz `cz zsmcuz oèehfjqcocbu iqnz m‘nh uqfstè ~sc `c {fhez ec `n iqnhzzc èunhu `n ofhuhè ec jc`sh ec ufsu `c jfq{z 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >::(" ¼ Jc ~sc `n js`usqc es Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz jgcq/ jgcqn ë dnhqc cb tfs`nbu jghddqcq `c {fhez j‘czu e‘nqqhtcq ë hecb/ uhdhcq `c {`sz jfqqcjucocbu {fzzha`c sb èunu ofxcb ecz jfq{z" Enbz `n oíoc dfs`èc cu {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz `cz nbn`xzcz es bnusqn`hzuc Asddfb {cqocuuqfbu `‘èun`fbbcocbu e‘sbc {f{s`n/ uhfb zc`fb sbc èjgc``c es ofhbz iqfz ns {`sz iqfz" H` hbzun``c nhbzh ¬ sb ofec ec {cbzcq `c jf``cjuhd cu èuna`hu ecz jfo{nqnh/ zfbz fø zc eèj`hbcqnhcbu `n {qf{fquhfb ec iqnbecz cu {cuhucz jfq{s`cbjcz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >:5(" ¼ Ahcb ~sc `c {qfmcu ec 71
@c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz
Asddfb bc eè{nzzcqn {nz `c zunec ec `n thzhfb h` b‘cb qczuc {nz ofhbz ~s‘h` nsqn cs `‘ntnbunic ec {cbzcq ~s‘h` {shzzc cwhzucq sbc èjgc``c ec `n iqfzzcsq"
Zuhionuhzcq `‘ho{shzznbjc Jc ~sc `n js`usqc es Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz qcefsuc `c {`sz j‘czu ¬ `n {cquc ec dnjs`uè ièbèzh~sc `n {cquc ec dnjs`uè qènjuh/ tc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >5:(" ¼ J‘czu nszzh `‘è{f~sc fø `n iqnbec bfuhfb e‘nsufbfohc ec `‘hbehthes e‘Coonbsc` Lnbu dnhu zfb n{{nqhuhfb fø `‘hbehthes onâuqc ec zn {cbzèc z‘nddhqoc n`fqz ~sc enbz `c oíoc zfsdd`c zc jfbzuhusc `‘Èunu zfstcqnhb ofecq/ bc" Enbz sb ofstcocbu znbz {qèjèecbu `‘hbehthes czu bfb zcs`cocbu nz{hqè enbz sbc nddhqonuhfb ec zfh onhz nszzh enbz `c dnhu ec uqfstcq cb `sh `cz qczzfquz hbucqbcz {fsq thtqc {`chbc/ ocbu zn thc e‘íuqc gsonhb `haèqè es mfsi ecz qfhz cu ecz {shz/ znbuz = `c iqfz zcqn zuhionuhzè ë `‘nsbc ec jcuuc heèc" Jcuuc zuhionuhznuhfb es iqfz thcbeqn es ofu faèzhuè" faèzhuè" Oíoc z‘h` dnhu zfb n{{nqhuhfb cb >33; jc b‘czu ~s‘ns eèasu es WTHHH c zhçj`c cb >9;> ~s‘h` {qcbeqn ufsuc zn ehocbzhfb cb cbuqnbu enbz `c ehjuhfbbnhqc e‘Nbufhbc Dsqcuhçqc = ¬ Ucqoc ec oèecjh/ bc" Èunu e‘sbc {cqzfbbc uqf{ jgnqièc ec iqnhzzc fs ec jgnhq 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >55(" ¼ Jcuuc cbuqèc ns ehjuhfbbnhqc b‘czu bh anbn`c bh uqhthn`c" C``c cbicbeqc sbc exbnoh~sc ufsuc {nquhjs/ `hçqc = `n iqfzzcsq ë c``c zcs`c bc {csu {`sz íuqc jfbucbsc {nq `n zho{`c qcucbsc < c``c ecthcbu eçz `fqz ¬ eèzfqeqc eèiqnen/ uhfb hbucqbc ntcj zcz {qfiqczzhfbz cu zcz dfjn`hznuhfbz '>53(" ¼ Onhz {`sz cbjfqc c``c zsiiçqc ecz eèqçi`cocbuz zs{{fzc sb eètc`f{{cocbu" @‘faèzhuè n efbj sbc jnszc ~sh n ecz qè{cq/ jszzhfbz zsq `c jfq{z ~sh b‘czu {nz ~sc `n iqnhzzc ~sc `‘fb {csu n{cqjctfhq" ¬ @‘famcu {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz czu ahcb sbc hb/ dhqohuè {nquhjs`hçqc sb eèzfqeqc èjgn{{nbu nsw zho{`cz iczucz ec `‘nmfsu fs es qcuqnbjgcocbu:> 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >53(" ¼ :>
Hjh `c {nqn``ç`c ntcj bfuqc zfjhèuè njusc``c czu hbuèqczznbu = on`iqè `cz ntnbjècz zjhcbuhdh~scz cb onuhçqc ec onzzc neh{cszc `n js`usqc {f{s`nhqc {cqzhzuc ë jqfhqc ~sc {fsq jfoanuuqc `‘faèzhuè fs cb co{íjgcq zfb eètc/ `f{{cocbu h` zsddhu ec aqü`cq `c bfoaqc ec jn`fqhcz ~sc `‘fb n hbièqècz jfooc z‘h` z‘nihzznhu ec zho{`cz iczucz e‘nmfsu fs ec qcuqnbjgcocbu" [fsq/
7:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
@‘nuucbuhfb {fquèc ns iqfz cu ns uqçz iqfz z‘czu ë bfstcns eè{`njèc = ¬ @c iqfz b‘czu {`sz sb zho{`c an`fsqe hbjs`uc fs hbjn{na`c h` {csu íuqc sb {cqzfbbnic hbsuh`c ho{qfesjuhd" H` {csu nzzfjhcq ecsw tn`nbjcz efbu z‘co{nqc {`sz ~sc mnonhz `n jqhuh~sc ecz bnbuhz = `‘ho{shzznbjc cu `n i`fsufbbcqhc 'Thinqc`/ `f 1;>; = >3;(" ¼ @n qchbc es qfh @fshz/[gh`h{{c e‘Fq`ènbz ehqn ec jc ecqbhcq = ¬ Ofb ¬ Ofb jfjgfb czu sbc hoocbzc onzzc ec jgnhq ~sh onbic, ~sh afhu, onhz ~sh eèanbec 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >35(" ¼ Cb sbc zcs`c {gqnzc c``c eèjqhu bfb zcs`cocbu jc ~s‘czu `‘faèzhuè onhz èin`cocbu zcz jfbzè~scbjcz" [fsq `‘gfooc ecz @sohçqcz `‘ho{shzznbjc czu sbc jn`nohuè ahcb ~s‘c``c `c zfhu cbjfqc nsmfsqe‘gsh ë `n ehddèqcbjc {qçz ~sc enbz `n zfjhèuè es WWHc zhçj`c `‘ho{shzznbjc bc qèzs`uc {nz dfqjèocbu ec `‘faèzhuè = c``c czu sb exzdfbjuhfbbcocbu èqcjuh`c ~sc `‘fb {csu jghoh~scocbu jfqqhicq" Cb dnhu {fsq `‘gfooc ecz @sohçqcz èunbu efbbè ~sc `n eèofbzuqnuhfb ec `n znbuè {nzzc {nq sbc iqnbec eczjcbenbjc `n dèjfbehuè b‘czu {nz zcs/ `cocbu sb zxoaf`c onhz qc{qèzcbuc nszzh `n thiscsq e‘sbc bnuhfb = `c bfoaqc ec zcz aqnz" Fb zs{{fzc efbj ~sc `c iqfz fs `c uqçz iqfz czu {fzzha`cocbu ho{shzznbu efbj sb íuqc hbsuh`c cu ho{qfesjuhd hbjn{na`c ec zc {qcbeqc cb onhbz" @n zuhionuhzn/ uhfb es iqfz cu es uqçz iqfz enbz zn dnéfb ec dnhqc qcbtfhc hjh ë `n zfjhèuè sb ohqfhq ec zcz {qf{qcz {qèmsièz"
Ufbhdhcq @c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz cu zn iqnbec heèc ec `‘hbehthes ns/ ufbfoc onâuqc ec zn {cbzèc cu ec zfb eczuhb cwhic ec `‘hbehthes exbnohzoc thiscsq cu d`cwhah`huè" Jcu hbuèqíu bfs/ tcns {fsq `‘cwcqjhjc cbuqc enbz jc jcqj`c ecz {qèfjjs{nuhfbz jfbjcqbnbu `n znbuè" @n ufbhdhjnuhfb es jfq{z czu ectcbsc jcb/ uqn`c ¬ jfbdhqonbu `n jqnhbuc es qc`ájgcocbu jc``c ec `‘nddnhzzcocbu ecz cbtc`f{{cz cu ec `csq hbzcbzhah`huè 'Thinqc`/ `f 1;>; = >39(" ¼ Cb jc zcbz afhzzfbz cu bfsqqhusqcz ufbhdhnb/ ucz jfoahbècz ë `‘cwcqjhjc zfbu jcbzècz qnbhocq `cz dhaqcz cbuqcucbhq `n zfs{`czzc cu `c qczzfqu ecz oszj`cz" On`iqè ufsu unbu h` dnsu tfhq jfoocbu sb jfq{z ahcb oszj`è aqü`c sb jcqunhb bfoaqc ec jn`fqhcz znbz {fsq nsunbu ntfhq ë dnhqc ec `‘cwcqjhjc {fsq qcuqnbjgcq jc bfoaqc ec jn`fqhcz hbièqècz"
75
@c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz
sb jfbzunu z‘ho{fzc = h` bc zsddhu {nz ec afsicq {fsq {cqeqc es {fhez znbz jfo{ucq ~sc `cz qcjfoonbenuhfbz cu qèihocz ecz oèecjhbz zc jfbuqcehzcbu zfstcbu `cz sbz `cz nsuqcz" Es jfs{ sb jfbzunu = `‘faèzhuè qèzhzuc nsw zfhbz cu oíoc ë `‘cwcqjhjc ¬ fazunj`c {fsq `cz oèecjhbz eèzh``szhfb {fsq `cz {nuhcbuz nocqusoc cbdhb ehuc ntcj sbc dfqjc ufsuc bfstc``c 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >38( ¼ znbz jfo{ucq ~sc `c dnhu e‘íuqc façzc {fzc {qf/ a`çoc {fsq dnhqc ec `‘cwcqjhjc" Jc ~sc `c WTHHHc zhçj`c eèjfs/ tqc j‘czu ~sc `c jfq{z b‘faèhu {nz jfooc tfs`s nsw oèugfecz ~sh `sh zfbu ho{fzècz {fsq onhiqhq :1" H` ecthcbu èthecbu {fsq `cz oèecjhbz ecz @sohçqcz ~sc `‘faèzhuè czu sb eèzfqeqc" Cu jc eèzfqeqc h`z cbucbecbu `c uqnhucq {nq `cz qèihocz cu `cz ehçucz" Bfb {nz ~sc jcz qèihocz cu ehçucz zfhcbu tqnhocbu cddhjnjcz jnq h`z qèdçqcbu ufsu jfooc ë `n Qcbnhzznbjc ns `èicq ns `fsqe ns zcj ns `h~shec onhz h`z uqfstcbu sbc dnéfb ufsu ë dnhu fqhihbn`c ec inibcq cb jqèehah`h/ uè = h`z fauhcbbcbu sbc {`njc bfuna`c enbz `cz `cuuqcz `cz oè/ ofhqcz cu `cz qèjhuz ahfiqn{gh~scz jfooc zh `c zcs` dnhu e‘cb {nq`cq {`sz dqè~scoocbu dnhznhu cb zfquc ec qcbeqc `cz icbz {`sz cb znbuè" ¬ @c qèihoc ecthcbu famcu ec jfoocbunhqc cu e‘èjgnbic enbz `n j`nzzc js`uhtèc ecz @sohçqcz = ocbuhfbbè msz~s‘ë `‘hb~shèusec:: eèj`hbè msz~s‘ns eèunh` ntcj `n jcquhus/ ec jfbzunbuc ec zcqthq `n znbuè ec `‘hbucq`fjsucsq 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >4:(" ¼ :1
@c WWHc zhçj`c on`iqè ufsuc `n zjhcbjc oèehjn`c njjsos`èc b‘n {nz cbjfqc qèzf`s jc {qfa`çoc" Bfsz bfsz {cqocuufbz hjh ec qctcbhq zsq `n jè`çaqc uè`èqèn`huè noèqhjnhbc Ugc Ahiiczu @fzcq " [`szhcsqz ec jcsw ~sh onhiqhzzcbu ec dnéfb ufsu ë dnhu znhzhzznbuc cb `‘cz{njc ec ehw/gshu zconhbcz qc{qcbbcbu hbtnqhna`cocbu es {fhez zhbfb ufsu `c {fhez {cqes eçz ~s‘h`z zfbu ec qcufsq ë `n onhzfb cu enbz `csq cbthqfbbcocbu 'Yxnuu 1;;8(" H` x n enbz `c jfq{z ~sc`~sc jgfzc e‘hqqèesjuha`c dnjc ë `n iqnhzzc ~sc `c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz ntnhu qc`ctè" :: @c qn{{qfjgcocbu hjh czu {`sz ~s‘hbuèqczznbu ë dnhqc ntcj `n zhusnuhfb njusc``c" @n zfjhèuè fjjhecbun`c es WWH c zhçj`c b‘n mnonhz nsunbu {nq`è ec znbuè zfsz ufsucz `cz dfqocz cu uqhasbcz oèehnuh~scz {fzzha`cz cu {fsqunbu `‘faèzhuè ufsjgc {qçz es uhcqz ec `n {f{s`nuhfb znbz jfo{ucq ~sc `cz jfüuz ecz zxzuçocz ec znbuè fbu cw{`fzè" Jcuuc heèc {fsq `c ofhbz èufbbnbuc tfs`nbu ~sc {`sz fb {nq`c ec znbuè {`sz `‘hbucq`fjsucsq zcqn cb znbuè n {cqesqè msz~s‘ë msz~s‘ë nsmfsqe‘gsh" nsmfsqe‘gsh"
73
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
Ufsu ns jfsqz es zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz h` x ntnhu jcuuc heèc ~s‘sbc nafbenbjc ec jfbzfoonuhfb ec thnbec:5 jfbeshznhu ë sb nof``hzzcocbu n`fqz ~sc jc ~sh èunhu {qhth`èihè èunhu `c ex/ bnohzoc cu `n thtnjhuè" ¬ @n ocbnjc ec eè{èqhzzcocbu jf``cj/ uhd zc ehu hjh ahcb nsuqcocbu ~sc zc ehznhcbu `cz thch``cz jqnhbucz ec qcjs` ofqn` fs e‘nanbefb qc`hihcsw" @‘hb~shèusec {fquc zsq `‘nofhbeqhzzcocbu {gxzh~sc `‘nuuchbuc fqinbh~sc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >43(" ¼ @‘gsonbhzoc ecz @sohçqcz zc {cqocu ec jfbenobcq èin`cocbu `cz uscqhcz nbhon`cz {fsq jfoa`cq `n tfqnjhuè ecz {cs{`cz:3" Hjh jc ~s‘h` x n e‘hbuèqczznbu j‘czu ~sc `n zcs`c cwhzucbjc ec uc``cz n`ucqbnuhtcz cb onuhçqc e‘n`hocbunuhfb hbeh~sc sbc {qhzc ec jfbzjhcbjc ecz cddcuz bè/ dnzucz ec `‘hbeszuqhn`hznuhfb in`f{nbuc ec `n zfjhèuè" Jc jfbzunu ecz @sohçqcz ufsmfsqz nszzh e‘njusn`huè uqfhz jcbuz nbz {`sz unqe n ec ~sfh hbucq{c``cq"
@‘èbcqihc es jfq{z @cz ehddèqcbucz n{{`hjnuhfbz ec `‘è`cjuqhjhuè uqfstcbu sbc tfhc cw{èqhocbun`c enbz `c jfq{z `sh/oíoc" @c zjhcbuhdh~sc zshzzc Mcnb Mn``nacqu cb >957 isèqhu `c aqnz {nqn`xzè e‘sb zcqqsqhcq ec 31 nbz ë `‘nhec e‘sb ièbèqnucsq e‘è`cjuqhjhuè zunuh~sc" ¬ @c jfsqnbu è`cjuqh~sc ecthcbu sb ofeç`c ec {shzznbjc jfq{fqc``c = `cz gsocsqz jfq{fqc``cz bc znsqnhcbu ufsu cw{`h~scq 'Thinqc``f >888 = >58( ¼ e‘fø `‘heèc qè{èuèc ~sc `‘è`cjuqhznuhfb es jfq{z qcbdfqjcqnhu `n znbuè e‘fø `n qèdèqcbjc ë sbc bfstc``c nqjghucj/ usqc hbuhoc es jfq{z = ¬ `n {`njc iqnbehzznbuc ec `n dhaqc {nq cwco{`c jcbzèc jfoosbh~scq `c jfsqnbu 'Thinqc``f >888 = >3;( ¼ ecthcbu `‘sbhuè nbnufoh~sc ohbhon`c es jfq{z" Hjh `‘heèc ecz gsocsqz ètf~sècz {nq Gh{{fjqnuc cu In`hcb {cqe cb {cquhbcbjc e‘nsunbu ~sc `cz dhaqcz dhaqcz zfsz `‘ho{s`zhfb ec `‘è`cjuqhjhuè fbu sb ofstcocbu {qf{qc zcbzha`c ¬ {shz~sc jc ofstcocbu zsazhzuc n{qçz `csq zè{nqnuhfb e‘ntcj `c jfq{z efbu :5
@‘nsuqc fqhihbn`huè es Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz ~sh b‘czu {nz znbz qn{{c`cq bfuqc {qf{qc è{f~sc czu jc``c es eèanu cbuqc qèihocz jnqbè cu tèièunqhcb = onbicq ec `n thnbec czu bfjhd {fsq `n znbuè onbicq jhb~ {fquhfbz ec dqshuz cu `èisocz {nq mfsq czu afb {fsq `n znbuè" :3 Heèc ~sh zc uqnbzocuuqn msz~s‘ë bfz mfsqz cu efbu `c iqfs{c [CUN [cf{`c dfq ugc Cughjn` Uqcnuocbu fd Nbhon`z guu{=&&yyy"{cun"fqi"
74
@c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz
c``cz dnhznhcbu {nquhc 'Thinqc``f >888 = >3>(" ¼ Uqnbzdfqonuhfb e‘sbc honic ec `n znbuè fø `n on`nehc zcqnhu {`suõu ec `‘fqeqc e‘sbc ~sc`jfb~sc dnha`czzc fø ¬ `‘nihunuhfb ecz bcqdz 'Thin/ qc``f >888 = >31( ¼ eèzhibcqnhu `‘n{{nqhuhfb ec bfstcnsw onsw jfooc `n dnuhisc `c jgniqhb `‘è{shzcocbu `‘hbd`noonuhfb `cz jfbts`zhfbz `‘è{h`c{zhc `‘cwjçz ec ucbzhfb zcwsc``c cu bcqtcs/ zc" @cz cnsw/ec/thc ~snbu ë c``cz qhz~scqnhcbu ec ¬ eèuqshqc `c {fstfhq ecz bcqdz 'Thinqc``f >888 = >3:( ¼ {qftf~snbu enbz jcqunhbz jnz uqcoa`cocbuz cu jfbts`zhfbz"
Sbc qètf`suhfb >997 czu sbc nbbèc onq~snbuc = @ntfhzhcq eèjfstqc ~sc `n qcz{hqnuhfb czu jfoaszuhfb" Eçz `fqz `‘heèc es qc`ájgcocbu ecz dhaqcz cb thiscsq ec{shz `c Ofxcb/Áic czu nanbefbbèc" ¬ Qcz{hqcq bc jfbzhzuc {`sz ë dntfqhzcq `n jfbuqnjuhfb es jfcsq fø ë qndqnâjghq cu nddhbcq `c znbi jfooc `cz oèecjhbz cu zn/ tnbuz `‘ntnhcbu ufsmfsqz {cbzè" Onhz ë cbuqcucbhq `n jgn`csq nbhon`c cu {`sz `nqicocbu `n thc {nq ~sc`~sc hbthzha`c aqnzhcq" Sbc d`nooc cwhzuc efbu `‘fwxiçbc zcqnhu sbc ecz jfbehuhfbz" Sbc onuhçqc jfoasqèc cwhzuc nszzh jfooc `n jhqc {fsq `n afsihc fs `c jgnqafb {fsq `c dfxcq" @n bfsqqhusqc zcqnhu ahcb jcu n`hocbu = sbc ec zcz uqnbzdfqonuhfbz z‘cw{`h~sc {nq jcuuc jfbuqhasuhfb 'Thinqc``f >888 = >49(" ¼ Enbz jc jfbucwuc `n an`nbjc thcbu bfb zcs`cocbu {qcbeqc sbc {`njc ho{fqunbuc onhz noçbc sbc ufsuc bfstc``c bfqon`huè {nq qn{{fqu ns jfq{z" @n bfuhfb ec jn`fqhc czu zsq `c {fhbu ec ectcbhq jc {nq ~sfh zc oczsqc `n znbuè:4" On`nehcz efohbnbucz @cz on`nehcz jnqcbjhc``cz cu è{heèoh~scz es Ofxcb/Áic cu ec `n Qcbnhzznbjc zfbu ufsmfsqz {qèzcbucz = `ç{qc {czuc tnqhf/ `c exzcbucqhc ehnqqgèc jgf`èqn usacqjs`fzc fzzcszc cu {s`/ ofbnhqc zjnq`nuhbc qfsicf`c ux{gsz hbd`scb}n jf~sc`sjgc" Sbc bfstc``c on`nehc nszzh ho{fquèc ecz Noèqh~scz = `n dhç/ tqc mnsbc 'tfohuf 'tfohuf bciqf(" bciqf(" :4
@n dhjgc bsuqhuhtc ns WW c zhçj`c cb ecthcbeqn ètcbusc``cocbu zfb tègh/ js`c {èenifih~sc {fsq jfbzjhcbuhzcq `cz {f{s`nuhfbz ë `‘heèc ec znbuè"
79
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
Sb {qcohcq jfbzunu {fsq @nex Ofbunis `fqz ec zfb zèmfsq enbz `‘Co{hqc Fuufonb cb >9>9 = `n {cuhuc tèqf`c czu ~snzh hbcwhzunbuc" Jfbzunu èin`cocbu qcbdfqjè {nq zcz tfxnicz enbz `cz th``cz afqenbu `n ocq Bfhqc cu jc``cz ec `‘nqjgh{c` iqcj" @n qnhzfb = ¬ `‘hbfjs`nuhfb tf`fbunhqc ec `n on`nehc esqnbu `cz {qcohcqz áicz ec `n thc `‘hbjhzhfb ec `n {cns `‘hbzcquhfb enbz `n {`nhc ec onuhçqcz {sqs`cbucz {qhzcz zsq `cz afsufbz e‘sb tn/ qhf`csw 'Thinqc``f >888 = >5>(" ¼ Zcjfbe jfbzunu {fsq @nex Ofbunis `n on`nehc bc zc {qcbe mnonhz ecsw dfhz < `‘hbfjs`nuhfb {qfuèicqnhu eèdhbhuhtcocbu eèdhbhuhtcocbu ec `n {cuhuc tèqf`c ¬ `n {qfucjuhfb z‘nj~shcqu nhbzh znbz efoonic = sbc zconhbc zsddhu {fsq qcuqfstcq zfb èunu gnahusc` 'Thinqc``f >888 = >5>(" ¼ Uqfhzhçoc jfbzunu {fsq @nex Ofbunis `n {qnuh~sc czu nszzh co{qchbuc ec zs{cqzuhuhfb = `cz Iqcjz dfbu ~snuqc {h~üqcz cb hbfjs`nbu `c on` ¬ sbc zsq `c dqfbu sbc zsq jgn~sc aqnz sbc zsq `n {fhuqhbc {fsq ohcsw qn{{c`cq `n dfqoc ec `n jqfhw 'Thin/ qc``f >888 = >5>(" ¼ Jfbzunu dhbn` = `‘hbfjs`nuhfb czu sbc {qè/ zcqtnuhfb qèszzhc @nex Ofbunis eèjhec ec dnhqc hbjhzcq zcz ecsw cbdnbuz cu oh`huc ¬ {fsq ucbucq e‘hbuqfeshqc cb Nbi`cucqqc jcuuc gcsqcszc eèjfstcquc 'Thinqc``f >888 = >51(" ¼ E‘sbc {nqu eèdhnbu ufsuc `fih~sc sb jfq{z tf`fbunhqcocbu {èbèuqè cb hbfjs`nbu `c on` zcqnhu nszzh sb jfq{z isèqh {nq `c on`" @cz fqinbcz ehz{fzcqnhcbu e‘sbc oxzuèqhcszc dnjs`uè jc`/ `c e‘sbc qèzhzunbjc {qf{qc e‘sbc eèdcbzc msz~sc/`ë bfb fazcq/ tèc" Hjh nsjsb è`hwhq mszuc sb oèjnbhzoc hbjfo{qègcbzha`c" E‘nsuqc {nqu ~snqnbunhbcz jfbdhbcocbuz jnbufbbcocbuz cu è`fhibcocbuz efbbcbu {cs ec qèzs`unuz dnjc ë `n {cuhuc tèqf`c znbz jfo{ucq sbc eèofjqnuhznuhfb es on` ~sh nuuchbu unbu `cz bnbuhz ~sc `cz eèosbhz" Qcohzc cb jnszc efbj ec `n qc{qèzcb/ unuhfb uqnehuhfbbc``c ec `‘è{heèohc ecz inbiqçbcz inibnbu `cz fqinbcz ec jc``c e‘sbc eèjfo{fzhuhfb hbucqbc fø zcs`z `cz è{sqcocbuz cu `c bfb/jfbunju cb èthucbu `c eètc`f{{cocbu" @n {cuhuc tèqf`c czu `c ¬ d`èns ec `‘Csqf{c ¼ nddhqocqn cb >99; Asjgnbnb oèecjhb ehqcjucsq es @fjn` Iftcqbocbu Afnqe" Zcnufb ~snbu ë `sh ¬ dnhu fazcqtcq ~sc `n ofqun`huè ec `n {cuhuc tèqf`c n{qçz `n tnjjhbnuhfb eè{nzzc qnqcocbu 9 {fsq >;; e‘n{qçz jc ~sh czu jfbbs cu ~sc {`sz dqè~scoocbu c``c 77
@c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz
b‘czu ~sc ec : 5 cu 3 {fsq >;; 'Eqxzen`c >773 = 3;3(" ¼ Hjh nsuqc jgnbicocbu ho{fqunbu = `n zunuhzuh~sc {qcohcq qc{çqc {fsq eèjhecq fs bfb ec `n mszuczzc e‘hbfjs`cq" ¬ Nsjsb njjh/ ecbu {nq cwco{`c zsq `cz > ;;; hbfjs`nuhfbz qctcbeh~sècz cb >931 {nq Qnoax" Nsjsb zsq `cz 1; ;;; qctcbeh~sèz {nq Enbhc` Zsuufb 'Thinqc``f >888 = >59(" ¼ Zunuhzuh~scz ë `‘n{{sh cu eè/ ofjqnuhznuhfb es on` ecz jcbuqcz e‘hbfjs`nuhfbz iqnushucz zfbu fstcquz nsw eèosbhz ndhb e‘cbehiscq `‘è{heèohc" @c qfh @fshz WT co{fquè {nq `n {cuhuc tèqf`c hbjhuc zfb zsjjczzcsq cb >995 ë zc dnhqc hbfjs`cq = `‘¬ ‘hbjhzhfb n zsqofbuè `n uqnehuhfb" @‘cbinicocbu qfxn` onq~sc sb {fhbu ec bfb/qcufsq 'Thinqc``f >888 = >59(" ¼ Ns/ec`ë ec jc zxoaf`c `‘hbfjs`nuhfb fstqc ë `n dfhz `‘çqc ec `n `fh ecz iqnbez bfoaqcz ë `n {qèzcqtnuhfb ec `n thc ufsu jfooc ë jc``c ec `‘hoosbhznuhfb ec iqfs{cz gsonhbz" @‘hbfjs`nuhfb qètf`suhfbbc `n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c" @‘hbucbuhfb tf`fbunhqc ec dnhqc {èbèuqcq `c on` ufsu cb `c zsqofbunbu {qf/ tf~sc sbc on`nehc qèc``c" Es jfs{ ¬ `n jcquhusec ~s‘cwhzuc sbc dfqjc hbucqbc es jfq{z sb {qhbjh{c hbthzha`c onhz njuhd 'Thinqc``f >888 = >57( ¼ e‘fø `‘cddfbeqcocbu zsjjczzhd cu iqnesc` ecz nbjhcbbcz qc{qèzcbunuhfbz ec {qfucjuhfb es jfq{z e‘nsunbu ~sc `cz bfstc``cz {qfucjuhfbz zcqnhcbu hbucqbcz" Nsuqc jgnbicocbu e‘n{{nqcbjc nbfehbc zh `n {cuhuc tèqf`c usc `c zc{uhçoc ec jcsw ~sh cb zfbu hbdcjuèz c``c eèdhisqc cb ~sc`/ ~scz mfsqz `c thznic ecz nsuqcz qshbnbu ë mnonhz n{{nqcbjc cu acnsuè" [nq `‘cbuqcuhcb es jfq{z zc eczzhbc cb dh`hiqnbc jc ~sh ecthcbeqn `‘hecbuhdhjnuhfb ns jfq{z"
@‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c Yh``hno Gnqtcx '>397/>439( sbc eèjfstcquc `n jhqjs`nuhfb es znbi = `c jŚsq czu sbc {fo{c oszjs`nhqc ë cddcu gxeqns`h/ ~sc nzzsqc ¬ `n jfbuhbshuè es d`sw iqájc ë zcz ofstcocbuz cu zcz {s`znuhfbz < j‘czu ahcb es znbi cu bfb ec `‘nhq ~sh czu {qf/ {s`zè enbz `cz nquçqcz {shz qnocbè enbz `cz tchbcz 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = >;7(" ¼ @c qèzcqtfhq ofucsq es znbi j‘czu `c jŚsq cu bfb `c dfhc"
78
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
@c zntfhq oèehjn` Ns WTHHc zhçj`c ntcj `c ohjqfzjf{c anjuèqhcz thqsz {qfuf/ }fnhqcz cu i`fas`cz es znbi fstqcbu sb bfstcns ucqqhufhqc msz/ ~sc/`ë hbjfbbs" @n {qnuh~sc j`hbh~sc 'cw{èqhcbjc nj~shzc {nq `‘fazcqtnuhfb `c eètc`f{{cocbu cu `c zshth ecz on`nehcz( ec/ thcbu {qè{fbeèqnbuc ntcj `cz uqntnsw ec Ugfonz Zxecbgno" Jõuè ugèqn{csuh~sc e‘sbc {nqu `‘suh`hznuhfb ec `‘èjfqjc ec ~shb~shbn '~shbhbc( jfbuqc `n dhçtqc e‘nsuqc {nqu `‘h{èjn qc/ jfoonbeè cb jnz ec aqfbjghuc ec bnszècz ec ehnqqgèc cu ec dhçtqc" Z‘nmfsucbu ns una`cns ¬ `‘nbuhofhbc cu `c ocqjsqc enbz `c uqnhucocbu ec `n iqnbec tèqf`c `c dcq jfbuqc `‘nbèohc `c zs`dnuc ec jshtqc fs ec }hbj jfbuqc `cz uqfsa`cz ec `n {cns 'Th/ ibnsw 1;;8 = >>9(" ¼ Nsjsbc qèi`cocbunuhfb bh jfbuqõ`c bh jfehdhjnuhfb cbjfqc {fsq cbjneqcq jcz {qnuh~scz cu cw{èqhocb/ unuhfbz" Ë `n {sqcuè {nq jfbunju es Ofxcb/Áic zsjjçec `n {sqcuè {nq `c uqntnh` < jgnbicocbu ec qcihzuqc" Ntcj `n ehddszhfb ecz qèdè/ qcbjcz jnquèzhcbbcz `c jfq{z eèzfqonhz uqntnh``c ufsu jfooc `cz onjghbcz ecthcbu {fo{c dfbunhbc fs oíoc gfq`fic" ¬ @cz iczucz e‘hbucqtcbuhfb zsq `c jfq{z {`sz bfoaqcsw {`sz ehtcqzhdhèz ns WTHHc zhçj`c zc zsazuhuscbu `cbucocbu nsw dfqjcz fazjsqcz cu nsw cddcuz ec zxo{nughc \․_ zhibc ehzjqcu {qcz~sc hbthzha`c ec `‘nzjcbzhfb ec `‘hbehthes ofecqbc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 84(" ¼ Zsqtch``cq `cz d`sw `csq è{sqcocbu cu `csq ètnjsn/ uhfb ecthcbu {qhfqhunhqc" Sbc afbbc znbuè zc uqneshqnhu e‘sbc {nqu {nq `c dnhu ec zc zcbuhq {`sz `èicq ~s‘ë `‘fqehbnhqc cu e‘nsuqc {nqu ec bc {nz ntfhq {cqes ec {fhez" Sb è~sh`haqc efbj ë qcjgcqjgcq enbz `‘è{sqnuhfb" Jcuuc eèonqjgc jfbdhqoc ¬ jfoahcb `n {qnuh~sc è{sqnbuc n c``c/oíoc sbc ghzufhqc = zn ohzc cb Śstqc ètf`sc es Ofxcb/Áic ns ofbec j`nzzh~sc enbz zcz dfqocz enbz zcz ehz{fzhuhdz on`iqè `‘sbhuè ec zfb {qhbjh{c honihbnhqc 'Thinqc``f >888 = >;:(" ¼ H` bc z‘nihu {`sz zcs`cocbu ec {sqic fs ec znhibèc onhz nszzh ec uqnbz{hqnuhfb e‘cw{cjufqnuhfb cu ec tfohzzcocbu" ¬ N`fqz ~sc bc zc zfbu njjqscz bh `cz isèqhzfbz bh `n esqèc ec thc < n`fqz ~sc b‘fbu {qfiqczzè bh `n jfo{qègcbzhfb ecz è{heèohcz bh jc``c ecz eè/ zfqeqcz hbucqbcz j‘czu `‘famcu oíoc es iczuc e‘cbuqcuhcb ~sh zc eè{`njc ns WTHHc zhçj`c 'Thinqc``f >888 = 88(" ¼ Cwco{`c 8;
@c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz
qconq~sna`c e‘sbc cwhicbjc {qètcbuhtc njjqsc bfb zshthc e‘cddhjnjhuè:9 n`fqz ~sc `‘cw{èqhcbjc oíoc ec znbuè qètç`c {`suõu oh``c cu sb bfstcnsw qhz~scz hbjfbbsz msz~s‘n`fqz = `n ocbnjc z‘czu os`uh{`hèc" @n ehçuc dnhu zfb cbuqèc sbc jcqunhbc nuucbuhfb ë `n ~sn`huè znbhunhqc ecz n`hocbuz onhz `ë b‘czu {nz `‘cbmcs {qhbjh{n` {`s/ uõu sbc hbzhzunbjc zsq `‘ètnjsnuhfb ¬ `‘nddhqonuhfb e‘sbc {qhf/ qhuè enbz `cz eèonqjgcz e‘cbuqcuhcb 'Thinqc``f >888 = 85(" ¼ @n znhibèc czu hbzuhusuhfbbn`hzèc ns WTHHc zhçj`c" Zn {qnuh~sc jfs/ qnbuc bc zcoa`c {qèzcbucq nsjsb enbicq znsd jc`sh e‘sb cwjçz ec znbuè {fzzha`c" @c jnqehbn` ec Qhjgc`hcs z‘x zfsocu {`s/ zhcsqz dfhz {nq ofhz ¬ zc`fb `c uèofhibnic e‘Nbic`f Jfqqcq `‘noanzznecsq tèbhuhcb cb >4:8 'Thinqc``f >888 = 83(" ¼
@n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz bfstc``c oèecjhbc bfstc``cz {qnuh/ ~scz" Ihftnbbh Anuuhzun Ofqinibh '>471/>99>( hbtcbuc `‘nsuf{zhc èuna`hu sbc qc`nuhfb qèuqfz{cjuhtc cbuqc `èzhfbz jn/ entèqh~scz cu zxo{uõocz j`hbh~scz eèofbuqc `n qc`nuhfb cbuqc n{f{`cwhc cu n`uèqnuhfb ecz tnhzzcnsw jèqèaqnsw cbuqc czzfsd/ d`cocbu {s`ofbnhqc cu esqjhzzcocbu ecz tn`ts`cz es jŚsq" Nqqhtèc ec `n zxo{ufonuf`fihc bfstcnsw ucqqhufhqcz ec `n zfsddqnbjc j`nzzcz ec zxo{uõocz {cqocuunbu ec eqczzcq ecz ehnibfzuhjz jfgèqcbuz < `n oèecjhbc n eèdhbhuhtcocbu sbc {qè/ ucbuhfb zjhcbuhdh~sc" Ecbuhzucqhc uqnhucocbu ec `n jnunqnjuc uqnhucocbu ecz nbètqhzocz cu cqifbfohc `hèc nsw on`nehcz es uqntnh` jfo{`çucbu sb una`cns qnhzfbbè es zntfhq oèehjn` cu ec zn {qnuh~sc qcbfstc`è enbz `c qn{{fqu ë `n thc ë `n on`nehc cu ë `n ofqu" ¬ @cz isèqhzfbz {nqnhzzcbu {`sz bfoaqcszcz cu `‘ho{`njna`c dnsjgcszc jfoocbjc ë qcefsucq `cz {fuhfbz cb/ dhb cw{èqhocbuècz ecz oèecjhbz" \․_ Fb oczsqc fb jn`js`c
:9
Oíoc jfbzunu ë {fzcq {fsq `c WWH c zhçj`c" @c ehzjfsqz ec `n znbuè zuqsj/ usqè nsufsq ecz ehzjfsqz ehddèqcbjhèz ec `n {qètcbuhfb ec `n bsuqhuhfb cu es dhubczz czu eèdhbhuhtcocbu jc`sh e‘sbc cwhicbjc {qètcbuhtc njjqsc zshthc e‘sbc cddhjnjhuè ë {chbc oczsqna`c jgc} jcsw ~sh ocuucbu cb {qnuh~sc `cz hbmfbjuhfbz gxihèbhzucz {qf{fzècz"
8>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
fb cw{èqhocbuc cu fb èusehc `‘cddcu ecz qcoçecz zsq ecz {f{s/ `nuhfbz jgfhzhcz '[cqc} 1;>> = >1:(" ¼
@c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb Jgnbicocbu ec {qnuh~sc enbz `cz zfhbz ec znbuè = `cz è{hjcz zh {qhzècz ns jfsqz es Ofxcb/Áic `nhzzcbu iqnesc``cocbu `n {`njc ë ecz {qfeshuz {`sz ¬qnddhbèz¼ ofhbz ¬aqsunsw¼" Ns WTHHc zhçj`c jgfjf`nu jndè zsjqc unanj ugè jfbdhqocbu `‘hbuèqíu jqfhzznbu {fsq jcz bfstc``cz zsazunbjcz" Cb >9;1 `c qfh Ish``nsoc HHH n`fqz ofsqnbu nsqnhu cs `n thc {qf`fbièc {nq `n jfbzfoonuhfb ec jgfjf`nu" ¬ @cz {qfeshuz jfqqcz{fbecbu nsw bfstc``cz {qèfjjs{nuhfbz {qètcbuhtcz 'Thinqc``f >888 = >11( ¼ `n zntcsq zsjqèc `‘co{fquc ¬ sbc aqsun`huè ofhbz thtc {fsq sbc ehtcqzhuè {`sz iqnbec 'Thinqc``f >888 = >1:(" ¼ @cz cw{fqunuhfbz ec zsjqc afbehzzcbu ec > ;;; ufbbcz ns WTHHc zhçj`c ë 1;; ;;; ns eèasu es WTHHH c zhçj`c" Zsjqcz zh/ qf{z cu jfo{fucz {qcbbcbu bfb zcs`cocbu `n {`njc nsuqcdfhz fjjs{èc {nq `cz è{hjcz oèehètn`cz onhz fstqcbu èin`cocbu sb onqjgè" @c {qczuhic zfjhn` z‘hbtczuhu efqèbntnbu ¬ enbz `c qnd/ dhbcocbu cu `n ehtcqzhuè ecz ifüuz `‘njjqfhzzcocbu ec `csq tn/ qhèuè 'Thinqc``f >888 = >13(" ¼ @c ¬{funic ec znbuè¼ dnhu zfb n{{nqhuhfb `c z{cjuqc ecz qczzfsqjcz inzuqfbfoh~scz cu ecz zcbznuhfbz zntfsqcszcz z‘niqnbehu e‘fø sbc jcqunhbc cwj`szhfb zfjhn`c" Cbjfqc `ë ehddèqcbjhnuhfb zfjhn`c {nq `‘njjçz nsw {qf/ eshuz ec `‘è`huc qè{suèz noè`hfqcq `n znbuè :7" @c {n{c J`èocbu THHH ehqn es jndè ~s‘c``c czu sbc afhzzfb ¬ ehnaf`h~sc cu eè`hjhcszc 'Thinqc``f >888 = >19(" ¼ @‘cwjhunuhfb ~sc `c jndè {qftf~sc zcqnhu es jfs{ ufsu eèzhibè {fsq ¬ ehzzh{cq `cz aqsocz `cz onsw ec uíuc `cz `fsqecsqz :7
Hjh {nqn``ç`c hbuèqczznbu ë dnhqc ntcj `cz n`hocbuz ahf`fih~scz qè{suèz noè`hfqcq `n znbuè '{sqcuè( onhz {`sz jgcqz ~sc `csq jfbuqc{nquhc ec `‘niqhjs`usqc hbeszuqhc``c" Ecz bnbuhz ~sh noè`hfqcqnhcbu `csq znbuè cb b‘nazfqanbu {nz `cz {qfeshuz jghoh~scz jfbucbsz enbz `cz dqshuz cu `èisocz tcqzsz ecz ofhbz bnbuhz ~sh `cz zufjlcqnhcbu enbz `csq fqinbhzoc" Sbc {sqcuè ofqn`c nszzh `cz n`hocbuz ahf`fih~scz zfbu ehuz è~shuna`cz `nhzznbu {fsq jfo{uc enbz zn {sqcuè ofqn`c `c ofhbz ofhbz bnbuh"
81
@c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz
\․_ `cz nzzfs{hzzcocbuz `cz hb~shèusecz 'Thinqc``f >888 = >17(" ¼ @‘neè~snuhfb czu qn{hecocbu dnhuc = è{sqnuhfb es znbi cu ètnjsnuhfb {nq `‘sqhbc ecz eèjgcuz es jfq{z" Bsnbjc nszzh enbz `c eciqè `c jndè zcqnhu èin`cocbu cwjhunuhfb hbuc``cj/ usc``c ¬ ehzzh{nucsq ec bsnicz e‘fazjsqhuèz ~snzh ocbun`cz 'Thinqc``f >888 = >17( ¼ èaqnb`nbu `n efohbnuhfb es thb" J‘czu `‘n{{nqhuhfb e‘sbc afhzzfb msièc z{èjhdh~scocbu hbuc``cjusc``c hbehz{cbzna`c jfbuqc `n dnuhisc" @c ugè ~snbu ë `sh czu jns/ uhfbbè {nq `c oèecjhb gf``nbenhz Afbuclfc jfooc afhzzfb ¬ zszjc{uha`c ec dntfqhzcq `‘èusec cu e‘ètch``cq `‘cz{qhu 'Thin/ qc``f >888 = >:;( ¼ cb {qfeshznbu sb zsj bcqtcsw uqçz zsauh`" Cb >338 Mcnb Bhjfu n`fqz noanzznecsq ec Dqnbjc ns [fqus/ in` cw{èehc ë `n qchbc Jnugcqhbc ec Oèehjhz ec `n {fseqc ec unanj {fsq zfs`nicq `cz ohiqnhbcz ec zfb dh`z" @n {`nbuc zcoa`c efbbcq ecz qèzs`unuz cu z‘hbzçqc dhbn`cocbu enbz `n {nbf{`hc ecz oèehjnocbuz" Ufsu jfooc `c jndè cu `c ugè `c unanj zcqnhu zsz/ jc{uha`c ë `n dfhz e‘nhishzcq `‘nuucbuhfb ec qcbeqc `n qnhzfb èj`nhqèc cu ec jfbdfqucq `c jcqtcns" Sb qctcqz {nq jfbuqc = `cz {qhzcsqz `sh eèjfstqcbu sb hbcw{`hjna`c cbjgnbucocbu ¬ jc`sh ~sh n jfoocbjè ë cb dnhqc sznic bc {csu {`sz z‘cb {nzzcq 'Th/ inqc``f >888 = >::(" ¼ Bfb zcs`cocbu `‘cwjhunbu ofecqbc czu/h` bè onhz nqqhtc enbz `n dfs`èc zfb cw{`fhunuhfb dhzjn`c onq/ ~snbu es jfs{ zn jfbzfoonuhfb ë iqnbec èjgc``c" Jfbzfoonuhfb hbzuhusèc jcz bfstcnsw {qfeshuz ¬ hbzun``cbu ec bfstc``cz {qnuh~scz zfjhn`cz" @csq nef{uhfb {nq `‘è`huc ë `n dhb es WTHHc zhçj`c qcjfo{fzc `‘fqinbhznuhfb ecz qc{nz qcbfs/ tc`nbu gnahusecz cu ehz{fzhuhdz onuèqhc`z 'Thinqc``f >888 = >:3(" ¼ @c jndè eèjqhu eèzfqonhz sb ofocbu es qc{nz zn dhb onhz nszzh {qètcbuhfb {nq zfb cddcu ehiczuhd" Jcuuc ucbun/ uhtc ec `hcq {`nhzhq ec jfbzfoonuhfb :8 cu cbuqcuhcb es jfq{z hbzjqhu sbc bfstc``c dnéfb e‘cbthznicq `n znbuè" J‘czu `ë sb jfo{fqucocbu hbèehu ~sh hbzjqhqn `cz {qnuh~scz ec znbuè ofecq/ bcz cu jfbuco{fqnhbcz enbz sbc bfstc``c ehocbzhfb" :8
@c ehzjfsqz ecz bsuqhuhfbbhzucz es WWH c zhçj`c czu cb {nquhc dfbeèc zsq jcuuc `fih~sc = ¬ Onbicq ¬ Onbicq ecz n`hocbuz znhbz, j‘czu uqçz ahcb" Onhz j‘czu cbjfqc ohcsw z‘h`z zfbu zntfsqcsw cu ~s‘fb `cz onbic cb afbbc jfo{nibhc '[nzzc{fqu Znbu" guu{=&&ahu"`x&4znY3{(" ¼
8:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
Cbesqjhq `c jfq{z `c ufbhdhcq `‘nddcqohq `sh qcbeqc zfb èbcq/ ihc `c zfquhq ec zn ufq{csq ufsucz ecz {qf{fzhuhfbz ~sh z‘hbzjqhtcbu enbz sbc uqnoc js`usqc``c ec `n qszuhjhuè jnq `c enbicq thcbeqnhu ecz eè`hjnuczzcz cu ecz qnddhbcocbuz" ¬ Anhb dqfhe onqjgc `c `fbi ecz {`nicz qèihocz nszuçqcz \․_ `‘njuhfb thzc `cz dhaqcz < bfb {nz `n bnic onhz `n qcbjfbuqc es dqfhe = bfb {nz `c ofstcocbu es jfq{z onhz `c znhzhzzcocbu ec `‘cns 'Thinqc``f >888 = >38(" ¼ @n {qfocbnec ec znbuè inibc `‘è`huc cu `cz oh`hcsw js`uhtèz" Mcnb/Mnj~scz Qfszzcns cb dcqn oíoc sb ugçoc ec js`usqc = ¬ Qítcqhcz ¬ Qítcqhcz e‘sb {qfocbcsq zf`h/ unhqc ¼ sbc thzhfb {gh`fzf{gh~sc es afbgcsq eètc`f{{èc {nq `n onqjgc cu `n jfbuco{`nuhfb" Nsjsbc ixobnzuh~sc hjh ~sc ecz jfo{fqucocbuz zho{`cz cu qszuh~scz onhbucbnbu `‘èunu ec znbuè es jfq{z" @n qszuhjhuè jfoonbec cu eèucqohbc `‘nddcqohzzcocbu msz~sc enbz `‘n`hocbunuhfb = ¬ `cz ecbqècz ec `n ucqqc zcqnhcbu {`sz bfsqqhzznbucz ~sc `cz ecbqècz nbhon`cz `cz n`hocbuz iqfzzhcqz {`sz ththdhnbuz ~sc `cz n`hocbuz qnddhbèz 'Thinqc``f >888 = >43(" ¼ Thzhfb js`usqc``c jcu hbuèqíu onq~sè {fsq `n bnusqc ns WTHHHc zhçj`c zsiiçqc ntnbu ufsu sbc f{{f/ zhuhfb nsw bfstc``cz {qczzhfbz sqanhbcz < `n bnusqc qcbeqnhu dfqjc cu znbuè" Eè{`njcocbu nszzh ecz zcbzhah`huèz ¬ `n znbuè ecthcbu sb ugçoc e‘cwcqjhjc" @c jfq{z efhu nihq zsq `sh/oíoc 'Thinqc``f >888 = >9;(" ¼ J‘czu `n ohzc ns uqntnh` es jfq{z ehqcjucocbu `hèc ë zn {qfucjuhfb" ¬ H` dnsu ~sc ufsu thcbbc es ecenbz ¼ ehu `c oèecjhb Bhjf`nz Nbeqx ec Afhzqcinqe ¬ `fqz~s‘h` {qf{fzc cb >95> ~sc`~scz cwcqjhjcz cu iczucz è`èocbunhqcz {fsq efbbcq jfbzhzunbjc ë `‘n``sqc ec `‘cbdnbu 'Thinqc``f >888 = >9>(" ¼ @‘èunu ecz dhaqcz fqhcbuc eèzfqonhz `cz njuhfbz {qètcbuhtcz" Ofehdhjnuhfb ec `‘cz{njc cu es jneqc ec thc ecthcbu jcuuc nj/ uhfb {qètcbuhtc" Es jfs{ `‘cz{èqnbjc ec thc cb ofhbz e‘sb zhçj`c nsiocbuc ec ehw nbz"
Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc @n {czuc n `nhzzè zcz uqnjcz enbz `‘honihbnhqc jf``cjuhd" @‘suh`hznuhfb ec `‘cns czu qcefsuèc ns WTHH c zhçj`c ufsmfsqz qè{suèc fstqhq `cz {fqcz ec `n {cns `htqnbu `c jfq{z nsw ocbn/ 85
@c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz
jcz ec `‘nhq on`znhb" ¬ @c onq~shz e‘Cddhnu \․_ bc qc{nqnâu ë `n jfsq ~sc {`szhcsqz mfsqz n{qçz jgnjsb ec zcz anhbz tfs`nbu èthucq ufsu enbicq ec dnha`czzc 'Thinqc``f >888 = >;9(" ¼ @n {czuc czu cbjfqc qèdèqcbjc" C``c dèeçqc `‘cbzcoa`c ecz {cqjc{/ uhfbz cu zcbzhah`huèz es on` onhz b‘czu {`sz e‘fqhihbc zsqbnus/ qc``c" C``c thzhuc {`suõu ¬ `cz `hcsw c``c {nzzc jf`{fquèc {nq `cz zf`enuz `cz tninafbez `cz iqfs{cz cqqnbuz < sbc ocbnjc ~sh jhqjs`c jfooc sbc jgfzc cu z‘hbdh`uqc jfooc sb tcbhb 'Thin/ qc``f >888 = >;7(" ¼ Es jfs{ ecz {qnuh~scz {qètcbuhtcz {`sz co{hqh~scz = ~snqnbunhbcz {`sz zuqhjucz tèqhdhjnuhfbz cu jfbuqõ/ `cz {`sz zcqqèz cb~síucz zsq `c ucqqnhb {fsq hecbuhdhcq `cz zfsq/ jcz {fucbuhc``cz ec jfbunohbnuhfb" Cb >41> ë D`fqcbjc Dh`h{/ {f @sznibhbh onâuqc onéfb cu ohbhzuqc ecz qscz ¬ ehu ntfhq uqfstè >/8 jntcz ifqiècz e‘cnsw szècz 1; jntcz dcqoècz cb/ ufsqècz ec dfzzcz e‘nhznbjc 58 dfzzcz eèafqenbucz cu 7 {shuz e‘cns bfb {funa`c znusqèz ec `h~shec bfhq tcbs ec eèmcjuhfbz tnqhècz 'Thinqc``f >888 = >;8(" ¼ @n jfbuqc{nquhc ec jcz oczs/ qcz = ecz qcufsqz {`sz ocsquqhcqz ec `n {czuc ~sh nuuchibcbu ecz {f{s`nuhfbz ec ofhbz ofhbz cb ofhbz hoosbhzècz" hoosbhzècz" @c ofeç`c ec `n {czuc cu e‘sb nhq oè{ghuh~sc {èbèuqnbu `c jfq{z inibc hjh cb bsnbjcz cu cb eciqèz" H` x n i`hzzcocbu ec `n on`nehc aqsun`c ètf~sèc {nq `n {czuc cu `cz hbdhqohuèz tcqz `‘hbjfbdfqu cu `‘hbehz{fzhuhfb" Sbc nuucbuhfb ufsuc {cqzfbbc``c zc ufsqbc tcqz `‘cbuqcuhcb es jfq{z cu `n {fzzhah`huè e‘n``fbicq `‘cz{èqnbjc ec thc" @cz {`sz eèosbhz {nq cwco{`c qcjs`cbu `‘áic es onqhnic ehohbsnbu e‘nsunbu `n dèjfbehuè ecz dcoocz" Ntcj jcuuc {qcohçqc nqoc jfbuqnjc{uhtc `n {`sz gsoa`c ec ufsucz j‘czu {csu/íuqc `‘nofqjc e‘sb `cbu {qfiqçz onuèqhc` \․_ 'Thinqc``f >888 = >1>(" ¼ Eczjnqucz eèmë eçz >4:9 enbz zfb jè`çaqc Ehzjfsqz ec `n oèugfec oèugfec zfs`hibnhu ë ~sc` {fhbu `n jfbzcqtnuhfb ec `n znbuè ¬ czu znbz efsuc `c {qcohcq ahcb cu `c dfbecocbu ec ufsz `cz nsuqcz ahcbz ec jcuuc thc" ¼ Tcbnbu es bfufhqc zjc{uh~sc ~s‘èunhu Eczjnqucz sbc uc``c eèj`nqnuhfb nddhqonbu ~sc `n znbuè efhu zc qcuqfstcq ns jŚsq oíoc ec `n {cbzèc cu ec `n {gh`fzf/ {ghc ofecqbc b‘czu {nz sbc qèd`cwhfb hbbfjcbuc" C``c cbinic sbc {cbzèc {f`huh~sc = `n {qèzcqtnuhfb cu `n {qfucjuhfb ec `n thc 83
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
cu ec `n znbuè zcqnhcbu eètf`scz ë `‘Èunu" ¬ Ë `‘è{qcstc es on` jfbunihcsw `cz zfjhèuèz fbu dfqjèocbu qcjfsqz ë ecz dfqocz hbzuhusuhfbbc``cz" Cu jc ~snbe ahcb oíoc `n {qfesjuhfb ecz jfbbnhzznbjcz zc qètç`c ¬`cbuc¼ \․_ cu zsmcuuc ë ecz ucbzhfbz ~sh eèucqohbcbu `cz ntnbunicz cu `cz qcjs`z `cz qèjsqqcbjcz cu `cz qs{usqcz 'Dnaqc >884 = 8>(" ¼ Jfbjqçucocbu `n oèjfbbnhz/ znbjc ecz {qfjczzsz `hèz nsw è{heèohcz b‘co{íjgc cb qhcb `n ohzc cb {`njc ec oczsqcz e‘gxihçbc {sa`h~sc dszzcbu/c``cz ec {fquèc `hohuèc" @‘hbzuhusuhfb ec `n ~snqnbunhbc ecz WTHHc cu WTHHHc zhçj`cz thcbeqn jfbdhqocq `n tn`hehuè es ofeç`c jfbun/ ihfbbhzuc ~sc Ihqf`nof Dqnjnzufqf '>597/>33:( ntnhu è`nafqè eçz >354 = `n jfbunihfb ehqcjuc {nq `c ufsjgcq < `n jfbunihfb hbehqcjuc {nq `cz cddcuz {cqzfbbc`z fs `n onqjgnbehzc < `n jfbunihfb ë ehzunbjc {nq `‘nhq jfbdfqoèocbu ë `n ugçzc nèqhzuc 'Dqnjnzufqf \>354_ >83;(" Jfbuqcq `c on` `c {qètcbhq njuhtcocbu ecthcbu {qèfjjs{nuhfb èunuh~sc" @‘suh`hznuhfb ë ecz dhbz cw{èqhocbun`cz ec jfq{z th`z jcsw ecz jfbenobèz ë ofqu ecz {qfzuhusècz ecz {nuhcbuz gfz/ {hun`hzèz cu ecz jf`fbhzèz ¬ nsw~sc`z fb dnhu jfsqhq `cz {qcohcqz qhz~scz ntnbu ec qctcqzcq ë e‘nsuqcz `cz inhbz jfibhuhdz faucbsz ë `csqz eè{cbz 'Jgnonxfs 1;>> = >1;(" ¼ Hjh `c ahcb jfoosb `n qnhzfb e‘Èunu ns eèuqhocbu ec ~sc`~scz/sbz" ¬ @c {fstfhq e‘cw{èqhocbucq bc zc dfbec {`sz hjh zcs`cocbu zsq `c eqfhu ec uscq efbu `c zfstcqnhb czu `c eèucbucsq onhz zsq `c ectfhq ec dnhqc thtqc e‘cbuqcucbhq cu ec onwhohzcq `n thc ec `n {f{s`nuhfb 'Jgnonxfs 1;>> = >1>(" ¼ [fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz jf``nafqn/ uhfb èuqfhuc cbuqc zjhcbjc oèehjn`c cu {fstfhq fø `c oèecjhb cb dfbjuhfb ec jnuèifqhcz ec zsmcuz n sb eqfhu ë `‘czznh" ¬ @c eètc`f{{cocbu ec `n oèecjhbc j`hbh~sc onq~sc nszzh `c {nz/ znic ec `‘çqc ec `‘czznh co{hqh~sc ë jc``c ec `‘cw{èqhocbunuhfb oèugfeh~sc 'Jgnonxfs 1;>> = >1:( ¼ zfsz `‘nsufqhuè cwj`szh/ tc es jfq{z oèehjn` fø `cz {nuhcbuz zfbu suh`hzèz znbz ~sc zc {fzc `n ~sczuhfb ec `csq jfbzcbucocbu jfbzcbucocbu5;"
5;
[nqn``ç`c hjh ë dnhqc ntcj `c jfo{`cwc niqfn`hocbunhqc es WWH c zhçj`c ~sh znbz `c jfbzcbucocbu ecz jfbzfoonucsqz nmfsuc ehddèqcbuz bsuqnjcsuh~scz nsw n`hocbuz ndhb e‘noè`hfqcq `‘èunu ec znbuè ec znbuè ecz hbehthesz" Hjh
84
@c Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz
Nsw WTHHc cu WTHHHc zhçj`cz h` bc z‘nihu {`sz zcs`cocbu ec qc{fszzcq `c on` jfooc ns Ofxcb/Áic fs ec `‘hzf`cq jfooc ë `n Qcbnhzznbjc onhz ec `c {qètcbhq njuhtcocbu ndhb ec onwhohzcq `n thc ec `n {f{s`nuhfb"
Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z Eqn{cns mnsbc ec `n ~snqnbunhbc efbbècz zunuhzuh~scz ~sn`h/ uè ecz n`hocbuz dnuhisc ucbzhfb zsq{fhez" Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z @n ~snqnbunhbc ecz hbehthesz cu ecz oh`hcsw jfbunohbnbuz zfsz ufsucz zcz dfqocz ecocsqc `c ofeç`c efohbnbu" Ohzc cb {`njc ec jcbuqcz e‘hbfjs`nuhfb cu ec tnjjhbnuhfb" @‘heèc ec bfoaqcsw oèecjhbz cu nsufqhuèz es Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz zsi/ içqc ~s‘h` czu {fzzha`c e‘nihq ec dnéfb {qètcbuhtc zsq sbc {f/ {s`nuhfb efbbèc efbu fb jgcqjgc ë inqnbuhq `n afbbc znbuè efbj `n ehz{fbhah`huè cu `‘njuhthuè f{uhon`c" @‘suh`hznuhfb ec jfq{z th`z5> jcsw ecz jfbenobèz ë ofqu ecz {qfzuhusècz ecz {nuhcbuz gfz{hun`hzèz cu ecz jf`fbhzèz ë ecz dhbz cw{èqhocbun`cz {fsq nuuchbeqc jcu famcjuhd" @‘hbzuhusuhfb ecz una`cz ec ofqun`huè {qèzcbunbu `n ofqu jfooc sb ètèbcocbu oczsqna`c cu zfsohz ë ecz {qfanah`huèz onugèonuh~scz" @‘heèc tfs`nbu ~sc `n oèec/ jhbc {shzzc qèdfqocq `n zfjhèuè" Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz ¬ Bc {nz z‘n{{qfjgcq ecz jgnoaqcz ec on`necz z‘è`fhibcq {qsecoocbu ec `csqz onhzfbz ec `csqz cbufsqz jfooc `n ucqqcsq ec `n {czuc n {s `‘ho{fzcq 'Thinqc``f >888 = >>>( è{s/ qcocbuz 'znhibècz uqnbz{hqnuhfb cw{cjufqnuhfb tfohzzc/
ufsmfsqz jcuuc heèc es ahcb jfoosb onhz ë `‘nsbc es ofec jfq{fqnuhd cu bfb ec `‘Èunu" 5> @‘cw{qczzhfb @‘cw{qczzhfb thcbu ec `n `fjsuhfb `nuhbc dhnu `nuhbc dhnu cw{cqhocbuso hb jfq{fqc th`h ― dnhqc sbc cw{èqhcbjc zsq sb jfq{z ec {cs ec tn`csq" J‘czu `n bfuhfb e‘sb ¬ jfq{z znbz ehibhuè ns~sc` fb bc efhu {nq jfbzè~scbu nsjsb qcz{cju bh nsjsb èinqe 'Jgnonxfs 1;>> = >1;(" ¼
89
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
ocbuz( cwcqjhjc qèihoc n`hocbunhqc zfaqc {qnuh~scz {qf{gx/ `njuh~scz ec anzc"
87
@C WHWc ZHÇJ@C Ns WHWc zhçj`c sb zfj`c è{hzuèoh~sc qceèdhbh" Qè{fbenbu ns {nqnehioc ec `n ugcqofexbnoh~sc ugcqofexbnoh~sc `n zjhcbjc ecz iqnbez zxz/ uçocz `‘gfooc ecthcbu sb zxzuçoc jfo{`cwc cb è~sh`haqc enbz sb tnzuc zxzuçoc `sh/oíoc cb è~sh`haqc `‘sbhtcqz" @n ugçzc oèjnbhzuc fø `c zntfhq zc qèeshu ns zcs` nz{cju hecbuhdhn/ a`c ecz {qfjczzsz n `nhzzè {`njc ë sbc fbuf`fihc ec `‘è~sh`haqc èbcqièuh~sc" @‘fbuf`fihc czu jc``c es ofeç`c ec `n ugcqofex/ bnoh~sc" Sbc è{hzuèof`fihc èin`cocbu qcbfstc`èc fø `c jfq{z b‘czu {`sz zcs`cocbu sbc oèjnbh~sc jfo{`cwc sb nz/ zcoa`nic ec jhqjshuz e‘nquhjs`nuhfbz cu ec d`sw onhz sbc on/ jghbc {qfesjuqhjc e‘èbcqihc sb ofucsq jqènucsq ec qcbec/ ocbu < h` qè{fbe nsw `fhz ec `n ugcqofexbnoh~sc" H` czu eçz `fqz {fzzha`c e‘cb èusehcq zfb jfo{fqucocbu ugcqoh~sc j‘czu/ ë/ehqc jfoocbu `n bfsqqhusqc nazfqaèc zc uqnbzdfqoc cb èbcq/ ihc cu jfoocbu jc``c/jh ecthcbu uqntnh` cu qcbecocbu" Sbc è{hz/ uèof`fihc efbj ~sh tn uqntcqzcq `n zfjhèuè es WHW c zhçj`c cu ~sh ahcb ns/ec`ë cbinicqn `n Qètf`suhfb hbeszuqhc``c ufsu jfooc `cz hbzuhusuhfbz {f`huh~scz cu èjfbfoh~scz" @c ofbec czu eèzfqonhz ë `‘nsbc es qcbecocbu efbu `‘hbehthes `sh/oíoc onjghbc èbcqièuh~sc cu ec qcbecocbu czu sb zho{`c jfo{f/ znbu e‘sb tnzuc zxzuçoc ns uqntnh`"
@n thzhfb es jfq{z @n thzhfb es jfq{z jgnbic ec qcihzuqc {nq qn{{fqu ns zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz = `c jfq{z czu onjghbc èbcqièuh~sc h` czu ns uqn/ tnh` < `c jfq{z z‘nsufisèqhu < `c jfq{z czu {cqdcjuha`c < `c jfq{z czu on``èna`c < `c jfq{z cb znbuè czu sb eqfhu" @c {nqnefwc es Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz ë {qf{fz ec `n iqnhzzc uhcbu ns dnhu ~s‘h` tn`fqhznhu `‘cbqfacocbu onzjs`hb jfooc zhibc ec qèszzhuc zfjhn`c n`fqz ~sc jc oíoc cbqfacocbu èunhu dfqucocbu nzzfjhè nsw {qfdhucsqz cu nsw nddnocsqz" @c WHW c zhçj`c uqnbzdfqoc iqnesc``cocbu jc {nqnefwc ntcj `n `cbuc {èbèuqnuhfb es jghddqc cu ec `n oczsqc enbz `‘ètn`snuhfb ecz ofq{gf`fihcz" ¬ @c qc/ inqe z‘hbzuqsocbuc jfooc h` `c dnhu {fsq zcz f{èqnuhfbz ~sn/ eqh``nbu `‘sbhtcqz ucjgbh~sc = jn`js` ecz {èqhoçuqcz ecz oco/ aqcz jn`js` ecz ecbzhuèz ec iqnhzzc zc`fb `cz `hcsw es jfq{z
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
jn`js` ecz jfqqcz{fbenbjcz cbuqc unh``c cu {fhez 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >9>(" ¼ @èicbec = sbc bfstc``c on`nehc czu zhibn`èc {nq sb nzuèqhz~sc" WHWc ZHÇJ@C HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N JCQUHUSEC fbuf`fihc
è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c
thzhfb es jfq{z
zntfhq oèehjn`
Íuqc = `‘gfooc czu sb zxzuçoc cb è~sh`haqc enbz sb sbhtcqz `sh/oíoc zxzuçoc cb è~sh`haqc 'ugcq/ of/exbnoh~sc("
‡ jfbunihfb 'nhq cns bfsqqhusqc jfbunju ecz onhbz( ‡ eèjfstcqucz 'ohjqfacz uhzzsz jc``s`c jgqfofzf/ ocz cbefjqhbf`f/ ihc zxzuçoc hoosbhunhqc ahf`fihc of`èjs`nh/ of`èjs`nh/ qc( ‡ {gxzhf`fihc 'on`nehcz bfb uqnbzohzzha`cz(
Ofen`huè = `c jfq{z czu sbc onjghbc {qfesj/ uqhjc e‘èbcqihc ofucsq jqènucsq ec qcbecocbu
NTCQZHFB
{qnuh~sc oèehjn`c ‡ {qnuh~sc j`hbh~sc ‡ zuèqh`hznuhfb {nzucsqhznuhfb {nzucsqhznuhfb ‡ zuèqh`hznuhfb hbzuqsocbuz jghqsq/ ihjnsw
tnqhnah`huè on`nehcz efohbnbucz ‡ {f`hf‡ usacqjs`fzc‡ jgf`èqn‡ zx{gh`hz
hbjcquhusec znhb & on`znhb ‡ hbzuqsjuhfb & hibfqnbjc ‡ qèihoc jnqbè & qèihoc tèièun` ‡ cwcqjhjc & ufq{csq ‡ jfbdfqu & hb/ jfbdfqu ‡ ohbjc & iqfz ‡ {`nhzhq & eè{`nh/ zhq
[qf{qhèuèz es jfq{z = ‡ onjghbc èbcqièuh~sc ‡ jfq{z ohbjc ‡ jfq{z cb znbuè ? sb eqfhu HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N ZUNAH@HUÈ bhtcns jf``cjuhd ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ cz{njcz èjfbfoh~scz 'hbdcjuhfb ecz {nstqcz {nstqcz qcasuz {gxzh~scz {gxzh~scz qcasuz ofqnsw( ‡ qèihoc ec thc ‡ eèièbèqczjcbjc 'n`jff`hzoc {qfzuhusuhfb( {qfzuhusuhfb( ‡ zsq{fhez ‡ zsqocbnic ‡ hbjfbdfqu
bhtcns hbehthesc`
ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ zunuhzuh~scz ‡ tnjjhbnuhfb ‡ cz{njcz znbhunhqcz ‡ ucjgbh~scz znbhunhqcz ‡ zsqtch``nbjc ec zfh ‡ {qnuh~scz ec {qf{qcuè ‡ z{fqu ixobnzuh~sc ‡ qèihoc n`hocbunhqc ‡ zf`henqhuè jf``cjuhtc '{èenif/ ihc( ‡ znbnufqhso
ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz ‡ cz{njcz znbhunhqcz ‡ ucjgbh~scz znbhunhqcz ‡ zsqtch``nbjc cu {qètcbuhfb ec zfh ‡ {qnuh~scz {qf{gx`njuh~scz {qf{gx`njuh~scz ‡ z{fqu ixobnzuh~sc ‡ qèihoc n`hocbunhqc ‡ ucqqhufhqcz jhqjfbzjqhuz ? hbehthes nzzhèiè ? zsqtch``nbjc ? hzf`cocbu
DHBN@HUÈ ? ONÂUQHZCQ @C ON@ Ë @N ZFSQJC
>;;
@c WHWc zhçj`c
@c jghddqc nsqn sb ho{nju {qfdfbe = ètn`snuhfb ec `‘cddhjnjhuè cu es qcbecocbu noè`hfqnuhfbz {gxzh~scz hbzsddhznbjc ec jfoaszuhfb ecz n`hocbuz hbièqèz qèthzhfb ecz qèihocz" @c WHWc zhçj`c fqhcbuc bfb zcs`cocbu sbc bfstc``c thzhfb es jfq{z onhz nszzh ehddèqcbucz dnéfbz ec `c zuhionuhzcq"
@‘hbzun``nuhfb es jghddqc Eçz `c eèasu es WHWc zhçj`c jc b‘czu {nz `c {fhez ~sh {qcbe `c ectnbu ec `n zjçbc onhz ac` cu ahcb ¬ `cz jhqjfbdèqcbjcz `cz tf`socz `cz jfbufsqz `hèz ns qcinqe 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >9:(" ¼ Enbz `cz uqnhuèz zsq `‘faèzhuè sbc oczsqc z‘ho{fzc = jc``c jfbdqfbunbu `n unh``c cu `c {fhez ¬ e‘fø `‘èuna`hzzcocbu e‘sbc bfqon`huè cu ec zcz eèqhtcz cbuhçqcocbu dfbeèc zsq `c jghddqc" Bfb {nz `n bfqon`huè ec `‘heèn` onhz jc``c es qèc` 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >93(" ¼ ^sh ehu bfqon`huè ehu nszzh jnuèifqhc zfjhn`c = `cz {f{s`nuhfbz zfbu oczsqècz j‘czu `n jfbzuqsjuhfb e‘fsuh`z ocb/ unsw {fsq n{{qègcbecq `c {fhez `n ¬ an`nbjc {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz ho{fzc sb tcqehju {sa`hj" @n iqfzzcsq z‘hecbuhdhc ns {fhez `c~sc` zc oczsqc cu zc ehu 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >97(" ¼ Cu {fsqunbu `n an`nbjc bc dnhu {nz {nquhc es ~sfuhehcb ecz icbz onhz jc ~sh qn{{c``c `c {fhez j‘czu ~s‘fb czu eèzfqonhz cb oczsqc ec `c jghddqcq" ¬ @n {qèzcbjc ec `n qèdèqcbjc ns {fhez düu/c``c ocbun`c czu {fsqunbu eèucqohbnbuc" C``c hbd`èjghu ec {nqu cb {nqu `n onbhçqc e‘n{{qèjhcq cu ec qcinqecq 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >98( ¼" Faèzhuè cu cwhicbjcz zfjhn`cz Ntcj `c WHWc zhçj`c cu `‘naf`huhfb {qfiqczzhtc ec `n zfjhèuè e‘fqeqcz zc {qfdh`c èin`cocbu `‘cddnjcocbu {qfiqczzhd ecz dqfbuhçqcz zfjhn`cz = `c {qczuhic ecz thch``cz jnzucz ehqhicnbucz z‘czufo{c qceèdhbhzznbu enbz `c oíoc zfsdd`c `cz nbjhcbz qc/ {çqcz zfjhnsw" Jc ~sh qczzfqu jc zfbu {`suõu `cz qczzcoa`nbjcz qczzcoa`nbjcz ¬ e‘fø `n tf`fbuè ec qcinqecq ntcj {`sz e‘cwhicbjc = qcjcbzcq entnbunic zhbis`nqhzcq `cz n``sqcz eèzhibcq ecz onhbuhcbz jno{cq ecz {gxzhfbfohcz {fzcz iczucz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >7;(" ¼ Jc ~sh qcuhcbu zsqufsu `‘nuucbuhfb j‘czu `‘co{áucocbu n`fqz ~sc `‘fb ntnbjc ec {`sz cb {`sz cb áic >;>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
¬ `‘è{nhzzhzzcocbu tcbs ec `n onusqhuè \"""_ ufsz jgnbicocbuz ectcbsz eè{`nhzhqz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >7>(" ¼ H` z‘nihu hjh cu ntnbu ufsu e‘sbc {qfiqczzhfb fø `c uco{z zc jfbtcquhu cb ofq{gf`fihc" @n mcsbc dcooc ec uqcbuc nbz ~sh onsehu `‘cwhzucbjc {nqjc ~s‘c``c èunhu onhiqc jfooc sb j`fs enbz zn mcsbczzc cu ~s‘ë uqcbuc/zhw nbz c``c czu ectcbsc ¬ iqnz/ zc ë bc {`sz {fstfhq coaqnzzcq zcz cbdnbuz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >71( ¼ fs `‘gfooc ec ~snqnbuc nbz ë `n zh`gfscuuc co/ {áuèc efbu `n `cjusqc dntfqhuc czu `n jnquc es qczunsqnucsq uè/ ofhibcbu ecz ¬ cbiqnhzzcocbuz ofxcbz ectcbsz {`sz bfo/ aqcsw `n iqnhzzc inibnbu ntcj `‘áic cu `c thch``hzzcocbu 'Thin/ qc``f 1;>; = >71(" ¼ Jfbzunu hbuèqczznbu `‘h``szuqc inzuqfbfoc dqnbénhz Aqh``nu/Zntnqhb jfbj`su ~sc `‘cwjçz naefohbn` czu sb zxo{uõoc zuqhjucocbu onzjs`hb qconq~sc ~sc qc{qcbbcbu ë `csq jfo{uc `cz uqnhuèz oèehjnsw es ecswhçoc uhcqz es WHW c zhçj`c" [`sz hbuèqczznbu cbjfqc ¬ `c {cqzfbbnic onzjs`hb nsw mnoacz d`scuucz cu ns tcbuqc eèafqeè zc uqnbzdfqoc cb qc{qè/ zcbunuhfb zunbenqe ec >7:; ë >75;" @c tcbuqc zcs` ecthcbu eçz `fqz jc {nq ~sfh zc uqneshu `‘cwjçz ec {fhez = h` n ¬ zcz eciqèz jfooc h` n zcz jnuèifqhcz {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz hbtcbuècz 'Th/ inqc``f 1;>; = >75(" ¼ Jc ~sh ho{fquc {fsq `‘gfooc j‘czu ntfhq ec `‘cbqfacocbu ~sh bc zfhu {nz nddnhzzcocbu51" Jcuuc bfstc``c dnéfb ec tfhq `c iqfz czu nszzh thzhfb zfjhn`c {qf{qc ns WHWc zhçj`c fø `n zunuhzuh~sc jfoocbjc ë eèjfs{cq ièfiqn{gh~scocbu `n qè{nquhuhfb ec `n iqnhzzc enbz `n {f{s`n/ uhfb" @n zuhionuhznuhfb ¬ ecz iqfs{cz eèjfs{c ecz n{{nqucbnb/ jcz dfjn`hzc ecz ~snquhcqz sqanhbz = `‘coafb{fhbu zfstcbu qc/ onq~sna`c ecz {qfzuhusècz {nq cwco{`c 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >73(" ¼ @n iqnhzzc czu nzzfjhèc ns oh`hcs ec thc ë `‘co{`fh fjjs{è nsw njuhthuèz {qnuh~sècz cb zfooc ë ufsu jc ~sh {csu efbbcq qc{çqc {fsq jnuèifqhzcq zfjhn`cocbu `cz hbeh/ 51
H` x n hjh sb {nqn``ç`c hbuèqczznbu ë dnhqc ntcj `n zhusnuhfb es eèasu es WWHc zhçj`c = `cz gfoocz tcbuqh{fucbuz ièbèqn`cocbu enbz `n ~snqnbunhbc fs `n jhb~snbunhbc fbu mszucocbu jcu nz{cju tcbuqs cu mnoacz d`scuucz es WHWc zhçj`c" [fsqunbu hjh nsjsbc tn`fqhznuhfb zfjhn`c nzzfjhèc ë jcuuc ofq/ {gf`fihc jfooc ns WWHc zhçj`c onhz {`suõu sbc zuhionuhznuhfb ec `n {nqu es ehzjfsqz efohbnbu" Ecsw ofq{gf`fihcz zhoh`nhqcz enbz ecsw jfbucwucz zfjhnsw ehddèqcbuz"
>;1
@c WHWc zhçj`c
thesz" [nq jfbuqc ufsu jfooc ns WTHHH c zhçj`c sbc jcquhusec ecocsqc = ¬ `‘gfooc jfbuqnhqcocbu ë `n dcooc {csu uf`èqcq sbc jcqunhbc qfbecsq njjc{una`c oíoc zh `‘heèn` e‘sbc jchbus/ qc èuqnbi`èc czu `sh nszzh {`sz ~s‘ns{nqntnbu èbfbjè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >74(" ¼ @c z{cjuqc zfjhn` es iqfz czu eçz `fqz j`nhqcocbu eèdhbh = `c afsqicfhz tcbuqs onhz zf`hec czu f{{fzè ns {nxznb tcbuqs onhz dnha`c" Hjh jc ~sh fqhcbuc `c qcinqe {fquè cbtcqz `n iqnhzzc j‘czu `n {fzhuhfb zfjhn`c < h` czu ho{cbzna`c ec tfhq enbz `c {nxznb sbc {cqzfbbc jn{na`c ec iqnbecz qèn`hznuhfbz" Sbc zsq{qcbnbuc jfbj`szhfb èocqic = `cz icbz ec `n th``c zfbu {`sz iqnbez cb och``csqc jfbehuhfb cu thtcbu {`sz `fbiuco{z ~sc `cz {f{s`nuhfbz qsqn`cz" ¬ Jc ~sh {cqocu {`sz cbjfqc cb jc eèasu ec WHWc zhçj`c e‘ètf~scq `n uqnbz{fzhuhfb afsqicfhzc e‘sb tcbuqc iqfz cu dcqoc cb zhibc {fzzha`c e‘nsufqhuè 'Thin/ qc``f 1;>; = >79(" ¼ I`hzzcocbu hbuèqczznbu z‘h` cb czu `‘gfooc es WWHc zhçj`c ~sh n qèszzh czu nsunbu jc`sh efbu `c tcbuqc czu n{{nqcbu ~sc jc`sh ~sh {fzzçec sb jfq{z znbz qfb/ ecsq onhz oszj`è" @‘sb jfooc enbz `‘nsuqc h`z qc{qèzcbucbu `n qèszzhuc" [nq jfbuqc `cz èusecz è{heèohf`fih~scz eèofbuqcbu eèofbuqcbu ~sc `cz icbz `cz ohcsw bnbuhz zfbu jcsw ~sh zfbu `cz ofhbz iqnz" Nsuqc è{f~sc nsuqc jfbjc{uhfb zfjhn`c ec `n iqnhzzc" ^snbu ë `n dcooc `c WHW c zhçj`c jfbuhbsc e‘ho{fzcq jcq/ unhbz uqnhuz fa`hièz = ohbjcsq cu dqnih`huè" ¬ Ufsuc iqfzzcsq jfooc enbz `n uqnehuhfb czu hjh eè{qèjhèc" @c aszuc cb qctnb/ jgc zc eè{`fhc {`sz ~s‘ns{nqntnbu \cu_ `cz è{ns`cz dfqocbu ntcj `n jchbusqc sb uqhnbi`c `nqicocbu ètnzè tcqz `c gnsu 'Th/ inqc``f 1;>; = >81(" ¼ [nq jfbuqc ufsucz qfbecsqz z‘h` x n qfb/ ecsqz ¬ bc {cstcbu íuqc {cbzècz znbz sbc eè`hjnuczzc oí`èc e‘nddhbcocbu 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = >8:(" ¼ @n dcooc uqnâbc ntcj c``c jcuuc jfbuqnhbuc ec ohbjcsq ec{shz `c WTHHH c zhçj`c ~s‘c``c nddhbcqn zfsz ehddèqcbucz dfqocz msz~s‘ë nsmfsqe‘gsh `c dèoh/ bhzoc bc tcbnbu {nz ufsu ë dnhu ë afsu ec jcuuc hqqèesjuha`c {qczzhfb zfjhn`c"
Ec `n jghohc ë `‘èbcqièuh~sc ^snuqc jgno{z e‘hbtczuhinuhfb fqhcbucbu eèzfqonhz `‘nbn`xzc ec `n iqnhzzc = zfb fqhihbc zfb ètf`suhfb zcz cddcuz cu zcz ocbnjcz" H` z‘nihu e‘sbc qs{usqc ho{fqunbuc e‘ntcj `cz zhç/ >;:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
j`cz {qèjèecbuz ec{shz ~sc @ntfhzhcq n èuna`h ~sc `‘fwxiçbc czu jfoaszuhfb" @‘fqhihbc ec `n iqnhzzc czu eèzfqonhz sbc zsazunb/ jc bfb aqü`èc" Sbc nddhqonuhfb ho{fqunbuc zfs`hibc `‘nqqhtèc ec `n zjhcbjc enbz `c jgno{ e‘cw{`fqnuhfb ec `n iqnhzzc = `c zsjqc `n dèjs`c `cz ifoocz `‘nohefb fcstqcbu ehqcjucocbu ndhb e‘cbicbeqcq `n onuhçqc neh{cszc" ¬ @c jnqafbc bfb aqü`è zc dnhu neh{fzhuè ec qèzcqtc `‘è~shtn`cbu e‘sb qnuè e‘sb onb/ ~sc ec jn`jhbnuhfb" Ecsw cw{`hjnuhfbz {fzzha`cz ns eètc`f{{cocbu ec `n onzzc neh{cszc = nafbenbjc n`hocbunhqc cu uqf{ iqnbec zèecbunqhuè" Zho{`hdhjnuhfb e‘sb {gèbfoçbc nsuqcocbu {`sz jfo{`cwc onhz cw{`hjnuhfb cddhjnjc ~sh ec bfz mfsqz uhcbu cbjfqc `c gnsu es {ntè" @cz cddcuz e‘sbc onzzc neh{cszc uqf{ ho{fqunbuc zc/ qnhcbu `c dnhu e‘sbc iqnhzzc ~sh cbtnghu bfb zcs`cocbu `c jfq{z enbz zfb n{{nqcbjc onhz èin`cocbu `cz fqinbcz hbucqbcz" Dh/ bn`cocbu `cz ocbnjcz qc`nuhtcz ns eètc`f{{cocbu ec `n onzzc neh{cszc cu dfqos`ècz {nq `cz oèecjhbz ecthcbbcbu hoohbcbjc ofqahec = ¬ j‘czu jcuuc hoohbcbjc ~sc `cz oèecjhbz ecz nb/ bècz >7:; eèjç`cbu cbuqc nsuqcz enbz `‘faèzhuè" J‘czu c``c ~s‘h`z qc{çqcbu enbz ecz fqinbcz nsw uhzzsz {qfiqczzhtcocbu nuuchbuz enbz `csq hbuhohuè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1;1(" ¼ Enbz jcuuc eèonqjgc i`fan`c e‘hbtczuhinuhfb ec `n iqnhzzc ¬ `‘hb~shèusec uqfstc ë zc {qèjhzcq `n ocbnjc ë zc iqnescq 5: 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1;1(" ¼
Ec `‘èbcqièuh~sc nsw qèihocz @cz zntfhqz es WHWc zhçj`c fbu dnhu ¬ es jfq{z façzc sb jfq{z {`sz zcbzha`c nsw ofqahehuèz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1;:(" ¼ @cz ufbh~scz nsuqcdfhz tnbuèz jfooc zuhos`nbuz ecthcbbcbu zfsenhbcocbu zsz{cjuz" Ecz n`hocbuz jfooc `cz ahzjshuz cu `c {nhb inic ec `èiçqcuè qhz~scbu ec jfbeshqc ë jcqunhbcz `fsq/ ecsqz" Cb dnhu jcz bfstc``cz thzhfbz zfbu ntnbu ufsu `c dnhu e‘sbc zjhcbjc {fzhuhtc cu famcjuhtc ~sh z‘hoohzjc enbz `n inz/ 5:
Cbjfqc `ë èufbbnbu {nqn``ç`c ntcj `c ehzjfsqz ec `n znbuè es WWH c zhçj`c ~sh n zs dnhqc ec `‘hb~shèusec zfb jgctn` ec anunh``c {fsq ucbucq ec `suucq jfbuqc sbc jcqunhbc è{heèohc e‘faèzhuè cb qcjfsqnbu nsw ocbnjcz jnqehf/ tnzjs`nhqcz ec ufsucz zfqucz"
>;5
@c WHWc zhçj`c
uqfbfohc" H` z‘nihu hjh ¬ ec {qèucbeqc suh`hzcq `cz zjhcbjcz `cz {`sz qèjcoocbu eètc`f{{ècz {fsq hbzuhuscq sbc inzuqfbfohc = jfbbnhzznbjc qnhzfbbèc ec ufsu jc ~sh n qn{{fqu ë `‘gfooc cb unbu ~s‘h` zc bfsqqhu" \"""_ @‘noahuhfb zjhcbuhdh~sc 55 cu js`usqc``c z‘nddhqoc jfooc mnonhz msz~sc/`ë 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1;3(" ¼ Ns oh`hcs es WHWc zhçj`c `‘honic ec `‘gfooc tcbuqs {cqe ec zfb èj`nu" ¬ @c afsqicfhz dfqusbè ec `‘Èjf`c ec Bnunuhfb b‘czu {`sz ~s‘sb íuqc ehddfqoc ufqzc bs cb afqesqc es anzzhb sbc dfhz nanbefbbè zfb jfqzcu ë `n {fquc ec `‘èuna`hzzcocbu ec anhbz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1;8(" ¼ @c iqfz cu `‘façzc jfoocb/ jcbu ë zsahq jcqunhbcz cw{èqhcbjcz e‘gsoh`hnuhfb" Sbc èufbbnb/ uc heèc z‘ho{fzc = ¬ `‘façzc zcqnhu {qhtè ec afbgcsq cu jcuuc {qhtnuhfb {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz czu èusehèc enbz zfb tcqznbu {cqzfbbc` \"""_ jc ~sh efbbc ë `‘faèzhuè sb zunusu bfstcns" \"""_ C``c b‘czu {`sz zho{`c hbdhqohuè bfb {`sz zho{`c eèqhtc ec jfo{fqucocbu onhz zfsddqnbjc efbu h` dnsu {qcbeqc cb jfo{uc `n {nqu ec eèuqczzc `‘najçz hbuhoc `c ufsqocbu jfbuhbs 'Thin/ qc``f 1;>; = 1>>(" ¼ @c iqfz ecthcbu eçz `fqz {`sz jfo{`cwc ë ètn`scq ~s‘fb `c jqfxnhu" H` czu oíoc zsiièqè ~sc `c iqfz cu `‘façzc {chbcbu dnjc nsw ehddhjs`uèz zfjhn`cz" Cu sbc dfhz ec {`sz ufsu jfooc ns WTHHHc zhçj`c sb nsuqc jfbzunu z‘ho{fzc = `‘njjsos`nuhfb ec iqnhzzc n bfb zcs`cocbu ~sc`~sc jgfzc e‘hqqèesjuha`c onhz c``c z‘hbzun``c jfooc z‘hbzun``c `c eèjfs/ qnicocbu dnjc nsw ucbunuhtcz hbdqsjuscszcz e‘nohbjhzzcocbu" ¬ Qhcb b‘x dnhu `‘cbiqnhzzcocbu zc {fsqzshu cb dnun`huè 'Thin/ qc``f 1;>; = 1>>(" ¼ Ntcj `c WHW c zhçj`c `n iqfzzcsq ecthcbu zfsddqnbjc" C``c ecthcbu {nq `c dnhu oíoc famcu e‘hbtczuhinuhfb" ¬ @‘faèzhuè inibc cb dnjcuucz nsunbu ~s‘cb {qfdfbecsq = sbc zjhcbjc ohcsw nddhqoèc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1>>( ¼ {csu eèzfq/ onhz z‘fjjs{cq es iqfz cu ec `‘façzc" 55
@cz bsuqhuhfbbhzucz es WWH c zhçj`c uqfstcbu hjh `csqz qnjhbcz dfbeèz ~s‘h`z zfbu enbz `csq dfh enbz `cz efbbècz ec `n zjhcbjc" H`z ecthcbeqfbu `cz inq/ ehcbz e‘sbc dfh {shzznbuc jc``c es znbuèhzoc" [nq csw `cz icbz n{{qcbeqfbu bfb zcs`cocbu jfoocbu zc bfsqqhq znhbcocbu onhz nszzh jfoocbu qcz{cj/ ucq `cz qçi`cz n`hocbunhqcz ~s‘fb `csq ho{fzc" @csq ehzjfsqz ufsu jfooc jc`sh es WHWc zhçj`c nsqn sb ofxcb {fsq zcz dhbn`huèz = hbzuh``cq `‘hb~shèusec jgc} `c jfbzfoonucsq dfqos`cq sbc ocbnjc iqnesèc"
>;3
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
@n uxqnbbhc ec `n ohbjcsq Jc ~sh jnqnjuèqhzc `n ecqbhçqc ofhuhè es WHW c zhçj`c j‘czu ahcb jcuuc heèc èocqicbuc ec ofec ec thc ë `‘nsbc ecz qèihocz cu ec `‘cwcqjhjc" @‘honic ec aqü`csq hbucqbc ~sh jfbzsoc `cz iqnhzzcz z‘ho{fzc eèdhbhuhtcocbu uèofhibnbu nhbzh es dnhu ~sc `‘façzc czu cb eèdhjhu ec thun`huè" @c eèasu es WW c zhçj`c ~snbu ë `sh ho{fzc sbc ¬ thzhfb {`sz eèjc{uhtc fs oíoc efs`fsqcs/ zc es uqnhucocbu 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1>3( ¼ ec `‘faèzhuè" Ufsz `cz uqnhucocbuz {qf{fzèz oçbcbu tcqz sb jfbzucqbnbu jfbzunu = ¬ `c jfq{z bc znsqnhu zc uqnbzdfqocq ë `n jfoonbec" \"""_ Ë `n zuhionuhznuhfb anbn`c ec `‘façzc z‘nmfsuc nhbzh `c qèjhu {`sz hbuhoc ec `n thjuhoc" Sb onquxqc {csu n`fqz zc ehqc = tcqznbu jfbuco{fqnhb es uqhfo{gc cu es ohbjc cu es eèifsu es iqnz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1>4(" ¼ >775 czu sbc enuc onq~snbuc" [fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz `c Ehj/ uhfbbnhqc ec `‘Njneèohc dqnbénhzc eèzhibc `‘coafb{fhbu jfooc èunbu `‘èunu e‘sbc {cqzfbbc iqnzzc n`fqz ~sc cb >744 `c Ehjuhfbbnhqc ec `n `nbisc dqnbénhzc e‘Èoh`c @huuqè `c eèjqh/ tnhu jfooc sb ¬afb èunu es jfq{z¼" Cb ofhbz ec 1; nbz `c jgnbicocbu ec thzhfb zfjhn`c nsqn èuè onmcsq" ¬ @‘coafb{fhbu b‘czu {`sz è~sh`haqc = h` ecthcbu eèdnsu" H` nofqjc `c iqnz 'Thin/ qc``f 1;>; = 111(" ¼ H` czu tqnhzcoa`na`c ec jfbzheèqcq ~sc `n {qczzhfb zsq `c iqnz n dqnbjgh sbc nsuqc èun{c = ¬ `n iqfzzcsq zc ehu {`sz {qèjfjcocbu eèzhibnbu e‘coa`èc `c eè{`nhznbu fs `c `nhe 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1>9(" ¼ N`fqz ~sc `n ofec eètfh`c en/ tnbunic `cz jfq{z c``c eètfh`c èin`cocbu entnbunic `cz ehd/ dfqohuèz hbeshucz {nq `n iqnhzzc" @‘neh{csw ecthcbu eçz `fqz famcu ec zsqtch``nbjc" @c zfs{éfb ec jc ~s‘h` x n zfsz `cz tí/ ucocbuz czu onhbucbnbu jfbdhqoè ¬ jfooc zh `‘gnahu b‘ntnhu {`sz ë uqnghq `‘nbnufohc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 11>(" ¼ @cz ofehz/ ucz fbu efbj sb famcjuhd = nohbjhq cu qnmcsbhq ufsu cb ehznbu ¬ Cbiqnhzzcq . Onhz j‘czu `‘cddqfh ec ufsuc dcooc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 11>(" ¼ Eçz >79; `n uqnehuhfbbc``c no{`husec es anz ec `n qfac czu cddnjèc" C``c eètfh`c ë `n dfhz `cz gnbjgcz `c anzzhb cu `cz mnoacz" ¬ @cz gnbjgcz ho{fzcbu {fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz \"""_ `csq {qèzcbjc cu `csq uqnjè \"""_ qètè`nbu entnbunic `csqz eèqhtcz {fzzha`cz cu `csqz cwjçz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 114(" ¼ [hqc >;4
@c WHWc zhçj`c
cbjfqc `cz dcoocz n{{qcbbcbu ~sc `cz gnbjgcz zfbu `‘sbc ecz {qcohçqcz qèihfbz qèihfbz fø zc {fzc `n iqnhzzc" Zcjfbec èun{c onq~snbuc ë `n dhb es WHW c zhçj`c `n anbn`h/ znuhfb ec `n oczsqc ë uqntcqz `cz una`cnsw e‘è~shtn`cbjc cbuqc unh``c cu {fhez" ¬ @c qc{çqc es {fhez nuucbes {fsq sbc unh``c efbbèc zc dnhu {`sz jhqjfbzunbjhè nsisqnbu `‘njusc` hbehjc ec onzzc jfq{fqc``c 'HOJ( 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1>8(" ¼ Íuqc iqfz czu zxbfbxoc ec {cquc ec zfs{`czzc ec unh``c e‘fø `‘nhishzcocbu ecz {qczzhfbz zsq `‘nddhbcocbu = ¬ O ``c W ~sh n èuè `n qchbc es an` ~snbe c``c n jhqjs`è enbz `cz zn`fbz b‘czu zsq `n {`nic {`sz mf`hc es ufsu 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 11:( (" ¼ @cz jfq{z nddnhzzèz ecz anhibcsqz ecthcbbcbu fjjnzhfb ec of~sc/ qhc" Uqfhzhçoc èun{c onq~snbuc `cz oèugfecz hbeszuqhc``cz ec dnaqhjnuhfb ë anz {qhw ecz i`njcz cu `‘nanhzzcocbu ecz jfüuz ec uqnbz{fqu hbfbecbu `c onqjgè ec ohqfhqz ~sc zc {qfjsqcbu ns/ unbu `cz ohcsw bnbuhz ~sc `cz j`nzzcz {f{s`nhqcz" Eçz `fqz `‘fazcqtnuhfb hbuhoc es jfq{z {cqocu ec msicq ecz qntnicz ec `n iqnhzzc onhz nszzh ecz jfqqcjuhfbz ë n{{fqucq" @n ohbjcsq z‘ho{fzc efbj {nq uqfhz tcjucsqz = `n ofec ~sh `nhzzc eètfh`cq `cz dfqocz `c ohqfhq ~sh qètç`c `cz dfqocz cu `‘ho{nthec an/ `nbjc ~sh qcbe sb ho{`njna`c tcqehju" ^snuqhçoc èun{c onq~snbuc cu oèehjn`c jc``c/jh = ¬ ecz oszj`cz naefohbnsw dcqocz cu thifsqcsw zfbu `n och``csqc jchbusqc jfbuqc `‘faèzhuè" Jc ~sc qc{qcbbcbu nszzh `cz uqnhuèz ec ixobnzuh~sc ec `n ufsuc dhb es zhçj`c zuhionuhznbu `n dnha`czzc ecz oszj`cz ec `‘naefocb 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1:;(" ¼ Jcuuc ho{fqunbjc efqèbntnbu njjfqeèc nsw oszj`cz naefohbnsw ocu bfb zcs`cocbu e‘ntnbu `‘heèc ~sc `c jfq{z czu on``èna`c onhz ~s‘h` czu d`cwha`c" Cb sb ofu `‘gcsqc es tcbuqc n zfbbè" Jcz ~snuqc èun{cz nsqfbu cs {fsq cddcu ec zuhionuhzcq cbjfqc {`sz `c iqfz = h` czu ¬ `c `nhe ntnbu oíoc e‘íuqc `c ifsqonbe `‘njjn{nqcsq `‘naszcsq" Cu jcuuc `nhecsq jfooc `c ofbuqcbu `cz zjçbcz ec {`nic fs e‘hbuhohuè `‘co{fquc enbz zn {qèjfjhuè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1:>("¼ Onhz jc ~sh èufbbc `c {`sz j‘czu ec jfbzunucq ë ~sc` {fhbu `c iqfz b‘czu {`sz sbh~scocbu jc`sh ec `n >;9
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
j`nzzc nhzèc" @‘hbeszuqhn`hznuhfb nsqn èin`cocbu eèofjqnuhzè `n iqnhzzc"
Faèzhuè ofbenhbc cu faèzhuè js`usqc``c @n dhb es WHWc zhçj`c èuna`hu sb ah`nb = gfoocz cu dcoocz zfbu efqèbntnbu zsq sb oíoc {hce e‘èin`huè dnjc ns qcinqe zfjhn` jfbjcqbnbu `‘coafb{fhbu" [nq jfbuqc sbc jcquhusec ec/ ocsqc = ¬ h` x n {`sz e‘façzcz enbz `n j`nzzc nhzèc ~sc enbz `‘fstqhçqc53 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1:3(" ¼ @n zjhcbjc oèehjn`c ~snbu ë c``c dnhu eèdhbhuhtcocbu cbuqcq `‘faèzhuè enbz `c jgno{ ec `‘hbtczuhinuhfb zjhcbuhdh~sc" C``cz ¬ qcbfstc``cbu qnehjn`c/ ocbu enbz `n zcjfbec ofhuhè es WHW c zhçj`c `cz jnuèifqhzn/ uhfbz ecz iqfzzcsqz cu `csqz cw{`hjnuhfbz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 1:4(" ¼ Uqfhz jnszcz zcoa`cbu ë `‘fqhihbc ec `‘faèzhuè = `n {qcohçqc {qfthcbeqnhu e‘sb cwjçz ec jfbzfoonuhfb e‘n`hocbuz cu ec afhzzfbz `n zcjfbec zcqnhu e‘nzjcbenbjc {n/ qcbun`c cu `n uqfhzhçoc nsqnhu ë tfhq ntcj sb eèdhjhu ec jfoasz/ uhfb ecz iqnhzzcz" Cu j‘czu jc eèdhjhu ~sh zcoa`c cw{`h~scq `c ¬ tfhzhbnic `fbiuco{z {fzus`è cbuqc ecz on`nehcz nszzh ehddè/ qcbucz ~sc `n ifsuuc `c ehnaçuc `‘faèzhuè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 15;(" ¼ [fsq sbc zfsqjc jfoosbc eèzfqeqcz tnqhèz" Jcuuc hbzsddhznbjc qc`ctèc {nq `n zjhcbjc oèehjn`c èocqic zfsz sbc nsuqc dfqoc = ¬ sbc hbzsddhznbjc i`fan`c ~sc `n js`usqc ec `n dhb es WHWc zhçj`c ucbe ë uqnbz{fzcq cb uqnhu ec jfo{fquc/ ocbu fs cb hbnen{unuhfb ec thc" Sbc onbhçqc ofecqbc e‘ètf~scq ~sc`~sc onb~sc hbzhehcsw `fiè ns jfcsq es thtnbu \"""_ sb hbjcqbna`c eèdnsu thun` 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 15>( ¼" Jc ~sc qètç`cbu `cz oèecjhbz ec `n dhb es WHW c zhçj`c ë {qf/ {fz ec `‘faèzhuè jqèc sb onqjgè ecz qèihocz cu ecz ehçucz ufsu jfooc sb onqjgè ecz jsqcz cu ecz uqnhucocbuz" ¬ Ufsucz {qnuh/ ~scz hbtcbuècz {nq sb WHW c zhçj`c njjfqenbu hbzcbzha`cocbu {`sz ec {`njc nsw zuhos`nuhfbz nsw jgnbicocbuz e‘nhq nsw th``èihnusqcz nsw tfxnicz {fsq sb {sa`hj hbzcbzha`cocbu è`nqih 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 153(" ¼ @‘heèc ecqqhçqc jc bfstcns onqjgè ec `n ohbjcsq czu jc``c e‘sb ¬ fqinbhzoc qèis`è {nq sb 53
[nqn``ç`c hbuèqczznbu hjh ë dnhqc n`fqz ~sc enbz `n zfjhèuè es WWH c zhçj`c h` x n {`sz e‘façzcz enbz `cz j`nzzcz eèdntfqhzècz"
>;7
@c WHWc zhçj`c
oh`hcs hbuèqhcsq efbu h` z‘nihu ec uqfstcq `‘è~sh`haqc fqinbhzoc enbz `c~sc` i`nbecz cu zxzuçoc bcqtcsw oí`èz zcqnhcbu `cz {qhbjh{cz zuhos`nbuz hbehz{cbzna`cz ë `‘è`nafqnuhfb jfbuhbsc e‘sbc {nqdnhuc bsuqhuhfb 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 153(" ¼ @n `suuc jfbuqc `‘faèzhuè54 ectcbsc js`usqc``c zhbfb {qèfjjs{nuhfb zfjhn`c onmcsqc n{{sxèc {nq `n {sa`hjhuè bnhzznbuc ~sc `‘fb qcuqfstc enbz `cz mfsqbnsw"
On`nehcz efohbnbucz Ns WHWc zhçj`c `n zcbzhah`huè nsw d`ènsw jgnbic ec qcihzuqc = ¬ `csq aqsun`huè b‘czu {`sz jc``c ecz thch``cz è{heèohcz" @c ugç/ oc eèièbèqnuhd n zè`cjuhfbbè ec bfstcnsw onsw cb {qfofs/ tnbu ecz {qètcbuhfbz bfstc``cz" @‘n`jff`hzoc `n {qfzuhusuhfb gèqèehuèz ehddszcz z‘neqczzcbu entnbunic ë `n js`{nah`huè cu ns qczzfqu {cqzfbbc` ec jgnjsb 'Thinqc``f >888 = 11>(" ¼ Eè{`n/ jcocbu nszzh ec `n jha`c = bfb {`sz zcs`cocbu `‘cbthqfbbcocbu jfbunohbnbu onhz `‘hbehthes jfbunohbnbu {nq zcz jfo{fquc/ ocbuz cu zcz {qnuh~scz ec thc" @c qcihzuqc es on`znhb zc eè{`n/ jc èin`cocbu = jc ~sh hb~shçuc j‘czu sbc eèièbèqczjcbjc ec `‘cz{çjc zfb ntcbhq ¬ {cznbu zsq `cz tn`csqz ectcbscz `cz {`sz {qèjhcszcz = `‘njjqfhzzcocbu cu `c {qfiqçz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 11>(" ¼ Uqfhz jn`nohuèz e‘nafqe zfsz `c ugçoc ec `n eèièbèqczjcbjc = `‘n`jff`hzoc `n zx{gh`hz cu `n usacqjs`fzc 59" @‘n`jff`hzoc b‘czu {`sz zcs`cocbu htqfibcqhc onhz ë `n dfhz sb bfstcns ofu cu sbc on`nehc sb cbzcoa`c ec zxo{uõocz uqçz jhqjfbzjqhuz = ¬ nuuchbuc es dfhc nuuchbuc ecz tnhzzcnsw jnunqqgc jgqfbh~sc uqcoa`cocbuz cu uqfsa`cz bcqtcsw ec`hqhso uqcocbz․ uqcocbz․ 'Thin/ 54
Jc ~sc `c WHWc zhçj`c hbnsisqc hjh j‘czu `c onqjgè ec `n ohbjcsq ~sh dnhu nsmfsqe‘gsh bfb zcs`cocbu qcjcuuc onhz ~sh zc eèj`hbc enbz sbc cbuqc{qhzc jf``cjuhtc ec qcjgcqjgc ec `n jfbehuhfb {gxzh~sc cu hbuc``cjusc``c f{uhon`c sb icbqc ec Znhbu Iqnn` ec `n znbuè `c znbuèhzoc sb zxzuçoc ec tn`csqz jfbdhbnbu `‘hbehthes ë `‘fa`hinuhfb e‘nef{ucq `c ofec ec thc n{{qf{qhè zfsz {chbc e‘íuqc jfbdqfbuè nsw uqfhz {`sz iqnbecz jn`nohuèz es WWH c zhçj`c = `c jnbjcq `‘N`}gchocq cu `cz on`nehcz jnqehftnzjs`nhqcz" jnqehftnzjs`nhqcz" 59 @c ucqoc ec ¬usacqjs`fzc¼ czu n{{nqs n{qçz >7:;" Ns{nqntnbu `n on`n/ ehc èunhu èunh u n{{c`èc {guhzhc { guhzhc 'es iqcj ¬eè{èqhzzcocbu¼( ¬eè{èqhz zcocbu¼( < jfbzfo{uhfb 'ec ¬jfbzsocq¼( < {czuc a`nbjgc"
>;8
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
qc``f >888 = 111(" ¼ Èuhcbbc @nbjcqcnsw ec `‘Njneèohc ec oèecjhbc ec [nqhz eèjqhqn `cz èun{cz iqnesècz ec jcuuc ¬ eè/ iqnenuhfb n`jff`h~sc jcuuc dnha`czzc ectcbsc gnahusec cu èjgcj ec jfbzjhcbjc '@nbjcqcnsw \>748_ >797 = 19(" ¼ @‘n`jff`hzoc czu èin`cocbu zhibc ec `‘è`ètnuhfb iqnesc``c es bhtcns ec thc onhz nszzh zhibc ec jfo{fqucocbuz uqnbzdfqona`cz cb on`n/ ehcz" ¬ Ufsu b‘czu ~sc zx{gh`hz ¼ ehqn Ecz Czzchbucz gèqfz es qf/ onb Ë qcafsqz ec Mfqhz/Lnq` Gsxzonbz {sa`hè cb >775" @c on` tèbèqhcb qfbicqnhu ë uqntcqz `c {`nhzhq cu `c eèzhq `n ¬ qnjc nsw zfsqjcz oíocz ec `n thc 'Inqhb >744 = th( ¼ jc``c ec `‘gèqèehuè" @‘Èunu `èihdèqcqn `c {`nhzhq cu zcz cwjçz cb jha`nbu `cz {qfzuhusècz = hzf`cocbu enbz ecz onhzfbz ec uf`èqnbjc cu jfbuqõ`c znbhunhqc {fsq ohcsw eèjc`cq `c on` ë `n zfsqjc cu `c {qètcbhq" ¬ Bfuqc jfec `nhzzc ho{sbhc `n {qfzuhusèc ~sh usc co{fhzfbbc `n zfjhèuè" \"""_ Jc``c ~sh bc dnhu {nz jcuuc eèj`nqn/ uhfb cu ~sh zc `htqc ë `n {qfzuhusuhfb j`nbeczuhbcocbu czu jfs{n/ a`c e‘nuucbunu nsw ofcsqz cu ë `n znbuè {sa`h~sc < `n qè{qczzhfb efhu íuqc {fsq c``c ecz {`sz zètçqcz" @c on` ~sc jcz dcoocz dfbu czu hbjn`js`na`c jnq zfstcbu c``cz bc jczzcbu ec zc {qfzuh/ uscq ~sc `fqz~sc `n on`nehc `cz qfbic cu `csq qcbe `c jfæu ho/ {fzzha`c 'Uqfbjhb >73> = >55(" ¼ Sbc ~sczuhfb zc {fzc eçz `fqz = efhu/fb {qhtcq fs bfb `n {qfzuhusèc ec zn `hacquè hbehth/ esc``c 6 @n qè{fbzc czu iqnesèc = ¬ `n thzhuc \oèehjn`c_ czu qcb/ esc fa`hinufhqc ns oh`hcs es zhçj`c nhbzh ~sc `n ohzc cb gõ{h/ un` zh `‘hbdcjuhfb czu eèjc`èc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 113( " ¼ @‘è{heèohc ec usacqjs`fzc57 tèqhuna`c d`èns bnuhfbn` nuuchbu zfb n{fièc ns WHWc zhçj`c = sbc {cqzfbbc zsq ~snuqc cb czu nuuchbuc" [qcohçqc jnszc ec ofqun`huè nsw Èunuz/Sbhz ë `‘è{f~sc h` èunhu qnqc ~sc enbz sbc dnoh``c h` b‘x nhu {nz ns ofhbz sb jnz ec usacqjs`fzc" C``c czu nszzh on`nehc ec j`nzzc zfjhn`c {`sz {nquhjs`hçqcocbu jc``c ecz j`nzzcz `nafqhcszcz" ¬ Ns eèasu es WHW c zhçj`c `n usacqjs`fzc z‘czu qè{nbesc cb onzzc cb Nbi`cucqqc cu cb {nquhjs`hcq ë @fbeqcz ë jnszc ec `‘hbeszuqhn`hznuhfb cu zcz jfbzè~scbjcz 'onstnhzcz jfbehuhfbz 57
Zc`fb `‘Fqinbhznuhfb ofbehn`c ec `n znbuè 'FOZ( `n usacqjs`fzc usc cbjfqc {qçz ec ecsw oh``hfbz ec {cqzfbbcz jgn~sc nbbèc enbz `c ofbec"
>>;
@c WHWc zhçj`c
e‘gnahunuhfb jnqcbjcz n`hocbunhqcz uqntnh` `fbi cu ehddhjh`c(" [shz c``c n nuuchbu `cz iqnbecz th``cz es jfbuhbcbu" @cz {cqzfb/ bcz áiècz ec 1; ë 5; nbz èjfbfoh~scocbu {qfesjuhtcz èunhcbu {nquhjs`hçqcocbu ufsjgècz" @csq ofqu ntnhu n`fqz ecz qcufoaècz èjfbfoh~scz 'Ihacqu 1;;; = :3(" ¼ Jfbuqcq `n us/ acqjs`fzc ecthcbu sb {qfiqnooc bnuhfbn` ec znbuè {sa`h~sc = ehnibfzuhj {qèjfjc {qf{qcuè nèqnuhfb cu cbzf`ch``cocbu ecz cz{njcz ehzuqhasuhfb ec uqnjuz nddhjgcz hbucqehznbu ec jqnjgcq njjqfjgècz enbz `cz aáuhocbuz cu `cz `hcsw {sa`hjz nsunbu ec ofxcbz {fsq hbdfqocq `cz jhufxcbz es enbicq cbjfsqs cu bfq/ on`hzcq `cz jfo{fqucocbuz"
@‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c Ns eèasu es WHWc zhçj`c Ahjgnu eèjfstqc `cz uhzzsz" N{qçz >73; Dqnbéfhz Onicbehc cu J`nsec Acqbnqe qcbfstc``cbu `n {gxzhf`fihc ë uqntcqz `‘honic e‘sb jfq{z znhb cu bfb on`nec" H` czu czzcbuhc` ec zc {`njcq es {fhbu ec tsc ec `n znbuè {fsq jfo{qcbeqc `n on`nehc = ¬ `cz zxo{uõocz {nugf`fih~scz bc zfbu qhcb ec ofhbz ~sc `c qèzs`unu ec {qf{qhèuèz bfstc``cz jqèècz {nq `‘èunu {nugf`fih~sc 'Ec`n{fquc 1;;> = >57(" ¼ @c zntfhq oèehjn` Cbuqc >73; cu >74; @fshz [nzucsq czu sbc qètf`suhfb cb `sh/ oíoc" E‘cbefiçbc `n on`nehc ecthcbu cwfiçbc = `c ohjqfac czu eèzfqonhz `c tcjucsq ec `‘niqczzhfb" @n jghohc cbuqc enbz `n oèecjhbc = [nzucsq hbtcbuc `cz oh`hcsw ec js`usqc cu ¬ ocu cb èthecbjc `n tnqhnbjc ecz cz{çjcz cu ofbuqc ~sc `fqz~s‘fb nddnha`hu `cz hbdhbhocbu {cuhuz fb `cz qcbe njjc{una`cz {nq `‘fqinbhzoc = h` x n nuuèbsnuhfb es {fstfhq {nugf`fih~sc ecz icqocz jc ~sh n {cqohz ec eèjfstqhq `cz tnjjhbz 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = >81( ¼ < j‘czu `n bnhzznbjc ec `n ohjqfahf`fihc" Ë {nquhq ecz uqntnsw ec Qfacqu Gfflc è`nafqèz ns WTHH c zhçj`c ¬ fb tn ofbuqcq ~sc `n on`nehc {nqu ec `n jc``s`c ~sh zsahu ecz eèqç/ i`cocbuz enbz zcz dfbjuhfbz czzcbuhc``cz 'dfqocq bfsqqhq cu dnhqc dfbjuhfbbcq `cz è`èocbuz es jfq{z( 'Thibnsw 1;;8 = >8:(" ¼ Eèjfstcquc ecz jgqfofzfocz cu ecz içbcz cbuqc >77: cu >777 ë {nquhq ecz uqntnsw ec Iqcifq Ocbec` {fqunbu >>>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
zsq `‘gxaqhenuhfb" Eèjfstcquc ec `‘cbefjqhbf`fihc58 ntcj J`nsec Acqbnqe = `c ehnaçuc qèzs`uc e‘sb èunu {nugf`fih~sc e‘sbc i`nbec cbefjqhbc z{èjhdh~sc `c {nbjqènz" @c 4 eèjcoaqc >78; eèjfstcquc es zxzuçoc hoosbhunhqc = Jgnq`cz Qfacqu Qhjgcu hbmcjuc es zèqso ë sb usacqjs`csw ë `‘Gõuc`/Ehcs ec [nqhz" Èoh`c Qfsw ~snbu ë `sh jfbzunuc ~sc n{qçz ntfhq tnj/ jhbè sb jgctn` cb `sh hbmcjunbu ecz efzcz jqfhzznbucz ec ufwhbc eh{guèqh~sc h` x n {qfesjuhfb ec iqnbecz ~snbuhuèz e‘nbuhjfq{z nbuheh{guèqh~scz" Es jfs{ sbc heèc = uqnbzdèqcq `c zèqso ë ecz on`necz nuuchbuz ec `n eh{guèqhc" Sb jfbzunu = sb iqnbe bfoaqc ec on`necz isèqhzzcbu" @n zèqfugèqn{hc czu bèc" @c {nqnehioc ec `n ugcqofexbnoh~sc {èbçuqc `c zntfhq oè/ ehjn` = ¬ j‘czu cb aqü`nbu ~sc `‘n`hocbu {qftf~sc ë `n dfhz `‘è`hohbnuhfb cu `‘èbcqihc" @‘fqinbhzoc z‘è{sqc cu zc qcbdfqjc e‘nsunbu ohcsw ~s‘h` z‘njuhtc" H` inibc cb qcbunah`huè 'Thinqc`/ `f >888 = 1:9(" ¼ J‘czu ahcb e‘sb zxzuçoc e‘è~sh`haqc ecz èbcqihcz efbu h` czu ~sczuhfb hjh" @‘hbiczuhfb ec bfsqqhusqc b‘czu {`sz sb zho{`c jsos` bh sb zho{`c qcmcu = c``c czu jfoaszuhfb" Jcuuc ¬ohzc cb èbcqihc¼ uqntcqzc ufsu `c WHW c zhçj`c" Sbc ¬ {qnuh~sc {qètcbuhtc qèbftèc < sb cbzcoa`c ec jfo{fquc/ ocbuz uqnbzdfqoèz {nq ec bfstc``cz qc{qèzcbunuhfbz es jfq{z 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1:;(" ¼ @n ixobnzuh~sc oèehjn`c dnhu eè/ zfqonhz {nquhc ec `‘gxihçbc bfstc``c" @c zfsdd`c `n jn{njhuè {s`ofbnhqc czu {qhz cb jfo{uc eèucqohbc `c ¬ jfcddhjhcbu ec qfaszuhjhuè 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1:8( ¼ ec `‘hbehthes"
@c {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c @n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c zc uqnbzdfqoc qnehjn`cocbu ntcj `‘Èjf`c j`hbh~sc ec [nqhz" J‘czu `‘n{{nqhuhfb ec `‘gõ{hun` of/ ecqbc cu ec zn exbnoh~sc ufsu ë dnhu {nquhjs`hçqc = enbz sb {qcohcq uco{z `‘nqjghucjusqc ec `‘gõ{hun` `‘gõ{hun` czu qc{cbzèc cb dfbj/ uhfb ec jfbzheèqnuhfbz ugèqn{csuh~scz cu gxihèbh~scz < enbz sb zcjfbe uco{z `‘gõ{hun` ecthcbu sb tèqhuna`c `hcs e‘cbzchibcocbu" J‘czu `ë zfsz `n ehqcjuhfb ec oèecjhbz cw{è/ 58
Èusec ecz i`nbecz cbefjqhbcz 'ugxqfæec {nqnugxqfæec zsqqèbn`c gx{f/ {gxzc cuj"( cu ec `csqz gfqofbcz 'zsazunbjcz jghoh~scz {qfeshucz {nq `cz i`nbecz ~sh fbu sbc njuhfb z{èjhdh~sc zsq ecz fqinbcz("
>>1
@c WHWc zhçj`c
qhocbuèz ~sc efhu zc dnhqc `n dfqonuhfb ecz èusehnbuz" ¬ Jcuuc efsa`c qèfqinbhznuhfb ecz gõ{hunsw cu ecz èusecz ec oèecjhbc tn jfbuqhascq ë uqnbzdfqocq `n thzhfb ecz oèecjhbz ec `‘è{f~sc" @‘gõ{hun` cb dfsqbhzznbu ~snbuhuè ec jnz ~s‘h` czu {fzzha`c e‘fazcqtcq cu ec jfo{nqcq e‘sbc onbhçqc qhifsqcszc dnhu ètf`scq `n jfbjc{uhfb ec `n j`hbh~sc" \․_ @‘fazcqtnuhfb czu eèzfqonhz qhifsqcszcocbu fqinbhzèc cu zunbenqehzèc zsq `c ofeç`c ecz zjhcbjcz bnusqc``cz" @c on`nec czu nszjs`uè hbucq/ qfiè cu èjfsuè zshtnbu sb {qfjczzsz ahcb eèucqohbè = jcz zxo{/ uõocz zfbu bfuèz cu nbn`xzèz < zfb jnz czu jfo{nqè ë ufsz `cz nsuqcz jnz ehz{fbha`cz ns zchb ec `‘gõ{hun` 'Aqnsbzuchb 1;>> = >:5(" ¼ @n oèecjhbc cu `n jghqsqihc zc qèsbhzzcbu cu zc jfbdfbecbu" @‘Èjf`c j`hbh~sc ec [nqhz zc ehzuhbisc {nq ~snuqc uqnhuz = '>( `‘nddhqonuhfb ~sc `cz on`nehcz zfbu czzcbuhc``cocbu `fjn`hzècz < '1( `‘nddhqonuhfb ec `‘hecbuhuè es bfqon` cu es {nugf`fih~sc nsw tnqhnuhfbz ~snbuhunuhtcz {qçz" ¬ @n znbuè zs{{fzc `‘cwcqjhjc qèis`hcq ecz dfbjuhfbz = `n on`nehc qèzs`uc ec `csq hqqèis`nqhuè < `n ofqu ec `csq jczznuhfb 'Aqnsbzuchb 1;>> = >5;( ¼" Jc jfbjc{u oèehjn` ec ¬ bfqon` ¼ eèdhbhu bfb zcs`cocbu `‘èunu ec znbuè e‘sb hbehthes onhz ecthcbu nszzh {qèfjjs{nuhfb zfjhn`c" H` b‘czu {`sz ~sczuhfb ec zc econbecq ~sc``c czu `n bnusqc ec `n jfbehuhfb gsonhbc jfooc ns zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz onhz ahcb ec zntfhq ~sh enbz `n zfjhèuè czu bfqon` fs bfb < ':( `n oè/ ecjhbc b‘czu {`sz zho{`cocbu sb nqu onhz sbc zjhcbjc" H` dnsu ~sc `c oèecjhb zjhcbuhdh~sc ocuuc cb Śstqc ecz ofxcbz cu ecz qczzfsqjcz {fsq qèuna`hq `cz dfbjuhfbz eèqnbiècz es on`nec ~s‘h` qcthcbbc ë zfb èunu bfqon` < '5( `n oèecjhbc n sb jnqnjuç/ qc dfbenocbun`cocbu f{uhohzuc cb jc ~s‘c``c {csu qèi`cq sbc os`uhusec ec {qfa`çocz ec znbuè = ¬ `c {shzznbu jneqc e‘hbucq{qèunuhfb ec `n {nugf`fihc fddcqu {nq `n anjuèqhf`fihc bfsqqhu jc {fstfhq oèehjn` ~sc `n zjhcbjc èunxc 'Qnzoszzcb 1;>> = >7;(" ¼
@c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb [fsq Thibnsw '1;>1( `n zcjfbec ofhuhè es WHW c zhçj`c czu sbc qcbnhzznbjc es jfq{z" @cz eètc`f{{cocbuz ec `‘gxihçbc `n >>:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
`suuc jfbuqc `‘hbzn`saqhuè {sa`h~sc `‘noèbnicocbu ecz th``cz cu `n ofec ecz anhbz tfbu ¬qcefbbcq thc¼ ns jfq{z" @n ~scz/ uhfb n`fqz b‘czu {nz jc``c ec `n acnsuè 'cbjfqc ~sc Hbiqcz cu Ec`njqfhw nhcbu qczzszjhuè `cz bsehuèz cb {chbusqc( onhz jc``c ec `n znbuè" H` dnsu {qfuèicq `c jfq{z jfbuqc `cz ohnzocz < j‘czu {nq `c jfq{z ~sc `cz hbdcjuhfbz {èbçuqcbu" @c jfq{z czu nhbzh famcu ec zsz{hjhfb" ^s‘cb czu/h` cwnjucocbu 6 Ecsw non`inocz hbuèqczznbuz ns WHWc zhçj`c = 'h( sb hbehthes fs sbc {f{s`nuhfb z‘ètn`scbu cb dfbjuhfb ec zfb qcbecocbu èbcqièuh~sc < 'hh( `n dnha`czzc es qcbecocbu èbcqièuh~sc czu cw{`hjhucocbu `hèc ë sbc dnha`czzc es zntfhq" @‘hbtcbuhfb es exbnofoçuqc {cqocu eèzfqonhz ec ¬ jfo{nqcq `n dfqjc cbuqc `cz {f{s`nuhfbz {nq cwco{`c jghddqcq ecz qfaszuczzcz hbucq/ {qèucq ecz dqnih`huèz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1;5( ¼ < j‘czu `n bnhz/ znbjc ec `‘¬gfooc ofxcb¼ onhz {`sz cbjfqc j‘czu `n bnhz/ znbjc ec `n ¬zs{èqhfqhuè hqqèjszna`c ec `‘Csqf{ècb¼ jfooc `c zfs`hibcqn Thqcx '>715 = wwth(" ¬ ^s‘sb Csqf{ècb hbzuqshu nq/ qhtc {nqoh ecz anqanqcz cu ahcbuõu z‘h`z `c tcs`cbu h` `cz qèsbhu cb bnuhfb < h` aáuhu ecz jhuèz h` dnhu èj`fqc cu {qfz{èqcq oh``c nquz hbièbhcsw ~sh os`uh{`hcbu `cz qhjgczzcz cu `cz qczzfsqjcz ec jc {cs{`c bnhzznbu cu `‘è`çtcbu `‘è`çtcbu {nq `n jhth`hznuhfb jhth`hznuhfb ns qnbi zs{qíoc zs{qíoc ~sc `c ièbhc znhu {nqufsu jfb~sèqhq zsq `n ucqqc 'Thqcx >715 = wwthh(" ¼ Jfo{nqnhzfb ecz dfqjcz fa`hic `c znstnic b‘czu {`sz jcu íuqc dfqu cu thifsqcsw uc` ~s‘h` ntnhu èuè eèjqhu = ¬ bfsz zsq{nzzfbz èthecoocbu `c znstnic oíoc enbz zcz ntnbunicz bnusqc`z" Bfsz faucbfbz {`sz e‘èucbesc {`sz ec dfqjc cu e‘co{hqc zsq `n bnusqc < nhbzh `‘gfooc jhth`hzè czu {`sz {shzznbu ~sc `‘gfooc anqanqc 'Thqcx >715 = wwt(" ¼ Uqnbz{f/ zhuhfb {nq `n zshuc tcqz ecz znstnicz {`sz qn{{qfjgèz jcsw ~sh gnbucbu `cz nuc`hcqz cu `cz qscz {f{s`cszcz ecz th``cz = `cz fs/ tqhcqz" @n oczsqc jghddqèc ec `n zunusqc cu ec `n jfbzuhusuhfb uqnbzdfqoc `‘honic es {nstqc cu es {qf`èunhqc" [qcohcq jfbz/ unu = `n unh``c ofxcbbc ec `‘gfooc zc qètç`c {`sz iqnbec ë [n/ qhz enbz `cz eè{nqucocbuz {`sz qhjgcz cu enbz `cz eè{nqucocbuz fø h` x n jfbjcbuqnuhfb sqanhbc" Zcjfbe jfbzunu = `c WTHH c zhç/ j`c z‘czu uqfo{è" Jc b‘czu {nz enbz `cz jno{nibcz ~s‘czu `n znbuè onhz enbz `cz th``cz" H` x n hjh ecz {f{s`nuhfbz ë èes~scq jnq ¬ `c eèdhjhu znbhunhqc ec `‘fstqhcq fs es {nxznb uhcbu ë >>5
@c WHWc zhçj`c
`‘hibfqnbjc" \․_ Ec jcuuc cbuqc{qhzc eè{cbecbu `csq uqntnh` jfooc `csq znbuè 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1;4(" ¼ @‘n`hocbunuhfb czu nszzh qcbecocbu" C``c {nzzc eèzfqonhz {nq `n thnbec" @èisocz dèjs`cbuz cu jèqèn`cz jnszcqnhcbu `n dnh/ a`czzc ecz {f{s`nuhfbz ¬ e‘fø `‘hbehicbjc {gxzh~sc nuuqhasèc nsw {nxznbz \․_ ~sh fbu `cz fqinbcz dnha`cz qc`ájgèz sb znbi {cs è{nhz {qèehz{fzèz nsw on`nehcz nufbh~scz os~scszcz jnjgcjuh~scz 'Anqahcq >7>> = u" 1 15(" ¼ Qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb fs `c qèihoc jnqbè zxbfbxoc ec znbuè z‘f{{fzc ns qèihoc {`sz fqhcbuè tcqz `cz `èisocz 3;" @‘n{{nqcbjc es jfq{z czu nszzh zhibc fs bfb ec qcbecocbu = íuqc ohbjc czu zxbfbxoc ec znbuè e‘èbcqihc ec thiscsq cu ec qfaszuczzc `c zsq{fhez cu `‘cwjçz e‘coafb{fhbu onq~snbu sbc dnha`czzc cu sb onb~sc e‘èbcqihc" Jgc} `cz è`hucz `‘neè~snuhfb czu dnhuc = ¬ `cz tn`csqz ec znbuè zfbu eèmë oí`ècz ë sb nddhbcocbu ec `n zh`gfscuuc jfoahcb `‘honic tn`fqhzèc ec `‘cbuqcuhcb es jfq{z uhcbu ë jc``c e‘sb uqntnh` jfbeshu cbuqc zfh cu zfh 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1>5(" ¼ Qs{usqc qnehjn`c ntcj `c WTHH c zhçj`c cu zcz jfoofehuèz qs/ ehocbunhqcz `c jfbdfqu ecthcbu {qèfjjs{nuhfb znbhunhqc" Sb oh`hcs {qf{qc uqntcqzè bfb {`sz zcs`cocbu {nq ecz d`sw e‘nhq onhz nszzh {nq ecz d`sw ec jgn`csq cu e‘cns zcoa`c inqnbu e‘sbc afbbc znbuè" ¬ @c {qfmcu thzc ë eèos`uh{`hcq `cz zcqthjcz" H` czu èjfbfoh~sc {shz~sc jcz usxnsw cb jfbuhcbbcbu e‘nsuqcz dnhuz {fsq jfbeshqc `‘cns jfsqnbuc jgnsec" H` czu {qnionuh~sc nszzh {shz~sc thznbu ofhbz `c `swc ~sc `‘cddhjnjhuè 'Thinqc``f >888 = 1;8(" ¼
Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc Ns WHWc zhçj`c h` bc z‘nihu {`sz zcs`cocbu ec {qètcbhq njuh/ tcocbu `c on`" @n dhbn`huè czu ec `c onâuqhzcq ë `n zfsqjc" @n ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz cu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz jgnbic ufun/ `cocbu ec qcihzuqc fø `‘hbehthes `sh/oíoc enbz zn {qf{qc jfbehuhfb czu ohz cb n`nqoc < h` czu zhibc n`nqonbu" @n ohzc ë 3;
Qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb ofehdhè ns WWH c zhçj`c fø `c qèihoc jnqbè czu qè{suè jnszcq `c jnbjcq es jõ`fb cu {qftf~scq `‘fwxenuhfb" @cz nec{ucz e‘sb qèihoc jnqbè zcqnhcbu cb ofhbz afbbc znbuè ~sc jcsw ~sh onbicbu jhb~ {fquhfbz ec `èisocz cu ec dqshuz {nq mfsq"
>>3
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz czu eèzfqonhz ë `‘nsbc e‘sb jfq{z èbcqih/ ~sc qfaszuc dfqu cu thifsqcsw ë uqntcqz ecz {qnuh~scz ec {qè/ tcbuhfb cu gxihèbhzuc ec {`sz cb {`sz bfqoècz" Ë uqntcqz `‘fsuh` zunuhzuh~sc `n ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fquc/ ocbuz cu ecz jfq{z czu sbc tèqhuna`c qètf`suhfb" @n zfjhèuè ec `n ehzjh{`hbc ètf~sèc {nq Ohjgc` Dfsjns`u zc eczzhbc `c ahf/ {fstfhq z‘è`nafqc ~sh z‘cwcqjc qnuhfbbc``cocbu zsq `n thc ecz jfq{z cu jc``c ec `n {f{s`nuhfb" J‘czu nszzh `‘nbbfbjc ec `‘Èunu {qfucjucsq ~sh {qcbeqn cb jgnqic `n thc bfb {`sz ecz áocz onhz ecz gfoocz = `c jfq{z {fsq `c ehzjh{`hbcq < `n {f{s`nuhfb {fsq `n jfbuqõ`cq" jfbuqõ`cq"
Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z @‘cz{njc èjfbfoh~sc czu ectcbs n`nqoc" Bfb {`sz zcs`c/ ocbu `‘cz{njc sqanhb fs ièfiqn{gh~sc jfooc ns jfsqz ecz zhçj`cz {qèjèecbuz onhz jc`sh ecz {nstqcz hbdcjuèz ocbnénbu `cz nsuqcz" ¬ @c jgf`èqn z‘nuun~sn e‘nafqe nsw j`nzzcz {nstqcz \․_ Ufsmfsqz czu/h` ~sc jc dsqcbu ecz gfoocz cb tczuc fs cb gnh``fbz ~sh fstqhqcbu jcu gfqqha`c onqjgc ec [nqhz tcqz `n ofqu 'A`nbj >73; = 1;;(" ¼ @n zunuhzuh~sc hjh qètç`c aqsun`cocbu `n qèn`huè zfjhfèjfbfoh~sc = sb ¬ dnhu efohbnbu qczzfqunhu bènb/ ofhbz ec ufsucz jcz {fhibnbucz zhbis`nqhuèz = `fqz~s‘fb cb thbu ë eqczzcq `n zunuhzuh~sc ec `‘è{heèohc h` zc uqfstn ~sc \․_ `n ofqun`huè ntnhu èuè ec \․_ 31 ë 3:&>;;; enbz `cz ~snquhcqz ec `‘Gõuc` ec th``c cu ec `n jhuè ~sh zfbu jcsw ec `n ohzçqc 'A`nbj >73; = 1;8(" ¼ @c {nstqc czu n`nqoc zn jfbehuhfb czu n`nqoc `c jgf`èqn czu sbc on`nehc es {nstqc {fstnbu nuuchbeqc `c bnbuh ~sc `n zunuhzuh~sc jfbdhqoc = ¬ {cs ec mfsqz z‘èunhcbu èjfs`èz cu eèmë `c on` èunhu ofbuè msz~s‘nsw qhjgcz 'A`nbj >73; = 1;8( ¼ ¬ ec zfquc ~sc `c on`gcsq ecz jgf`èqh~scz dfsqbhz {nq `n {ns/ tqcuè z‘niiqntn ec ufsz `cz zcjfsqz cu ec ufsu `c uco{z ~s‘c``c eèqfanhu ë `csqz zfsddqnbjcz qèc``cz ecz zxo{uõocz honihbnhqcz `cz gn``sjhbnuhfbz ec `‘f{s`cbjc uqfsa`èc 'A`nbj >73; = 1;9(" ¼ @‘fsuh` zunuhzuh~sc czu ectcbs sbc ohzc cb n`nqoc" H` b‘czu {`sz zcs`cocbu oczsqcz cu jghddqcz onhz fsuh` ec iczuhfb {f`h/ uh~sc cu znbhunhqc" H` {cqocuuqn ec qceèdhbhq `cz ucqqhufhqcz ec `‘gxihçbc {sa`h~sc cb uqntnh``nbu zsq `cz qcasuz ec `n zfjhèuè >>4
@c WHWc zhçj`c
{fsq ohcsw cb onâuqhzcq `cz enbicqz = ¬ qcasuz {gxzh~scz 'ho/ ofbehjcz èifsuz jgnbuhcqz e‘è~snqqhzznic( onhz nszzh qcasuz ofqnsw 'eèanqecsqz èifsuhcqz jghddfbbhcqz {qfzuhusècz( '@c/ jsxcq >874 = >13(" ¼ @n on`nehc zsqihqnhu efbj ec oh`hcsw nddnha`hz fø qçibc sbc ohzçqc ~sh {qf{nicqnhu `‘hbdcjuhfb cb nddnha`hzznbu `cz jfq{z" @n eèièbèqczjcbjc czu ectcbsc ohzc cb n`nqoc" @‘hbehthes efhu z‘hb~shèucq ec zfb èunu èthucq `n eèièbèqczjcbjc èthucq ec zfoaqcq enbz `‘n`jff`hzoc èthucq e‘íuqc cb zsq{fhez èthucq `c zsqocbnic cu `cz ucbzhfbz ufsucz jfbehuhfbz ~sh jfbeshzcbu ë `n eèièbèqczjcbjc" @‘hbehthes czu eèdhbhuhtcocbu zhibc n`nq/ onbu"
Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z Qètf`suhfb {nzufqhcbbc cz{njc znbhunhqc qcofec`è `n ¬ eè/ jfstcquc ecz icqocz qcbdfqjc `n {qèfjjs{nuhfb ucjgbh~sc qcb/ enbu {`sz {qèjhcsw `n züqcuè ecz oèjnbhzocz gxeqns`h~scz cu `‘hzf`cocbu ecz jhqjshuz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 11;(" ¼ @n ¬{`foac/ qhc ec `‘cns¼ dnhu zfb cbuqèc enbz `cz ecocsqcz" @‘hbtcbuhfb es zh{gfb jc jfsec zfsz `cz jstcuucz co{íjgc qcd`sw cu èonbn/ uhfbz hbucqqfo{nbu ufsuc jfoosbhjnuhfb ntcj `cz onuhçqcz enbicqcszcz cb hzf`nbu `c jfq{z" J‘czu `n bnhzznbjc ec `n zn``c ec anhbz hzf`èc ~sh n``hc ecsw noahuhfbz = `n {qf{qcuè cu `n of/ qn`c" OŚsqz cu ohjqfahf`fihc zc jfbdfbecbu enbz sbc ucjgbh/ ~sc znbhunhqc cb hbucqtcbnbu zsq `cz oè`nbicz cu `cz {qfohzjsh/ uèz" Cb >735 cb Nbi`cucqqc Mfgb Zbfy eèjfstqc `n tèqhuna`c fqhihbc ec `‘è{heèohc ec jgf`èqn = sbc ehzzèohbnuhfb {nq `‘hbucqoèehnhqc ec `n ehzuqhasuhfb e‘cns" @c ofstcocbu gxihè/ bhzuc bè cb Nbi`cucqqc {qèjfbhzc eçz `fqz ec jf``cjucq `cz cnsw sqanhbcz cu ec `cz njgcohbcq {nq ecz jnbn`hznuhfbz cbucqqècz msz~s‘ë ecz zhucz ec qcmcuz cb oh`hcs bnusqc`" @‘ho{fqunbuc jfbunohbnuhfb ec @fbeqcz cb >737 jfbtnhbj `c ifstcqbcocbu aqhunbbh~sc ec jfbzuqshqc sb ho{fznbu qèzcns e‘èifsuz" Cb Dqnbjc cb >785 `n `fh es ufsu/ë/`‘èifsu fa`hic `c qnjjfqec/ ocbu ecz onhzfbz nsw èifsuz ec [nqhz {fsq `‘ètnjsnuhfb ecz >>9
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
cnsw efoczuh~scz cu `n thenbic ecz dfzzcz e‘nhznbjc" Sb jfbz/ unu = `‘hbehthes efqèbntnbu czu zfhu qcz{fbzna`c ec zn eèièbè/ qczjcbjc zfhu qcz{fbzna`c ec `n thun`huè jf``cjuhtc" @n ¬zsqtch`/ `nbjc ec zfh¼ czu sbc ohzc nsw bfqocz es jfq{z sbc hbmfbj/ uhfb ec `n {qètcbuhfb ec zfh dnhuc ë jgn~sc hbehthes ~sc zsiiç/ qcbu z{èjhn`hzucz ec ufsucz zfqucz n{{sxèz cu jfbtf~sèz {nq `‘Èunu" ¬ @cz noèbnicocbuz znbhunhqcz `‘hbehthesn`hznuhfb ecz ehzuqhasuhfbz efoczuh~scz `cz jhqjs`nuhfbz zfsucqqnhbcz ufsz jcz `fsqez uqntnsw sqanhbz jfoocbjèz ns oh`hcs es zhçj`c bc z‘cw{`h~scbu {nz {nq `‘n`cquc ohjqfahcbbc" H`z zfbu ns jfbuqnh/ qc nheèz {nq c``c qcbesz {`sz `èihuhocz {`sz {qczznbuz 'Thin/ qc``f >888 = 138(" ¼ @n thzèc ecz ifstcqbcocbuz es WHW c zhçj`c czu ntnbu ufsu {èenifih~sc = sbc tf`fbuè ec jfbtnhbjqc {fsq ohcsw qfo{qc ntcj `cz cqqnbjcz es {nzzè sbc hbucbuhfb ec `‘Èunu e‘hbzuqshqc {fsq cbehiscq `‘èj`fzhfb es on` on` cb ofehdhnbu `cz cz{njcz cu `cz jfo{fqucocbuz" @n {qèfjjs{nuhfb zfjhn`c efhu `‘co{fqucq zsq `n zcs`c ofqn`c jnq `c qhjgc czu nsunbu ë qhz~sc enbz zn onhzfb jfzzsc ~sc `c {nstqc enbz zfb unsehz" ¬ @c ugçoc es ohjqfac n hbucbzhdhè jcuuc thzhfb ecz hbucqeè{cbenbjcz = zc eèdcbeqc cb {nquhjh{nbu ë `n eèdcbzc ecz nsuqcz < zc {qfuèicq {nq `n {qfucj/ uhfb ec ufsz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 193(" ¼ @c ohjqfac n qceèdhbh `n bnusqc es `hcb zfjhn` = `‘cbuqcuhcb ec zfh bc znsqnhu zc {cbzcq znbz `‘cbuqcuhcb ec ufsz" Jqènusqc ec `‘Èunu {qfthecbjc cb ectcbhq `c znbnufqhso qè/ {fbe ë jcuuc {qètcbuhfb zf`henqhzuc eèofbuqc `n bèjczzhuè ec {èbèuqcq `cz jfo{fqucocbuz jfo{fqucocbuz {qhtèz enbz `‘hbuèqíu e‘nsuqsh" E‘sbc {nqu `‘gxihèbhzoc {f`huh~sc es WHW c zhçj`c jfbdçqc ë `‘n{{qfjgc oèehjn`c sb eqfhu ec qcinqe zsq `‘hbzuhusuhfb ~sn/ qnbucbnhqc ~s‘czu `c znbnufqhso" ¬ Fb qcjfbbnâu ë `n oèecjhbc sbc jn{njhuè ec iczuhfb qhifsqcszc ecz èuna`hzzcocbuz znbhunh/ qcz dfbeèc zsq sb zntfhq efsa`cocbu `èihuhoè = e‘nafqe {nq sbc ucjgbf`fihc ~sh zc tcsu cu zc qètç`c {`sz cddhjnjc zsq `cz {`nbz unbu j`hbh~sc ~sc ugèqn{csuh~sc < cbzshuc {nq sbc ofqn`c `næ~sc ~sh dnhu `n {nqu cb ufsu jgfzc cu cb ufsu íuqc cbuqc `c bfqon` cu `c {nugf`fih~sc 'Dnaqc >884 = 89(" ¼ E‘nsuqc {nqu `c znbnufqhso zc {qèzcbuc bfb {`sz jfooc sb `hcs e‘hzf`cocbu >>7
@c WHWc zhçj`c
zuqhju jfooc `‘èunhcbu `cz `è{qfzcqhcz cu `cz `n}nqcuz onhz sb `hcs fø `n qèj`szhfb b‘czu bh dfqjèc bh {cqonbcbuc" Zh jc jgnb/ icocbu czu e‘ho{fqunbjc ¬ j‘czu ~sc `cz nsufqhuèz {f`huh~scz ec oíoc ~sc ec `nqicz dqnjuhfbz ec `n {f{s`nuhfb zfsz `‘hbd`scbjc ecz ugèfqhcz oèehjn`cz ec `n jfbunihfb zfbu {nz/ zècz ë sbc thzhfb ehddèqcbuc ec `‘è{heèohc = `‘hbzuhusuhfb zc of/ ehdhc ë oczsqc ~s‘ètf`scbu `cz zntfhqz zsq `n bnusqc cu `n uqnbzohzzhfb ec `n jfbunihfb 'Dnaqc >884 = >;1(" ¼ N`fqz ~sc {nq `cz zhçj`cz {nzzèz `c msicocbu ec Ehcs ë `sh zcs` zsddhznhu ë bfqon`hzcq cz{njcz jfo{fqucocbuz cu jfq{z ~sc `c uco{z ë `sh zcs` dnhznhu n{{nqnâuqc fs ehz{nqnâuqc `c on` `c WHWc zhçj`c onq~sc hjh sbc qs{usqc" @cz ho{èqnuhdz èjfbf/ oh~scz `c jfoocqjc cu `c `haqc èjgnbic ehjucbu eèzfqonhz `n onqjgc ecz jgfzcz" @cz cbuqntcz ~sc``cz ~s‘c``cz zfhcbu bc zfbu {`sz ë `‘fqeqc es mfsq" @cz onqjgnbehzcz cu `cz icbz efh/ tcbu jhqjs`cq zsqufsu enbz `c efonhbc onqhuhoc {nq ~sh uqnbzhuc `‘èjfbfohc" ¬ @c eèjqcu es >; nfüu >758 zs{{qhoc `‘Hbucbenbjc znbhunhqc ec Onqzch``c < jc`sh ec >753 nzzfs{`hu jfbzheèqna`cocbu `cz ~snqnbunhbcz enbz ufsz `cz {fquz dqnbénhz 'Dnaqc >884 = >;1(" ¼ E‘sbc {nqu `‘hbzuhusuhfb ec `n ~snqnbunh/ bc b‘czu {`sz cb {gnzc ntcj `‘ètf`suhfb js`usqc``c cu èjfbfoh/ ~sc ecz zfjhèuèz hbeszuqhc``cz cu e‘nsuqc {nqu c``c {nzzc zfsz `n qcz{fbznah`huè ~snzh cwj`szhtc es jfq{z oèehjn`"
Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz ¬Zsqtch``nbjc ec zfh¼ czu `c onâuqc ofu ec `n ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz" C``c czu sbc jfbehuhfb ec `n zsqtch``nbjc ec ufsz" ¬ @‘èunu e‘sb zsmcu zfb {nzzè `‘nuucbuhfb ~s‘h` zc {fquc cbin/ icbu {`sz ~sc mnonhz `‘èunu e‘sbc eczjcbenbjc 'Thinqc``f >888 = 11;(" ¼ Uqfhz hb~shèusecz zsqihzzcbu = 'h( cugbh~sc '`n eèièbèqczjcbjc ec `n qnjc( < 'hh( jsusqc``c '`c ugçoc eèièbèqnuhd ho{fzc `c qcjfsqz ë sbc dfqjc zsq{`foanbu `cz hbehthesz jc``c ~sh ehjuc `cz bfqocz cu `cz ectfhqz( < 'hhh( d`ènsw {qftcbnbu ec `‘hbehthes 'n`jff`hzoc {qfzuhusuhfb gèqèehuèz ehddszcz zsq/ {fhez {qnuh~scz ec thc(" N`fqz ~s‘ns jfsqz ecz zhçj`cz {nzzèz `n ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz zc qèzsonhu ë zc {qèosbhq es on` {nq jcqunhbcz njuhfbz `n ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz es WHWc zhçj`c czu sbc nddnhqc ec {qètcbuhfb ec zfh enbz `cz {qnuh/ >>8
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
~scz ~sfuhehcbbcz = qèihoc n`hocbunhqc cwcqjhjc gxihçbc {cq/ zfbbc``c cbuqcuhcb ecz `hcsw" @cz eèjfstcqucz ec [nzucsq {qf`fbicbu sbc exbnoh~sc js`us/ qc``c eèmë nofqjèc ns zhçj`c {qèjèecbu {nq ¬ `‘nuucbuhfb ë ecz zfsqjcz ufsmfsqz {`sz jnjgècz es on` `ntcq jc ~sh bc zc tfhu {nz qc{fszzcq jc ~sh bc zc zcbu {nz" @c uqntnh` zsq `c ohjqfac njgçtc sb uqntnh` zsq `c zcbzha`c 'Thinqc``f >888 = 131(" ¼ @c qcihzuqc ecz enbicqz gxihèbh~scz czu qcbfstc`è" H` czu eèzfq/ onhz ë `‘nsbc ec `‘hecbuhdhjnuhfb ec jf`fbhcz anjuèqhcbbcz `fjn/ `hzècz cu {qèjhzcz cu bfb {`sz ecz fecsqz cu es thzha`c e‘fø `n ohzc ë ehzunbjc ec enbicqz jfooc `cz eèmcjuhfbz ecz on`necz cu `cz cw{cjufqnuhfbz" Sbc eèonqjgc {fsq cddcjuscq jcuuc ohzc ë ehzunbjc = `cz famcuz enbicqcsw {`sz thzha`cz ocbnjcz znbh/ unhqcz {`sz jhqjfbzjqhucz `‘nzzhoh`nuhfb es {`sz iqnbe bfoaqc ec on`nehcz ns ofeç`c hbdcjuhcsw nhbzh ~sc `n tnjjhbnuhfb"
>1;
@C WWc ZHÇJ@C Ns WWc zhçj`c `c zfj`c è{hzuèoh~sc czu ë bfstcns qceèdhbh" @‘fbuf`fihc czu qèesjuhfbbhzuc qèn`huè onuèqhc``c ghèqnqjgh~sc ec bhtcnsw jfbzuhusèz jgnjsb ec jfo{fznbuz z{èjhdh~scz = fq/ inbcz uhzzsz jc``s`cz of`èjs`cz nufocz {nquhjs`cz è`èocb/ unhqcz cuj" @‘è{hzuèof`fihc es jfq{z czu èin`cocbu qcbfstc`èc" @‘n{{qfjgc {fzhuhthzuc cu qèesjuhfbbhzuc ec `n {qnuh~sc oèehjn/ `c noçbc ë jfbzheèqcq `c jfq{z bfb zcs`cocbu jfooc sb onuè/ qhns ahf`fih~sc onhz nszzh jfooc sb qèzcqtfhq ec {hçjcz eè/ unjgècz ehz{fbha`cz {fsq `n jfbzfoonuhfb `‘èjgnbic cu `n qc{qfesjuhfb" @cz jno{nibcz ec {qfofuhfb cb dntcsq es efb e‘fqinbcz cb zfbu sb cwco{`c jfbjqcu = ¬ Tfsz {fsqqc} znstcq e‘nsuqcz thcz . ¼ Ns/ec`ë ec zn ofqu `‘hbehthes ecocsqc ahf/ `fih~scocbu suh`c sbc suh`huè ièqèc {nq `‘Èunu cu an`hzèc {nq `cz ntnbjècz ec `n zjhcbjc oèehjn`c"
@n thzhfb es jfq{z Zc`fb Thibnsw '1;>1( ufsu ns jfsqz ec `n zcjfbec ofhuhè es WWc zhçj`c `c jfq{z ecthcbu famcu ec qè{nqnuhfbz ec uqnbzdfq/ onuhfbz cu ec osunuhfbz" Sb `fbi {qfjczzsz e‘cddnjcocbu cu ec qco{`njcocbu z‘f{çqc" H` x n `cz {qfiqçz jfbzheèqna`cz ecz {qfugçzcz ec `‘fefbuf`fihc ec `n jghqsqihc qè{nqnuqhjc {shz czugèuh~sc" Nsmfsqe‘gsh h` x n `cz ecbuz nquhdhjhc``cz ecz oco/ aqcz ec zsazuhusuhfb ecz thznicz cu ecz jfq{z ¬qcdnhuz¼" J‘czu cddcjuhtcocbu `‘çqc ecz oèunofq{gfzcz" @c jfq{z czu nszzh famcu ec {cqdfqonbjc – `‘nug`çuc efbu qítnhcbu `cz qèihocz ufun`hunhqcz 'bn}hzoc jfoosbhzoc( {csu ectcbhq cbjfqc {`sz {cqdfqonbu zh fb ocu ë {qfdhu `cz ntnbjècz ucjgbf`fih~scz ecz {qfugçzcz" @c jfq{z czu qè{nqna`c {cqdcjuha`c on``èna`c qc/ ofec`na`c = h` zsddhu ec {cbzcq ¬ ns jfüu cb uco{z cb èbcqihc cu cb nqicbu ecz zuqnuèihcz eczuhbècz ë uqnbzdfqocq `c jfq{z ë `c qn{{qfjgcq ec `n jfbdfqonuhfb ucbsc {fsq `èihuhoc on~sh``nic fs tíucocbu ehèuèuh~sc fs jghqsqihc czugèuh~sc ë `c qcbeqc {qèzcbuna`c fs qc{qèzcbuna`c( qc{qèzcbuna`c( 'Afsqehcs 'Afsqehcs >899 = 3>(" ¼
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb @èicbec = sbc bfstc``c on`nehc czu zhibn`èc {nq sb nzuèqhz~sc" WWc ZHÇJ@C HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N JCQUHUSEC fbuf`fihc
NTCQZHFB
è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c
thzhfb es jfq{z
zntfhq oèehjn`
{qnuh~sc oèehjn`c
Íuqc = qèesjuhfbbhzoc = `n qèn`huè onuèqhc`/ `c czu sbc ghèqnq/ jghc ec bhtcnsw jfbzuhusèz jgnjsb ec jfo{fznbuz z{èjhdh~scz 'fqinbcz uhzzsz jc``s`cz of`èjs/ `cz nufocz {nquhjs`cz è`èocb/ unhqcz cuj"(
‡ oèecjhbc anzè zsq `cz {qcstcz ‡ ièbèuh~sc ‡ oèecjhbc anzè zsq `cz {qcstcz ‡ hoosbf`fihc ‡ {gxzhf`fihc
‡ {qf{gx`nwhc 'tnjjhb zs`dnohecz nbuhahfuh~scz hbzcjuhjhecz( ‡ ucjgbf`fihcz {qè{fbeèqnbucz {qè{fbeèqnbucz ‡ {h`s`c jfbuqnjc{uhtc jfbuqnjc{uhtc ‡ {gnqonjf{èc 'jfq{z ? dfbjuhfbz ? zxzuçocz \ns zcbz ugcqofexbnoh~sc_ ,èugf`fihc ? ugèqn/ {csuh~scz jha`ècz jha`ècz {qf{hjcz ë `n `n {gnq/ onjf{èc hbeszuqhc``c( hbeszuqhc``c(
Ofen`huè = `c jfq{z czu famcu ec qè{nqnuhfbz ec uqnbzdfqonuhfbz cu ec osunuhfbz
tnqhnah`huè on`nehcz efohbnbucz ‡ on`nehcz è{heè/ oh~scz '{f`hf- iqh{{c cz{nibf`c- zhen- caf`n-( ‡ on`nehcz jgqfbh/ ~scz 'jnqehftnzjs/ 'jnqehftnzjs/ `nhqcz jnbjcq N`}gchocq ehnaç/ uc( ‡ on`nehcz zfonuh/ ~scz
hbjcquhusec znhb & on`znhb ‡ afb jgf`czuè/ qf` & onstnhz jgf`czuèqf` ‡ afb içbc & içbc eèdcj/ uscsw ohbjcsq & zsq{fhez ‡ dsocq & bc {nz dsocq ‡ znhbc n`hocb/ unuhfb & on`/ afsddc ‡ {cbzèc {fzhuhtc & {cbzèc bèinuhtc bèinuhtc ‡ ofec ec thc znbuè & ofec ec thc ë qhz~sc
[qf{qhèuèz es jfq{z = ‡ jfbuqõ`na`c ‡ qè{nqna`c ‡ {cqdcjuha`c ‡ on``èna`c ‡ czugèuh~sc ‡ qèzcqtfhq ec {hçjcz HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N ZUNAH@HUÈ bhtcns jf``cjuhd ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ fqinbhzocz znbhunhqcz 'FOZ JEJ cuj"( ‡ oèehnz ‡ bhtcns onjqf = cbthqfbbcocbu ‡ bhtcns ohjqf = on`nhzc hb/ jfbdfqu efs`csq
bhtcns hbehthesc`
ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ zunuhzuh~scz 'èusecz j`hbh~scz è{heèohf`fihc( ‡ cz{njcz znbhunhqcz ‡ ucjgbh~scz znbhunhqcz ‡ zsqtch``nbjc cu {qètcbuhfb ec zfh ‡ jno{nibcz ec znbuè {sa`h~sc 'qcz{fbznah`hzcq èes~scq {qfuèicq( DHBN@HUÈ ? ÈQNEH^SCQ @C ON@
>11
ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz ‡ tnjjhbnuhfb ‡ {qètcbuhfb ec zfh ‡ {qnuh~scz {qf{gx`njuh~scz {qf{gx`njuh~scz ‡ è~sh{cocbuz ec {qfucjuhfb 'uqntnh` `fhzhqz(
@c WWc zhçj`c
@n jghqsqihc czugèuh~sc ~snbu ë c``c czu nsunbu jghqsqihc ec `‘áoc ~sc jghqsqihc es jfq{z `n znbuè i`fan`c ec `‘hbehthes bc {nzznbu {`sz zcs`cocbu {nq zn zcs`c jfbehuhfb {gxzhf`fih~sc fs oèunaf`h~sc onhz nszzh {nq jc ~s‘h` zhibn`c < `n jghqsqihc czugèuh~sc cb jc zcbz ufsu jfooc `cz qèihocz qczunsqcbu `n znbuè" Jcuuc bfstc``c thzhfb e‘sb jfq{z on``èna`c czu bfb zcs/ `cocbu {fzzha`c cu njjczzha`c onhz nszzh {fqucszc e‘sbc dè/ jfbehuè zfjhn`c cu gsonhbc hbjfo{nqna`c" H` x n hjh cb icqoc jc ~sh {qèdhisqc `‘hecbuhdhjnuhfb s`uhoc ns jfq{z es WWH c zhç/ j`c" @c eèasu es WWc zhçj`c ho{fzc sbc bfstc``c bfqon`huè {fsq `c jfq{z = `‘n``sqc nug`èuh~sc ntcj zn `hibc eèjfs{`èc" ¬ Zcs` `c oszj`c czu bfa`c 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 13>(" ¼ @c jfq{z ecz nb/ bècz >81; nbbfbjc jc`sh cb ectcbhq es jfq{z njusc` n`fqz ~sc `c oszj`c czu ¬ qc{cbzè jha`è nbfa`h" @‘cbzcoa`c ecz tn`csqz neh{cszcz czu jfbjcqbè = `cz zcsh`z ecthcbbcbu {`sz {qèjfjcz `cz enbicqz {`sz onq~sèz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 131(" ¼ [nqnefwn/ `cocbu on`iqè jcu njjcbu ohz zsq `‘nohbjhzzcocbu `n onzzc neh{cszc zc eèofjqnuhzc" C``c ufsjgc eèzfqonhz nszzh ahcb `cz j`nzzcz nhzècz ~sc `cz j`nzzcz {f{s`nhqcz `c {gèbfoçbc èunbu nuuqhasè ë `n jfbzfoonuhfb cu ë `n zsqn`hocbunuhfb cb tfhc ec ièbèqn`hznuhfb" ¬ @cz {nxznbz cu `cz fstqhcqz jfoocbjcbu ë zfsddqhq ecz on`nehcz ~sh èunhcbu ns{nqntnbu `n jnszc ec `‘nofhbeqhzzcocbu {gxzh~sc ecz j`nzzcz qhjgcz fs nqhzufjqnuh/ ~scz" @n ifsuuc `‘faèzhuè `c ehnaçuc `‘nquèqhfzj`èqfzc `n bcs/ qnzugèbhc `‘nbihbc ec {fhuqhbc `cz gèofqqnihcz jèqèaqn`cz `cz {nqn`xzhcz èunhcbu nsuqcdfhz ecz on`nehcz qèzcqtècz nsw onâ/ uqcz < c``cz nuuchibcbu nsmfsqe‘gsh `cz fstqhcqz nsunbu ~sc `cz efoczuh~scz cu `cz {nxznbz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 13:(" ¼ H` x n hjh sb dnhu bfstcns = `‘cbzcoa`c ec `n {f{s`nuhfb czu jfbjcqbè" H` x n efbj n`cquc = `‘gfooc jhth`hzè zfsddqc es {qfiqçz ds`isqnbu ec zn {qf{qc jhth`hznuhfb" ¬ Sb oh`hunbuhzoc z‘nofqjc nszzh ofah`hzè jfbuqc `c iqfz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 135(" ¼ Cb jc eèasu ec WWc zhçj`c onq~sè {nq `c oxugc es {qfiqçz `c ofeç`c ec `n ohbjcsq ¬ {csu zc qè{cqjsucq e‘nsunbu {`sz dnjh`cocbu ë sbc iqnbec èjgc``c ~sc `cz zxzuçocz e‘hbdfqonuhfb zfbu afs`ctcq/ zèz = onin}hbcz jhbèon {sa`hjhuèz ecz nbbècz >81; nuuchibcbu ec bfstcnsw {sa`hjz eèos`uh{`hcbu `csqz {fucbuhn`huèz hbesz/ >1:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
uqhn`hzcbu `csqz {qfjèeèz" @n jfoosbhjnuhfb zc anbn`hzc `c zunbenqe zc dnaqh~sc z‘sbhdhc ecthcbu dnoh`hcq uqnbzdfqoè cb onqjgè jc`sh/`ë oíoc ~s‘nafqec sbc j`nzzc ofxcbbc cb jqfhzznbjc njjè`èqèc 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 139(" ¼ @c msicocbu ~sh ns jfsqz ecz zhçj`cz {qèjèecbuz {fqunhu zsq/ ufsu zsq `c uqçz iqfz {fquc eèzfqonhz zsq `c iqfz ¬ dnhznbu nhbzh anzjs`cq `c uqçz iqfz enbz ~sc`~sc uqnih~sc cwuqèohuè 'Thinqc`/ `f 1;>; = 138(" ¼ N`fqz ~s‘ë `n dhb es WHW c zhçj`c `c uqçz iqfz èunhu famcu ec dfhqc `cz nbbècz >81; `c qèzcqtcqfbu ns qcinqe es oèecjhb" Cb dnhu ¬ `‘cwuqíoc iqfzzcsq anzjs`c enbz `‘hqqcinqena`c jfooc enbz `‘hbbfoona`c3> 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 14>(" ¼
Ehqc `c onquxqc Jc ~sh z‘ho{fzc ntcj `c eèasu es WW c zhçj`c j‘czu `n {qnuh/ ~sc ec `‘nddhbcocbu" Onhz h` x n sb qctcqz = `cz èjgcjz qè{èuèz {fsq ectcbhq ohbjc zfbu `c on`gcsq es iqfz" Zfb tèqhuna`c on`gcsq ¬ czu ec qètè`cq nsw xcsw ec ufsz ~s‘h` bc {csu jgnb/ icq = qhtè ë sb èunu ec zfb jfq{z ~sc ufsu zsiiçqc ofes`na`c n`fqz ~sc ufsu `c qètç`c dhiè" \"""_ Sb èjgcj bfstcns zc {qfdh`c = jc`sh ec bc {fstfhq qèeshqc `‘èjnqu cbuqc jc ~s‘h` czu cu jc ~s‘h` 3>
Jsqhcszcocbu cu bfsz bfsz {cqocuufbz ec qctcbhq sbc dfhz ec {`sz zsq `n uè`èqèn`huè noèqhjnhbc Ugc Ahiiczu @fzcq h` x n qcufsq es uqçz iqfz jfooc famcu ec dfhqc zfsz sb nbi`c uqçz {nquhjs`hcq" Hjh jc ~s‘fb cwghac j‘czu `‘cwuqíoc iqfzzcsq ~sc `‘fb qcuhqc ns zcs` qcinqe es oèecjhb cu ~sc `‘fb {qèzcbuc ë ecz oh``hfbz ec uè`èz{cjunucsqz" uè`èz{cjunucsqz" @c uqçz iqfz `‘façzc b‘czu {`sz zcs`cocbu famcu ec dfhqc jfooc ns{nqntnbu" J‘czu zn zfsddqnbjc ~sh czu eèzfqonhz nddhjgèc" Bc ehqn/u/h` {nz ~s‘h` tcsu tfhq iqnbehq zcz cbdnbuz ~s‘h` czu uco{z {fsq `sh ec jgnbicq ec jfo{fqucocbu ~s‘h` b‘n {nz ec {cuhuc nohc ~sc j‘czu {nq zn zcs`c dnsuc z‘h` cb czu qcbes `ë cuj" Cu `fqz~s‘h` b‘n {nz {cqes nzzc} ec {fhez ns jfsqz e‘sbc zcs`c zconhbc h` czu è`hohbè cu `‘nbhonuqhjc `sh ehu = ¬ Us bc dnhz {nz `c {fhez""" {fhez""" ¼" @cz cbuqnâbcsqz ~snbu ë csw js`{nah`hzcbu jfbzunoocbu `cz {nquhjh{nbuz cb `csq ehznbu ~s‘h`z bc z‘cbuqnâbcbu {nz nzzc} esqcocbu cu zèqhcszcocbu" H`z tfjhdçqcbu jfbuqc jcz icbz ~sh jgn~sc zconhbc zc qcuqfstcbu zsq sbc {czèc ë cw{fzcq jcuuc iqnhzzc ~sh eèafqec ec {nqufsu onhz nszzh ë cw{fzcq `c onb~sc fs bfb ec tf`fbuè ë tfs`fhq ectcbhq ohbjc" Jcuuc èohzzhfb czu bfb zcs`cocbu sb {nq/ jfsqz es jfoanuunbu onhz èin`cocbu sb qcd`cu dheç`c es ehzjfsqz efohbnbu ë {qf{fz ec `n znbuè cu ec `‘hbehthes jn{na`c ec uqfstcq cb `sh `cz qczzfquz bèjczznhqcz {fsq jgnbicq zn jfbehuhfb"
>15
@c WWc zhçj`c
tfseqnhu íuqc" Zfb onquxqc z‘njjqfâu e‘nsunbu {`sz ~sc `‘hbsuh`huè ecz qèihocz nonhiqhzznbuz jfbdfquc `n qètf`uc cb qèeshznbu `n js`{nah`huè" @c zcbuhocbu e‘sbc hbmszuhjc hbfsæc z‘ho{fzc = jc``c ec thtqc enbz sb jfq{z gsoh`hè efbu ufsu {fsqunbu ofbuqc ë `‘façzc ~sc jc oíoc jfq{z `sh czu èuqnbicq 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 194(" ¼
@c zntfhq oèehjn` cu zn {qnuh~sc Ec bfstc``cz on`nehcz è{heèoh~scz èocqicbu" @cz on`nehcz jgqfbh~scz cu zfonuh~scz dfbu `‘famcu e‘sbc bfstc``c {qèfjjs/ {nuhfb" @c zntfhq oèehjn` ehz{fzc e‘sb bfstcns zfj`c è{hzuè/ of`fih~sc cu `n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c ë `‘nsbc ec `n zunuhzuh~sc cbinic sbc oèecjhbc dfbeèc zsq `cz {qcstcz 'CAO = cthecbjc anzce ocecjhbc(" ocecjhbc(" @cz on`nehcz Ns WWc zhçj`c {qcohçqcocbu sb efsa`c ofstcocbu = `cz on`nehcz è{heèoh~scz ecz zhçj`cz {nzzèz qcjs`cbu {qfiqczzh/ tcocbu enbz `cz zfjhèuèz hbeszuqhn`hzècz < `‘nqqhtèc ec bfstc`/ `cz on`nehcz ― {f`hf iqh{{c cz{nibf`c zhen Caf`n Zhb Bfoaqc thqsz es Bh` ― dfbu {qcbeqc jfbzjhcbjc bfb zcs`c/ ocbu ec `n {cqzhzunbjc ecz ocbnjcz è{heèoh~scz onhz ec `n jfbuhisæuè ecz cz{njcz ièfiqn{gh~scz enbz sb jfbucwuc èjf/ bfoh~sc è`nqih" Ecswhçococbu sbc tèqhuna`c qètf`suhfb = `cz nbuhahfuh~scz" Cb ofhbz e‘sb ecoh/zhçj`c h`z fbu nsiocbuè ec {`sz ec ehw nbz `‘cz{èqnbjc ec thc ec jcsw ~sh cb fbu jfbzfo/ oè" Jfbuqc/qètf`suhfb nszzh = eètc`f{{cocbu e‘hbdcjuhfbz bf/ zfjfohn`cz qèzhzunbjc nsw nbuhahfuh~scz {nq sb eèdnsu ec qè/ d`cwhfb zjhcbuhdh~sc < `‘nbuhahfuh~sc {csu isèqhq sb hbehthes cb ofhbz ec ehw mfsqz enbz `n {`s{nqu ecz jnz onhz ecthcbu ¬ ètf/ `suhfb enqyhbhcbbc enbz ecz {f{s`nuhfbz hoocbzcz ec anjuè/ qhcz zc {qf{nicnbu enbz `cz hbbfoaqna`cz bhjgcz èjf`fih~scz ~sc jfbzuhuscbu `cz {f{s`nuhfbz gsonhbcz 'Nochzcb 1;>> = 17;(" ¼ Uqfhzhçococbu `n oèecjhbc ec `n {qcohçqc ofhuhè es WWc zhçj`c zc {qf{fzc e‘èqneh~scq `cz on`nehcz = sbc ¬ çqc bfstc``c zcoa`nhu z‘fstqhq fø `‘fb uscqnhu `cz ohjqfacz ns `hcs ec tfhq `cz è{heèohcz uscq 'Ofs`hb 1;>> = 131(" ¼ >13
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
Sb hbuèqíu ufsu bfstcns nszzh {fsq `cz on`nehcz jgqfbh~scz = jnbjcq uqfsa`cz jnqehftnzjs`nhqcz ehnaçuc N`}gchocq cu uqfs/ a`cz oèunaf`h~scz uqfstcbu bfb zcs`cocbu sb èjgf {nquhjs`hcq ntcj `‘nsiocbunuhfb ec `‘cz{èqnbjc ec thc onhz uqfstcbu èin/ `cocbu sbc dfquc qè{fbzc enbz `n ohzc cb {`njc e‘sbc hbeszuqhc d`fqhzznbuc ec `n znbuè ns{qçz e‘sbc {f{s`nuhfb ec {`sz cb {`sz {qèfjjs{èc ec zn jfbehuhfb" Ntcj Dqcse ns eèasu es WWc zhçj`c `‘hbuèqhcsq ecthcbu {qèfjjs{nuhfb" @cz on`nehcz zfonuh/ ~scz `c qczuc ugèqn{csuh~sc ~s‘sbc oèecjhbc dfbeèc zsq `cz {qcstcz bc {csu cbjfqc zc {cqocuuqc ec uqnhucq cbinicbu `n {zxjghnuqhc cu `‘hbeszuqhc `‘hbeszuqhc {gnqonjcsuh~sc" {gnqonjcsuh~sc"
@c zntfhq oèehjn` Ns WWc zhçj`c cb onuhçqc ec zntfhq oèehjn` ecsw qètf`s/ uhfbz uqfhz ofocbuz j`èz uqfhz dqfbuhçqcz es zntfhq qceczzh/ bècz" Ecsw qètf`suhfbz = ¬ `‘cw{`fzhfb ec{shz sb zhçj`c cu ecoh ecz jfbbnhzznbjcz enbz `c efonhbc ecz zjhcbjcz {shz `c eètc`f{{cocbu e‘sb `hcb ec {`sz cb {`sz èuqfhu cbuqc `cz zn/ tfhqz {qfeshuz {nq `n qcjgcqjgc cu `cz {fstfhqz ec `n oèecjhbc 'Nochzcb 1;>> = 197( ¼ < `‘èocqicbjc ec `n eèonqjgc èugh~sc ahfoèehjn`c ofecqbc enbz `cz ecsw ecqbhçqcz eèjcbbhcz es WWc zhçj`c" Uqfhz ofocbuz j`èz = 'h( `n ugèfqhc enqyhbhcbbc ec `‘ètf`suhfb qètç`c `‘fqhihbc jfoosbc ecz íuqcz thtnbuz cu jfbzuhusc `c jneqc jfbjc{usc` ec `n ahf`fihc jfbuco{fqnhbc < 'hh( `c qcbfstc``cocbu es zntfhq ntcj `n {gxzhf`fihc cu `n oè/ ecjhbc cw{èqhocbun`c ec J`nsec Acqbnqe `n oèugfec nbnuf/ ofj`hbh~sc ~sh {cqocuuqn ë Aqfjn ec eèjfstqhq `cz }fbcz es `nbinic `n qètf`suhfb ohjqfahcbbc ec [nzucsq `‘suh`hznuhfb ecz zunuhzuh~scz cb onuhçqc e‘hbucq{qèunuhfbz e‘cw{èqhocbunuhfbz cu ec eèjhzhfbz < 'hhh( `n qceèjfstcquc ecz `fhz ec `‘gèqèehuè ns{n/ qntnbu dfqos`ècz {nq Iqcifq Ocbec` `n eèjfstcquc ec `‘NEB cu `n eèjfstcquc ecz içbcz" Uqfhz bfstc``cz dqfbuhçqcz = 'h( ¬ `c uqnhucocbu hbdfqonuh~sc cu `n dfqon`hznuhfb onugèonuh~sc ecz qc`nuhfbz exbnoh~scz cbuqc `cz è`èocbuz ~sh jfo{fzcbu ecz qèzcnsw ec of`èjs`cz ec iç/ bcz ec jc``s`cz e‘fqinbhzocz e‘èjfzxzuçocz 'Nochzcb >14
@c WWc zhçj`c
1;>> = 197( ¼ < 'hh( `n ahf`fihc zxbugèuh~sc cu zn {qf{fzhuhfb ec dnhqc èocqicq `n thc ec `n onuhçqc < 'hhh( `cz bcsqfzjhcbjcz cu `cz zjhcbjcz jfibhuhtcz qcmfhibcbu `cz {qèfjjs{nuhfbz ec `‘hbuc``hicbjc nquhdhjhc``c" Ns eèasu es WWc zhçj`c h` czu zs{{fzè zsq `n anzc e‘sb qnh/ zfbbcocbu è{heèohf`fih~sc ~s‘h` cwhzucqnhu sb nsuqc nicbu hbdcjuhcsw ~sh zcqnhu bh anjuèqhc bh jgno{hibfb bh {nqnzhuc cu e‘sbc ¬ unh``c jfo{qhzc cbuqc ;";> cu ;": ohjqfbz 'Afhthb >85> = >>3/>>4( ¼< j‘czu `c thqsz" Cb >839 Nbeqè @yfdd cb {qf{fzc sbc eèdhbhuhfb j`nhqc31 = ¬ '>( `cz thqsz bc jfbuhcbbcbu ~s‘sb zcs` ux{c e‘njhec bsj`èh~sc 'NEB fs NQB( ~sh jfbzuh/ usc `c ièbfoc thqn` \․_ < '1( `cz thqsz zc qc{qfeshzcbu ë {nquhq ec `csq onuèqhc` ièbèuh~sc cu {nq qè{`hjnuhfb \․_ < ':( `cz thqsz zfbu efsèz ec {nqnzhuhzoc hbuqnjc``s`nhqc nazf`s \․_ '@yfdd >839 = 153(" ¼ Sbc bfstc``c dfbjuhfb es jfq{z czu hecbuhdhèc = `c zxzuçoc hoosbhunhqc" @‘heèc czu zho{`c = sb qè{fbzc hoos/ bhunhqc zc eètc`f{{c cb dfbjuhfb e‘sbc zuhos`nuhfb {nugfiçbc" Zh jcuuc zuhos`nuhfb zc qèeshu fs ehz{nqnâu `n qè{fbzc z‘n{{nstqhu bnusqc``cocbu" Bfstcns zfj`c è{hzuèof`fih~sc efbj {fsq `n oèecjhbc = e‘sbc {nqu {gxzhf`fihc hoosbf`fihc cu ièbèuh~sc dfbecbu sbc bfstc``c uqnoc ec `‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c cu ec `n thzhfb es jfq{z e‘nsuqc {nqu `cz ohjqfacz zfbu js`usqc``cocbu cu zfjhn/ `cocbu `hèz ë `‘ghzufhqc ecz zfjhèuèz" ¬ @cz zfjhèuèz gsonhbcz \․_ zfbu qcz{fbzna`cz ecz bhjgcz nbjhcbbcz cu bfstc``cz ~s‘c``cz dfsqbhzzcbu ë ecz {nqnzhucz cu ë ecz thqsz onhz c``cz zfbu nszzh jn{na`cz e‘èehdhcq ecz fazcqtnufhqcz cu ecz zxzuçocz ec zsqtch``nbjc cu ec `suuc jfbuqc `cz on`nehcz zc`fb ecz {qhfqh/ 31
¬ '>( N`` ux{hjn` ohjqf/fqinbhzoz jfbunhb afug ux{cz fd bsj`chj njhez ecfwxqhafbsj`chj njhe 'EBN( nbe qhafbsj`chj njhe 'QBN(" Anjucqhf{gnic jfbunhbz fb`x fbc ux{c EBN" \"""_ '1( N`` ux{hjn` ohjqf/fqinbhzoz nqc qc{qfesjce dqfo ugc hbuciqnuce zso fd ugchq jfbzuhuscbu {nquz bsj`csz jxuf{`nzo jxuf{`nzohj jxuf{`nzohj zuqsjusqcz zuqsjusqcz jfqucw" \"""_ ':( Ugc czzcbjc fd fd ugc os`/ uh{`hjnuhfb fd nbx jc`` fq ohjqf/fqinbhzo hz ugc qc{`hjnuhfb fd ugc icbcuhj onucqhn` asu os`uh{`hjnuhfb hz bfu zc{nqna`c dqfo iqfyug yghjg hz ugc qczs`u fd ugc zxbugczhz fd jc`` onucqhn` \"""_ '@yfdd >839 = 153 guu{=&&ahu"`x&T~3oh8(" guu{=&&ahu"`x&T~3oh8 (" ¼
>19
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
uèz è`nafqècz ë `‘èjgc`fb unbu bnuhfbn` ~s‘hbucqbnuhfbn` 'Ofs/ `hb 1;>> = 13>(" ¼
@n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c Cb >8:; `cz zs`dnohecz 'nicbuz nbuhohjqfahcbz( fstqcbu `‘çqc ugèqn{csuh~sc qn{hecocbu zshthz {nq `n {èbhjh``hbc `cz nbuhahfuh~scz cu `cz gfqofbcz ec qco{`njcocbu" [fsq `n {qc/ ohçqc dfhz `n oèecjhbc czu qèc``cocbu cb oczsqc ec isèqhq cu bfb {`sz zcs`cocbu ec zfs`nicq `n zfsddqnbjc" J‘czu ¬ `c {nz/ znic e‘sbc oèecjhbc {qcz~sc ufsmfsqz hbcddhjnjc ë sbc oèec/ jhbc uqçz zfstcbu cddhjnjc 'Acqbnqe = >884(" ¼ @c bfoaqc ecz tnjjhbz z‘njjqfhu = tnqhf`c uèunbfz eh{guèqhc usacqjs`fzc {f/ `hf" J‘czu `n ¬uqnbzhuhfb è{heèohf`fih~sc¼ efbu {nq`c Naec` Foqnb `c {nzznic ecz on`nehcz hbdcjuhcszcz nsw on`nehcz jgqfbh~scz hbd`noonufhqcz cu eèièbèqnuhtcz oèunaf`h~scz cu jnqehftnzjs`nhqcz 'Foqnb >89> = 3;8/3:7(" Ntcj `c WWc zhçj`c sb jgnbicocbu ec qcinqe ho{fqunbu cb/ tcqz `n {cqzfbbc on`nec" E‘sbc {nqu `‘fsuh` zunuhzuh~sc suh`hzèc ns WHWc zhçj`c enbz `c efonhbc znbhunhqc uqfstc zfb jgcohb enbz `n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c – ehnibfzuhj ugèqn{csuh~sc – es WWc zhçj`c < j‘czu `n bnhzznbjc ec `n oèecjhbc dfbeèc zsq `cz {qcstcz j‘czu/ë/ehqc dfbeèc zsq `cz zunuhzuh~scz `‘èusec ecz iqnbez bfoaqcz" ¬ Sb uqnhucocbu cddhjnjc bfb {nz {nqjc ~s‘h` n èuè cddcjuhd zsq uc``c fs uc``c {cqzfbbc onhz {nqjc ~sc ecz èus/ ecz zsq sb iqnbe bfoaqc ec {cqzfbbcz cddcjusècz enbz ecz jfbehuhfbz qhifsqcszcz ~sh qèeshzcbu `cz ahnhz e‘hbucq{qèunuhfb eèofbuqcbu ~sc jcuuc cddhjnjhuè b‘czu {nz zho{`cocbu esc ns gnznqe fs sbh~scocbu ë `n jfbdhnbjc ec `n {cqzfbbc – ë sb cddcu {`njcaf 'Nochzcb 1;>> = 17:(" ¼ Enbz jcuuc {cqz{cjuhtc `c {nuhcbu czu sb ocoaqc {qfana`c e‘sb jcqunhb zfsz/iqfs{c ë `‘hbuèqhcsq e‘sb iqfs{c eèucqohbè cb dfbjuhfb e‘sbc {nugf`fihc efbbèc" E‘nsuqc {nqu `‘cddhjnjhuè jqfhzznbuc ec `n oèecjhbc f{çqc sbc ehzunbjhnuhfb cbuqc `c oèecjhb cu `c {nuhcbu" H` b‘czu {`sz bèjcz/ znhqc ec zntfhq ~sh zntfhq ~sh czu `c {nuhcbu {fsq {fstfhq uqnhucq sb {qf/ a`çoc {nquhjs`hcq" H` zsddhu ec z‘cb qcocuuqc ë ecz zunuhzuh~scz cu ë ecz {qfufjf`cz èuna`hz cb dfbjuhfb ec jcqunhbcz èusecz" J‘czu >17
@c WWc zhçj`c
¬ `‘n{{nqhcocbu `c {`sz jfbiqscbu {fzzha`c ecz jnqnjuèqhzuh~scz msiècz ho{fqunbucz ec jcuuc {cqzfbbc ë sb fs ecz zfsz/ iqfs{c'z( ~sh eèdhbhu `n bfuhfb ec {cqzfbbn`hznuhfb 'Nochzcb 1;>> = 17:(" ¼ Es jfs{ h` x nsqnhu ètnjsnuhfb es zsmcu èugh~sc enbz `n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c e‘fø zfbu nazcbuz `cz zfsjhz `cz cz/ {fhqz `cz jqnhbucz cu `‘ghzufhqc ec thc es {nuhcbu3:" @cz {qnuh/ ~scz oèehjn`cz njusc``cz enbz `csq zsafqehbnuhfb cwuqíoc ë `‘èjfbfoh~sc cu ns zfjhn` jfbeshzcbu ë `‘nqqnhzfbbcocbu ec `n bnusqc cu ec `‘gsonhb jfooc dfbez èjfbfoh~scocbu cu zfjhn/ `cocbu cw{`fhuna`c ë `‘hbdhbh" Jc ~sc zsiiçqc jcuuc ètnjsnuhfb es zsmcu èugh~sc j‘czu ~sc `‘hbehthes czu `c iqnbe fsa`hè ec `n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c jfbuco{fqnhbc bh {`sz bh ofhbz ~s‘sbc {qnuh~sc e‘hbièbhcsq ~sh ¬ thqc ë `‘famcjuhtnuhfb es zfsjh ec zfh 'Ifqh Ec` Tfif 1;;3 = :;( ¼" Z‘cbzshtcbu efbj uqfhz eèdh/ jhuz ho{fqunbuz = èugh~sc {f`huh~sc cu zsamcjuhd fø `n oèecjhbc cu zcz hbzuhusuhfbz fbu ecz {fzhuhfbz cb f{{fzhuhfb ntcj jc``cz ec `‘hbehthes" N`fqz ~sc `‘hbehthes ocu zfb jfq{z ë ehz{fzhuhfb es jfq{z zfhibnbu fb `sh qcdszc ec jfbzuqshqc zfb {qf{qc oxugc ë {qf/ {fz ec zn {qf{qc on`nehc < cu h` czu `ë `c eèdhjhu èugh~sc " @n qnuhfbn`huè zjhcbuhdh~sc ec `n oèecjhbc n èuè nj~shzc ns eèuqh/ ocbu ec `n tn`csq èugh~sc cu zxoaf`h~sc ecz ehzjfsqz ec zfsd/ dqnbjc ~sh `sh zfbu neqczzèz" Z‘f{{fzcbu hjh `c ehzjfsqz {fzhuh/ thzuc cu qèesjuhfbbhzuc e‘sbc zjhcbjc nsufqhunhqc cu e‘sb hbehth/ es ~sh zc jfbzheçqc jfooc sb ufsu hbzèjna`c" [fsq qèzfseqc jc {qfa`çoc `n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c {qf{fzc sbc n{{qfjgc gson/ bhzuc = `n {qhzc cb jgnqic i`fan`c es on`nec" [fsq~sfh 6 Cb dnhu h` zsddhu ¬ ~sc `c {fstfhq cu `c zntfhq es oèecjhb thcbbcbu ë onb~scq ë `csq {qfoczzc fs ë `csqz nuucbesz cu j‘czu ë bfs/ tcns `c qcufsq \es {nuhcbu_ nsw ucqqcsqz honihbnhqcz nsw ox/ ugcz cu nsw dhjuhfbz 'Ifqh Ec` Tfif 1;;3 = 5>( ¼ ë {qf{fz ec zn znbuè" Nhbzh {fzhuhfbbè `‘hbehthes zc qcuqfstc enbz sbc jfbzunbuc f{{fzhuhfb dnjc ë `n {fzhuhfb ec `n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c jfbuco{fqnhbc ë zntfhq sbc oèecjhbc ~sh `c qcdszc jfooc i`fan`huè" Cb jc ~sh jfbjcqbc `c eèdhjhu {f`huh~sc {qcohçqc/ 3:
Tfhq = Dqnzcq [" Thibnsw I" '1;>:( On` '1;>:( On` enbz e nbz zn {cns – Znbuè ufun`h/ unhqc, zfjhèuè es on`nhzc on`nhzc [nqhz = Èehuhfbz Dsusq [qfjgc"
>18
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
ocbu `‘¬ neohbhzuqnuhfb jfbuco{fqnhbc es thtnbu {qfeshu sb eèdhjhu \․_ enbz `n oczsqc fø `n znbuè cu `cz jgfhw {f`huh~scz ~sc zfb fqinbhznuhfb jf``cjuhtc zs{{fzc qc`çtcbu entnbunic e‘cw{cquz fs ec ucjgbfjqnucz 'Ifqh Ec` Tfif 1;;3 = 51( ¼" Ecswhçococbu `‘hbehthes jfbzheçqc zfb jfq{z jfooc sb cb/ zcoa`c ec ahcbz efbu h` czu `èihuhococbu `c {qf{qhèunhqc ns~sc` fb bc {csu ho{sbèocbu jnszcq ecz efoonicz" Enbz `c jfbucwuc e‘sbc oèecjhbc ~sh {fzzçecqnhu ufsuc nsuf/ qhuè cb onuhçqc ec znbuè `‘hbehthes b‘nsqnhu mnonhz èuè {zxjgf/ `fih~scocbu {qè{nqè ë jfo{qcbeqc cu n{{qègcbecq `cz on`n/ ehcz `èun`cz ~sh {cstcbu `‘nddcjucq" H` zcqnhu {`suõu jfbdqfbuè ë sb ehzjfsqz cu sb zntfhq znstnicocbu jfoosbh~sè {nq `c {qf/ ufjf`c zjhcbuhdh~sc = ¬ J‘czu ahcb jc ~sc mc {cbznhz, h` dn``nhu z‘x nuucbeqc, h` x n ecz oèunzunzcz, tfxc}/tfsz, hjh cu `ë․ ¼" @n on`nehc `cz uqnhucocbuz {qf{fzèz cu `cz zfhbz {qfehisèz jfbtf~scqnhcbu eçz `fqz `‘hbehthes ë ectfhq nddqfbucq `n ofqu cu `n zfsddqnbjc znbz ehz{fzcq e‘sb ~sc`jfb~sc zntfhq zsq `sh/ oíoc" Cu h` zcqnhu `ë `c eèdhjhu zsamcjuhd = enbz jc eèbh ë `‘hbehthes ec jfo{qcbeqc zsamcjuhtcocbu zn {qf{qc efs`csq zn zfsddqnbjc fs zn on`nehc ë uqntcqz sb oxugc ~s‘h` zc jfbzuqsh/ qnhu" Jõuè ucjgbf`fihc `c WW c zhçj`c {qf{fzc ecz ofxcbz ec {`sz cb {`sz cddhjnjcz {fsq tfhq cu cw{`fqcq `‘hbuèqhcsq es jfq{z {fsq `c qcbeqc uqnbz{nqcbu" ^snuqc qètf`suhfbz = 'h( `n qnehfiqn/ {ghc cb >783 ntcj `n eèjfstcquc ecz qnxfbz W {nq Qôbuicb efbu `‘ho{nju dsu hooèehnu cu `cz qcufoaècz jfbzheèqna`cz < 'hh( cb >891 `c zjnbbcq jqábhcb – fqehbnucsq jfs{`è ë sbc onjgh/ bc ë qnxfbz W ohz ns {fhbu {nq Ifedqcx Gfsbzdhc`e – dfsqbhu `cz {qcohçqcz honicz ufofecbzhufoèuqh~scz es jcqtcns cu jc cb dfqonu bsoèqh~sc < 'hhh( cb >899 `cz {qcohçqcz n{{`hjnuhfbz ec qèzfbnbjc onibèuh~sc fø `c uqnhucocbu bsoèqh~sc ecz hb/ dfqonuhfbz n bfb zcs`cocbu eèjs{`è `n jn{njhuè e‘nbn`xzc onhz n zsqufsu ohz cb èthecbjc ec bfoaqcszcz zuqsjusqcz msz/ ~sc/`ë jfbdfbescz enbz sbc ufbn`huè sbhdfqoc nsw~sc``cz `n qnehf`fihc j`nzzh~sc èunhu ufun`cocbu ntcsi`c < 'ht( cb {nqn``ç`c ufsu ns `fbi ec jcuuc {èqhfec `‘èjgfiqn{ghc gnsuc qèzf`suhfb cbuqc enbz sb jxj`c ec eètc`f{{cocbu qn{hec cu z{cjunjs`nhqc" >:;
@c WWc zhçj`c
Cb zfooc ufsu ns jfsqz es WW c zhçj`c ecz hbbftnuhfbz ucjg/ bf`fih~scz onmcsqcz cb onuhçqc e‘hbtczuhinuhfb znbz ntfhq qcjfsqz ë ecz ofxcbz cw{`fqnufhqcz niqczzhdz jfooc `cz {bcsofcbjè{gn`fiqn{ghcz {bcsofcbjè{gn`fiqn{ghcz cu `cz `n{nqfufohcz" Zsqufsu `‘è`f~scbuc eèofbzuqnuhfb ~s‘sb jgno{ onibèuh~sc nzzfjhè ë `n dfhz nsw fbecz ec qnehfdqè~scbjc cu nsw s`uqnzfbz dfsqbhu ecz honicz efbu `cz hbdfqonuhfbz ¬{nq`cbu¼" @c WW c zhçj`c b‘n {nz zcs`cocbu èuè jc`sh ec `‘gfooc uqnbz{nqcbu onhz jc`sh es tfxnic enbz zfb nbnufohc" Jcu njjçz zxzuèonuh~sc ë `‘hbuèqhcsq es jfq{z {qèjsqzcsq e‘sbc oèecjhbc jfbzheèqnbu ~sc `c ¬ jfq{z efhu íuqc cwnohbè cu uqnhuè iqájc ë `n oèehnuhfb ec `‘sbhtcqz ucjgbh~sc 'Zhjnqe 1;>>n = 149( ¼ tn ofehdhcq zxzuèonuh~scocbu `n {qnuh~sc j`hbh~sc eçz `cz eèasuz es WWH c zhçj`c"
@c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb zc eè{`njc ec {`sz cb {`sz tcqz `‘hbuèqhcsq ec `‘hbehthes" Jc bc zfbu {`sz unbu `cz enbicqz cwuè/ qhcsqz ~sh {cstcbu {fqucq nuuchbuc ë `n znbuè ec `‘hbehthes onhz jc ~s‘h` {fquc cb `sh jc ~sc zfb {qf{qc jfq{z {qfeshu" [`sz `n jfbbnhzznbjc ë {qf{fz ecz {qfjczzsz ahfjghoh~scz es jfq{z nsiocbuc {`sz `n {nbf{`hc ecz enbicqz ntèqèz fs bfb z‘èucbe" H` x n ufsu e‘nafqe jcuuc heèc es afb jgf`czuèqf` 'GE@( cu es onstnhz jgf`czuèqf` '@E@(" Jcuuc ¬ ugèfqhc qc{fzc zsq sb nq/ isocbu jcbuqn` = `c jgf`czuèqf` zcqnhu sbc of`èjs`c ufwh~sc {fsq `cz nquçqcz" Jcuuc ufwhjhuè {fsq `n {nqfh ec `‘nquçqc 'efbu `n uqnesjuhfb zcqnhu `n {`n~sc e‘nugèqfzj`èqfzc( zcqnhu {qf{fquhfb/ bc``c nsw jfbjcbuqnuhfbz znbishbcz ec jgf`czuèqf`" [`sz `c jgf/ `czuèqf` zcqnhu gnsu cu {`sz jcuuc ufwhjhuè zcqnhu thf`cbuc" Cb qè/ zsoè `c jgf`czuèqf` afsjgcqnhu `cz nquçqcz cu jcjh ë sbc thucz/ zc {qf{fquhfbbc``c nsw bhtcnsw ec jgf`czuèqf` enbz `c znbi '@fqicqh` 1;;7 = >:( ¼ e‘fø `cz hbdnqjusz es oxfjnqec cu `cz nuun~scz jèqèaqn`cz" @c jgf`czuèqf` czu ectcbs sb cbbcoh ë uqn~scq ë nanuuqc" @cz qnehjnsw `haqcz zcjfbez cbbcohz hbuèqhcsqz cb ho{fqunb/ jc dqshu e‘sbc qènjuhfb e‘fwxef/qèesjuhfb ~sh uqnbzdçqc ecz è`cjuqfbz e‘sbc zsazunbjc tcqz sb nicbu fwxenbu bfunoocbu >:>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
sb njhec iqnz {f`xhbznusqè cbuqnâbcqnhcbu enbz `c jfq{z ecz qènjuhfbz cb jgnâbc eczuqsjuqhjcz e‘fø sbc nsiocbunuhfb es zxzuçoc ec eèdcbzc" Jc ~sh czu znhb zcqnhu efbj sbc n`hocbun/ uhfb ë `n dfhz dnha`c cb jfo{fzèz {fstnbu zszjhucq sbc qènjuhfb e‘fwxef/qèesjuhfb cu qhjgc cb nbuhfwxenbuz jn{na`cz ec zuf{/ {cq fs qèeshqc jcuuc qènjuhfb" Es jfs{ sbc uqn~sc znbz dhb ecz iqnz znusqèz sbc os`uhusec ec qcjgcqjgcz {fqunbu zsq `cz dnoh`/ `cz ecz ughf`z cu ecz {gèbf`z cu sb jfo{`cwc niqfn`hocbunhqc ë `‘èjfsuc ecz zjhcbuhdh~scz" @n on`afsddc cu `n qczunsqnuhfb qn/ {hec ecthcbbcbu {qèfjjs{nuhfb {qèfjjs{nuhfb znbhunhqc" @‘hbehthes eèjfstqc ntcj `cz {qfiqçz ho{qczzhfbbnbu ecz uqntnsw cb ièbèuh~sc ~s‘h` czu {fucbuhc``cocbu {fqucsq ec iç/ bcz eèdcjuscsw" Jc ~sh `c jfbzuhusc `‘NEB czu zszjc{uha`c ec `c uscq ntnbu zfb gcsqc" H` x n nszzh jcuuc heèc {f{s`nhqc es aninic ièbèuh~sc gèqhuè ec zcz {nqcbuz" H` x nszzh `n {csq e‘sbc dcooc ec jfbjctfhq sb cbdnbu efbu `c jfbmfhbu czu {fqucsq es içbc ec `n osjgfthjhefzc ufsu cb znjgnbu ~s‘h` zcqn zfsohz ë sb uqnhucocbu oèehjn` `fsqe ufsu ns `fbi ec zn jfsquc thc" Cb z‘hbuqfeshznbu ¬ enbz `cz z{gçqcz es zfjhn` `n ièbèuh~sc {cqocu bfb zcs`cocbu ec ofehdhcq `c ectcbhq ahf`fih~sc ec `‘gsonhb onhz nszzh ec jgnbicq `cz qçi`cz ~sh eèdhbhzzcbu zfb hecbuhuè jfbuqõ`cbu zn qc{qfesjuhfb cu eèucqohbcbu zcz eqfhuz" [nq jfbzè~scbu c``c njuhtc ecz qc{qèzcbunuhfbz jf``cjuhtcz cddhjn/ jcz {nqjc ~sc ièbèqnuqhjcz ec {csqz fs e‘cz{fhq cu {shzznbucz {nqjc ~sc bfqonuhtcz 'Afsddnqe 1;;;(" ¼ Hjh ecsw jgno{z ec qc{qèzcbunuhfb = `c ehzjsqzhd ntcj `c eètc`f{{cocbu ec `n zjhcb/ jc ièbèuh~sc < `c bfqonuhd ntcj `cz n{{`hjnuhfbz ec `n zjhcbjc ièbèuh~sc"
Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc Ns WWc zhçj`c h` bc z‘nihu {`sz zcs`cocbu ec onâuqhzcq `c on` ë `n zfsqjc" @n dhbn`huè czu e‘èqneh~scq `c on`" Tnjjhbnuhfb nbuhahfuh~scz jghqsqihc jnqehn~sc bcsqfjghqsqihc honicqhc oèehjn`c fbu bfb zcs`cocbu qcjs`è `cz dqfbuhçqcz es jfq{z onhz `‘fbu èin`cocbu hbzjqhu enbz sbc bfstc``c exbnoh~sc zfjhn`c"
>:1
@c WWc zhçj`c
Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz cu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz Ecsw bhtcnsw eèzfqonhz ec ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz cu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz = onjqf cu ohjqf" Bhtcns onjqf cb >841 `c `htqc ¬ Zh`cbu Z{qhbi ¼ Z{qhbi ¼ ec Qnjgc` Jnqzfb zhibc `‘njuc ec bnhzznbjc es ofstcocbu èjf`fih~sc cb ocuunbu cb `sohçqc `cz {qfa`çocz `hèz ë `‘suh`hznuhfb `‘suh`hznuhfb onzzhtc ecz {czuhjhecz" {czuhjhecz" @c enbicq cwuèqhcsq b‘czu {`sz zcs`cocbu ec `‘fqeqc ecz on`nehcz hbdcj/ uhcszcz onhz ec uqnbzdfqonuhfbz {nqdfhz eqnzuh~scz ho{fzècz {nq `‘gfooc ë `‘cbthqfbbcocbu ntcj cddcu cb qcufsq" Bhtcns ohjqf ns jŚsq oíoc es jfq{z `cz ntnbjècz zjhcbuhdh~scz fbu `nqicocbu è`nqih `c z{cjuqc ecz enbicqz {fucbuhc`z = ièbèuh~sc qèihoc n`hocbunhqc cu ofec ec thc fbu qceczzhbè `cz dqfbuhçqcz es on`" @n {qètcbuhfb ec zfh z‘ho{fzc" H` bc z‘nihu {`sz zcs`c/ ocbu jfooc ns WHWc zhçj`c ec eèièbèqczjcbjc jf``cjuhtc onhz ec eèièbèqczjcbjc ntnbu ufsu hbehthesc``c" @‘n`nqoc czu enbz `‘n`hocbu `c onb~sc e‘cwcqjhjc sb onstnhz ofec ec thc cu jcqunhbcz jfbehuhfbz ec uqntnh`" @c WWc zhçj`c ehz{fzc efqèbntnbu e‘sb fsuh` onmcsq ec ohzc cb n`nqoc = `cz oèehnz ec onzzc" Jgnbicocbu qnehjn` `‘nqqhtèc ec `n qnehf ec `n uè`èthzhfb cu ecz znuc``hucz ec uè`èeèucjuhfb {cqocu enbz `‘hbzunbu e‘hbdfqocq `cz {f{s`nuhfbz e‘sbc os`uh/ usec ec enbicqz" @cz iqnbez fqinbhzocz znbhunhqcz – `‘Fqinbhznuhfb ofbehn`c ec `n znbuè `c Jcbucqz dfq Ehzcnzc Jfbuqf` nbe [qctcbuhfb `cz nicbjcz znbhunhqcz ifstcqbcocbun/ `cz ecz ehddèqcbuz {nxz – zsqtch``cbu jfo{h`cbu nbn`xzcbu ufsucz hbdfqonuhfbz zszjc{uha`cz ec {fqucq nuuchbuc ë `n znbuè {sa`h~sc" Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z @c zhen èaqnb`c `c efioc {nzucsqhcb tfs`nbu ~s‘íuqc {fqucsq e‘nbuhjfq{z {qèthcbu `‘hbdcjuhfb = cbuqc ¬ >875 cu >874 fb czu {nzzè {qfiqczzhtcocbu ec `n bfuhfb ec zèqf{fzhuhthuè zhibhdhnbu {qfucjuhfb cu eèdcbzc ë jc``c zhibhdhnbu ~sc `c {fqucsq ec thqsz b‘n nsjsbc {qfucjuhfb 'Acqbnqe >881(" ¼ Jc jgnbicocbu enbz `c zntfhq zjhcbuhdh~sc cu oèehjn` b‘czu bh anbn` bh uqhthn`" @c zhen qètç`c èin`cocbu ec bfstc``cz ohzcz nsw bfqocz nhbzh ~sc >::
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
¬ `cz s`uhocz eè{`njcocbuz ecz {õ`cz {qètcbuhdz = qcz{fbznah`h/ znuhfb hbehthesn`hzoc {qèjhzhfb es jn`js` es qhz~sc zf{ghzuh/ jnuhfb ecz ucjgbh~scz ec eè{hzunic 'Thinqc``f >888 = 179(" ¼ @c zhen czu gfqz bfqoc" H` oè`nbic znbi zcwc cu ofqu ¬ {qfmcu/ uc sb cddfbeqcocbu zfjhn` {fzzha`c `‘ètfjnuhfb e‘sb qhz~sc e‘cddnjcocbu jf``cjuhd {nq `c on` 'Thinqc``f >888 = 178(" ¼ @c zhen ns/ec`ë es qhz~sc ~s‘h` qc{qèzcbuc czu nszzh ohzc cb zjçbc n`nqoèc es eèj`hb {fsq ohcsw `c jfbmsqcq" E‘sbc {nqu nsw nsuqcz jnunzuqf{gcz cbthqfbbcocbun`cz {qftf~sècz {nq `‘gfooc z‘nmfsuc jc``c es zhen" E‘nsuqc {nqu `c eè{`fhcocbu zjhcbuhdh~sc {fsq jfbuqcq `c zhen czu bfb zcs`cocbu znbz {qèjè/ ecbu onhz eèofbuqc jfoocbu `cz eèdcbzcz {qf{fzècz qètç`cbu ¬ sb s`uhoc eè{`njcocbu es qn{{fqu cbuqc `‘hbehthes cu `n jfoosbnsuè" @cz iczucz ë `‘èinqe ecz {cqzfbbcz hbdcjuècz {nq cwco{`c ofbuqcbu jfoahcb `c on` n{{nquhcbu ë sb nsuqc sbh/ tcqz js`usqc` ~sc jc`sh ecz nbjhcbbcz è{heèohcz 'Thinqc``f >888 = 18>(" ¼ Hjh {nz ec zhenufqhso jfooc `c znbnufqhso es WHWc zhçj`c hzf`nbu `c on`nec hbdcjuè {nq `n usacqjs`fzc = ¬ `‘hbzuhusuhfb znbhunhqc jfbuqc `c zhen b‘n bs` aczfhb e‘sb èun/ a`hzzcocbu z{èjhdh~sc {fsq `èihuhocq zfb hbucqtcbuhfb = zfb cddhjnjhuè zc zhusc nh``csqz ë `‘hbucqdnjc ecz iczuhfbz oèehjn`c cu {f`huh~sc ec `‘hbdcjuhfb 'Dnaqc >884 = >;1(" ¼ Jc ~sh ho{fq/ uc jc b‘czu {nz `c qcuqnbjgcocbu ecz {cqzfbbcz hbdcjuècz onhz `n qcz{fbznah`hznuhfb {cqzfbbc``c dnjc ë ecz {qnuh~scz zcwsc``cz hbuhocz" @c ofeç`c ec `n zx{gh`hz es WHWc zhçj`c jnbufbbè nsw {qfzuhusècz czu eèzfqonhz jnesj jnq `n eèdcbzc jfbuqc `c zhen czu ntnbu ufsu nddnhqc e‘nuuhusec {cqzfbbc``c" Ns WWc zhçj`c `n ohzc nsw bfqocz z‘cddcjusc cb uqfhz uco{z = qcz{fbznah`hzcq èes~scq {qfuèicq" @‘èesjnuhfb dfbec `cz {qnuh~scz {qètcbuhtcz e‘fø `cz os`uh{`cz jno{nibcz ec znbuè {sa`h~sc jfoonbehuècz {nq `‘Èunu = `c ¬oczznic ecthcbu hbdfqonuhfb ohbhon`c cu bfb {`sz jfbzhibc ofqn`c < \․_ @cz zsiiczuhfbz zfbu ehqcjucz eè{fsh``ècz `cz jfo{fqucocbuz b‘èunbu bh msièz bh jfoocbuèz {fsq ohcsw qnocbcq `c {sa`hj ns {`sz {qçz es enbicq qèc` 'Thinqc``f >888 = 18:(" ¼ Ecz on/ `nehcz zcwsc``cocbu uqnbzohzzha`cz cb {nzznbu {nq `c {fqu ec `n jchbusqc ec zèjsqhuè `c qèihoc n`hocbunhqc `n qcohzc cb dfqoc `cz uczuz ec eè{hzunic msz~s‘ë `‘n`jff` ns tf`nbu j‘czu eèdhbhuh/ >:5
@c WWc zhçj`c
tcocbu ec qcz{fbznah`hznuhfb {cqzfbbc``c efbu h` z‘nihu" @‘hbehthes czu efqèbntnbu jfbthè ë nef{ucq sb ofec ec thc znhb jfooc zh `‘neehuhfb ec ufsucz `cz {qnuh~scz hbehthesc``cz ec {qètcbuhfb ec zfh jfbeshznhu ë sbc {qfucjuhfb jf``cjuhtc" Hjh sbc exbnoh~sc ~sh zc ocu iqnesc``cocbu cb {`njc ~sh jfbthc `‘hbehthes ë `‘nsufbfohznuhfb {qèdhisqnbu eèmë `‘hbehthes es WWHc zhçj`c jc`sh ~sh jfbzfooc `n znbuè nsufbfoc nqjghucj/ uc ec zn thc cu zcs` onâuqc ec zfb eczuhb"
Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz Ns bhtcns onjqf `‘hbehthes czu jfbthè ë {qfuèicq `‘cbthqfbbcocbu cb qcjxj`nbu cu cb nef{unbu ecz {qnuh~scz {cs {f``snbucz e‘fø `‘heèc e‘nihq `fjn`cocbu cu ec {cbzcq i`fan/ `cocbu cb zfooc e‘íuqc jfbzjhcbu ecz jfbzè~scbjcz i`fan`cz ec zcz njucz" @n ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz b‘czu {`sz zcs`c/ ocbu ec `‘fqeqc {gxzh~sc onhz èin`cocbu ec `‘fqeqc {zxjgf/ `fih~sc < h` dnsu íuqc jfbzjhcbu" Ns bhtcns ohjqf {fsq `n {qc/ ohçqc dfhz bfstc``c n{{qfjgc ec ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz = `n {cbzèc {fzhuhtc" @‘nqqhtèc zsq `n zjçbc zfjhn`c ecz jfnjgz ec thc cu ecz {fzhuhtc ecz {fzhuhtc ughblcq ns ughblcq ns oh`hcs ecz nbbècz >87; bc {csu zc jfo{qcbeqc ~sc enbz jcuuc `fih~sc" @c qõ`c ec jcz bfs/ tcnsw ugèqn{csucz jfbzhzucqn ë ¬ {cqzsnecq hbz{hqcq onbh{s/ `cq jnmf`cq cu hbuhohecq 'Cgqcbacqi 1;>1 = >54( ¼ ndhb e‘nocbcq `‘hbehthes ë zc qèn`hzcq" J‘czu `‘hbeszuqhc oh``hnqenhqc ec `n jqfhzznbjc {cqzfbbc``c" J‘czu ¬ `‘hbmfbjuhfb ë íuqc {fzhuhd cb uqfstnbu `cz qczzfsqjcz cb zfh" \J‘czu {qfj`nocq_ `c uqhfo/ {gc ec `‘nuuhusec zsq `cz jhqjfbzunbjcz 'Cgqcbacqi 1;>1 = >3>(" ¼ Nsuqcocbu ehu {nq zn zcs`c nuuhusec {fzhuhtc sb hbehthes zcqnhu cb oczsqc ec qcbtcqzcq `‘netcqzhuè ecz jhqjfbz/ unbjcz h` {qfjçecqnhu ë sbc ohzc ë ehzunbjc ec enbicqz efbu h` b‘nsqnhu mnonhz oíoc cbucbes {nq`cq"
>:3
@C WWHc ZHÇJ@C @c WWHc zhçj`c czu mcsbc cbjfqc {cs e‘ghzufhqc ë {chbc sbc eèjcbbhc" @c zfj`c è{hzuèoh~sc n {cs jgnbiè {nq qn{{fqu ns WWc zhçj`c" @c z{cjuqc ec `‘fbuf`fihc z‘czu {nq jfbuqc è`nqih" H` b‘x n {`sz zcs`cocbu jc qèesjuhfbbhzoc jcuuc qèn`huè onuèqhc``c ghèqnqjgh~sc ec bhtcnsw jfbzuhusèz jgnjsb ec jfo{fznbuz z{è/ jhdh~scz – fqinbcz uhzzsz jc``s`cz of`èjs`cz nufocz {nquh/ js`cz è`èocbunhqcz cuj" – onhz nszzh `‘heèc e‘sb jfq{z ~sh {csu íuqc uqnbzjcbeè cddnjcq cb ~sc`~sc zfquc {nq sbc zhbis`n/ qhuè j‘czu/ë/ehqc sbc jfbtcqicbjc ucjgbf`fih~sc fddqnbu {`s/ zhcsqz ofxcbz ec inqecq `c jfq{z cb thc znbz thch``hq" @‘è{hzuèof`fihc es jfq{z – famcu ec qè{nqnuhfbz ec uqnbz/ dfqonuhfbz cu ec osunuhfbz – znbz íuqc {fsq nsunbu ufun`cocbu qcbfstc`èc zsahu jcqunhbcz uqnbzdfqonuhfbz < `c uqnbzgsonbhz/ oc dnhu hjh zfb jgcohb" Jfooc `c zfs`hibc Qnx Lsq}ych` = ¬ N`fqz ~s‘sbc {nquhc ec ocz jfbuco{fqnhbz {fsqqnhu zc znuhz/ dnhqc e‘njjc{ucq ec afb iqè `c thch``hzzcocbu jfooc sb è`è/ ocbu es jxj`c ec `n thc ofh mc bc zshz {nz e‘njjfqe" J‘czu {csu/íuqc ¬bnusqc`¼ onhz mc bc tfhz qhcb ec {fzhuhd enbz `c dnhu ec {cqeqc ofb nih`huè ocbun`c ofb njshuè zcbzfqhc``c on zfs{`czzc {gxzh~sc ofb eèzhq zcwsc` fs e‘nsuqcz jn{njhuèz gsonhbcz" Mc tfhz `n on`nehc cu `n ofqu ë ufsu áic jfooc sbc jn`nohuè jfooc ecz {qfa`çocz ~sh efhtcbu íuqc eè{nzzèz 'Lsq}ych` Iqfzzonb 1;;4(" ¼ Hjh `c qítc uqnbzgsonbhzuc ¬ bè enbz ~sc`~scz oh`hcsw es OHU zfsz `‘ho{nju ec `‘HN cu ec `n qfafuh~sc qítc e‘sbc gsonbhuè fø `c jfq{z ¬bnusqc`¼ '{fqucsq ec zfsh``sqcz cu nth`hzznbu( n ehz{nqs ns {qfdhu ec jxafqiz ho/ {`nbuèz '{sjcz cu ho{`nbuz ehtcqz(" Ntcj csw `c jfq{z czu {nq/ tcbs ë zfb {fhbu ec anzjs`cocbu = `c ahf`fih~sc b‘czu {`sz < ecocsqc `‘è`cjuqfbh~sc cu `‘hbdfqonuhfb 'Thibnsw 1;>1(" ¼ @c jfq{z jczzc e‘íuqc `c zhibc ec `n jqènuhfb ehthbc" Sb onuèqhn/ `hzoc bfstcns e‘faèehcbjc zjhcbuhzuc ho{fzc ns jfq{z e‘íuqc onjghbc cu efbj jqènuhfb gsonhbc {qf{hjc ns qçibc e‘sbc gsonbhuè qfafuhzèc tfsèc ë `n ehjunusqc ec `n {cqdfqonbjc cu efbj nsw uxqnbbhcz ec `n ghèqnqjghc" @èicbec = sbc bfstc``c on`nehc czu zhibn`èc {nq sb nzuèqhz~sc"
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb WWHc ZHÇJ@C HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N JCQUHUSEC fbuf`fihc thzhfb es jfq{z Íuqc = `c jfq{z {csu íuqc uqnbzjcbeè Ofen`huè = `c jfq{z czu famcu ec qè{nqn/ uhfbz ec uqnbz/ dfqonuhfbz ec osunuhfbz cu e‘cddnjcocbu [qf{qhèuèz es jfq{z = ‡ jfbuqõ`na`c ‡ qè{nqna`c ‡ {cqdcjuha`c ‡ on``èna`c ‡ qèzcqtfhq ec {hçjcz ‡ hbdfqonuhfbz ‡ tcjucsq e))hb/ jcquhusecz
è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c zntfhq {qnuh~sc oèehjn` oèehjn`c ‡ oèecjhbc anzè ‡ {qf{gx`nwhc zsq `cz {qcstcz 'tnjjhb zs`dn/ ‡ hoosbf`fihc ohecz nbuhahf/ ‡ {gxzhf`fihc uh~scz hbzcjuh/ ‡ ièbèuh~sc jhecz( ‡ ièbfoh~sc ‡ ucjgbf`fihcz ‡ {qfuèfbfoh/ {qè{fbeèqnbucz ~sc ‡ {h`s`c jfbuqn/ ‡ jc``s`cz jc{uhtc zfsjgcz ‡ ahfèugh~sc ‡ `cz `hohuèz ‡ bnbfucjgbf`f/ jfbbscz es ihc thtnbu qcjs`cbu = ‡ honicqhc ec `n jc``s`c h` x oèehjn`c n {nzznic nsw ‡ ièqhnuqhc {qfuèhbcz cu ë `n ‡ oèecjhbc 5[ ugèqn{hc ièbh/ ‡ `)hbeszuqhc ~sc {gnqonjcsuh~sc ‡ oèjfbbnhz/ qcbe `n oèecjh/ znbjc cu ehddh/ bc uqhasunhqc ecz js`uè ec uqnhucq of`èjs`cz {`szhcsqz ~s)c``c {qfeshu {nugf`fihcz cb oíoc uco{z
NTCQZHFB tnqhnah`huè on`nehcz efohbnbucz ‡ on`nehcz hbdcj/ uhcszcz 'zhen caf`n ZQNZ- Zhb Bfoaqc- thqsz es Bh`- iqh{{c nthnhqc- N/ G>B>-(
hbjcquhusec znhb & on`/ znhb ofec ec thc znbuè & ofec ec thc ë qhz~sc ‡ afb jgf/ `czuèqf` & onstnhz jgf`czuèqf` ‡ on`nehcz jgqfbh/ ‡ afb içbc & ~scz 'jnqehftnzjs/ içbc eèdcj/ `nhqcz jnbjcq uscsw N`}gchocq ehnaç/ ‡ ohbjcsq & uc( zsq{fhez ‡ znhbc ‡ on`nehcz zfon/ n`hocbunuhfb uh~scz & on`afsddc ‡ {cbzèc {fzhuhtc & {cbzèc bèinuhtc
HBJ@HBNUHFB HBJ@HBNUHFB [FSQ @N ZUNAH@HUÈ bhtcns jf``cjuhd ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ fqinbhzocz znbhunhqcz 'FOZ JEJ cuj"( ‡ oèehnz ‡ bhtcns onjqf = cbthqfbbcocbu ‡ bhtcns ohjqf = on`nhzc hb/ jfbdfqu efs`csq
bhtcns hbehthesc`
ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{n/ jcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ‡ zunuhzuh~scz 'èusecz j`hbh/ ~scz è{heèohf`fihc( ‡ tnjjhbnuhfb ‡ cz{njcz znbhunhqcz ‡ ucjgbh~scz znbhunhqcz ‡ jno{nibcz ec znbuè {sa`h/ ~sc 'qcz{fbznah`hzcq èes~scq {qfuèicq(
DHBN@HUÈ ? UQNBZJCBECQ @C ON@
>:7
ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz ‡ ofec ec thc znbuè 'eè{hzunic bsuqhuhfb dhubczz( ‡ tnjjhbnuhfb ‡ {qf{gx`nwhc {cqzfb/ bc``c ‡ è~sh{cocbuz ec {qfucjuhfb 'uqntnh` `fhzhqz(
Jfbzunuz
@n thzhfb es jfq{z @n thzhfb es jfq{z czu zhoh`nhqc ë jc``c ecz ecsw ecqbhçqcz eèjcbbhcz ec `n dhb es WW c zhçj`c" H` czu ufsmfsqz jfbzheèqè jfooc qè{nqna`c {cqdcjuha`c on``èna`c cu qèzcqtfhq ec {hç/ jcz < j‘czu `n qè{nqnuhfb znbz dhb" Sb nmfsu jc{cbenbu = `c jfq{z {csu íuqc uqnbzjcbeè" J‘czu/ë/ehqc ~sc zn jfbehuhfb ofquc``c {csu/íuqc jfbufsqbèc ~sc `n on`nehc cu `c thch``hzzcocbu bc zfbu {nz hbè`sjuna`cz = ¬ dnhqc onqjgcq `cz {nqn`xzèz qcefbbcq `n tsc nsw ntcsi`cz `‘fsæc nsw zfsqez efbbcq thc ë sbc {qf/ ugçzc nquhjs`èc dnhqc qc{fszzcq sb ocoaqc jfooc `n zn`n/ onbeqc `c dnhu bnusqc``cocbu zfbu ecz zfsgnhuz zfstcbu cw{qh/ oèz {nqdfhz ecz {qfoczzcz ec `n oèecjhbc 'Zhjnqe 1;>>a = 5;8(" ¼ @cz jc``s`cz zfsjgcz zc {fzhuhfbbcbu jfooc `cz {qèjsqzcsqz ec jcz hbjqfxna`cz {fzzhah`huèz {shzznbu oxugc {qfoèugècb ~sh cbinic sbc zfjhèuè enbz `c qítc e‘sbc dhbhusec cbdhb qc`èisèc nsw fsa`hcuucz" Nsaqcx ec Iqcx hbdfqonuhjhcb ectcbs ahfhbièbhcsq ~snbu ë `sh zsiiçqc ~sc j‘czu ¬ `‘njjsos`nuhfb ecz cddcuz zcjfbenhqcz es oèunaf`hzoc ~sh dhbhzzcbu {nq bfsz uscq 35 'Ugnb 1;;3(" ¼ Es jfs{ `‘heèc ec qcbtcqzcq `c {qfjczzsz es thch``hzzcocbu" Qnx Lsq}ych` {nq`c e‘sbc zhbis`nqhuè jc ofocbu gx{fugèuh~sc ec `‘ètf`suhfb ucjgbf`fih~sc onq~snbu `c eè{nzzcocbu ecz jn{njhuèz gsonh/ bcz {nq `‘hbuc``hicbjc nquhdhjhc``c" Nsuqc {shzznbu oxugc {qfoè/ ugècb fø `c jfq{z ec `n zhbis`nqhuè czu sb jfq{z tcqzhfb 1"; nd/ dqnbjgh ecz jfbuqnhbucz ahf`fih~scz ~sh `c eèiqnecbu cu `c jfbeshzcbu ë zn eèièbèqczjcbjc" Jfq{z i`fqhcsw jfq{z hoofq/ uc` `n jfbtcqicbjc ucjgbf`fih~sc czu bfb zcs`cocbu ë `‘nsbc ec `n dnaqhjnuhfb es {fzugsonhb `‘gfooc nsiocbuè onhz nszzh ë jc``c ec bfstc``cz bfqonuhthuèz" H` bc z‘nihu {`sz ec jfo{qcbeqc `c dfbjuhfbbcocbu ec `n ahf`fihc gsonhbc onhz ¬ e‘nuuchbeqc sbc bfstc``c ehocbzhfb cu jn{njhuè e‘nddcjucq `n ahf`fihc gsonhbc gsonhbc 'Gc``cq 1;;1 = >48(" ¼ Oxugc e‘sb Ntcbhq qnehcsw jc bfstc` íuqc gsonhb jfbesh/ qnhu ë sbc noè`hfqnuhfb zfjhn`c e‘fø `‘heèc ~sc e‘noè`hfqcq `n jfbehuhfb gsonhbc czu sb eèdh dfbenocbun`" ¬ Inqnbuhq 35
¬ H ecdhbc nihbi nz ugc zcu fd njjsos`nuce njjsos`nuce zhec cddcjuz dqfo ocunaf`hzo ugnu ctcbusn``x lh``z sz" ¼
>:8
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
`‘hoofqun`huè es jfq{z cu ec `‘cz{qhu `c uqnbzdfqocq `c qèèjqhqc `c jfbzuqshqc noè`hfqcq `‘gsonhb cu zcz {cqdfqonbjcz hbuc``cj/ usc``cz cu {gxzh~scz aáuhq sbc zfjhèuè bfstc``c enbz sb áic e‘fq ec qhjgczzc cu ec {nhw 'Onczuqsuh 1;;4 = 7( ¼ uc` czu `c {qfiqnooc eèmë hbzjqhu cb dh`hiqnbc enbz `cz jfo{fqucocbuz njusc`z dnjc ë `n znbuè ë uqntcqz `c eè{hzunic `n bsuqhuhfb cu `c dhubczz" H` bc z‘nihu {`sz sbh~scocbu ec uqnbzjcbecq `c on` onhz ec qcofec`cq `‘gfooc ec {qfjèecq ë ec `‘hbièbhcqhc gsonhbc {fsq faucbhq ec jgnjsb ecz jfo{fqucocbuz ufsmfsqz ec {`sz cb {`sz bfqoèz"
@c jfoanu jfbuqc `n iqnhzzc Z‘h` x ntnhu ë eèdhbhq `c WWH c zhçj`c cb onuhçqc e‘faèzhuè cu ec zsq{fhez ~snuqc ugçocz ectqnhcbu qcucbhq `‘nuucbuhfb = è{h/ eèohc jfoanu j`nzzcz zfjhn`cz eèdntfqhzècz bfqoc zfjhn`c ec `n ohbjcsq è{qcstc {cqzfbbc``c" Cu jcuuc è{qcstc {cqzfbbc``c czu tèjsc {nq `c qcinqe jf``cjuhd ~sh dnhu es iqfz sb ¬ on`nec zfjhn` iíbcsq jfüucsw hbehthes znbz tf`fbuè" Z‘x nmfsuc `‘noahisæuè e‘sb uqnhucocbu ~sc `cz hbushuhfbz anbn`cz tcs`cbu dnjh`c n`fqz ~sc ufsu cb ofbuqc `cz fazjsqhuèz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 198(" ¼ @‘faèzhuè cu `c zsq{fhez zfbu eèzfqonhz `cz cbbcohz ec `n znbuè {sa`h~sc = ¬ `n ugèonuh~sc gxihèbh~sc n anzjs`è tcqz `c enbicq neh{csw 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 17:(" ¼ Eçz `fqz nszzh hb/ jqfxna`c ~sc `n jgfzc {shzzc {nqnâuqc `‘faèzhuè b‘czu {`sz zcs/ `cocbu sbc ~sczuhfb e‘fqeqc {cqzfbbc` onhz {sa`hj" [nq cwco{`c ¬ `n jfsq e‘n{{c` ec Bcy Xfql jnzzc `c 13 mnbthcq 1;;3 sb msicocbu ec {qcohçqc hbzunbjc cb njjc{unbu `n {`nhbuc ec ecsw nef`czjcbuz ho{`h~snbu OjEfbn`e‘z enbz `n qcz{fbzn/ ah`huè ec `csq faèzhuè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 17:( ¼ {gèbfoçbc e‘nsunbu {`sz zsq{qcbnbu enbz sbc zfjhèuè noèqhjnhbc fø `‘nsufbfohc cu `c zc`d/gc`{ `c zc`d/gc`{ zfbu nsunbu tn`fqhzèz" Cb Dqnbjc cb dètqhcq 1;;9 sb eèjqcu jfbuqnhbu ¬ ufsuc {sa`hjhuè n`hocbunhqc ë mfhbeqc sb oczznic znbhunhqc thznbu ë èthucq `n {qfiqczzhfb ec `‘faèzhuè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 17:(" ¼ Ns Jnbnen zfsz `n {qcz/ zhfb jf``cjuhtc {`szhcsqz jndèuèqhnz e‘èjf`cz ec jf``çicz cu e‘sbhtcqzhuèz fbu ofehdhè `csq fddqc n`hocbunhqc ndhb ec {qf{f/ zcq ecz qc{nz {`sz è~sh`haqèz" Enbz {`szhcsqz nqèbnz fb n qcuhqè >5;
Jfbzunuz
`cz ehzuqhasuqhjcz ec afhzzfbz in}cszcz" Cb mshb 1;;4 sb {qfmcu ec `fh n èuè {qèzcbuè ns [nq`cocbu jnbnehcb ë `n zshuc ecz qc/ jfoonbenuhfbz es Iqfs{c e‘èusec zsq `cz iqnz uqnbz 'Znbuè Jnbnen 1;;4(" Efqèbntnbu `n ucbcsq cb iqnz uqnbz ecz gsh`cz tèièun`cz cu ecz onqinqhbcz of``cz ectqn íuqc `hohuèc ë 1 # cu ë 3 # {fsq `cz nsuqcz n`hocbuz ― x jfo{qhz jcsw tcbesz enbz `cz qczunsqnbuz" Fb `c jfbzunuc ahcb `n iscqqc jfbuqc `c iqnz zfsz ufsucz zcz dfqocz czu ac` cu ahcb eèj`nqèc cu ehz{fzc eè/ zfqonhz e‘sb nqzcbn` `èihz`nuhd" On`iqè ufsu `‘faèzhuè czu hqqè/ esjuha`c" Jno{nibcz {sa`h~scz ec ufsucz zfqucz ― ¬ 3 {fq/ ¬ Dnhucz :; ohbsucz uhfbz ec dqshuz cu ec `èisocz {nq mfsq . mfsq . ¼ ¬ Dnhucz e‘cwcqjhjc {nq mfsq . ¼ ― zcoa`cbu ntfhq {cs fs {nz e‘cddcu cu {fsqunbu `n `suuc jfbuqc `‘faèzhuè efhu zc jfbeshqc ns bfo ec ufsz jnq eèzfqonhz ¬ `c on` es iqnz b‘czu {`sz sb on` {qhtè 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 175( ¼ < h` czu jf``cjuhd" Ufsuc sbc hbeszuqhc ec `n qcjgcqjgc ec `n {qètcbuhfb ec `n bsuqhuhfb cu ec `n jfo/ ocqjhn`hznuhfb ec {qfeshuz cu zcqthjcz eèehèz ë `n ohbjcsq z‘czu ohzc cb {`njc"
@c jfq{z, `hcs jcbuqn` ec `‘hecbuhuè @n eèonqjgc cb jfsqz czu sb qcbfstc``cocbu ufun` ec `n th/ zhfb es jfq{z ectcbs `hcs jcbuqn` ec `‘hecbuhuè ¬ fø `c zsmcu jcbzè eè{cbeqc cwj`szhtcocbu ec `sh/oíoc z‘hecbuhdhc ec {nqu cb {nqu ë jc ~s‘cw{qhocbu zn {qèzcbjc {gxzh~sc zcz `hohucz zcz uqnhuz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 181(" ¼ Enbz sb uc` jfbucwuc ohb/ jhq ecthcbu bfb zcs`cocbu `c zxoaf`c ec jcuuc jn{njhuè ë zsq/ ofbucq sbc è{qcstc zfjhn`c onhz nszzh ë zc qèn`hzcq {cqzfbbc`/ `cocbu cu zfjhn`cocbu" [nq jfbuqc jc`sh ~sh qcjgcqjgc jcuuc ohbjcsq czu {nqdfhz jfbdqfbuè ë `n uqnghzfb ec zfb {qf{qc jfq{z ~sh qcdszc ec ohbjhq" Dhbn`cocbu jc jfq{z ~sh czu zfjhn`cocbu ehu on``èna`c ns~sc` `c iqfz z‘czu hecbuhdhè cu on`iqè `c eèzhq e‘cb jgnbicq czu {fsqunbu jc jfq{z ns~sc` h` czu hqqèoèehna`c/ ocbu `hè" [fsq `c iqfz cu `‘façzc sb ho{`njna`c jfbzunu = ¬ qhcb e‘nsuqc ~sc `n jfbehuhfb jfq{fqc``c jfbuco{fqnhbc {fszzèc ë zfb {fhbu s`uhoc = `‘hecbuhuè tcbsc {`sz ~sc mnonhz es jfq{z `c zcbuhocbu {`sz ~sc mnonhz ~sc jc jfq{z {csu uqnghq 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = :;;(" ¼ E‘fø `‘fazèenbu on`gcsq cu onquxqc es iqfz cu >5>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
ec `‘façzc enbz sbc zfjhèuè fø `c ofeç`c cu `c ehzjfsqz efoh/ bnbu zfbu ë `n ohbjcsq sbc ohbjcsq ë `‘nsbc e‘sb jfq{z ~sh zc tfseqnhu on``èna`c ë tf`fbuè"
@c zntfhq oèehjn` cu zn {qnuh~sc @c zntfhq oèehjn` z‘czu cbqhjgh ec bfstc``cz efbbècz dfsqbhu {nq `n ièbfoh~sc33 `n {qfuèfoh~sc34 cu `cz qcjgcqjgcz {fqunbu zsq `cz jc``s`cz zfsjgcz" @n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c ufsmfsqz ë `‘nsbc e‘sbc oèecjhbc dfbeèc zsq `cz {qcstcz 'CAO = cthecb/ jc anzce ocecjhbc( ocecjhbc( z‘n{{shc ec {`sz cb {`sz zsq `cz ucjgbf`f/ ihcz ec `‘hbdfqonuhfb" @cz on`nehcz Ns WWHc zhçj`c e‘sbc {nqu èocqicbjc ec bfstc``cz on`n/ ehcz hbdcjuhcszcz = iqh{{c nthnhqc N 'G>B>( zxbeqfoc qcz{h/ qnufhqc nhis zètçqc 'ZQNZ( `cz on`nehcz ë {qhfbz qciqfs{ècz zfsz `c ucqoc e‘cbjè{gn`f{nughcz zsanhisìz z{fbihdfqocz uqnbzohzzha`cz39" Jc ~sh czu zfs`hibè hjh j‘czu ntnbu ufsu `n ts`bèqnah`huè ec `‘gfooc dnjc nsw on`nehcz hbdcjuhcszcz" [nq jfbuqc `cz nuuhusecz jfbuco{fqnhbcz bc zfbu {nz jc``cz ecz jqnhbucz nbuh~scz jnq h` x n jcuuc jqfxnbjc {f{s`nhqc ~sc `n oèecjhbc {csu ufsu {qètcbhq cu isèqhq" Cu {fsqunbu `n ehddszhfb {fzzha`c ë `‘èjgc``c {`nbèunhqc ec thqsz nszzh ocsquqhcqz ~sc jc`sh ec `n iqh{{c cz{nibf`c czu ufsu ë dnhu {`nszha`c" @‘gfooc eèuhcbu sbc {`njc eèucqohbnbuc enbz jc {qfjczzsz" @cz ho{njuz ec zcz njuhfbz zsq `cz èjfzxzuçocz `‘ètf`suhfb ufsmfsqz {`sz qn{hec ec zcz ofecz ec thc '`c eètc`f{{cocbu njjè`èqè ecz ehddèqcbuz ofecz ec uqnbz{fqu `csq qn{hehuè jqfhzznbuc 33
@n ièbfoh~sc ehzjh{`hbc ec `n ahf`fihc ofecqbc èusehc `c dfbjuhfbbc/ ocbu es thtnbu ë `‘èjgc``c es ièbfoc cu bfb {`sz zcs`cocbu ë `‘èjgc``c e‘sb zcs` içbc" 34 @n {qfuèfoh~sc eèzhibc `n zjhcbjc ~sh èusehc `cz {qfuèfocz j)czu/ë/ehqc `)cbzcoa`c ecz {qfuèhbcz e‘sbc jc``s`c e‘sb fqinbhuc e‘sb uhzzs e‘sb fq/ inbc fs e‘sb fqinbhzoc ë sb ofocbu efbbè cu zfsz ecz jfbehuhfbz efb/ bècz" 39 Cbjè{gn`f{nughcz z{fbihdfqocz lsqs on`nehc ec Jqcsu}dc`eu/Mnlfa cbjè{gn`huc z{fbihdfqoc afthbc zxbeqfoc ec Icqzuonbb/Zuqnðzz`cq/ Zjgsblcq hbzfobhc dnun`c dnoh`hn`c uqcoa`nbuc ecz fthbz"
>51
Jfbzunuz
`‘sqanbhznuhfb `cz {f`huh~scz ec znbuè `cz {qnuh~scz zfjhfjs`us/ qc``cz( {fsqqnhcbu ahcb cb íuqc `cz tcjucsqz" @‘nsuqc qhz~sc on/ mcsq ¬ qèzhec enbz `‘cwuqíoc ehtcqzhuè ecz thqsz eèjfstcquz enbz `cz }fbcz uqf{hjn`cz thqsz {fucbuhc``cocbu qcz{fbzna`cz ecz on`nehcz èocqicbucz ec econhb 'Zn`s}}f Then` Ifb}n/ `c} 1;;5(" ¼ @‘cw{nbzhfb ecz thqfzcz cwhzunbucz nhbzh ~sc `cz qhz~scz cbuqnâbèz {nq `‘n{{nqhuhfb ec thqsz osunbuz zszjc{uh/ a`cz ec {qftf~scq sbc bfstc``c {nbeèohc ec iqh{{c jfo{`ç/ ucbu `c una`cns" E‘nsuqc {nqu `cz qcjgcqjgcz {fqunbu zsq `cz on/ `nehcz jgqfbh~scz `cz on`nehcz eèièbèqnuhtcz37 e‘fqeqc ièbèuh/ ~sc cu `cz on`nehcz bcsqfeèièbèqnuhtcz38 zfbu ë `‘fqeqc es mfsq dnjc ë ecz {f{s`nuhfbz thch``hzznbucz"
@c zntfhq oèehjn` Ns WWHc zhçj`c `cz ucjgbf`fihcz bsoèqh~scz cbqhjghzzcbu `c zntfhq oèehjn` bfb {nz zcs`cocbu ~sn`hunuhtcocbu onhz ~snb/ uhunuhtcocbu" Jcqucz h` czu eèzfqonhz {fzzha`c e‘cb jfbbnâuqc acnsjfs{ zsq `n jfbehuhfb es {nuhcbu onhz `‘cddhjnjhuè f{èqn/ ufhqc ec jc zntfhq cwhic `n ofah`hznuhfb ë `n dfhz ec ucjgbf`f/ ihcz oèehjn`cz ec ucjgbf`fiscz cu nsuqcz {qfdczzhfbbc`z ec `n znbuè" [`sz `n ucjgbf`fihc hbtczuhu `c jgno{ oèehjn` {`sz `n ofah`hznuhfb ec {qfdczzhfbbc`z ec `n znbuè ecthcbu ho{fqunbuc" @n jfbzuqsjuhfb ec bfstcnsw zntfhqz oèehjnsw czu ë jc jfüu" Uqfhz cbmcsw efbj {fsq `n {qfesjuhfb e‘sb bfstcns zntfhq oèehjn` cu zfb n{{`hjnuhfb = `‘cddhjnjhuè {qfesjuhtc 'qn{{fqu jfüu&aèbèdhjc( < `‘è~shuè 'och``csq èunu ec znbuè {fzzha`c {fsq `‘cbzcoa`c ec `n {f{s`nuhfb( < `‘cddhjnjhuè n``fjnuhtc 'tf`soc ec qczzfsqjcz jf``cjuhtcz("
37
Oxfdnzjhhuc ë onjqf{gnicz 'hbdh`uqnuhfb ec onjqf{gnicz enbz `c uhzzs oszjs`nhqc( oxf{nughcz 'eèièbèqczjcbjc es uhzzs oszjs`nhqc( on`nehc ec Gsbucq 'eèièbèqczjcbjc ec {qcz~sc ufsz `cz fqinbcz(" 38 Nunwhc z{hbfjèqèac``cszc nuqf{ghc os`uhzxzuèonuhzèc `csjfnqnhfzc on/ `nehc e)N`cwnbecq on`nehc e)N`{cqz on`nehc e)N`}gchocq on`nehc ec Jqcsu}dc`eu/Mnlfa on`nehc ec Gsbuhbiufb on`nehc ec [nqlhbzfb on`nehc ec [hjl on`nehcz `xzfzfon`cz oxfdnzjhhuc ë onjqf{gnicz {nqn`xzhc zs/ {qnbsj`ènhqc {qfiqczzhtc zj`èqfzc cb {`n~scz zj`èqfzc `nuèqn`c noxfuqf/ {gh~sc"
>5:
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
@‘hbdfqonuhznuhfb ec ufsuc `n zuqsjusqc oèehjn`c zcoa`c hbè/ `sjuna`c" Sb ntnbunic = `n ehz{nqhuhfb ecz `fsqez cu tf`sohbcsw efzzhcqz" Sb eèzntnbunic = ¬ `‘èjqnb ecthcbu {`sz ho{fqunbu ~sc `c on`nec efbu `c qczzcbuh `n `nzzhusec `‘hb~shèusec bc zfbu {nz hbdfqonuhzna`cz" Zcs` `‘czu jc ~sh czu ~snbuhdhna`c 'Zh/ jnqe 1;>>a = 5>>(" ¼ @n oèecjhbc b‘ho{qfthzc {`sz" Ë `‘nsbc ecz ucjgbf`fihcz bsoèqh~scz c``c n zsah jcqunhbz i`hzzcocbuz e‘ho{fqunbjc = `‘n{{qfjgc {cqzfbbc``c n èuè qco{`njèc {nq ecz {qfufjf`cz zfb hbjcquhusec {nq ecz jcquhusecz jcquhusecz `n {qsecbjc n èuè uqnbzdèqèc zsq `n {qèjnsuhfb `c jfbzunu zsq `n {qèehjuhfb" @c zntfhq oèehjn` b‘czu {`sz es zcs` qczzfqu ec zcz {qnuhjhcbz" H` z‘czu ehtcqzhdhè njjn{nqè {nq e‘nsuqcz hbucqtcbnbuz" @cz zhucz Hbucqbcu z{èjhn`hzèz cb onuhçqc ec znbuè qceèdhbhzzcbu `n qc`n/ uhfb ns zntfhq oèehjn`" E‘sbc {nqu sb {nuhcbu ec {`sz cb {`sz hbdfqoè e‘nsuqc {nqu sb oèecjhb jfbdqfbuè ë jc bfstcns qn{/ {fqu zsq `c zntfhq oèehjn`" Hbucqbcu czu ectcbs sb oèehnucsq cbuqc `c jfq{z es on`nec cu jc`sh es oèecjhb" @cz bsuqhfbbhz/ ucz `cz z{èjhn`hzucz ec `n qcohzc cb dfqoc cu `cz {qnuhjhcbz ecz oèecjhbcz n`ucqbnuhtcz zfbu ectcbsz ecz hbucqtcbnbuz es zntfhq zsq `n znbuè" @‘hbeszuqhc {gnqonjcsuh~sc czu èin`cocbu ectc/ bsc sb eèucbucsq es zntfhq ugèqn{csuh~sc = zcz {sa`hjhuèz eèjqh/ tcbu bfb zcs`cocbu sb on` cu jfoocbu `c zfhibcq onhz ehzcbu ns jfbzfoonucsq ec jfbzs`ucq `c oèecjhb ~sh tn`hecqn jc oí/ oc zntfhq" @c jfo{`cwc niqfn`hocbunhqc eèofbuqc èin`cocbu ~s‘h` eèuhcbu sb zntfhq ë {qf{fz ec `n znbuè = h` z‘n{{qf{qhc `cz èusecz zjhcbuhdh~scz cu hbuçiqc n`hjnocbuz cu bsuqnjcsuh~scz enbz zcz {qfeshuz uqnbzdfqoèz" @c zntfhq zsq `n znbuè czu eè/ zfqonhz {`sqhc` enbz zcz eè{fzhunhqcz"
@n {qnuh~sc oèehjn`c @n {qnuh~sc j`hbh~sc jc``c dfbeèc zsq ecz {qcstcz n èuè cb/ qhjghc {nq `cz ucjgbf`fihcz bsoèqh~scz = ¬ ufsjgcq èjfsucq {n`{cq zcbuhq qcinqecq {cqjsucq sb jfq{z – ufsu jc`n n{{nq/ uhcbu ë `‘nqjgèf`fihc oèehjn`c" J‘czu ë {chbc zh `cz on`nehcz ec {cns jfbuhbscbu ec zf``hjhucq `cz zcbz es oèecjhb" Cb fsuqc jc`sh/jh n{{qcbe ë zc oèdhcq ec zcz hbushuhfbz cu b‘nuucbe eè/ zfqonhz ~sc ec `n zcs`c ahf{zhc jsunbèc `n {qcstc es zcbz j`h/ >55
Jfbzunuz
bh~sc" Sb jfq{z efhu íuqc cwnohbè cu uqnhuè iqájc ë `n oèehnuhfb ec `‘sbhtcqz ucjgbh~sc 'Zhjnqe 1;>>n = 149(" ¼ Eè{hzucq czu {qcz~sc ectcbs `c onâuqc/ofu ec `n oèecjhbc ¬ uqn~scq bfb {`sz zcs`cocbu ecz jnszcz ehqcjucz jfooc `cz ohjqfacz ehzzhos`èz enbz `c oh`hcs onhz ecz jnszcz {qèehz{f/ znbucz jc``cz ~sh jgnbicbu ntcj `c {qèzcbu cu `c {nzzè ec jgn/ jsb" \․_ [fsq `n {qcohçqc dfhz sbc oèecjhbc {qèehjuhtc dfb/ eèc zsq `c eè{hzunic {qèbnun` cu {qèj`hbh~sc ectqnhu eèzhibcq `c {qfdh` znbhunhqc e‘sb hbehthes hbehthes zcz qhz~scz zcz on`nehcz ë tcbhq" tcbhq" 'Thinqc``f >888 = :;;/:;>(" ¼ @c eè{hzunic {qhoc `c zfhb `‘njuhfb {qhoc `c zcbz" H` czu acnsjfs{ ofhbz jfüucsw èjfbf/ oh~scocbu {nq`nbu ¬ ec `nbjcq sb {qfiqnooc ièbèqn`hzè ec eè{hzunic ahf`fih~sc cbefzjf{hc fs {nq honicqhc ~sc ec zc {cbjgcq zsq `cz qhz~scz jfbjqcuz jfsqsz {nq uc``c fs uc``c {cq/ zfbbc 'Zhjnqe 1;>>a = 5>8(" ¼ Jc`sh ~sh bc zc zfsocuuqnhu {nz ë jcz oczsqcz ec eè{hzunic czu bfb zcs`cocbu ocbnjc {fsq `sh/ oíoc onhz èin`cocbu {fsq `c jfq{z zfjhn` enbz zfb cbzco/ a`c" J‘czu ë è{hcq jcz dnjucsqz ec qhz~sc ~sc z‘fqhcbuc `c qèihoc qèihoc ec thc ë zntfhq nen{ucq `c jfo{fqucocbu jf``cjuhd nsw ocbn/ jcz hbehthesc``cz cu jghddqècz" Cb jc eèasu ec zcjfbec eèjcbbhc es WWH c zhçj`c `cz jn{njh/ uèz ucjgbh~scz ec `n oèecjhbc fbu ~snbuhunuhtcocbu èuè os`uh/ {`hècz {nq qn{{fqu ns zhçj`c {qèjèecbu ¬ onhz `‘ètcbunh` ecz njuhfbz {fzzha`cz {fsq noè`hfqcq `n znbuè e‘sb hbehthes {fsq jfo{qcbeqc `‘fqhihbc ec `n zfsddqnbjc cu èthucq ~s‘c``c bc z‘niiqntc fs zc {qf`fbic b‘czu ofah`hzè enbz zn ufsuc {shz/ znbjc ~sc ec dnéfb cwjc{uhfbbc``c 'Icfddnqe 1;>> = 189(" ¼ @n eèjhzhfb j`hbh~sc ~s‘c``c zfhu ehnibfzuh~sc 'oèehnuhfb {nq `‘sbhtcqz ucjgbh~sc( fs ugèqn{csuh~sc 'eè{`fhcocbu ec ucjgbf/ `fihcz cu e‘è~sh{cz oèehjn`cz( ocu cb mcs ecz hbucqnjuhfbz jfo{`cwcz gfqz ec `n zuqhjuc qc`nuhfb cbuqc {nuhcbu cu {qfdcz/ zhfbbc` ec znbuè" @cz jfüuz e‘hbucqtcbuhfb ec ohzc cb Śstqc ecz ucjgbf`fihcz cu es jfq{z oèehjn` zfbu {nqdfhz ehz{qf{fq/ uhfbbèz {nq qn{{fqu ns aèbèdhjc nuucbes {fsq `c {nuhcbu" J‘czu ufsu `c zxzuçoc ecz nzzsqnbjcz {sa`h~scz fs {qhtècz ~sh czu hjh hbucq{c``è" Dnsu/h` jfstqhq `cz hbucqtcbuhfbz jfüucszcz ë aèbèdh/ jc j`hbh~sc dnha`c 6 Czu/jc ~sc zc {qfdh`c hjh sbc oèecjhbc {fsq >53
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
`cz bnbuhz cu `cz nsuqcz 6 ^sc``c czu `n tn`csq ec `‘hbbftnuhfb oèehjn`c 6 @n ofbuè e‘sbc ufsuc bfstc``c efjuqhbc dfbeèc zsq `cz ucjg/ bf`fihcz ec `‘hbdfqonuhfb `n ¬ Oèecjhbc 5[ ¼ – {cqzfbbn`h/ znuhfb {nquhjh{nuhfb {qètcbuhfb {qèehjuhfb – czu cb tfhc ec uqnbzdfqocq `c {nxznic ec `n {qnuh~sc j`hbh~sc" H` z‘nihu cb zfooc ec ucbeqc tcqz sb bhtcns }èqf ec `n oèecjhbc j‘czu/ë/ ehqc = eè{hzucq ehnibfzuh~scq cu zfhibcq qn{hecocbu" H` dnsu isèqhq `c {nuhcbu ntnbu oíoc ~s‘h` bc zfhu on`nec" [fsq {nqtc/ bhq ë sb uc` qèzs`unu `n ¬ Oèecjhbc 5[ ¼ z‘n{{shc czzcbuhc``c/ ocbu zsq `n d`shehuè ecz hbdfqonuhfbz dfsqbhcz cu uqnbzohzcz nsw {qfdczzhfbbc`z ec `n znbuè {nq `cz ucjgbf`fihcz bsoèqh~scz efbu ehz{fzc `‘hbehthes {fsq `c ofbhufqnic ec zn jfbehuhfb" @‘nsuqc ntnbunic zsiièqè {nq `n ¬ Oèecjhbc 5[ ¼ {cqocuuqnhu bfb zcs`cocbu ec zfhibcq `‘hbehthes cb dfbjuhfb ec zn jfbeh/ uhfb z{èjhdh~sc onhz {qfjsqcqnhu èin`cocbu sb cddcu ec `cthcq ho{fqunbu {fsq noè`hfqcq ètcbusc``cocbu `‘cddhjnjhuè ecz ehn/ ibfzuhjz ec `n {qètcbuhfb ecz ugèqn{hcz cu es eètc`f{{cocbu ec bfstcnsw uqnhucocbuz oèehjnocbuz bfqocz cu {qfufjf`cz" Dnjc ë jc {qfiqnooc 4; sbc eèzhbucqoèehnuhfb ec `n oèecjh/ bc uqnehuhfbbc``c fø h` x n ë `n dfhz qc{fzhuhfbbcocbu cu&fs è`h/ ohbnuhfb ecz hbucqoèehnhqcz msz~s‘n`fqz cb {`njc" @‘hbehthes nsqnhu bfb zcs`cocbu njjçz ë sbc anuucqhc ec ucjgbf`fihcz ~sh {cstcbu `‘hbdfqocq cb ehqcju ë {qf{fz ec zfb èunu ec znbuè onhz h` ecthcbeqnhu jc`sh {nq ~sh `n znbuè nqqhtc" Zc`fb `cz ehz/ jfsqz ecz ts`inqhznucsqz zjhcbuhdh~scz ë uqntcqz `cz oèehnz ec onzzc `n bsuqhièbfoh~sc `sh dfsqbhqnhu ufsu jc ~s‘h` n ë zntfhq cb onuhçqc ec bsuqhuhfb {fsq f{uhohzcq zn znbuè cb dfbjuhfb ec zfb {qf{qc ièbfoc 'Osujg Yn``hu 1;;3( < `n oèecjhbc qèiè/ bèqnuhtc dfbeèc zsq `cz ugèqn{hcz ë anzc ec jc``s`cz zfsjgcz ‚ nsufbfohznuhfb s`uhoc ec `‘hbehthes = `‘hbehthes qè{nqè {nq `sh/ oíoc – fddqhqnhu `n {fzzhah`huè ec uqnhucq jcqunhbcz jfbehuhfbz oèehjn`cz hbjn{njhunbucz – hbdnqjusz ehnaçuc hbzs`hbfeè{cb/ 4;
@‘nqqhtèc ecz {sjcz QDHE 'Qnehf Dqc~scbjx Hecbuhdhjnuhfb( ho{`nbuècz zfsz `n {cns uqnbzocuunbu cb uco{z qèc` ecz hbdfqonuhfbz ë {qf{fz ec `‘èunu es {nuhcbu {fsqqnhcbu ètcbusc``cocbu uqnbzdfqocq `c {nxznic ec `n {qnuh~sc j`hbh~sc"
>54
Jfbzunuz
enbu [nqlhbzfb N`}gchocq – 'Onzfb Esbgh`` 1;;7( < `n ahf`fihc zxbugèuh~sc ‚ èucbeqc fs ofehdhcq `c jfo{fqucocbu ec jcqunhbz fqinbcz cu&fs fqinbhzocz 'ahf`fihjn` 'ahf`fihjn` cbihbccqhbi ( – 'Nbeqhnbufnbeqf` Anzs` 1;;4( < `n ièbfoh~sc ec ux{c ¬ Ef/hu/Xfsqzc`d ¼ – qèn`hzcq zfb {qf{qc zè~scbénic ièbèuh/ ~sc4> 'Lnuzbc`zfb 1;>;( {fsq x qc{èqcq ecz osunuhfbz {fucb/ uhc``cocbu `èun`cz" Jc ~sh zc eèinic ec jc {qfjczzsz ec eèzhbucqoèehnuhfb ec `n znbuè j‘czu ~sc `n thuczzc ë `n~sc``c `‘hbdfqonuhfb czu cb oczs/ qc e‘íuqc dfsqbhc cu ec jhqjs`cq {cqocu sbc qènjuhthuè ~snzh hbz/ unbunbèc" @c ofu j`è hjh czu ¬ qènjuhthuè ¼" Cb dnhu `‘hbehthes nsufbfoc nsqnhu `n jn{njhuè e‘íuqc qènjuhd j‘czu/ë/ehqc ec qènihq {fsq èthucq sbc niiqntnuhfb ec zn jfbehuhfb ec znbuè oíoc z‘h` czu fs bfb ahcb/{fqunbu" H` czu nsufbfoc h` czu jc`sh {nq ~sh `n znbuè nqqhtc"
@c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb Jfbdqfbuè ë zn {qf{qc dhbhusec `‘hbehthes jfbzunuc ~s‘h` ns/ qnhu {csu/íuqc enbz zfb ièbfoc sbc {qèehz{fzhuhfb ë uc``c fs uc``c on`nehc" Ec `csq jõuè `cz bsuqhuhfbbhzucz è`nqihzzcbu jfbz/ unoocbu `c z{cjuqc ecz n`hocbuz znhbz cu on`znhbz" @cz qcjgcq/ jgcz zjhcbuhdh~scz n`hibcbu ecz zfoocz ho{qczzhfbbnbucz ec enbicqz {fucbuhc`z {fsq `n znbuè {nqdfhz ns uqèdfbez oíoc e‘sbc {qfuèhbc fs e‘sbc ~sc`jfb~sc of`èjs`c" @c jfq{z czu ectcbs qèzcqtfhq ec {qfa`çocz {fstnbu {fqucq nuuchbuc ë `n znbuè" Íuqc znhb zc qèzsocqnhu ë b‘ntfhq nsjsbc {qèehz{fzhuhfb ë sbc ~sc`jfb~sc on`nehc e‘fø `‘heèc es eè{hzunic" Cb onuhçqc ec ucbzhfb nquèqhc``c `‘hbehthes b‘czu {`sz ¬ bfqofucbzhd ¼ z‘h` zc zhusc enbz `c ecqbhcq ~snqu ec `‘èjgc``c bfqonuhtc onhz ¬ {qè/gx{cqucbzhd ¼ oíoc z‘h` bc onbhdczuc nsjsb zxo{uõoc" @n bfuhfb ec ofec ec thc afb fs onstnhz eèucqohbc efqèbn/ tnbu `n qc`nuhfb es znhb ns on`znhb" @c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb czu èin`cocbu jfbzunoocbu qceèdhbh {nq `cz ohzcz ë bhtcns ecz jqhuçqcz ~sh eèucqohbcbu zh 4>
Ns ufsqbnbu es WWH c zhçj`c h` cb jfüunhu n{{qfwhonuhtcocbu > oh``hfb ec ef``nqz {fsq faucbhq sb zè~scbénic ièbèuh~sc 58 ;;; % cb 1;>; \1; ;;; % cb 1;>1_ cu h` cb jfüucqn n{{qfwhonuhtcocbu > ;;; % tcqz 1;>3"
>59
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
sb hbehthes czu fs bfb ahcb {fqunbu" [nq cwco{`c >889 nsqn èuè `‘nbbèc ec `n qèthzhfb ë `n anhzzc ecz jqhuçqcz 'Yc`jg Zjgynqu} Yf`fzghb 1;>>( ~sh eèucqohbnhcbu msz~sc/`ë zh fsh fs bfb sb hbehthes èunhu ahcb {fqunbu" Qèzs`unu ec `‘f{èqnuhfb 6 Ecz oh``hfbz ec icbz zc zfbu zfsenhbcocbu qcuqfstèz on`iqè csw on` {fqunbuz cu oèehjn`hzna`cz = 'h( nsw Èunuz/Sbhz cb >889 `n oczsqc ~sh eèucqohbc `n znbuè nquèqhc``c czu {nzzèc ec >4;&>;; ë >5;&8;" Jfbzè~scbjc `‘fstcqusqc e‘sb onqjgè ecz gx{fucbzcsqz ë {`sz ec >:3 oh``hfbz ec bfstcnsw {nuhcbuz < 'hh( ufsmfsqz cb >889 nsw Èunuz/Sbhz `‘hbehjc ec `n oczsqc es zsjqc enbz `c znbi czu {nzzè ec >5; ë >14" Sb bfstcns onqjgè ec {`sz ec >9 oh``hfb ec bfstcnsw ehnaèuh~scz n èuè jqèè < 'hhh( cb >887 `‘hbehjc es unsw ec onstnhz jgf`czuèqf` czu {nzzè ec 15; ë 1;;" @c bfoaqc ec bfstcnsw {nuhcbuz ë uqnhucq n nsi/ ocbuè ec 74 # zfhu {`sz 514 oh``hfbz ec {cqzfbbcz nsw Èunuz/ Sbhz fstqnbu nhbzh `n {fquc ufsuc iqnbec ë `‘hbeszuqhc {gnqon/ jcsuh~sc ecz zunuhbcz < 'ht( cb 1;;: `‘hbehjc ec `‘fzuèf{fqfzc n èuè qcts ë `n anhzzc ec /13 ë ofhbz ec /1;" Jcuuc bfstc``c oczsqc n jqèè {`sz ec 47 oh``hfbz ec bfstcnsw {nuhcbuz nsw Èunuz/Sbhz zfhu sbc nsiocbunuhfb ec {`sz ec 73 # {nq qn{{fqu ë `n zhusnuhfb {qèjèecbuc < 't( ë {nquhq ec 1;;; `‘FOZ n dnhu i`hzzcq `‘hbehjc ec onzzc jfq{fqc``c onq~snbu `c zcsh` ec `‘faèzhuè ec :; ë 19" @n on`nehc czu eèzfqonhz sbc zho{`c `h/ ibc ~sh czu dqnbjghc"
Iczuhfb {sa`h~sc ec `n on`nehc Ns WWHc zhçj`c h` bc z‘nihu {`sz zcs`cocbu e‘èqneh~scq `c on`" @n dhbn`huè czu ec uqnbzjcbecq `c on`" H` x nsqnhu jgc} `‘íuqc gsonhb sbc {qfdfbec ntcqzhfb cbtcqz zn {qf{qc dhbhus/ ec" Ecz {qfjczzsz ahf`fih~scz eèièbèqczjcbuz hecbuhdhèz h` b‘x n ~s‘sb {nz ë dqnbjghq {fsq tfs`fhq `cz jfbufsqbcq fs `cz co/ {íjgcq ec z‘cw{qhocq" @c uqnbzgsonbhzoc b‘czu {nz èuqnbicq ë jcuuc dhbn`huè onhz h` b‘cb czu {nz {fsq nsunbu `c ofucsq < h` cb czu ~sc `c {qf`fbicocbu sbc zshuc `fih~sc e‘sbc {qètcbuhfb ec zfh nofqjèc ns WHWc zhçj`c" Jc ~sc jc eèasu es WWH c zhçj`c {qf{fzc j‘czu sb hbehthes nsufbfoc cb onuhçqc ec znbuè sb ofxcb jf``cjuhd ec ièqcq `n on`nehc" >57
Jfbzunuz
Ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz cu ecz jfo{fqucocbuz Ns {`nb onjqf e‘sbc {nqu `n ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz czu efqèbntnbu ë `‘nsbc es qèjgnsddcocbu j`honuh~sc ~sh n zsazs/ oè ufsucz `cz nsuqcz {qèfjjs{nuhfbz cbthqfbbcocbun`cz" E‘nsuqc {nqu `n ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz jfo{fqucocbuz zfsz `c jgn{cns es qèjgnsddcocbu j`honuh~sc z‘neqczzc nsw hbzuhus/ uhfbz {f`huh~scz nsw cbuqc{qhzcz {qhtècz cu nsw hbehthesz thznbu ë sb jgnbicocbu {qczznbu ecz nuuhusecz cu gnahusecz ec {qfesj/ uhfb cu ec jfbzfoonuhfb" Ns {`nb ohjqf `‘n`nqoc czu enbz `c ofec ec thc ohz cb {qnuh~sc {nq `‘hbehthes cu {nq jc ~s‘h` {fquc fs bfb cb `sh {fstnbu {fqucq nuuchbuc ë zfb hbuèiqhuè" Ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz [qètcbuhfb ec zfh eè{hzunic znhbc bsuqhuhfb cu {qnuh~scz z{fquhtcz zfbu `cz {nzznicz fa`hièz {fsq ocuuqc ë ehzunbjc `cz enbicqz" @cz jno{nibcz ec znbuè {sa`h~scz qn{{c``cbu jfbz/ unoocbu ë `‘hbehthes jcuuc ohzc ë ehzunbjc ufsu jfooc `n dh/ jgc bsuqhuhtc hbzjqhuc zsq `cz coan``nicz ecz n`hocbuz bfqon`h/ zc jcuuc ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz cb onuhçqc ec bsuqhuhfb" Zfszjqhqc ë `‘suh`hznuhfb ec ucjgbf`fihcz oèehjn`cz {cqzfbbc`/ `cz 'ucbzhfoçuqc jnqehfoçuqc oczsqc ec `n i`xjèohc cuj"( zs{{fzc ~sc `‘hbehthes czu jfbzjhcbuhzè ë `n {qètcbuhfb ec zfh" @‘suh`hznuhfb ë `n onhzfb ec eèucqicbuz nbuhanjuèqhcbz `‘è`hohbnuhfb ec ufsz `cz {qfeshuz jghoh~scz ns {qfdhu ec {qf/ eshuz ehuz èjf`fih~scz zfbu ecz {qnuh~scz jfbdhqoècz e‘sbc {qhzc ec jfbzjhcbjc jfbzjhcbjc {cqzfbbc``c dnjc nsw enbicqz un{hz enbz `cz ofhbeqcz gnahusecz fs jfo{fqucocbuz" @n ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz czu ntnbu ufsu sbc {sqhdhjnuhfb ec zfh cu ec zfb cbth/ qfbbcocbu hooèehnu `‘heèc èunbu ~sc `cz nihzzcocbuz bfqon`h/ zèz ec `‘sb {qfdhuc ns jf``cjuhd" Jcuuc ohzc ë ehzunbjc {cqzfb/ bc``c z‘hbzjqhqnhu {csu/íuqc ahcb enbz sbc tnzuc cbuqc{qhzc gx/ ihèbhzuc {`nbèunhqc ec ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz zfsz `‘èihec ec `n efjuqhbc cbthqfbbcocbun`hzuc" Ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz, ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z @n ohzc nsw bfqocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z n jgnbiè ec qcihzuqc = j‘czu `‘nafsuhzzcocbu e‘sbc `fih/ >58
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
~sc ec `n {qètcbuhfb ec zfh nofqjèc ns WHW c zhçj`c onhz ~sh czu nszzh qs{usqc" Nafsuhzzcocbu enbz `c zcbz fø `n {qnuh~sc hbehthesc``c ec {qètcbuhfb ec zfh czu {`sz ~sc mnonhz ë `‘fqeqc es mfsq" Qs{usqc enbz `c zcbz fø `‘Èunu b‘n {`sz `c qõ`c ehzjh/ {`hbnhqc es WHW c zhçj`c bh ufsu ë dnhu `c qõ`c {qfucjucsq es WW c zhçj`c e‘fø sb {qèzs{{fzè ho{fqunbu = `‘neehuhfb ec ufsucz `cz {qnuh~scz hbehthesc``cz ec {qètcbuhfb ec zfh jfbeshqnhu ë sbc {qfucjuhfb jf``cjuhtc ièbèqn`hzèc bfbfazunbu ufsucz nsuqcz jfbzheèqnuhfbz ec bnusqc zfjhn`c " Jc jgnbicocbu ec {nqnehioc b‘czu {nz hbbfjcbu = `n znbuè czu eèzfqonhz es qcz/ zfqu ec `‘hbehthes" Jcuuc {qètcbuhfb zc uqneshu enbz `n ohzc cb {qnuh~sc e‘sb ofec ec thc znhb `c~sc` czu nefzzè ë uqfhz {h/ `hcqz = eè{hzunic bsuqhuhfb cu dhubczz" Enbz sb {qcohcq uco{z `‘hbehthes jfbzjhcbu ec zn znbuè czu jc`sh ~sh jfbdhc zfb jfq{z ns jfq{z oèehjn` ndhb ec eè{hzucq jc ~sh {fsqqnhu ètcbusc``c/ ocbu {fqucq nuuchbuc fs bfb ë zn znbuè" Enbz sb ecswhçoc uco{z jc ~sh bfsqqhu `c jfq{z efhu íuqc ë `n dfhz sb jnqasqnbu {qfeshznbu `c ofhbz ofhbz ec eèjgcuz fwxenbuz fwxenbuz {fzzha`c cu sb n`hocbu ~sh {qfuçic qcbdfqjc cu f{uhohzc `‘cbzcoa`c ecz dfbjuhfbz oèunaf`h~scz cu hoosbhunhqcz nhbzh ~sc `n zuqsjusqc oszjs`nh/ qc cu z~sc`cuuh~sc" Enbz sb uqfhzhçoc uco{z sbc dfhz èuna`h ~sc `c jfq{z czu ë `‘naqh ec enbicqz {fucbuhc`z hbucqbcz an`hzèz {nq `c zntfhq oèehjn` cu ~s‘h` czu jfqqcjucocbu n`hocbuè zc`fb ecz bfqocz èuna`hcz {nq sbc nqoèc ec bsuqhuhfbbhzucz h` efhu nszzh íuqc sb jfq{z cbuqnâbè enbz `c ofstcocbu enbz `c uqntnh` enbz `n {cqdfqonbjc cu ofec`è zc`fb ecz bfqocz èuna`hcz ë `n dfhz {nq `c zntfhq oèehjn` cu jc`sh ec `n lhbèzhf`fihc" @‘heèc èunbu ~s‘sbc os`uhusec ec jfq{z nhbzh f{uhohzèz zcqnhcbu `‘è~shtn`cbu e‘sbc {f{s`nuhfb cb znbuè fø `cz jfbehuhfbz zfjhn`cz nsqnhcbu {cs e‘hbjhecbjc" Enbz jcuuc nsufbfohc ~sc `‘fb {qíuc ë `‘hbehthes cu `‘hbmfbjuhfb ~sh `sh cb czu dnhuc `n zfjhèuè ucbe ë dnhqc ec `sh ¬ `c eè{fzhunhqc s`uhoc ec `n jfbbnhzznbjc cu ec `n iczuhfb ec zfh" Jcuuc ucbenbjc czu cbjfsqnièc {nq `cz cddfquz ecz zxzuçocz ec znbuè {fsq `hohucq `cz eè{cbzcz cu ohzcq zsq `n {qètcbuhfb cb qcz{fbznah`hznbu `cz hbehthesz ~sc `‘fb jfbzheç/ qc jfooc èunbu {nqtcbsz ë sbc onusqhuè ec oèecjhbz ec zfh 'Ofs`hb 1;>> = 145(" ¼ >3;
Jfbzunuz
[nqnefwn`cocbu ë `n tcbsc e‘sbc {nbeèohc iqh{{n`c jc {n/ uhcbu/qfh cu onâuqc ec zfb eczuhb czu aqsun`cocbu jfbdqfbuè ë `n qèn`huè e‘sbc {qhzc cb onzzc ufun`hunhqc ec `n zfjhèuè" @‘è{hzfec ec `n iqh{{c {fqjhbc 'G>B>( cb 1;;8 qcbe dfqu ahcb jfo{uc ec jcuuc zhusnuhfb" @c >> mshb 1;;8 Onqinqcu Jgnb `n ehqcjuqhjc ièbèqn`c ec `‘FOZ dnhu {nzzcq `c bhtcns e‘n`cquc {nbeèoh~sc ë zfb bhtcns onwhon` cu zfs`hibc ~sc ¬ `cz tnjjhbz nbuhiqh{/ {nsw zfbu `‘sb ecz ofxcbz `cz {`sz cddhjnjcz e‘èthucq ë `n {f/ {s`nuhfb ec jfbuqnjucq `n iqh{{c {cbenbu `cz è{heèohcz fs `cz {nbeèohcz" @c thqsz ec `n {nbeèohc czu bfstcns cu {qnuh~sc/ ocbu ufsu `c ofbec x czu zcbzha`c" Jcz tnjjhbz zuhos`cqfbu `‘hoosbhuè jfbuqc jcuuc bfstc``c iqh{{c cu jfbuqhascqfbu ë {qè/ zcqtcq `n znbuè {sa`h~sc {cbenbu `‘ètf`suhfb ec `n {nbeèohc" 'FOZ 1;;8( ¼ @cz hbeszuqhcz {gnqonjcsuh~scz {gnqonjcsuh~scz zc `nbjcbu enbz sbc jfsqzc ns tnjjhb `cz jfoonbecz ecz ifstcqbcocbuz ndd`scbu ecz jno{nibcz ec tnjjhbnuhfb ë `‘èjgc``c bnuhfbn`c zfbu eè{`fxècz enbz ehddèqcbuz {nxz" ¬ [`sz ec >5 ;;; eèjçz 41 jfbdhqoèz cb `nafqnufhqc fbu èuè bfuhdhèz 'Dslsen 1;>;( ¼ jfo{nqnuhtcocbu nsw è{heèohcz ec iqh{{c znhzfbbhçqc ~sh ufsjgcbu ¬ msz~s‘ë >3# ec `n {f{s`nuhfb cu dfbu msz~s‘ë 3;; ;;; ofquz jgn~sc nbbèc enbz `c ofbec 'Bisxcb Qnzgdfqe [cbb 1;>>( ¼ cu ~sh {nzzcbu ufun`cocbu hbn{cqéscz" N {fzuc/ qhfqh qhfqh h` czu dnjh`c ec jqhuh~scq `‘FOZ cu ec `‘njjszcq e‘ntfhq èuè n`nqohzuc" [nq jfbuqc enbz sbc zfjhèuè ~sh zc eèdhbhu {nq zn jn{njhuè ec {qè{nqnuhfb ' {qc{nqcebczz( {qc{nqcebczz( ë {nqcq ë ufsucz ètcb/ usn`huèz jcuuc {qhzc ec jfbuqõ`c ufun`hunhqc {nq `c {fstfhq {sa`hj zc mszuhdhc ë `‘nsbc ec jcuuc oíoc jn{njhuè ec {qè{nqnuhfb" Hjh `‘hbehthes qè{suè nsufbfoc cb onuhçqc ec znbuè czu qèjszè ns {qfdhu ec `n znbuè jf``cjuhtc" Jcuuc jn{njhuè e‘nsufbfohc ~sc `‘fb {qíuc ë `‘hbehthes bc ecthcbeqnhu eçz `fqz tn`hec ~s‘cb 41
¬ @n {nbeèohc ec iqh{{c njusc``c czu sb ètèbcocbu ahcb efjsocbuè zsq `c {`nb zjhcbuhdh~sc ns jfsqz es~sc` z‘czu {qf{niè sb bfstcns thqsz iqh{{n` ~sh n {qftf~sè sb zjgèon è{heèohf`fih~sc ec ofqahehuè hbgnahusc``c enbz `c ofbec cbuhcq" H` bc z‘nihu {nz ec zho{`cz ufsqbsqcz ec {gqnzc eèdhbhuhfbz fs {f`èoh~scz" Ehqc ~sc `n {nbeèohc czu ¬dnszzc¼ qcthcbu ë hibfqcq `‘ghzufhqc qèjcbuc cu `n zjhcbjc cu ë anbn`hzcq `n ofqu ec >5 ;;; {cqzfbbcz cu `cz bfoaqcsw jnz ec on`nehcz iqntcz ~sc ahcb e‘nsuqcz fbu zsah 'Dslsen 1;>;(" ¼
>3>
@c znhb cu `c on`znhb
dfbjuhfb e‘ho{èqnuhdz èjfbfoh~scz onhz zcqnhu ufsu ë dnhu hbn/ eè~snuc `fqz e‘è{heèohcz fs ec {nbeèohcz"
>31
[NQUHC HHH E‘SBC JFBMCJUSQC NSENJHCSZC Bfuqc gx{fugçzc ec `n efoczuhjnuhfb efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec czu sbc jfbmcjusqc nsenjhcszc cb jc zcbz ~s‘c``c = 'h( {qf{fzc ë `n dfhz sb nbi`c ec tsc ehddè/ qcbu {fsq nbn`xzcq `c jneqc ec znbuè enbz `c~sc` czu njusc``cocbu hoocqiè `‘hbehthes < 'hh( hbuçiqc jcqunhbcz ugçzcz cu gx{fugçzcz qèjcbucz cu {`sz nb/ jhcbbcz ec ehddèqcbuz jgcqjgcsqz < 'hhh( cw{`h~sc `cz ehddèqcbucz qs{usqcz è{hzuèof`fih~scz è{hzuèof`fih~scz ë uqntcqz `cz è{f~scz < 'ht( zuqsjusqc `c ehzjfsqz gxihèbhz/ uc ec jgn~sc è{f~sc ~s‘c``c uqntcqzc"
JFBZUNUZ Cb x qcinqenbu ec {qçz cu cb zc anznbu zsq `cz nbn`xzcz ecz ecsw zcjuhfbz {qèjèecbucz ec jc `htqc `‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn/ `c zcoa`c zshtqc sbc jfsqac ètf`suhtc jfo{qcbnbu ecz {èqhf/ ecz e‘è~sh`haqc fs ec ~snzh è~sh`haqc ec {`sz cb {`sz jfsqucz {fbjusècz ec aqçtcz {èqhfecz ec jgnbicocbuz ho{fqunbuz cb `hcb ehqcju ntcj ecz n{{fquz e‘fqeqc zjhcbuhdh~sc fs ucjgbf`f/ ih~sc" H` czu nszzh {`nszha`c e‘ntnbjcq `‘heèc ~sc ecz eèjfstcq/ ucz zjhcbuhdh~scz fs ecz eètc`f{{cocbuz ucjgbf`fih~scz ufsu ë dnhu hbnuucbesz fbu ecz jfbzè~scbjcz ho{fqunbucz ~sh qcjfbdh/ isqcbu {qfdfbeèocbu `c ofbec" @cz ecsw jfbjc{uz fbu jcjh e‘hbuèqczznbu ~s‘h`z zc qcjfs{cbu cu eèofbuqcbu ë ~sc` {fhbu `‘ètf`suhfb ec `n oèecjhbc cu ecz {qnuh~scz ec znbuè bfb zcs/ `cocbu bc zcqnhcbu {nz ufsu ë dnhu `c dqshu ec jnszn`huèz anzècz zsq ecz zntfhqz cu ecz {qnuh~scz nbuèqhcsqcz onhz {csu/íuqc ntnbu ufsu uqhasunhqcz ec zntfhqz cu ec ucjgbf`fihcz ~sh dfbu hqqs{uhfb ec dnéfb ufsu ë dnhu hbnuucbesc"
Jfbtcwhuè cu jfbjnthuè [qcohcq jfbzunu = `‘nqqhtèc hbnuucbesc e‘sb bfstcns zntfhq e‘sbc ucjgbf`fihc fs e‘sbc ucjgbh~sc cb onuhçqc ec znbuè zc/ qnhu zszjc{uha`c ec {qfeshqc ns i`fan` {`sz ec inhbz ~sc ec {cqucz" H` zsddhu {fsq z‘cb jfbtnhbjqc e‘fazcqtcq jfoocbu `‘nqqhtèc ec `n {qnuh~sc nbnufoh~sc ë `n Qcbnhzznbjc 'efbu `‘n{{nqhuhfb czu c``c/oíoc zfsohzc ë `n jfbtcqicbjc ec jfs/ qnbuz zfjhnsw cu ë `n jfbuhbicbjc( n zxzuèonuh~scocbu qceèdhbh ë `n dfhz `‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c `c zfj`c fbuf`fih~sc `cz {qnuh~scz znbhunhqcz cu `n dhbn`huè es ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc {nq qn{{fqu ns Ofxcb/Áic = h` bc z‘nihu {`sz zcs`cocbu ec qc{fsz/ zcq `c on` onhz ec `‘hzf`cq cb èuna`hzznbu ecz dqfbuhçqcz" H` bc z‘nihu {nz hjh e‘sb jgnbicocbu enbz `c eciqè onhz ac` cu ahcb e‘sb jgnbicocbu ec qcihzuqc" Enbz `c zjgèon ~sh zshu eçz `‘hqqs{uhfb hbnuucbesc e‘sb bfstcns zntfhq e‘sbc ucjgbf`fihc fs e‘sbc ucjgbh~sc cb onuhçqc ec znbuè `‘hbehthes zc qcuqfstc enbz sbc {fzhuhfb uc``c ~s‘h` x n efqèbntnbu sb ¬ ntnbu ¼ 'jfbehuhfb nbuèqhcsqc fø zn znbuè i`fan`c èunhu {`sz ë qhz~sc( cu sb ¬ n{qçz ¼ 'jfbehuhfb s`uèqhcsqc fø zn znbuè i`fan`c zcqn
E‘sbc jfbmcjusqc nsenjhcszc
{csu/íuqc ofhbz ë qhz~sc(" @c jgnbicocbu ec qcihzuqc ~sc {qf/ tf~sc `‘hqqs{uhfb hbnuucbesc e‘sb bfstcns zntfhq e‘sbc ucjg/ bf`fihc fs e‘sbc ucjgbh~sc cb onuhçqc ec znbuè zcoa`c {qfjs/ qcq ecz inhbz ètcbusc`z zhibhdhjnuhdz {fsq `n jfbehuhfb ec znbuè ièbèqn`c e‘sb hbehthes" Zjgèon ec `n jfbtcwhuè
Jc jgnbicocbu ec qcihzuqc b‘hbucqthcbeqnhu ~s‘cb dfbjuhfb e‘sbc nzxoèuqhc bcuuc cbuqc `cz inhbz {qfjsqèz 'h`z fbu aczfhb e‘íuqc iqnbe( cu `cz {qfa`çocz {fucbuhc`z '{cs efoonicna`cz(" N jfbuqnqhf jfbuqnqhf sbc hbbftnuhfb ~sh {qfjsqc {cs ec inhbz cu ~sh czu {cs efoonicna`c nsqnhu {cs ec jgnbjcz ec jfbeshqc ë sb jgnbicocbu ec qcihzuqc < sbc hbbftnuhfb ~sh {qfjsqcqnhu {cs ec inhbz cu ~sh cbuqnâbcqnhu ecz {qfa`çocz n èin`cocbu {cs ec jgnbjcz ec jfbeshqc ë sb jgnbicocbu ec qcihzuqc" [nq cwco/ {`c `cz uqntnsw ec @fshz [nzucsq jghohzuc cu {gxzhjhcb zfbu jnqnjuèqhzuh~scz e‘sbc nzxoèuqhc bcuuc jfo{fqunbu ecz inhbz = 'h( eèjfstcquc es qõ`c ecz ohjqffqinbhzocz enbz `c {qfjczzsz ec dcqocbunuhfb < 'hh( qèdsunuhfb ec `n ièbèqnuhfb z{fbunbèc = `cz icqocz {qfthcbbcbu es oh`hcs cbthqfbbnbu bfb ecz oh/ `hcsw ec dcqocbunuhfb cu zc os`uh{`hcbu `fqz~sc `cz jfbehuhfbz zfbu dntfqna`cz < 'hhh( hbtcbuhfb ec `n [nzucsqhznuhfb {qfjèeè >34
Jfbzunuz
ec jgnsddnic eèuqshznbu `cz ohjqf/fqinbhzocz ecz thbz on`necz 'n{{`h~sè èin`cocbu ë `n jfbzcqtnuhfb es `nhu(" Dnsu/h` nszzh {qèjhzcq ~sc jgnjsbc ecz eèjfstcqucz ec [nzucsq czu `c dqshu e‘sbc nzxoèuqhc bcuuc jfo{fqunbu ecz inhbz ë {nquhq ec uqntnsw e‘nsuqcz jgcqjgcsqz" Nsuqcocbu ehu j‘czu ë {nquhq ec jcuuc nzx/ oèuqhc ~sc ecz ofocbuz ec qs{usqc è{hzuèof`fih~scz cbuqnâbc/ qnhcbu ecz ofehdhjnuhfbz {qfdfbecz bfb zcs`cocbu zsq `c {`nb ecz zntfhqz cu ecz {qnuh~scz oèehjn`cz onhz zsq `‘cbzcoa`c ec `n zfjhèuè cb ièbèqn`" Nsuqc cwco{`c enbz `n zcjfbec ofhuhè es WHWc zhçj`c `n jfbtcqicbjc e‘sbc è{heèohc ec jgf`èqn `cz eèjfstcqucz cb ohjqfahf`fihc `cz ucjgbh~scz e‘nzznhbhzzcocbu ec `‘cns `‘cns jfsqnbuc cu `n ohzc ë `‘èifsu nsqn jfbeshu bfb zcs`cocbu ë sbc ofehdhjnuhfb cb {qfdfbecsq ec `‘cbthqfbbcocbu znbhunhqc onhz nszzh ë sb njjqfhzzcocbu zsaz/ unbuhc` ec `‘cz{èqnbjc ec thc < j‘czu `c ufsqbnbu ec `n qètf`suhfb gxihèbh~sc" Zcjfbe jfbzunu = `‘hbjcquhusec czu nszzh zfsqjc ec inhbz ho/ {fqunbuz" @‘hqqs{uhfb hbnuucbesc e‘sb bfstcns zntfhq e‘sbc ucjgbf`fihc fs e‘sbc ucjgbh~sc zcqnhu czzcbuhc``cocbu `c dqshu ec `n tnqhnah`huè cu ec `‘hbjcquhusec" Tnqhnah`huè enbz `c zcbz fø `c {qfjczzsz ecz hbbftnuhfbz cu ecz eèjfstcqucz czu zfsohz ë ecz tnqhnuhfbz efbu {cqzfbbc b‘n heèc" [nq cwco{`c enbz `cz nbbècz >81; n`fqz ~sc Icqgnqe Efonil uqntnh``c zsq `‘suh`hznuhfb ecz jf`fqnbuz jfooc nbuhanjuèqhcbz cu znbz ~s‘h` cb jfo{qcbbc {fsq nsunbu `c {qfjczzsz ahf`fih~sc 'tnqhnah`h/ uè( eèjfstqc ~sc `n zs`dnohefjgqxzfæehbc jfoanu `cz zuqc{uf/ jf~scz 'tnqhnah`huè(" Hbjcquhusec èin`cocbu enbz `c zcbz fø {cqzfbbc b‘n heèc ecz ho{`hjnuhfbz cu ecz ho{njuz ~s‘nsqn `‘hqqs{uhfb hbnuucbesc e‘sb bfstcns zntfhq e‘sbc ucjgbf`fihc fs e‘sbc ucjgbh~sc cb onuhçqc ec znbuè" [nqnefwn`cocbu `‘íuqc gsonhb n sbc ntcqzhfb bnusqc``c cbtcqz `n tnqhnah`huè `‘hbjcquhusec e‘fø zn {qf{cbzhfb ë tfs`fhq `n efoczuh~scq n`fqz ~sc j‘czu mszucocbu ec `n tnqhnah`huè cu ec `‘hbjcquhusec ~sc bnhzzcbu `cz hbbftnuhfbz zjhcbuhdh~scz ucjgbf`fih~scz fs ucjgbh~scz ~sh ofehdhcqfbu ë zfb ntnbunic zfb cbthqfbbcocbu" Uqfhzhçoc jfbzunu = `cz inhbz nj~shz {nq `‘nqqhtèc hbnuucbesc e‘sb bfstcns zntfhq e‘sbc ucjgbf`fihc fs e‘sbc ucjgbh~sc cb >39
E‘sbc jfbmcjusqc nsenjhcszc
onuhçqc ec znbuè zfbu zszjc{uha`cz e‘nsiocbucq `c bhtcns ec on`nhzc 'nbwhèuè nbifhzzc {csq( e‘sb hbehthes {nq qn{{fqu ë zn {qf{qc znbuè" Jfoocbu Jfoocbu `n jgfzc jgfzc czu/c``c {fzzha`c 6 Zjgèon ec `n jfbjnthuè
Jc zjgèon qcbe jfo{uc e‘sb {gèbfoçbc {nquhjs`hcq = `cz {cqucz zfbu {`sz è`ctècz ~sc `cz inhbz zfhu `‘hbtcqzc ec `n jfbtcwhuè" @c oèjnbhzoc ~snbu ë `sh czu ufsu nszzh {nquhjs`hcq" [fsq cb qcbeqc jfo{uc ecsw jnz ec dhisqc = '>( ufsuc hbbftn/ uhfb cb onuhçqc e‘hbtczuhinuhfb oèehjn`c czu zszjc{uha`c ec qcbeqc jfo{uc e‘sb èunu {nugf`fih~sc ~sc`jfb~sc jgc} `‘hbehthes" @c eciqè ec {nugf`fihc hbtczuhisè eèjfstcqu cu oczsqè eèucqohbc zsq `‘gx{cqaf`c `n {fzhuhfb es on`nhzc qczzcbuh {nq sb hbehthes = {`sz jc eciqè {nugf`fih~sc qhz~sc ec {fqucq nuuchbuc ë `n znbuè ec `‘hbehthes {`sz h` czu tèjs jfooc sb on`nhzc hbucbzc cu thjc/tcqzn < '1( `cz bsuqhuhfbbhzucz {nq `csq hb`nzzna`c uqntnh` ec efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec cb on/ uhçqc e‘n`hocbunuhfb eè`hohucbu jc ~sh {csu ètcbusc``cocbu {fqucq fs bfb nuuchbuc ë `n znbuè cb dfbjuhfb e‘sbc èjgc``c iqn/ esèc efbu `cz an`hzcz tfbu es znhb 'Focin/: nbuhfwxenbuz nbuhjnbjcq( ns on`znhb 'iqnz znusqèz jgf`czuèqf` jn`fqhcz jnb/ >37
Jfbzunuz
jcq(" @c qhz~sc {fsq `n znbuè qè{cqufqhè cu oczsqè eèucqohbc zsq `‘gx{cqaf`c `n {fzhuhfb es on`nhzc qczzcbuh {nq sb hbehth/ es = {`sz jc qhz~sc czu zszjc{uha`c ec {fqucq nuuchbuc ë `n znbuè ec `‘hbehthes {`sz `‘hbehthes ecthcbu nbwhcsw nbifhzzè fs n{csqè dnjc ë `n jfbzfoonuhfb e‘sb ~sc`jfb~sc n`hocbu cu thjc/tcqzn" ^snuqhçoc jfbzunu = 'h( {`sz sb zntfhq czu {qèehjuhd cb on/ uhçqc ec znbuè {`sz h` zcoa`c njjcbuscq `c on`nhzc jgc} `‘hbehthes < 'hh( {`sz sbc ucjgbf`fihc oèehjn`c e‘hbtczuhinuhfb ehz{fzc e‘sbc jn{njhuè {qèehjuhtc {`sz c``c zcoa`c njjcbuscq `c on`nhzc jgc} `‘hbehthes < 'hhh( {`sz `‘èjgc``c es znhb cu es on`znhb cb onuhçqc e‘n`hocbunuhfb zc {qèjhzc cu zc qnddhbc {`sz c``c nj~shcqu cb jn{njhuè {qèehjuhtc '¬ Zh tfsz onbic} jcjh fs jc`n, tfsz fauhcbeqc} uc` fs uc` qèzs`unu ․ ¼( cu {`sz c``c zco/ a`c njjcbuscq `c on`nhzc jgc} `‘hbehthes" Cb zfooc ufsu jc ~sh {fzzçec sb jnqnjuçqc {qèehjuhd cb onuhçqc ec znbuè zcqnhu zszjc{uha`c e‘nsiocbucq `c bhtcns ec on`nhzc jgc} sb hbehthes cb dfbjuhfb ec zn jn{njhuè ë {qèehqc ntcj {`sz fs ofhbz ec {qèjhzhfb cu ec jcquhusec" Jhb~shçoc jfbzunu = e‘sbc {nqu `cz inhbz nj~shz {nq `‘hqqs{uhfb hbnuucbesc e‘sb bfstcns zntfhq e‘sbc ucjgbf`fihc fs e‘sbc ucjgbh~sc uqnbzdfqocqnhcbu cb {qfdfbecsq sbc zfjhè/ uè" E‘nsuqc {nqu ufsu zntfhq fs ucjgbf`fihc ë jnqnjuçqc {qèehjuhd qnehjn`hzcqnhcbu `n qc`nuhfb es znhb ns on`znhb" Cb zfooc n`fqz ~sc ufsz `cz inhbz bcuz nsiocbucbu ~snbuhunuhtcocbu cu ~sn`hunuhtcocbu `n znbuè e‘sb hbehthes `c zfsz/cbzcoa`c ecz zntfhqz cu ucjgbf`fihcz ë jnqnjuçqc {qèehjuhd ~snbu ë `sh ehoh/ bsc `n {fquèc ecz inhbz bcuz '{cqucz( cb hbeshznbu jgc} `‘hbehthes sb on`nhzc iqnesè enbz `c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`/ znhb" @c {nqnefwc ~sc bfsz nthfbz jqs tfhq cbuqc e‘sb jõuè `cz inhbz bcuz hbeshuz {nq `‘hqqs{uhfb ec zntfhqz cu ec ucjgbf`f/ ihcz hbnuucbesz cu ec `‘nsuqc jõuè `c eètc`f{{cocbu e‘sb ~sc`jfb~sc on`nhzc czu nhbzh zfs`ctè" Zhwhçoc jfbzunu = `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq ~sh czu sb qn{{fqu cb/ uqc e‘sbc {nqu `c bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb cbtcqz `n tnqhnah`huè cu `‘hbjcquhusec cu e‘nsuqc {nqu `c bhtcns e‘hbj`hbnuhfb cbtcqz `n zunah`huè cu `n jcquhusec zc oczsqc cb dfbjuhfb ec `n jn{njhuè >38
E‘sbc jfbmcjusqc nsenjhcszc
{qèehjuhtc ecz zntfhqz fs ecz ucjgbf`fihcz" [nq cwco{`c `c jgf`czuèqf` zcqnhu sbc of`èjs`c ufwh~sc ~sh afsjgc `cz nquçqcz ¬ cu jcjh ë sbc thuczzc {qf{fquhfbbc``c nsw bhtcnsw ec jgf`cz/ uèqf` enbz `c znbi '@fqicqh` 1;;7 = >:( ¼ e‘fø `cz hbdnqjusz es oxfjnqec cu `cz nuun~scz jèqèaqn`cz e‘fø sb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq uqçz qn{{qfjgè" Nsuqc cwco{`c ufsucz `cz dfqocz ec eè{hzunic {qèbnun`cz fa`hicbu ë sb ~sczuhfbbcocbu ë {qf{fz ec `‘ntfqucocbu 'Qn{{ >888( e‘fø sb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq uqçz qn{{qfjgè"
Zc{uhçoc jfbzunu = `c qn{{fqu cbuqc `n jfbjnthuè 'inhbz cb onuhçqc ec znbuè( cu `n jfbtcwhuè 'on`nhzc `hè nsw jn{njhuèz {qèehjuhtcz ecz zntfhqz cu ucjgbf`fihcz( eèucqohbc sbc exbn/ oh~sc {qèjhzc ~sh fqhcbuc `n bnusqc es ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc = >" Jgn~sc n{{fqu e‘fqeqc zjhcbuhdh~sc fs ucjgbf`fih~sc enbz `‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c cbuqnâbcqnhu = n( sbc qcjfbdhisqnuhfb es zfj`c fbuf`fih~sc < ‡
es Ofxcb/Áic msz~s‘ns WWHc zhçj`c `n ucb/ enbjc zcoa`c eèofbuqcq `c {nzznic iqnesc` ec `n thzhfb e‘sb jfq{z zfsohz ë `‘hbjcquhusec ec `‘cbthqfbbcocbu ë `n thzhfb e‘sb jfq{z `sh/ oíoc tcjucsq e‘hbjcquhusecz <
jc {nzznic iqnesc` ec `n thzhfb e‘sb jfq{z zfsohz ë `‘hbjcquhusec ec `‘cbthqfbbcocbu ë `n thzhfb e‘sb jfq{z `sh/oíoc tcjucsq e‘hbjcquhusecz zcoa`c jfbeshqc ë sbc tf`fbuè ec {qhzc ec jfbuqõ`c es jfq{z e‘fø `‘heèc ~s‘h` zc/ qnhu {fzzha`c ec `c qcbeqc ec {`sz cb {`sz qè{n/ qna`c on``èna`c cu {cqdcjuha`c" a( sbc ohzc ë bhtcns ecz oèjnbhzocz {cqocuunbu e‘nzzsqcq `n zunah`huè znbhunhqc cu zfjhn`c < ‡
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es Ofxcb/Áic msz~s‘ns WWHc zhçj`c `n ucb/ enbjc zcoa`c eèofbuqcq ~sc `n ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ecthcbbc iqnesc``cocbu ec {`sz cb {`sz cbef/ içbc '`c dnhu ec `‘hbehthes `‘hbehthes czu zhibc >4;
Jfbzunuz
`n jfbehuhfb ec `‘hbehthes czu n`nqoc( cu ec ofhbz cb ofhbz cwfiçbc '`c dnhu e‘sbc jnszc bnusqc``c( < ‡
es Ofxcb/Áic msz~s‘ns WWHc zhçj`c `n ucb/ enbjc zcoa`c eèofbuqcq ~sc `n ohzc nsw bfq/ ocz ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz cu ecz jfq{z ecthcbbc iqnesc``cocbu `c dnhu ec `‘nsufqhuè ec `‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c `n~sc``c nsufqhuè zc anzcqnhu ec {`sz cb {`sz zsq `n zunuhz/ uh~sc dfsqbhc {nq `cz èusecz j`hbh~scz cu&fs è{h/ eèohf`fih~scz <
es Ofxcb/Áic msz~s‘ns WWHc zhçj`c `n ucb/ enbjc zcoa`c eèofbuqcq ~sc `n ohzc ë ehzunbjc ecz enbicqz z‘fqhcbucqnhu iqnesc``cocbu tcqz sbc {qètcbuhfb ec zfh ufsuc {cqzfbbc``c ë `‘nsbc e‘sb hbehthes qè{suè ec {`sz cb {`sz nsufbfoc" j( sb qn{{qfjgcocbu fs sb è`fhibcocbu ec `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq < ‡
‡
‡
es Ofxcb/Áic msz~s‘ns WWHc zhçj`c `n ucb/ enbjc zcoa`c eèofbuqcq ~sc `c eè{`fhcocbu zjhcbuhdh~sc cu ucjgbf`fih~sc jfbeshqnhu ec {`sz cb {`sz ë sb qn{{qfjgcocbu ec `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq < es Ofxcb/Áic msz~s‘ns WWHc zhçj`c `n ucb/ enbjc zcoa`c eèofbuqcq ~sc `cz ètèbcocbuz {cqusqanucsqz ë hbjhecbjc {nugf`fih~sc ecthcb/ bc ec {`sz cb {`sz cbefiçbcz '`c dnhu ec `‘hbehthes( cu ec ofhbz cb ofhbz cwfiçbcz '`c dnhu e‘sbc jnszc bnusqc``c("
e( sb jgnbicocbu ec qcihzuqc es ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc enbz `c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb < ‡
es Ofxcb/Áic msz~s‘ns WWHc zhçj`c `n ucb/ enbjc zcoa`c eèofbuqcq ~sc `c qn{{fqu es znhb ns on`znhb z‘nquhjs`c ec {`sz cb {`sz nsufsq e‘sbc jnszc cbefiçbc '`c dnhu ec `‘hbehthes( cu >4>
E‘sbc jfbmcjusqc nsenjhcszc
ec ofhz cb ofhbz nsufsq e‘sbc jnszc cwfiçbc '`c dnhu e‘sbc jnszc bnusqc``c( < c( sbc qceèdhbhuhfb ec `n dhbn`huè es ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc"
1" Jgn~sc hqqs{uhfb e‘sbc bfstc``c on`nehc n sb ho{nju ehqcju zsq `c bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb `c bhtcns e‘hbj`hbnuhfb `c ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc cu zn dhbn`huè = n( zh `‘cddhjnjhuè ecz oèjnbhzocz {cqocuunbu e‘nzzsqcq `n zunah`huè znbhunhqc cu zfjhn`c è{qfstc ecz {qfa`çocz fs bc dfbjuhfbbc {nz h` cwhzuc sbc {qfanah`huè ~sc = ‡
‡
‡
`c bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb nsiocbuc < `c bhtcns ec jfbdhnbjc cbtcqz `‘cddhjnjhuè ecz oèjnbhzocz {cqocuunbu e‘nzzsqcq `n zunah`huè znbhunhqc cu zfjhn`c ehohbsc < `‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c zfhu qcohzc cb jns/ zc <
‡
`‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq zc qn{{qfjgc <
‡
`c ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc zfhu cb jqhzc <
‡
`n dhbn`huè es ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc zfhu qcohzc cb efsuc"
a( zh `‘cddhjnjhuè ecz oèjnbhzocz {cqocuunbu e‘nzzsqcq `n zunah`huè znbhunhqc cu zfjhn`c dfbjuhfbbc ufun`c/ ocbu fs enbz sbc oczsqc njjc{una`c h` cwhzuc sbc {qfanah`huè ~sc = ‡
‡
‡
`c bhtcns e‘ntcqzhfb ehohbsc fs qczuc zuna`c < `c bhtcns ec jfbdhnbjc cbtcqz `‘cddhjnjhuè ecz oèjnbhzocz {cqocuunbu e‘nzzsqcq `n zunah`huè znbhunhqc cu zfjhn`c zfhu qcbdfqjè fs qczuc zun/ a`c < `‘è{hzuèof`fihc oèehjn`c bc zfhu {nz qcohzc cb jns/ zc <
>41
Jfbzunuz ‡
‡
`‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq bc zc qn{{qfjgc {nz fs z‘è`fhibc ~sc`~sc {cs < `c ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc zfhu qcbdfqjè fs qczuc zuna`c <
`n dhbn`huè es ehzjfsqz gxihèbhzuc zfhu jfbdhqoèc" Gshuhçoc jfbzunu = e‘sbc {nqu `c jfq{z ectcbs tcjucsq e‘hbjcquhusecz cu e‘nsuqc {nqu sbc ohzc cb n`nqoc ecz cz{njcz ecz jfo{fqucocbuz ec {`sz cb {`sz cbefiçbc '`c dnhu ec `‘hbehthes `‘hbehthes czu zhibc `n jfbehuhfb ec `‘hbehthes czu n`nqoc( fa`hicqnhu ë sbc {`sz iqnbec {qètcbuhfb ec zfh e‘fø sbc nsufbfohc njjqsc ec `‘hbehthes dnjc ë zn {qf{qc znbuè cu ë `sh/oíoc ec dnéfb ièbèqn`c" Jc {qfjçz e‘nsufbfohznuhfb nofqjè ns Zhçj`c ecz @sohçqcz js`ohbc cb jc WWH c zhçj`c ntcj jcuuc heèc e‘sb hbehthes nsufbfoc cb ufsu nqjghucjuc ec zn thc onâuqc ec zfb eczuhb jn{na`c ec qcbtcqzcq `‘netcqzhuè ë zfb {qfdhu e‘fø `‘èocqicbjc e‘sb {qèzs{{fzè ho{fqunbu = `‘neehuhfb ec ufsucz `cz {qnuh~scz hbehthesc``cz ec {qètcbuhfb ec zfh jfbeshqnhu ë sbc {qfucjuhfb jf``cjuhtc ièbèqn`hzèc bf/ bfazunbu ufsucz nsuqcz jfbzheèqnuhfbz ec bnusqc zfjhn`c" ‡
Jfbdqfbunuhfb ecz ugçzcz {qèzcbuècz Ntnbu e‘nofqjcq `c {nqjfsqz ghzufqh~sc ec `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq efbu bfsz ntfbz qcbes jfo{uc bfsz bfsz èuhfbz n{{sxè zsq ecz ugçzcz dfqucz {qf{fzècz ë `n dfhz {nq Icfqicz Thibnsw cu Icfqicz Thinqc``f" Jcz ugçzcz uhcbbcbu/c``cz ufsmfsqz `n qfs/ uc n{qçz `‘nbn`xzc ~sc bfsz ntfbz cddcjusèc 6 Ugçzcz ec Icfqicz Thibnsw [qcohçqcocbu `‘gfqh}fb ec `n {csq" [fsq èunxcq `n ugçzc ec Thibnsw tfs`nbu ~sc ns dh` es uco{z h` x nsqnhu cs ¬ sb jgc/ ohbcocbu ucqqhdhnbu tcqz sbc {csq ièbèqn`hzèc ofuhtnbu jfbuqõ/ `cz zè`cjuhfbz cwj`szhfbz Zfsqjc z{èjhdhèc bfb tn`hec" ¼ bfsz ntfbz è`nafqè sbc gx{fugçzc jc``c ec `n efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec" Bfsz {cbzfbz ~sc jcuuc gx{fugçzc ahcb ~s‘hbjfo{`çuc cu cwhicnbu ecz tèqhdhjnuhfbz co{hqh~scz {`sz è`nqihcz qcbe qc`nuhtcocbu ahcb jfo{uc ec jc {qfjczzsz eè`h/ ohunbu sb jcqunhb gfqh}fb ec `n {csq" Ec {`sz bfsz jfbzheè/ >4:
E‘sbc jfbmcjusqc nsenjhcszc
qfbz ~s‘c``c czu bfb zcs`cocbu sbc cw{`hjnuhfb znuhzdnhznbuc cu gfj onhz ~s‘c``c czu nszzh sbc jfbmcjusqc nsenjhcszc" bfb ne gfj Ecswhçococbu `‘nsuqc ugçzc dfquc ec Thibnsw zsiiçqc sb cddnjcocbu es jfq{z" [fsq `c ofocbu bfuqc gx{fugçzc {fsq èunxcq jcuuc ugçzc zsiiçqc ~sc `‘nsiocbunuhfb es on`nhzc jgc} `‘hbehthes dnjc ë zfb jfq{z ectcbs tcjucsq e‘hbjcquhusecz jfbeshqnhu ë ¬ `h~shecq ¼ jc oíoc jfq{z ë `c uqnbzjcbecq cb ~sc`~sc zfquc {fsq bc {nz ntfhq ë zsahq `c on`nhzc ~sc zfb {qf/ {qc jfq{z cbicbeqc" @‘nbn`xzc ~sc bfsz ntfbz {qèzcbuèc enbz jcu fstqnic bc qcbe {nz tqnhocbu jfo{uc ec jc {qfjczzsz jnq bfsz jfbzheèqfbz ~s‘h` czu ec `‘fqeqc es ehzjfsqz 'gxihèbhzuc( dfbeè zsq `n efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec" Bfsz n``fbz efbj {fsq `c ofocbu qèzcqtcq jcuuc nbn`xzc nbn`xzc enbz `c jneqc es zcjfbe ufoc ec bfuqc eèonqjgc ë zntfhq = ¬ @c ¬ @c ehzjfsqz znbuèhzuc – Cbuqc oxugc cu qnuhfbn`huè ¼"
Ugçzc ec Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqunbu es jfbzunu es ehzjfsqz e‘sb jfq{z on``èna`c ë tf/ `fbuè Thinqc``f zsiiçqc ~s‘h` x nsqnhu sb qcbfstc``cocbu ufun` ec `n thzhfb es jfq{z ectcbs `hcs jcbuqn` ec `‘hecbuhuè ¬ fø `c zsmcu jcbzè eè{cbeqc cwj`szhtcocbu ec `sh/oíoc \hbmfbjuhfb ë `‘nsufbfohc_ z‘hecbuhdhc ec {nqu cb {nqu ë jc ~s‘cw{qhocbu zn {qèzcbjc {gxzh~sc zcz `hohucz zcz uqnhuz 'Thinqc``f 1;>; = 181(" ¼ @‘gx{fugçzc ec Thinqc``f czu/c``c qèdsuna`c 6 [qcohçqcocbu ec `‘Nbuh~shuè msz~s‘ë nsmfsqe‘gsh `c jfq{z czu ë `n dfhz sbc cw{èqhcbjc e‘hbuhohuè cu ec iqnbec hibfqnbjc" Hbuhohuè cb jc zcbz fø `‘hbehthes x czu jfbzunoocbu qc{fquè cu hibfqnbjc {nqjc ~s‘h` czu hibfqnbu ecz {qfjczzsz ë `‘Śstqc enbz zfb {qf{qc jfq{z" On`iqè `cz ntnbjècz z{cjunjs`nhqcz ec `n oèecjhbc zjhcbuhdh~sc `‘hbehthes ec `n zcjfbec eèjcbbhc es WWHc zhçj`c czu ufsmfsqz jfbdqfbuè ë `‘hibfqnbjc ec zfb {qf{qc jfq{z" Jcqucz `‘hbehthes n njjçz ë sbc os`uhusec e‘hbdfqonuhfbz {qftcbnbu ec ehddèqcbucz zfsqjcz jfbjcqbnbu zfb {qf{qc jfq{z onhz jcz hbdfqonuhfbz bc zfbu {nz dfqjèocbu sbc jfbbnhzznbjc famcjuhtc ns oíoc uhuqc ~sc jc``c es oèec/ jhb < c``c czu oíoc {nqdfhz ec `‘fqeqc es oxugc" >45
Jfbzunuz
Ecswhçococbu `n jfbbnhzznbjc nbuh~sc {qèzsonhu ~sc `‘hbehthes ectnhu ufsu e‘nafqe zc {qèfjjs{cq ec `sh/oíoc 'zfsjh ec zfh( cu cbzshuc msicq {nq `sh/oíoc ec zn {qf{qc jfbehuhfb 'jfbbnhzznbjc ec zfh(" @‘nqqhtèc ec `n oèecjhbc ucjgbfzjhcbuhdh~sc n afs`ctcqzè jcu èunu ecz jgfzcz = `c zfsjh ec zfh czu eèzfqonhz zsafqefbbè ë `n jfbbnhzznbjc ec zfh" @‘hbehthes bc msic {`sz {nq `sh/oíoc ec `n jfbehuhfb ec zfb {qf{qc jfq{z `c jfq{z oèehjn` `c dnhznbu {fsq `sh" Jcz hbdfqon/ hbdfqon/ uhfbz {fsq `n {`s{nqu ecz icbz bc dfqocbu {nz sb ufsu e‘fø `csq ucbenbjc ë qèeshqc `csqz nuucbucz ë sbc zcs`c on`nehc 'èjfbfohc jfibhuhtc , qèesjuhfb ec `n {csq(" Uqfhzhçococbu `‘heèc e‘sb jfq{z on``èna`c ë tf`fbuè ~s‘h` czu {fzzha`c ec jfbuqnhbeqc {nq `n zcs`c heèc e‘x {nqtcbhq z‘czu `cbucocbu ho{fzèc ec{shz `n dhb es WHW c zhçj`c" ^snuqhçococbu enbz `n dfs`èc ec `n {gh`fzf{ghc bèf`haèqn/ `hzuc `‘hbehthes ecthcbu `‘nqjghucjuc ec zn thc cu `‘sbh~sc onâuqc ec zfb eczuhb < h` czu qcz{fbzna`c ec ufsu jc ~sh `sh nqqhtc" H` czu eèdhbhuhtcocbu jc`sh {nq ~sh `n znbuè nqqhtc" Bfsz zs{{fzfbz ~sc jc qcbfstc``cocbu ec `n thzhfb es jfq{z ectcbs `hcs jcbuqn` cu oèun{gfqh~sc ec `‘hecbuhuè bc qc/ `çtc {nz e‘sbc zcs`c jnszc" Cb dnhu h` zcqnhu {`suõu `c qèzs`unu ec `n jfbtcqicbjc ec ehddèqcbucz exbnoh~scz ghzufqh~scz cu js`us/ qc``cz jfooc `‘cw{fzc Thinqc``f" Cb jc zcbz h` czu {`nszha`c ec jfbzheèqcq ~sc `‘gx{fugçzc ec Thinqc``f czu sbc cw{`hjnuhfb znuhzdnhznbuc cu bfb ne gfj gfj ë zntfhq ~sc `c jfq{z czu ectcbs `hcs jcbuqn` ec `‘hecbuhuè" H` czu èin`cocbu {`nszha`c ec jfbzheè/ qcq ~sc jcuuc gx{fugçzc n qhifsqcszcocbu èuè uczuèc {nq Thin/ qc``f ë uqntcqz zfb ho{fznbu uqntnh` ec qcjgcqjgc ghzufqh~sc" Ec {`sz `‘njusc``c d`fqnhzfb ecz ehzjfsqz zsq `cz {qfeshuz ec znbuè `cz {qfeshuz ec acnsuè `n jghqsqihc czugèuh~sc `n {qètcbuhfb `n bsuqhuhfb `cz qèihocz cu `n qcohzc cb dfqoc thcbeqnhu cb ~sc`/ ~sc zfquc èunxcq `‘gx{fugçzc ec Thinqc``f" [fsq noè`hfqcq `c eciqè ec tn`hehuè ec `n ugçzc ec Thinqc``f sbc èusec co{hqh~sc zsq `n zsqdnjc fjjs{èc enbz `cz oèehnz {nq `c ehzjfsqz ec `n znbuè zfsz zcz os`uh{`cz dnjcuucz {cqocuuqnhu e‘cb nsiocbucq `c eciqè ec {qèjhzhfb" >43
E‘sbc jfbmcjusqc nsenjhcszc
[nqunbu ec jcz jfbzheèqnuhfbz cu es dnhu ~sc `‘gx{fugçzc ec gfj bfsz Thinqc``f czu sbc cw{`hjnuhfb znuhzdnhznbuc cu bfb ne gfj jfbzheèqcqfbz ~sc `c jfq{z czu ectcbs cb jcuuc zcjfbec eè/ jcbbhc es WWHc zhçj`c cu enbz `cz zfjhèuèz fjjhecbun`cz `c zf/ j`c fbuf`fih~sc zsq `c~sc` z‘è`nafqcbu cu zc zuqsjusqcbu bfz {qf{qcz qc{qèzcbunuhfbz qc{qèzcbunuhfbz ec zfh cu es ofbec"
>44
JFBJ@SZHFB Bfsz ntfbz eçz `c eè{nqu zfs`ctè sb {qfa`çoc = cb onuhçqc ec znbuè {nqnefwn`cocbu `‘hbjqfxna`c eè{`fhcocbu zjhcbuhdh/ ~sc cu ucjgbf`fih~sc ecz WWc cu WWHc zhçj`cz zcoa`c {qftf/ ~scq jgc} `‘hbehthes `c zcbuhocbu e‘sbc jfbzunbuc {qfwhohuè ntcj ecz enbicqz ë hbjhecbjc {nugfiçbc 'hbucqbcz fs cwucqbcz(" [fsq ucbucq ec jfo{qcbeqc jc {nqnefwc bfsz ntfbz {qf{fzè `‘gx{fugçzc ec `n efoczuhjnuhfb ec `‘hbjcquhusec 4:" [nqunbu ec jcz nbn`xzcz jhb~ bfstc``cz gx{fugçzcz ec uqntnh` nxnbu ecz ho{`hjnuhfbz zfjhn`cz ho{fqunbucz èocqicbu = ‡
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[qfjczzsz gxihèbhzuc {nq `c~sc` `‘íuqc gsonhb jgcqjgc e‘sbc {nqu ë zèjsqhzcq `cz cz{njcz `cz jfo{fqucocbuz cu `cz jfq{z ë hbjhecbjc {nugf`f/ ih~sc cu e‘nsuqc {nqu ë bfqocq ë zsqtch``cq cbqcihzuqcq ètn`scq uqnhucq cu jfbuqõ`cq `c jfo{fqucocbu ecz icbz `csq jfq{z `cz famcuz cu `cz ètèbc/ ocbuz enbz `c asu ec ifstcqbcq `‘njuhthuè gsonhbc" Jc {qfjczzsz gxihèbhzuc mfsc ë ecsw bhtcnsw = 'h( `c bhtcns bhtcns ohjqf fø `cz hbehthesz hbehthesz zfbu uqhèz jnuèif/ qhzèz cu uqnhuèz zc`fb `csq {qfdh` nhbzh jfbzuhusè 'Cqyhb Ifddonb {nq`nhu ec {cf{`c/{qfjczzhbi ( < 'hh( `c bhtcns onjqf fø jcqunhbcz zuqsjusqcz zfjhn`cz zfbu ohzcz cb {`njc cu hbzuhusuhfbbn`hzècz"
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>47
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AHA@HFIQN[GHC Nbeqhnbnbufnbeqf` C" Anzs` Z" Lnqhi E" Ychzz Q" '1;;4( Zxbugcuhj ahf`fix= bcy cbihbccqhbi qs`cz dfq nb cocqihbi ehz/ jh{`hbc jh{`hbc Of`cjs`nq Zxzucoz Ahf`fix Nquhj`c bsoacq= 1;;4";;17 efh=>;">;:7&oza5>;;;9: efh=>;">;:7&oza5>;;;9: [sa`hzgce fb`hbc= >4 Onx" Nochzcb M"J" '1;>>( @n '1;>>( @n osunuhfb ecz zntfhqz cu ecz {fstfhqz {fstfhqz ec `n oèecjhbc = sbc qcdfbenuhfb {cqonbcbuc ec `‘èugh~sc `‘èugh~sc hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thin/ qc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" Anqahcq M"A"I" '>7>>( Uqnhuè e‘gxihçbc n{{`h~sèc ë `n ugèqn/ {csuh~sc {csuh~sc [nqhz = Oè~shifb Onqthz u" 1 < guu{=&&ahu"`x&TyXs5^"" guu{=&&ahu"`x&TyXs5^ Anscq Q"N" '>844( Zfjhn` Hbehjnufqz Hbehjnufqz Jnoaqheic = OHU [qczz" Acqicq [" @sjlonbb U" >874 @n >874 @n jfbzuqsjuhfb zfjhn`c zfjhn`c ec `n qèn`huè qèn`huè [nqhz = Oèqhehcbz L`hbjlzhcjl" econhb [nqhz = D`noon/ Acqbnqe M" '>884( @n '>884( @n oèecjhbc ec econhb qhfb jf``" Efohbfz" Acqbnqe M" '>881( Nsehuhfb ectnbu `n jfoohzzhfb e‘cb~síuc ec `‘Nzzcoa`èc bnuhfbn`c 1 eèjcoaqc" Ahqnacb M"B" '>894( @cz '>894( @cz gfoocz cu `n {czuc cb Dqnbjc Dqnbjc cu > @n {czuc enbz enbz `cz {nxz csqf{ècbz cu oèehucqqnbècbz oèehucqqnbècbz u" > @n 1 @cz gfoocz dnjc ë `n {czuc `‘ghzufhqc `‘ghzufhqc u" 1 @cz {czuc [nqhz&@n Gnxc = Ofsufb" A`nbj @" '>73;( Ghzufhqc '>73;( Ghzufhqc ec ehw nbz, >7:;/>75; >7:;/>75; u" 1 @nsznb/ bc = [nibcqqc Èehucsq" Afhthb N" '>85>( Anjuèqhcz '>85>( Anjuèqhcz cu thqsz thqsz [SD = [nqhz" Afsddnqe J" '1;;;( @c '1;;;( @c eètc`f{{cocbu ecz {qnuh~scz ec `n ièbèuh~sc oèehjn`c cu cu `n jfbzuqsjuhfb ecz bfqocz ahfèugh~scz ahfèugh~scz qc`nuhthzoc èugh/ hb Nbugqf{f`fihc cu Zfjhèuèz Nbugqf{f`fihc, Zfjhèuèz Nbugqf{f`fihc, qc`nuhthzoc ~sc cu znbuè znbuè tf`" 15 bf" 1 {" 9:/8;"
Afsqehcs [" '>899( Qconq~scz '>899( Qconq~scz {qfthzfhqcz zsq `n {cqjc{uhfb zfjhn`c es jfq{z jfq{z hb Njucz ec `n qcjgcqjgc cb zjhcbjcz zfjhn`cz tf`" >5 bf" >5 {{" 3>/35" Aqnsbzuchb M"D" '1;>>( [nqhz '1;>>( [nqhz >7;; = `n bnhzznbjc ec `n oèec/ jhbc ofecqbc ofecqbc hb Nsw oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zh/ hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc jnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" Jgnonxfs" I" '1;>>( @cz '1;>>( @cz jfq{z th`z hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n th`z hb Nsw oèecjhbc oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" Jgnsofbu [" '1;;3( @nhu, '1;;3( @nhu, {qfeshuz `nhuhcqz, bsuqhuhfb bsuqhuhfb cu znb/ uè = ec `n zjhcbjc ë `‘heèf`fihc `‘heèf`fihc hb Jnghcqz ec Bsuqhuhfb cu ec Ehèuèuh~sc Tf`soc 5; Zs{{`èocbu > Zc{ucoaqc" Ec`n{fquc D" '1;>>( Cw{èqhocbucq '1;>>( Cw{èqhocbucq zsq `‘nbhon` hb Nsw fqhih/ `‘nbhon` hb Nsw bcz ec `n oèecjhbc oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [n/ qhz = Dnxnqe" Ecz{qèz N" '>79:( Uqnhuè ugèfqh~sc cu {qnuh~sc ec `n zx{gh/ `hz = fs hbdcjuhfb {sqs`cbuc zx{gh`huh~sc zx{gh`huh~sc [nqhz = Icqocq Anh``hç/ qc" {qfa`çocz uqne" ]nzl Ecycx M" \>819_ '1;;:( @c '1;;:( @c {sa`hj cu zcz {qfa`çocz M" őstqcz {gh`fzf{gh~scz HH [nqhz = [S[ & Dnqqnif & Èe" @èf Zjgccq" Ef`` Q" Gh`` A" '>831( Zusex fd ugc Ncuhf`fix fd Jnqjhbfon fd ugc @sbi Aqhuhzg Ocehjn` Mfsqbn` < 1 = >;9>" Eqxzen`c IQ" '>773( È`èocbuz '>773( È`èocbuz ec zjhcbjc zfjhn`c fs Qc`hihfb {gxzh~sc, zcwsc``c cu bnusqc``c bnusqc``c [nqhz = Dè`hw N`jnb Èehucsq < guu{=&&ahu"`x&]X{wj^"" guu{=&&ahu"`x&]X{wj^ Esohu M" '1;>1( Eqsiz '1;>1( Eqsiz dfq @hdc ― Gfy [gnqonjcsuhjn` [gnqonjcsuhjn` Jfo{nbhcz Ecdhbc Fsq Gcn`ug Gcn`ug @fbefb = Eslc Sbhtcqzhux [qczz" Dnaqc I" '>884( @cz '>884( @cz zntfhqz zsq `n jfbunihfb jfbunihfb = `n {czuc cu `‘hbzuhusuhfb ec `n ~snqnbunhbc ~snqnbunhbc hb Js`usqc dqnbénhzc e‘Noèqh~sc {" 7:/>;4"
>95
DNF '>883( Iqnbez ugçocz ec `)n`hocbunuhfb cu ec `)niqh/ js`usqc ofbehn`c ns eèasu ecz nbbècz 8; 8; hb Niqhjs`usqc ofb/ ehn`c = gfqh}fb 1;>; < guu{=&&ahu"`x&SnGIUc guu{=&&ahu"`x&SnGIUc"" Dhzjg`cq J" '1;;>( @‘gfobhtfqc '1;;>( @‘gfobhtfqc [nqhz = Feh`c Mnjfa" Dqnjnzufqf I" '\>354_ >83;( H` >83;( H` jfbunihf, `c on`cuuhc jfbun/ jfbun/ ihfzc c `n `fqf jsqn jsqn D`fqcbjc = @cf Z" F`zjglh" Dqnzcq [" '1;>1( Ufsz on`necz ― on`necz ― Znbuè ufun`hunhqc, zfjhèuè zfjhèuè es on`nhzc on`nhzc [nqhz = Èehuhfbz Dsusq [qfjgc" Dslsen ns bfo Dslsen L" '1;>;( Eèj`nqnuhfb '1;>;( Eèj`nqnuhfb es Eq Lchmh Dslsen ec `‘FOZ ë `‘fjjnzhfb ec `‘nsehuhfb es Jfbzch` ec `‘Csqf{c guu{=&&ahu"`x&SZwchZ"" zsq `n iqh{{c {nbeèoh~sc {nbeèoh~sc G>B> G>B> guu{=&&ahu"`x&SZwchZ Inqhb M" '>744( Ec '>744( Ec `n {f`hjc znbhunhqc cu ec `‘nzzhzunbjc {s/ a`h~sc, enbz `csq qn{{fqu ntcj `‘cwuhbjuhfb ecz on`nehcz tèbè/ qhcbbcz qhcbbcz [nqhz = Thjufq Onzzfb cu dh`z" Icfddnqe ["X" '1;>>( @n '1;>>( @n znbuè ë `‘gcsqc ecz jgfhw hb Nsw jgfhw hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" Ihacqu Q" '1;;;( @c{qn sbe Usacqls`fzc= }ych IchÖc`b ecq Ocbzjggchu Onxcbbc = Sbhtcqzhuè Mfgnbbcz Isucbacqi" Ifqh Q" Ec` Tfif O"M" 1;;3 @n 1;;3 @n znbuè ufun`hunhqc ‑ Czznh zsq `n oèehjn`hznuhfb ec `‘cwhzucbjc `‘cwhzucbjc [nqhz = D`noonqhfb Jgno{z&Czznhz" Ifs`e Z"M" C`eqceic B" '>899( [sbjusnuce '>899( [sbjusnuce c~sh`haqhn = ugc uco{f nbe ofec fd ctf`suhfb qcjfbzhecqce hb [n`cahf`fix tf`" : Bf" 1 guu{=&&ahu"`x&8iah[W guu{=&&ahu"`x&8iah[W"" e‘hb~shèusecz ^sèacj = [qczzcz Gne`cq B"O" '1;>;( On`necz '1;>;( On`necz e‘hb~shèusecz ec `‘Sbhtcqzhuè @ntn` < uqnesjuhfb ec Dcqbnbe Usqjfuuc" Gc``cq O"M" '1;;1( Ugc Bnbf/Ahf Jfbbcjuhfb nbe huz Ho{`hjn/ uhfb dfq Gsonb [cqdfqonbjc [cqdfqonbjc hb Qfjf nbe Anhbaqheic YUCJ = Jfbtcqihbi Ucjgbf`fihcz dfq Ho{qfthbi Gsonb [cq/ dfqonbjc guu{=&&ahu"`x&U7fZ`4 guu{=&&ahu"`x&U7fZ`4"" Lnuzbc`zfb N" '1;>;( EBN '1;>;( EBN zc~scbjhbi dfq ugc onzzcz onzzcz ― Ugc `nsbjg fd n bcy ucjgbf`fix onqlz n oftc ufynqez zon``/zjn`c >93
zc~scbjhbi hb ctcqx `na `na hb Bnusqc Bcyz [sa`hzgce fb`hbc >5 Ecjcoacq efh=>;">;:7&bcyz"1;>;"495" efh=>;">;:7&bcyz"1;>;"495" Lsq}ych` Q" Iqfzzonb U" '1;;4( Zcqfbz/bfsz hoofquc`z 6 Foèin :, bnbfucjgbf`fihc, j`fbnic""" j`fbnic""" [nqhz = Esbfe jf``" ^snh ecz Zjhcbjcz" @nbjcqcnsw C" '\>748_ >797( Ec >797( Ec `‘n`jff`hzoc cu ec zcz jfbzè~scbjcz ns {fhbu ec tsc {gxzh~sc, hbuc``cjusc` cu ofqn` ecz {f{s`nuhfbz {f{s`nuhfbz [nqhz = Efbbnse Èehucsq" @cjsxcq A"[" '>874( @‘gxihçbc '>874( @‘gxihçbc cb Dqnbjc ntnbu ntnbu [nzucsq, Zn`fofb/Anxcu [nzucsq cu `n qètf`suhfb >93;/>73; >93;/>73; hb J" Zn`fofb/Anxcu [nzucsq qètf`suhfb {nzufqhcbbc {nzufqhcbbc [nqhz = Dnxfu" @cthb O"@" If`ezuchb G" Icqgnqeu ["Q" '>83;( JNBJCQ NBE UFANJJF ZOFLHBI ZOFLHBI = N [qc`hohbnqx Qc{fqu Qc{fqu Mfsqbn` fd ugc Nocqhjnb Ocehjn` Nzzfjhnuhfb >5:'5( = ::4/::7" @fqicqh` 'ec( O" '1;;7n( Cbuqcuhcb '1;;7n( Cbuqcuhcb cb dqnbénhz zsq zsq `n ehçuc oèehucqqnbècbbc oèehucqqnbècbbc zhuc es Eq Ohjgc` ec @fqicqh` < guu{=&&ahu"`x&[DhXXO"" guu{=&&ahu"`x&[DhXXO @fqicqh` 'ec( O" '1;;7a( Jgf`czuèqf` – Ocbzfbicz cu {qf/ {ninbec {ninbec [nqhz = Ughcqqx Zfsjnq Èehuhfbz" @yfdd N" '>839( Ugc jfbjc{u fd thqsz thqsz M Icb Ohjqfahf` Fju<>9'1(=1:8/3: [saOce [OHE= >:57>:;7" Onczuqsuh O" '1;;4( @n '1;;4( @n zhbis`nqhuè ucjgbf`fih~sc ucjgbf`fih~sc = sb jgc/ ohb tcqz `c {fzugsonhb 6 6 hb Thtnbu – @‘njusn`huè ecz zjhcb/ jcz cu eèanuz zsq `c thtnbu [nqhz = Sbhtcqzhuè [nqhz W" Onzfb N" Esbgh`` [" '1;;7( N '1;;7( N aqhcd ecdhbhuhfb fd qcicbcqn/ qcicbcqn/ >;"11>9&>954;93>":"> uhtc ocehjhbc ocehjhbc hb Dsusqc Ocehjhbc >;"11>9&>954;93>":"> guu{=&&ahu"`x&}eQwCu" On}}ch Z"@" '>7;7( @cuucqc '>7;7( @cuucqc eh sb bfunqf n sb ocqjnbuc ocqjnbuc ec` zcjf`f WHT D`fqcbjc = J" Isnzuh" Oh``cq @"O" Ofbngnb M" '>839( Ugc Dnjuz Acghbe Dh`ucq/Uh{ Jhinqcuucz Jhinqcuucz Qcnecq‘z Ehiczu Ms`x"
>94
ahf`fihc hb Nsw Ofs`hb N"O" '1;>>( @‘ghzufhqc '1;>>( @‘ghzufhqc tsc {nq `n ahf`fihc hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" Osujg E" Yng`hu Y" Yh``hnozfb I" '1;;3( Bsuqhicbfohjz '1;;3( Bsuqhicbfohjz nbe bsuqhicbcuhjz= ugc cocqihbi dnjcz fd bsuqhuhfb bsuqhuhfb @nsznbbc = Sbhtcqzhux fd @nsznbbc < hb Ugc DNZCA Mfsqbn` 1;;3<>8=>4;1/>4> Bczu`è Qczcnqjg Jcbucq $ Jcbucq dfq Hbuc/ iqnuhtc Icbfohjz" Bisxcb Qnzgdfqe Qnzgdfqe [cbb '1;>>( '1;>>( @n iqh{{c ns WWH c zhçj`c = hb As``cuhb ec `‘Fqinbhznuhfb n{{c` ë jfbuqhasuhfb jfbuqhasuhfb hb As``cuhb `‘Fqinbhznuhfb ofbehn`c ec `n Znbuè Znbuè 78=:>7/:>7" efh = >;"159>&A@U">>";77594 guu{=&&ahu"`x&UZQ]t:"" guu{=&&ahu"`x&UZQ]t: FOZ '>854( [qènoas`c '>854( [qènoas`c nef{uè {nq `n Jfbdèqcbjc hbucqbnuhf/ hbucqbnuhf/ bn`c zsq `n Znbuè Znbuè hb Njucz fddhjhc`z ec `‘Fqinbhznuhfb ofbehn/ `c ec `n znbuè b»" 1 " FOZ '1;;8( N`cquc '1;;8( N`cquc cu njuhfb ns bhtcns ofbehn` ofbehn` 'INQ( – Tnjjhbz jfbuqc `n iqh{{c {nbeèoh~sc G>B> G>B> guu{=&&ahu"`x&e>OqjZ"" guu{=&&ahu"`x&e>OqjZ Foqnb N"Q" '>89>( Ugc C{hecohf`fihjn` Uqnbzhuhfb Uqnbzhuhfb Oh``/ anbl Ocofqhn` Dsbe ^snucq`x >" [nqè N" '\>373_ >845( Ehzjfsqz >845( Ehzjfsqz ec `n `hjfqbc `hjfqbc [nqhz = @htqc j`sa es `haqnhqc" dfisqc es oèecjhb [cqc} Z" '1;>>( @c '1;>>( @c zsqihzzzcocbu ec `n dfisqc '>3;;/>7;;( '>3;;/>7;;( hb Nsw oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zh/ hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc jnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" [cucq M"[" '1;>>( Es '1;>>( Es jfq{z qceèjfstcqu ë `‘ètch` `‘ètch` j`hbhjhcb j`hbhjhcb hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thin/ qc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" Qn{{ Q" '>888( Uczuhbi Yfocb, Uczuhbi ugc Dcusz = Ugc Zf/ jhn` Ho{nju fd Nohfjcbuczhz hb Nocqhjn Nocqhjn Bcy Xfql = Qfsu`ceic Qnzoszzcb N" '1;>>( [fstfhq '1;>>( [fstfhq ec `n oèecjhbc, oèecjhbc, oèecjhbc es hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc {fstfhq hb Nsw oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" >99
Zn`s}}f M"D" Then` @" Ifb}n`c} M"[" '1;;5( @cz '1;;5( @cz thqsz èocqicbuz èocqicbuz [nqhz = HQE Èehuhfbz" Znbuè Jnbnen '1;;4( Ehthzhfb ec `)ètn`snuhfb cb bsuqhuhfb Uqnbzdfqocq `)n{{qfthzhfbbcocbu n`hocbunhqc Qn{{fqu n`hocbunhqc Qn{{fqu es Iqfs{c e)èusec zsq `cz iqnhzzcz uqnbz {qèzcbuè ns Ohbhzuçqc ec `n znbuè znbuè guu{=&&ahu"`x&]`]N~: guu{=&&ahu"`x&]`]N~:"" Zcin`` N" Dqhcz J"M" 1;>> [sqzshbi 1;>> [sqzshbi Gcn`ug nbe Yc``bczz Yc``bczz Efb Oh``z = Fwdfqe [qczz" Zgqczugn @"A" '1;;4( @hdc '1;;4( @hdc Cw{cjunbjx hb ugc Sbhuce Sbhuce Zunucz Zunucz JQZ Qc{fqu dfq Jfbiqczz Efoczuhj Zfjhn` [f`hjx Ehthzhfb Nsiszu >4" Zhjnqe E" Thinqc``f I" '1;>>( Nsw '1;>>( Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc oèecjhbc [nqhz = Dnxnqe" oèecjhbc of/ Zhjnqe E" '1;>>n( @‘sbhtcqz '1;>>n( @‘sbhtcqz ucjgbh~sc ec `n oèecjhbc hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc ecqbc ecqbc hb Nsw oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" cu znbz zsmcu ë Zhjnqe E" '1;>>a( Ec '1;>>a( Ec `n oèecjhbc znbz jfq{z cu `‘èugh~sc `‘èugh~sc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" Un`ca B"B" '1;;9( Ugc A`njl Zynb ― Zynb ― Ugc Ho{nju fd ugc Ghig`x Ho{qfana`c Ho{qfana`c Bcy Xfql = Qnbefo Gfszc" Ugnb L" '1;;3( Gnbi '1;;3( Gnbi hb Ugcqc= Ugc 13/Xcnq 13/Xcnq Ynhu dfq Hoofq/ un`hux – Hbucqthcy yhug Nsaqcx ec Iqcx Iqcx @htc Zjhcbjc = guu{=&&ahu"`x&f8fJ[C"" guu{=&&ahu"`x&f8fJ[C Ufsnuh D"F" '1;;>( @c '1;;>( @c uco{z ec `‘è{heèohc cu ec `‘ho{fzzha`c hb Nsw fqhihbcz ec `n oèecjhbc jfbuqõ`c 6 6 hb Nsw oèecjhbc ehq" Ehehcq Zhjnqe Icfqicz Thinqc``f [nqhz = Dnxnqe" Uqfbjhb M"[" '>73>( [qèzcqtnuhfb '>73>( [qèzcqtnuhfb ec `n zx{gh`hz, zx{gh`hz, ec zfb cw/ uhbjuhfb enbz `‘nqoèc cu enbz `cz onhzfbz ec uf`èqnbjc, uqnhuc/ ocbu {qèzcqtnuhd cu jsqnuhd ec jcuuc on`nehc, ecz enquqcz cu ecz guu{=&&ahu"`x&Tid]T4"" nddcjuhfbz zjqfds`cszcz zjqfds`cszcz [nqhz guu{=&&ahu"`x&Tid]T4 es iqnz ― Ghzufhqc Ghzufhqc Thinqc``f I" '1;>;( @cz '1;>;( @cz oèunofq{gfzcz es ec `‘faèzhuè `‘faèzhuè [nqhz = Zcsh`"
>97
znbuè ― @c Thinqc``f I" '>888( Ghzufhqc '>888( Ghzufhqc ecz {qnuh~scz ec znbuè znhb cu `c on`znhb ec{shz `c Ofxcb/Áic Ofxcb/Áic [nqhz = Zcsh`" Thibnsw I" '1;;8( @‘ntcbusqc '1;;8( @‘ntcbusqc es jfq{z ― Ecz Ecz oxzuçqcz ec `‘Nbuh~shuè nsw eèjfstcqucz njusc``cz njusc``cz [nqhz = [xion`hfb" Thibnsw I" '1;>1( Bfucz '1;>1( Bfucz ec uqntnh` hbèehu" Thqcx M"M" '>715( Ghzufhqc '>715( Ghzufhqc bnusqc``c es icbqc icbqc gsonhb gsonhb [nqhz = Jqfjgnqe ‚ @haqnhqc Èehucsq ufoc H < guu{=&&ahu"`x&TuuL7I guu{=&&ahu"`x&TuuL7I"" Jfzohj Zcnqjg '1;;5( Tf`" > Bf" 5 = DFQSO Mfgb N" Dqfo N" Dqfo ugc Ahi Anbi uf ugc Ahi Jqsbjg Jqsbjg Ahi Cnq Qnehf Fazcqtnufqx nbe Bfqug Nocqhjnb Nzuqf[gxzhjn` Fazcqtnufqx" Yc`jg G" Ih`acqu Zjgynqu} @hzn O" Yf`fzghb Zuctcb '1;>>( Ftcqehnibfzce, Onlhbi [cf{`c [cf{`c Zhjl hb ugc [sqzshu fd Gcn`ug Gcn`ug Afzufb= Acnjfb [qczz" Yxbecq" C"@" Iqngno C"N" '>83;( UFANJJF ZOFLHBI NZ N [FZZHA@C CUHF@FIHJ CUHF@FIHJ DNJUFQ HB AQFBJGHFICBHJ JNQJHBFON= N Zusex fd fd 475 [qftce Jnzcz Jnzcz Mfsqbn` fd ugc Nocqhjnb Ocehjn` Nzzfjhnuhfb <>5:'5("
>98
