LTE 80-W2559-1_RevB

Student Guide Book 1

80-W2559-1 Rev B

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This technical data may be subject to U.S. and international export, re-export or transfer ("export") laws. Diversion contrary to U.S. and international law is strictly prohibited.

QUALCOMM is a registered trademark of QUALCOMM Incorporated in the United States and may be registered in other countries. Other product and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. CDMA2000 is a registered certification mark of the Telecommunications Industry Association, used under license. ARM is a registered trademark of ARM Limited. QDSP is a registered trademark of QUALCOMM Incorporated in the United States and other countries.

Material Use Restrictions These written materials are to be used only in conjunction with the associated instructor-led class. They are not intended to be used solely as reference material. No part of these written materials may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the written permission of QUALCOMM Incorporated. Copyright © 2009 QUALCOMM Incorporated. All rights reserved.

QUALCOMM Incorporated 5775 Morehouse Drive San Diego, CA 92121-1714 U.S.A. Megafon Use Only

80-W2559-1 Rev B

LTE Network Planning Table of Contents

Notes

© 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated

MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION

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Table of Contents Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview ..................................... 1-1 LTE Coverage Planning and Course Outline ............................................................. 1-2 Introductions ...................................................................................................................... 1-3 Housekeeping ...................................................................................................................... 1-4 Course Goals and Training Materials ........................................................................... 1-5 Prerequisites ...................................................................................................................... 1-6 Course Overview .................................................................................................................. 1-7 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 1-8 Key Requirements for LTE Evolution .......................................................................... 1-9 Evolution of 3G to 4G Data Technologies ................................................................. 1-11 LTE System Architecture ................................................................................................ 1-12 LTE, EPS, and SAE .............................................................................................................. 1-13 EPS Architecture................................................................................................................. 1-14 Radio Access Network...................................................................................................... 1-15 Physical Layer Aspects..................................................................................................... 1-16 LTE Physical Channels ..................................................................................................... 1-17 Frames and Slots................................................................................................. 1-18 Resource Block .................................................................................................... 1-19 Symbols .................................................................................................................. 1-20 Cyclic Prefix (CP) ................................................................................................................ 1-21 LTE Physical Channels – MIMO .................................................................................... 1-22 Downlink Channelization Hierarchy .......................................................................... 1-23 Uplink Channelization Hierarchy ................................................................................ 1-24 Network Planning Overview ......................................................................................... 1-25 2G (TDMA/FDMA) ............................................................................................. 1-26 3G .................................................................................................................... 1-27 4G .................................................................................................................... 1-28 LTE Coverage Planning .................................................................................................... 1-29 LTE Overview – What Did We Learn?....................................................................... 1-30 Quiz .................................................................................................................... 1-31 Answers .................................................................................................................. 1-32 Quiz .................................................................................................................... 1-33 Answers .................................................................................................................. 1-34 Appendix and References ............................................................................................... 1-35 LTE Frequency Bands....................................................................................................... 1-36 LTE Frequency Bands....................................................................................................... 1-37 Resources and Bandwidth .............................................................................................. 1-38 Reference Signals and Antennas .................................................................................. 1-39 Section 2: Estimating Interference in LTE ...................................................... 2-1 Section Learning Objectives............................................................................................. 2-2 LTE Interference................................................................................................................... 2-3 SNR Estimation ..................................................................................................................... 2-4 Defining Interference in LTE ........................................................................................... 2-5



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Inter-system Interference ................................................................................................ 2-6 Doppler and Delay Spread Tradeoffs ........................................................................... 2-7 The Need for Cyclic Prefix ................................................................................................ 2-8 Cyclic Prefix 3GPP – LTE Specifications ...................................................................... 2-9 Expected Degradation due to EDS ............................................................................... 2-10 Cyclic Prefix Optimization ............................................................................................. 2-11 Doppler Shift .................................................................................................................... 2-12 Bottom Line .................................................................................................................... 2-13 Expected Impact of Doppler Shift on LTE Performance .................................... 2-14 Defining Interference in LTE ......................................................................................... 2-15 Frequency Deployment Scenarios in LTE ................................................................ 2-17 N=1 .................................................................................................................... 2-18 Future Feature – Fractional Frequency Reuse ....................................................... 2-19 Inter-system Interference .............................................................................................. 2-20 LTE Interference Mitigation ......................................................................................... 2-21 Interference Mitigation Defined ................................................................................... 2-22 SNR Estimation ................................................................................................................... 2-23 Calculated Measurements .............................................................................................. 2-24 Single Tx Antenna SNR Example .................................................................................. 2-25 SNR Example – MINO Case ............................................................................................. 2-26 What Did We Learn? ......................................................................................................... 2-27 Quiz .................................................................................................................... 2-28 Answers .................................................................................................................. 2-29 References and Appendix: LTE Measurements ..................................................... 2-30 References .................................................................................................................... 2-31 LTE Physical Layer Measurements ............................................................................ 2-32 Received Interference Power – RIP ........................................................................... 2-35 LTE Physical Layer Measurements ............................................................................. 2-36 Reference Signal Received Power – RSRP ............................................................... 2-37 Reference Signal Received Quality – RSRQ............................................................... 2-38 RSRP, RSSI, and RSRQ ....................................................................................................... 2-39 RSRQ Estimation................................................................................................................. 2-40 UE Reported Values ........................................................................................................... 2-41 CP Extended Supports MBMS ........................................................................................ 2-42 Section 3: Overlay and Coexistence with other Technologies ................ 3-1 Section Learning Objectives ............................................................................................. 3-2 Inter-system Interference ................................................................................................ 3-3 Defining Interference in LTE ........................................................................................... 3-4 Inter-system Interference ................................................................................................ 3-5 Interference – Transmitter Emission Model ............................................................. 3-6 Defining LTE Tx Emissions in 3GPP ............................................................................. 3-7 Interference – Receiver Response Model ................................................................... 3-8 Interference – 3GPP Terminology ................................................................................. 3-9 ACIR .................................................................................................................... 3-10 Defining Receiver Response in LTE ............................................................................ 3-11 Reference Sensitivity ........................................................................................................ 3-12



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Explanation – Signal Levels Diagram ......................................................................... 3-13 Near-Far Effect .................................................................................................................... 3-14 Co-Existence Scenarios .................................................................................................... 3-15 3GPP LTE Operating Bands ............................................................................................ 3-16 Likely Co-Existence Scenarios ...................................................................................... 3-17 Process for Co-Existence Planning .............................................................................. 3-18 LTE Spectrum .................................................................................................................... 3-19 Interference Calculation Examples – Case 1 ........................................................... 3-20 700 MHz Band Plan ........................................................................................... 3-21 Guard Band Separation .................................................................................... 3-22 eNB ACLR as Discrete Power Density ........................................................ 3-23 Transmitter and Receiver Spec .................................................................... 3-24 Signal Levels Diagram ...................................................................................... 3-25 Calculation Spreadsheet .................................................................................. 3-26 ACI Check ............................................................................................................... 3-27 Out-of-Band Emissions Check ....................................................................... 3-28 Coexistence Scenarios – Case 2 .................................................................................... 3-29 2.6 GHz IMT-2000 Band Plan ........................................................................ 3-30 Guard Band Separation .................................................................................... 3-31 eNB ACLR as Discrete Power Density ........................................................ 3-32 Transmitter and Receiver Spec .................................................................... 3-33 Calculation Spreadsheet .................................................................................. 3-34 Signal Levels Diagram ...................................................................................... 3-35 Out-of-Band Emissions Check ....................................................................... 3-36 Coexistence Scenarios – Case 3 .................................................................................... 3-37 LTE 10 MHz eNB to UMTS NodeB Rx ......................................................... 3-38 Coexistence Scenarios – Case 4 .................................................................................... 3-39 CDMA BTS to UMTS UE Rx .............................................................................. 3-40 Interference Calculation .................................................................................................. 3-41 Inputs Required – Tx ........................................................................................................ 3-42 Inputs Required – Rx ........................................................................................................ 3-43 What Did We Learn? ......................................................................................................... 3-44 Quiz .................................................................................................................... 3-45 Answers .................................................................................................................. 3-46 Appendix and References ............................................................................................... 3-47 LTE Spectrum Worldwide .............................................................................. 3-48 Spectrum Usage by Band & Location ......................................................... 3-49 U.S. – 700 MHz Band Plan ............................................................................... 3-50 FCC License Areas (700 & AWS Spectrum) ............................................. 3-51 IMT-2000 Extension Band 2.5 GHz to 2.69 GHz ................................... 3-52 Section 4: RF Propagation and Mode ling ....................................................... 4-1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 4-2 RF Propagation Model for LTE ....................................................................................... 4-3



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Sample RF Propagation Models for LTE ..................................................................... 4-5 RF Propagation Model – Comparison .......................................................................... 4-6 Comparative Path Loss Plots Okumura-Hata & COST-231 ............................................................................. 4-7 Erceg/SUI & COST-231 ...................................................................................... 4-8 RF Model Tuning ................................................................................................................. 4-9 Need for Optimized Propagation Model ................................................................... 4-10 Propagation Model Tuning / Cali bration ................................................................. 4-11 Propagation Model Optimization Example ............................................................. 4-12 Frequency Band and Penetration Loss ..................................................................... 4-13 Impacts of Frequency on Building Penetration Loss ........................................... 4-14 Impact of Frequency Band on Material Loss .......................................................... 4-15 Impact of Frequency Band on Material Loss – Example .................................... 4-16 Impact Frequency on Statistical BPL ........................................................................ 4-17 Key Takeaways/Summary ............................................................................................. 4-18 Quiz .................................................................................................................... 4-19 Answers .................................................................................................................. 4-20 Appendix and References ............................................................................................... 4-21 Outdoor Propagation Model .......................................................................................... 4-22 Okumura-Hata Model ....................................................................................................... 4-23 Hata Model .................................................................................................................... 4-24 Path Loss Plots ..................................................................................................... 4-25 Okumura-Hata Model – Morphologies ...................................................................... 4-26 COST-231 Propagation Model ....................................................................................... 4-27 Walfisch-Ikegami Model .................................................................................................. 4-28 Standard Model ................................................................................................... 4-29 Rooftop-Street Diffraction Model ................................................................ 4-30 Multi-Screen Diffraction Loss ........................................................................ 4-31 Street Canyon Model ......................................................................................... 4-32 Lee’s Model .................................................................................................................... 4-33 Standard Propagation Model ......................................................................................... 4-35 Multi-Breakpoint Model .................................................................................................. 4-37 ITU-R P.1546 Model .......................................................................................................... 4-38 Erceg/SUI Path Loss Model ............................................................................................ 4-39 Ericsson 9999 Model ........................................................................................................ 4-41 Comparative Path Loss Plots – Okumura-Hata, COST-231, SPM & 9999 Models ......................................................................................................... 4-43 Indoor Propagation Model ............................................................................................. 4-44 Site Specific Model – Keenan Motley .......................................................................... 4-45 Generic Model ITU Indoor Propagation Model ..................................................................... 4-46 Log-Distance Indoor Path Loss Model ....................................................... 4-47 Section 5: LTE Link Budget .................................................................................. 5-1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 5-2 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LTE Link Budget Definition ................................................................................................................. 5-4 Limitations .............................................................................................................. 5-5 Channels Considered .......................................................................................... 5-6 LTE DL Link Budget Overall Process Description ............................................................................. 5-7 Overall Process Description ............................................................................. 5-8 LTE Link Budget (DL) – Inputs and Assumptions .................................................. 5-9 LTE Link Budget (UL) – Inputs and Assumptions ................................................ 5-10 LTE Link Budget – Estimation of the Limiting Link ............................................. 5-11 Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-12 How SNR Relates to Data Rate ...................................................................................... 5-13 LTE Bearer Efficiency and Rates .................................................................................. 5-14 SNR to CQI Downlink ................................................................................................................ 5-15 Uplink .................................................................................................................... 5-16 CQI and CQI Offset Example ........................................................................................... 5-17 Answer .................................................................................................................... 5-18 Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-19 Maximum eNB Transmit Power ................................................................................... 5-20 Transmit Power per RE Downlink eNB ...................................................................................................... 5-21 Uplink eNB ............................................................................................................ 5-22 Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-23 Sensitivity or MAPL at UE Antenna Connector ...................................................... 5-24 DL MAPLUE Estimation ................................................................................................... 5-25 Geometry -1 or Ioc/Ior ......................................................................................................... 5-26 Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-27 Propagation and MAPL Calculation ............................................................................ 5-28 DL MAPL Calculation ........................................................................................................ 5-29 UL MAPL Calculation ........................................................................................................ 5-30 Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-31 LTE Link Budget Spreadsheet ....................................................................................... 5-32 LTE DL Budget Terms based on Required SNR ..................................................... 5-33 Link Budget Spreadsheet Components ..................................................................... 5-34 LTE DL Budget Outputs based on MAPL .................................................................. 5-35 Link Budget Spreadsheet Components (continue d)............................................ 5-36 Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 5-37 Case 1 of 2 Target SNR vs Data Rate ................................................................................. 5-38 Path Loss versus Target SNR ........................................................................ 5-40 Cell Radii versus Target SNR ........................................................................ 5-41 Cell Area versus Target SNR ......................................................................... 5-42 Case 2 of 2 Coverage versus Frequency Band ............................................................... 5-43 Cell Radii versus Frequency Band ............................................................... 5-44 Cell Area versus Frequency Band ................................................................ 5-45



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Section Overview................................................................................................................ 5-46 Case Study: Exercise ........................................................................................................ 5-47 Link Budget – What Did We Learn? ............................................................................ 5-51 Quiz .................................................................................................................... 5-52 Answers .................................................................................................................. 5-53 Appendix A .................................................................................................................... 5-54 Channel Model .................................................................................................................... 5-55 Key Parameters in an LTE Budget UE Antenna Gain ................................................................................................. 5-56 Doppler .................................................................................................................. 5-57 Eb/Nt .................................................................................................................... 5-59 PBCH .................................................................................................................... 5-60 Interference Margin ......................................................................................... 5-61 Loading .................................................................................................................. 5-61 Frequency Band ................................................................................................. 5-63 Shadowing Margin and Cell Edge Confidence ....................................... 5-64 Standard Deviation ........................................................................................... 5-65 Log Normal Fading ........................................................................................... 5-66 Maximum UE Transmit Power ..................................................................... 5-67 Cable and Connector Losses ......................................................................... 5-68 Noise Figure ......................................................................................................... 5-70 EIRP ................................................................................................................... 5-71 Appendix B .................................................................................................................... 5-73 CQI and CQI Offset.............................................................................................................. 5-74 Section 6: RF Network Planning......................................................................... 6-1 Section Learning Objectives............................................................................................. 6-2 Planning Process .................................................................................................................. 6-3 Network Planning Overview 4G View ..................................................................................................................... 6-4 Required Input ...................................................................................................... 6-5 GIS Data ...................................................................................................................... 6-6 Coverage Objectives ............................................................................................................ 6-7 Site Specific Information ................................................................................................... 6-8 Network Planning Overview LTE Required Input ............................................................................................. 6-9 Required Input .................................................................................................... 6-10 Defining LTE Coverage – RRC Idle .............................................................................. 6-11 Planning For Coverage – RRC_Idle Coverage .......................................................... 6-12 S criteria: Cell Reselection Illustration ...................................................................... 6-13 SNR Thresholds for Different Channels .................................................................... 6-14 Defining LTE Coverage – RRC Connected: DL ........................................................ 6-15 Planning For Coverage – RRC Connected DL Coverage ...................................... 6-16 SNR Thresholds for Different Data Rates ................................................................. 6-17 Reading Minimum Performance Specifications .................................................... 6-18 From MPS to Network Planning................................................................................... 6-19



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Antenna Configuration Considerations ................................................................... 6-20 MIMO .................................................................................................................... 6-21 MIMO Gain Estimation ..................................................................................................... 6-22 Spatial Diversity .................................................................................................. 6-23 Defining LTE Coverage – RRC Connected: UL ........................................................ 6-24 Planning For Coverage – Uplink ................................................................................... 6-25 MPS for Uplink .................................................................................................................... 6-26 Uplink SNR Targets ........................................................................................................... 6-27 Planning for Capacity........................................................................................................ 6-28 Geometry Optimization ................................................................................................... 6-30 MIMO Antenna Deployment Considerations .......................................................... 6-31 Space Diversity .................................................................................................... 6-33 Polarization Diversity ....................................................................................... 6-34 Space or Polarization Diversity .................................................................... 6-35 Comparison of Space & Polarization Diversity ...................................... 6-36 Intermodulation in Shared Antenna System ........................................... 6-37 MIMO Deployment – Antenna Recommendation ................................................. 6-38 Antenna Parameter Recommendations .................................................... 6-40 LTE Coverage Plots ............................................................................................................ 6-41 Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) ............................................................... 6-42 PBCH Coverage .................................................................................................................... 6-43 PDSCH Coverage ................................................................................................................. 6-44 PDSCH Throughput ........................................................................................................... 6-45 Planning LTE Parameters ............................................................................................... 6-46 LTE Specific Parameters ................................................................................................. 6-47 Physical Cell Identity ........................................................................................................ 6-48 PCI and Cell Overlap .......................................................................................................... 6-49 Neighbor List .................................................................................................................... 6-50 eNB Neighbor List .............................................................................................................. 6-51 NL Example .................................................................................................................... 6-52 NL – Cell-Specific Parameters ....................................................................................... 6-53 Cell Offset .................................................................................................................... 6-54 Black List .................................................................................................................... 6-55 Tool Selection Criteria – Basic Features ................................................................... 6-56 Basic Tool Requirements ................................................................................................ 6-57 Tool Selection Criteria – Basic Features ................................................................... 6-58 Static Downlink and Uplink Prediction ..................................................................... 6-59 Multi-service Monte Carlo Simulation ....................................................................... 6-60 Neighbor and PCI Planning ............................................................................................ 6-61 Tool Selection Criteria – Basic Features ................................................................... 6-62 Channel Model and MIMO Performance ................................................................... 6-63 Advanced Predictions ....................................................................................................... 6-64 RF Network Planning – What Did We Learn? ........................................................ 6-65 Quiz .................................................................................................................... 6-66 Answers .................................................................................................................. 6-67 Appendix A: MIMO Overview ........................................................................................ 6-68 What is MIMO? .................................................................................................................... 6-69



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LTE Downlink MIMO – Overview ................................................................................ 6-70 LTE Downlink MIMO......................................................................................................... 6-71 Spatial Multiplexing of SU -MIMO & MU-MIMO ...................................... 6-72 Appendix B: Transmit Diversity in LTE .................................................................... 6-73 What is Transmit Diversity? .......................................................................................... 6-74 Transmit Diversity in LTE .............................................................................................. 6-75 Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies ............................................................................................... 7-1 Overlay and Coexistence: Learning Objectives ........................................................ 7-2 Section Overview .................................................................................................................. 7-3 Coverage Prediction & Analysis – High Level View ............................................... 7-4 Prediction Tool – Description ......................................................................................... 7-5 Common Inputs for LTE Cov erage Predictions ....................................................... 7-6 Common Outputs for LTE Coverage Analysis ........................................................... 7-7 Common Analysis Outputs – Capacity ......................................................................... 7-8 Section Overview .................................................................................................................. 7-9 Case Studies: LTE Deployment with 1:1 Overlay .................................................. 7-10 Calculation and Computation Zones .......................................................................... 7-11 Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 7-12 Case Study 1 .................................................................................................................... 7-13 LTE Overlay on CDMA 1xEV -DO Network ............................................... 7-14 Ec/No Prediction Map ........................................................................................ 7-15 Ec Prediction Map ............................................................................................... 7-16 LTE Prediction – Key Settings (1 of 2) ....................................................... 7-17 LTE Prediction – Definitions .......................................................................... 7-19 LTE-700 Reference Signal (1 of 6) .............................................................. 7-20 Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 7-26 Case Study 2 .................................................................................................................... 7-27 LTE Overlay on UMTS/HSPA Network ...................................................... 7-28 UMTS Network – Ec/No Prediction Map .................................................... 7-29 UMTS Network – RSCP Prediction Map .................................................... 7-30 LTE Prediction – Key Settings (1 of 2) ....................................................... 7-31 LTE Prediction – Definitions .......................................................................... 7-33 LTE-2600 Reference Signal (1 of 6) ............................................................ 7-34 Section Overview ................................................................................................................ 7-40 Conclusion – LTE Overlay on Existing 3G Network ............................................. 7-41 What Did We Learn? ......................................................................................................... 7-42



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Acronyms and Abbreviations 1x 2x 3x 3GPP AAA AC ACI ACIR ACK ACLR ACP ACS AGL AN APersistence ARQ ASET AT Aux avg AWGN AWS BCCH BCH BLER BPL BS BSC BTS BW CDMA CC CCCH CCI CEPT CFI C/I CMC C/N COST-231 CP CQI CSET CSG CSI CW © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated

One carrier Two carriers Three carriers 3rd Generation Partnership Project Authentication Authorization Accounting Access Channel Adjacent Channel Interference Adjacent Channel Interference Power Ratio Acknowledgment Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio Automatic Cell Planning Adjacent Channel Selectivity Above Ground Level Access Network Access Persistence Acknowledge Request Active Set Access Terminal Auxiliary average Additive White Gaussian Noise Advanced Wireless Spectrum Broadcast Control Channel Broadcast Channel Block Error Rate Building Penetration Loss Base Station Base Station Controller Basestation Transceiver Subsystem; Base Transceiver Station (Base Station Transceiver) Bandwidth Code Division Multiple Access Control Channel Common Control Channel Co-Channel Interference Commission of European Post and Telecommunications Control Format Indicator Carrier to Interference ratio Connection Mobility Control Carrier to Noise ratio Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research model Control Plane Cyclic Prefix Channel Quality Indicator Candidate Set Closed Subscriber Group Channel State Information Code Word MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION

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dB DCCH DCI DEM DL DPA DRA DRC DRX DSC DTM DTCH DTX EDS eHNB EIRP eNB EMPA EPC EPS ETU E-UTRA E-UTRAN EV-DO F1 F2 F3 FA FCC Fd FDD FDMA FFR FL Freq FSTD FTC GAUP GB GERAN GGSN GIS GPRS GSM GW


Decibel Dedicated Control Channel Downlink Control Information Digital Elevation Map Digital Elevation Model Downlink Default Packet Application Dynamic Resource Allocation Data Rate Control Discontinuous Reception Data source Control Digital Terrain Map Dedicated Traffic Channel Discontinuous Transmission Excess Delay Spread evolved Home NodeB Effective Isotropic Radiated Power evolved NodeB (i.e., Base Station) Enhanced Multi-Flow Packet Application Evolved Packet Core Evolved Packet System Extended Typical Urban channel model Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Evolved UMTS Terrestrial R adio Access Network EVolution Data Only Frequency Channel 1 Frequency Channel 2 Frequency Channel 3 Frequency Assignment Federal Communications Commission Doppler Frequency Frequency Division Duplex Frequency Division Multiple Access Fractional Frequency Reuse Forward Link Frequency Frequency Shift Time Diversity Forward Traffic Channel Generic Attribute Update Protocol Guard Band GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network Gateway GPRS Support Node Geographic Information System General Packet Radio Service Global System for Mobiles Gateway


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H-ARQ HBW HeNB HO HOM HSDPA HSPA HSPA+ HSUPA IC ICI ICIC ID IP IRAT ISI Kbps LB LNF LOS LTE MAC MAPL Max MBMS Mbps MBSFN MCS MCW MFPA MHz MIMO MME MMPA MMPA MMSE MPS MRU MS MSC MU-MIMO MUP


Hybrid Automatic Repeat ReQuest Horizontal Beam Width Home eNode B Handover Higher Order Modulation High Speed Downlink Packet Access High Speed Packet Access High Speed Packet Access evolved or enhanced High Speed Uplink Packet Access Interference Cancellation Inter-Carrier Interference Inter Cell Interference Coordination Identification Internet Protocol Inter-Radio Access Technology Inter-Symbol Interference Kilobits per second Link Budget Load Balancing Log Normal Fading Line of Sight Long Term Evolution Medium Access Channel Maximum Allowable Path Loss Maximum Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services Megabits per second Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network Modulation and Coding Scheme Multiple Code Words Multi-Flow Packet Application Megahertz Multiple Input Multiple Output Mobility Management Entity Multi-Link Multi-Flow Packet Application Multi-Link Multi-Flow Protocol Minimum Mean Square Error Minimum Performance Specification Most Recently Used Mobile Station Mobile Switching Center Multi User MIMO Multi User Packet


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NL NLOS NSET NRB OFDMA OOBE OSTBC PA PBCH PCCH PCF PCI PDF PDSCH PDSN PIC PMI PN PPP PRB PRL PS PUCCH PUSC PUSCH QAM QoS QPSK RAC RACH RAN RB RBC RBG RE Rel 0 Rev A RF RI RIGW RIP RL RLC RLP


Neighbor List Non-Line of Sight Neighbor Set Non-Reserved Bandwidth Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Out Of Band Emission Orthogonal Space/Time Block Code Power Amplifier Physical Broadcast Channel Paging Control Channel Packet Control Function Physical Cell Identity Probability Distribution Function Physical Downlink Shared Channel Packet Data Serving Node Pilot Interference Cancellation Precoding Matrix Indicator Pseudo Noise Point to Point Protocol Physical Resource Block Preferred Roaming List Packet Scheduling Physical Uplink Control Channel Partial Usage Sub Channelization Physical Uplink Shared Channel Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Quality of Service Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Radio Admission Control Random Access Channel Radio Access Network Radio Bearer Resource Block Radio Bearer Control Resource Block Group Resource Element Release 0 Revision A Radio Frequency Rank Indicator Random Index Geometry Weight Received Interference Power Reverse Link Radio Link Control Radio Link Protocol


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r.m.s. RNC RoT RPC RRC RRM RRI RS RSCP RSI RSRP RSRQ RSET RTCMAC RUM RUP Rx SAE SAR SCW SDMA SFBC SFBC-OFDM SFN SFR SGSN SI SIB SIC SIGW SM SNR SON SPER SPM SSI SUI SU-MIMO SUP


Root mean square Radio Network Controller Rise over Thermal Reverse Power Control Radio Resource Control Radio Resource Management Reverse Rate Indicator Reference Signal Received Signal Code Power Random Start Index Reference Signal Receive Power Reference Signal Received Quality Remaining Set Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Route Update Message Route Update Protocol Received System Architecture Evolution Segmentation and Reassembly Single Code Word Spatial Division Multiple Access Space Frequency Block Code Space Frequency Block Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Single Frequency Network Soft Frequency Reuse Serving GPRS Support Node Start Index System Information Block Successive Interference Cancellation Start Index Geometry Weight Spatial Multiplexing Signal to Noise Ratio Self Organizing Network Self Optimizing Network Sub-Packet Error Rate System Performance Model Start Stop Indicator Stanford University Interim model Single User MIMO Single User Packet


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T2P TA TB TDD TDM TDMA TCA TCC TIC TTI Tx TxT2P TxT2Pmax UATI TCA UE UMTS UL UP UTRA UTRAN VBW W/C WCDMA


Traffic to Pilot power Tracking Area Transport Block Time Division Duplex Time Division Multiplex Time Division Multiple Access Traffic Channel Assignment Traffic Channel Complete Traffic Interference Cancellation Transmission Time Interval Transmitted Transmitted Traffic to Pilot Power Maximum Transmitted Traffic to Pilot Power Unicast Access Terminal Identifier Terrain Clearance Angle User Equipment Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Uplink User Plane Universal Terrestrial Radio Access UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network Vertical Beam Width Water/Cement Wideband Code Division Multiple Access


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LTE Network Planning Section 1: Course Introduction and LTE Overview

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User Throughput and Spectrum Efficiency Requirements

• Downlink: – – – –

5 percentile Downlink user throughput per MHz 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSDPA Average Downlink user throughput per MHz 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA Downlink spectrum efficiency should be 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA Downlink performance targets assume 2 transmit and 2 receive antennas for E-UTRA, and 1 transmit and enhanced Type 1 receiver for Release 6 HSDPA – Downlink user throughput should scale with spectrum allocation

• Uplink: – – – –

5 percentile Uplink user throughput per MHz 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSUPA Average Uplink user throughput per MHz 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSUPA Uplink spectrum efficiency should be 2 to 3 times Release 6 HSDPA Uplink performance targets assume 1 transmit and 2 receive antennas for both E-UTRA and Release 6 HSDPA – Uplink user throughput should scale with spectrum allocation and mobile maximum transmit power E-UTRA is expected to outperform Release 6 HSPA by a factor of 2 to 4 in user throughput and spectrum efficiency. This assumes a maximum cell range up to 5 km. For cell ranges up to 30 km, slight degradations in achieved performance are expected for user throughput targets; more significant degradation is expected for spectrum efficiency targets. However, cell ranges up to 100 km should not be precluded by the specifications. © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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Heterogeneous Networks

LTE is introduced in Release 8 of the 3GPP standard. The basic concept of Femtocell, or eHNB, was introduced in the same release; further improvements for eHNB support are included in Release 9.



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Evolution of 3G to 4G Data Technologies

3GPP Release 8 – Introduces many things, including E-UTRA (also called LTE, based on OFDMA), allIP network (also called SAE), and Femtocell operation. Release 8 constitutes a re-factoring of UMTS as an entirely IP-based fourth-generation network. 3GPP RAN approved the LTE Physical Layer specifications in September 2007. The specifications are 36.201 to 36.214 and are on the 3GPP site http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm Each release incorporates hundreds of individual standards documents, each of which may have gone through many revisions. Current 3GPP standards incorporate the latest revision of the GSM standards. Standards documents are available for free at www.3gpp.org. These standards cover the radio component (Air Interface), the Core Network, billing information, and speech coding down to source code level. Cryptographic aspects (authentication, confidentiality) are also specified in detail. More details about the 3GPP releases content can be found at:

• http://www.3gpp.org/specs/releases-contents.htm • http://www.3gpp.org/Management/WorkPlan.htm More information about standards evolution is provided in the following Qualcomm University courses:

• 1xEV-DO Rev B Fundamentals • Long Term Evolution (LTE/FDD) Fundamentals • LTE Technical Overview © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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Long Term Evolution

Due to its flexibility, in particular in terms of bandwidth, LTE can coexist with a variety of technologies, including 3GPP (UMTS or WCDMA) and 3GPP2 (1X and 1xEV-DO). LTE was standardized by 3GPP, evolving the UMTS protocol and signaling to accommodate the evolved architecture. The evolved architecture is fundamentally different from the UTRA architecture: EPS is a flat architecture where Radio Network Controller/Base Station Controller functionalities are pushed to the Evolved Node B (eNB, i.e., Base Station). The eNBs are interconnected to gateways by all-IP links (the following slides show the EPS architecture).



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ESP architecture and 3GPP/3GPP2 Equivalents

The overall ESP architecture is presented in 3GPP TS 23.401: Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access. The architecture is defined to interface with existing 3GPP or 3GPP2 networks. Considering the E-UTRAN only, the main difference is the absence of a centralized node (BSC or RNC). Each evolved NodeB (eNB, i.e., Base Station) is independent of other eNBs. This is a flat architecture. Without a centralized node, direct X2 interfaces between eNBs helps perform handovers, and are necessary for interference mitigation.



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LTE Interfaces

Unlike EV-DO or UTMS, where backhauls are point-to-point, the LTE S1 interface can be multi-pointto-multi-point. This is possible due to the all-IP architecture. This enables a given function to be load shared between nodes (e.g., mobility management can be performed by multiple MMEs). Physically, the different interfaces (S1 and X2) could be on the same IP connection (e.g., port, cable, etc.), but the (logical) connections would have different terminating addresses.



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Notes



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Notes



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Resource Blocks and Resource Block Groups

Resource Block and Resource Block Groups are defined in the Downlink. A Resource Block is a matrix allocation of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols and 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain.

• There are 72 (6 symbols *12 subcarriers) Resource Elements (RE) in a Resource Block if symbols have extended cyclic prefix.

• There are 84 (7 symbols * 12 subcarriers) Resource Elements in a Resource Block if symbols have normal cyclic prefix. Each RB consists of all OFDM symbols in a slot in time domain, and 180 KHz in frequency domain. The number of RBs depends on the channel bandwidth. There is minimum of 6 RBs for a 1.4 MHz channel, and 100 RBs for a 20 MHz channel. A UE is allocated a number of contiguous or noncontiguous RBs. The unit of resource allocation in the Downlink is a Resource Block Group (RBG), which is a group of Resource Blocks. Allocating bandwidth in RBGs reduces allocation overhead since the number of bits needed to uniquely represent each RBG is much less than the number of bits needed to uniquely represent each RB. The size and number of RBGs depend on the channel bandwidth. Carrier spacing is typically 15 kHz. 7.5 kHz is used for MBMS only.



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Notes



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Number of Symbols per Slot The number of symbols per slot depends on both the selected Cyclic Prefix (CP) and the carrier spacing. Symbol Utilization Symbols can be used for control, traffic, or reference signals. Depending on available bandwidth, the typical number of symbols used for control changes:

• Bandwidth = 1.4 MHz: 4 symbols • Bandwidth greater than 1.4 MHz, but ≤ 5 MHz: 3 symbols • Bandwidth > 5 MHz: 2 symbols The number of symbols used for Reference Signal (RS) also changes, based on the number of antennas. Over a RB (12 subcarriers * 1 slots, 168 symbols), the number of symbols used for RS will vary:

• For 1 antenna: 2 * 4 = 8 symbols • For 4 antennas: 4 * 6 = 24 symbols The number of symbols per antenna is not constant. For antennas 1 and 2, 8 symbols are used. For antennas 3 and 4, only 4 symbols are used. Effective Symbol Time The effective symbol time is actually less than the duration of the symbol because the Cyclic Prefix is added to the symbol to ensure orthogonality is maintained.



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Cyclic Prefix

In the absence of multipath, a received OFDM signal is free from interference from other subcarriers and from inter-symbol interference. In a multipath radio environment, however, orthogonality between subcarriers will be partially lost due to the symbols received from reflected or delayed paths overlapping into the following consecutive symbol. This is addressed by the use of the Cyclic Prefix (CP), whereby the tail of each symbol is copied and pasted onto the front of the OFDM symbol. This increases the length of the symbol (Ts) from Tu to Tu + TCP , where TCP is the length of the Cyclic Prefix. The CP should be considered in the time domain, not the frequency domain. Even if the effective symbol time is increased to Tu + TCP, the carrier separation is still 1/Ts.



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MIMO Antenna Array

With N antennas, by use of pre-coding (effectively phase shift), up to N different spatial channels can be created on the transmit side. To take advantage of these N spatial channels, the receiver must be able to also create N different spatial channels, thus requiring N antennas. MU-MIMO is a special case, because even if each UE has a single antenna, each user can demodulate the spatial channel that offers the best C/I. In this special case, the system can be seen as N * M, where N is the number of transmit antennas and M is the number of users. As in the general case, the maximum number of spatial channels is limited by min(N, M), which typically would be N. MIMO and Antenna Configuration MIMO is expected to provide the best performance in strong geometry where multipath spatial channels are possible. This would be achieved when scattering is observed.



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Downlink Reference Signals (DL-RS) • Physical only channel, no control or user information carried. • Defines the absolute coverage boundary; i.e., the area where a cell can be detected. Broadcast Channel (BCH) , carries the Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) • Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Carries system information • Fixed, pre-defined transport format • Requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell for cell acquisition Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH), carried over the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) • Unlike UMTS, most of the User and Control Plane channels are carried over the DL-SCH: – Paging Control Channel (PCCH) Carries paging information – Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Carries dedicated (point-to-point) control information – Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) Point-to-Point (unicast) dedicated traffic channel – Common Control Channel (CCCH) Carries common (point-to-multipoint) control information before RRC connection is established • Support for HARQ and link adaptation (varying modulation, coding, and Tx power) • Possibility to be broadcast in the entire cell • Possibility to use beam-forming • Support for both dynamic and semi-static resource allocation • Support for UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving • Slow power control (depends on the physical layer)

Details of all channel descriptions are provided in the Qualcomm University LTE Air Interface course. © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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Random Access Channel (RACH) carries the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

• Used when the UE needs to (re-)establish the dedicated connection • Due to its modulation and coding, PRACH performance is much better than PUSCH, thus is not expected to be limiting in LTE. Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH), carried over the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)

• Unlike UMTS, most of the User and Control plane channels are carried over the UL-SCH: – Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Carries dedicated (point-to-point) control – Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) – Common Control Channel (CCCH) – Uplink Control Information (UCI)

information Point-to-Point (unicast) dedicated traffic channel Carries common (point-to-multipoint) control information before RRC connection is established Carries channel conditions and acknowledgement

for DL channels

• Support for HARQ and link adaptation (varying modulation, coding and TX power) Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

• Carries the UCI when PUSCH is not transmitted Details of all channel descriptions are provided in the Qualcomm University LTE Air Interface course.



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Notes



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Coverage and interference for a given tone

This course considers coverage and interference for a given tone. Although this representation enables easy calculation, it does not reflect reality because a channel always contains multiple tones (at least 12 should be considered for a given RB).



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Appendix and References

Key information provided in this section will be used throughout this course.



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Notes



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E-UTRA Operating Band

Uplink (UL) Operating Band BS receive UE transmit [MHz]

Downlink (DL) Operating Band BS transmit UE receive [MHz]

Duplex Mode

1

1920 – 1980

2110 – 2170

FDD

190

2

1850 – 1910

1930 – 1990

FDD

80

X

3

1710 – 1785

1805 – 1880

FDD

95

4

1710 – 1755

2110 – 2155

FDD

5

824 – 849

869 – 894

6

830 – 840

7 8 9 10 11

Supported Channel Bandwidth [MHz] Duplex Offset 5

10

15

20

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

400

X

X

X

X

X

X

FDD

45

X

X

X

X

875 – 885

FDD

45

X

X

2500 – 2570

2620 – 2690

FDD

120

X

X

X

X

880 – 915

925 – 960

FDD

45

X

X

FDD

95

X

X

X

X

FDD

400

X

X

X

X

FDD

48

x

X

X

X

X

1749.9 – 1784.9 1844.9 – 1879.9 1710 – 1770

2110 – 2170

1427.9 – 1452.9 1475.9 – 1500.9

1.4

X

3

X

12

698 – 716

728– 746

FDD

30

X

X

X

X

13

777 – 787

746 – 756

FDD

- 31

X

X

X

X

14

788 – 798

758 – 768

FDD

- 30

X

X

X

X

704 – 716

734 – 746

FDD

30

X

X

X

X

33

1900 – 1920

1900 – 1920

TDD

NA

X

X

X

34

2010 – 2025

2010 – 2025

TDD

NA

X

X

X

35

1850 – 1910

1850 – 1910

TDD

NA

X

X

X

X

X

X

36

1930 – 1990

1930 – 1990

TDD

NA

X

X

X

X

X

X

37

1910 – 1930

1910– 1930

TDD

NA

X

X

X

X

38

2570 – 2620

2570 – 2620

TDD

NA

X

X

39

1880 – 1920

1880 – 1920

TDD

NA

X

X

X

X

40

2300 – 2400

2300 – 2400

TDD

NA

X

X

X

… 17 ...



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Efficiency and Reference Signal

The number of antennas (and thus the number of Reference Signals), also affects efficiency due to the number of symbols used for the Reference Signals.



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RS and antenna

For other antenna configurations, the standard (36.211) provides the necessary details. Note that by keeping the corresponding RE on other antenna ports free of transmission, the UE can better estimate the correlation between both antennas and provide a more accurate rank estimation.



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Comments/Notes



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LTE Network Planning Section 2: Estimating Interference in LTE

Notes



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LTE interference

• Intra-system interference – Same Cell  Excess Delay Spread  Doppler Shift – Other Cells  Frequency Deployment Strategies  LTE Interference Mitigation Techniques

• Inter-system interference – Co-existence with other technologies is explained in Section 3



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SNR Estimation

Es

The received energy per RE during the useful part of the symbol (i.e., excluding the cyclic prefix) averaged across the allocated RB(s) (average power within the allocated RB(s) divided by the number of REs within this allocation, and normalized to the subcarrier spacing) at the UE antenna connector.

Iot

The received power spectral density of the total noise and interference for a certain RE (power integrated over the RE and normalized to the subcarrier spacing) as measured at the UE antenna connector.

Noc

The power spectral density of a white noise source (mean power per RE normalized to the subcarrier spacing), simulating interference from cells that are not defined in a test procedure, as measured at the UE antenna.

Noc and Iot have similar definitions: Noc is defined for equivalent white noise, while Iot represents actual interference. In this course, Noc notation is typically used, but it should be considerd equivalent to Iot .



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Δf

Δf in this case refers to the tone bandwidth, typically 15 kHz. Trade off in LTE To maximize the efficiency, it would be desirable to minimize the overhead as much as possible. In particular, limiting the cyclic prefix would allow for more energy for the useful part of the symbol (Tu). Unfortunately, reducing the CP must be done very carefully because the CP must be large enough to ensure that multi-path falls within the CP. If not, SNR would degrade due to inter-system interference (ISI) and inter-carrier interference (ICI). This would reduce the possible spectral efficiency because high SNR is required to support high spectral efficiency.



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Delay Spread

Delay spread is inherent to the propagation conditions due to multipaths. The CP size needs to be compatible with the expected delay spread. Single Frequency Network (SFN) can be seen as a special case of multipath. In SFN, the multipaths are not only coming from signal reflection, but can also be coming from different eNBs transmitting the same signal. In that case, the CP should be larger than for unicast transmission.



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Cyclic Prefix 3GPP

CP overhead calculations: CP time per sample over 1 Slot (µsec) Cyclic Prefix

1st Sample

Samples

# Samples

CPnormal

4.69 µsec

5.21 µsec

CPextended Cpextended Δf=7.5 KHz

Total CP

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

5.21

4.69

4.69

4.69

4.69

4.69

4.69

16.67 µsec

6

16.67

16.67

16.67

16.67

16.67

16.67

33.33 µsec

3

33.33

33.33

33.33

time/slot

% OH

3.34E-05

6.67%

1.00E-04

20.00%

1.00E-04

20.00%

This chart is valid only for Frame Type 1 (FDD) Slot = 0.5 ms NRBsc = Number of Resource Block Sub Channels Occupied by CP Nsymb = Number of Symbols in 1 Slot



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Degradation due to Excess Delay Spread (EDS)

Sample SNR degradation is based link level simulation. In that simulation, the required SNR to maintain a given BLER (1 or 10%) is estimated for different Excess Delay Spreads, while considering that the channel estimation window is large enough to capture the multipath. Such SNR degradation can be simulated either by increasing the SNR required for the different Modulation and Coding Schemes or by changing the noise floor. Note that actual performance degradation (DL) largely depends on how the UE performs the channel estimation. Percentage of energy within channel estimation window This represents the amount of energy that falls outside the CP, but still within the channel estimation window. For a small amount of energy in the channel estimation window, the degradation in SNR is limited, e.g., 0.1 dB degradation for 10%. For a large portion of the that energy (e.g., 80%) up to 1 dB degradation of SNR can be observed.



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CP Planning

For LTE, CP planning is not expected to be a critical issue, mainly due to the limited setting options (only 2 possible values). In an urban area, where small cells are expected, a normal CP would be typical. In a rural area, where large cells are expected, extended CP may be required if the morphology is prone to multipath (such as a mountainous area). It is advisable to maintain the same CP within a cluster. Different Cyclic Prefixes also mean a different number of symbols, different symbol durations, etc. These changes would prevent the UE from accurately estimating the RSRP (and RSRQ).



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Doppler Shift

Bc = Coherence Bandwidth. This is the bandwidth in which the signal correlates.

• Rule of Thumb  1/(50τrms) < Bc < 1/(5τrms) Fc = Coherence Time. This is the maximum time period during which signals are considered to be correlated. Fm = Doppler Shift Frequency (Hz)

• Rule of Thumb  9/(16πFm)


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Bottom Line

Source: 3GPP TR 36.803 (2008-04) Section B.2.2.2 Doppler spectrum When defining the Doppler frequency to use for E-UTRA performance requirements, a principle similar to that used for UTRA can be implemented. Each propagation condition is based on a maximum Doppler frequency, not on a specific UE speed. A set of three Doppler frequencies spanning the requirement range of high, middle, and low Doppler frequencies is selected. The LTE requirements for mobility in TR 25.913 state that “Mobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 km/h to 350 km/h (or even up to 500 km/h depending on the frequency band).” It is also stated that this “…represents a special case such as a high speed train environment.”

There are more common high speed scenarios for moderately high mobile speeds. It is stated in TR 25.913 that high performance should be maintained up to mobile speeds of 120 km/h. The corresponding maximum Doppler frequency for fc =2690 MHz is fD =299 Hz. Based on this, the high Doppler frequency is selected as 300 Hz. Doppler Frequencies defined for LTE Channel Models

Frequency [Hz]

Velocity

5

70

300

Speed [Km/h]

Frequency Band [GHz]

Speed [Km/h]


Speed [Km/h]


2.70

2.00

40.80

2.00

162.00

2.00

6.40

0.85

88.90

0.85

381.20

0.85



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Doppler Frequency Impact

Expected impact can be estimated from relaxed performance requirement at different frequencies. Note that the Minimum Performance Specification (MPS) does not provide a complete view because the Doppler shift is limited in range. In particular, it does not show what is actually expected: flat performance (typically within 2 dB) over a large Doppler shift range, then a gradual degradation. Actual degradation would be Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) specific, with faster degradation for the Higher Order Modulation (HOM).



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Notes



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ICIC

Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) is considered one aspect that would be implemented through Self Optimizing Networks (SON). SON is currently considered for Rel 9 or later of the standard (see 3GPP TS 36.902).



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Fractional Frequency Reuse

FFR is not controlled by standard parameters, but could be implemented as a vendor specific parameter. For reference, FFR is implemented in various technologies via several different methods:

• LTE Rel 9 – implemented using the following method: – Resource Block scheduling such that the resources utilized are not the same in frequency typical of ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Coordination is described in 3GPP TS 36.902 Section 4.9). It is proposed that LTE UL use Soft Frequency Reuse SFR (SFR) schemes to allocate Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) to cell edge and cell interior users.

• WiMAX – implemented using the following method: – Assign specific tone groups to specific sectors via Partial Usage Sub Channelization (PUSC).

• Other technologies, such as FlashOFDM – implemented as a Psuedo N=3 reuse with similar 1/3/1 and 1/3/3 reuse as in the following: – Physically assigned frequencies on each sector possessing varying power levels on each physical sector. This is typically implemented across entire networks and is shown above and below for more clarity, where F1 = Carrier Frequency 1 and so on: Sector Alpha Beta Gamma © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated

N=1 F1 F1 F1

N=3 F1 F2 F3

FFR F1 F2 F3 F2 F3 F1 F3 F1 F2


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ICIC – Inter Cell Interference Coordination (3GPP TS 36.902 Section 4.9)

ICIC is a Downlink-only interference strategy that is not available in Rel 8. Several methods are under discussion: Reference for the following: 3GPP LTE Handbook, by Borko Furht, Syed A. Ahson SSI – Start Stop Indicator: There are sets of start and a set of stop indices for Resource Blocks supporting exterior UEs. Interior UEs receive the Resource Blocks outside of the reserved blocks. SI – Start Index: Similar to SSI in that the Resource Blocks ahead of the SI are reserved for exterior UEs and remaining are used for interior UEs. RSI – Random Start Index: Similar to SI but without any cell-to-cell coordination.

SIGW – Start Index Geometry Weight: Similar to SI with UE-reported geometrical weight reporting (called the Geometric Index). Scheduler works with exterior geometries first, using a preconfigured start index. RIGW – Random Index Geometry Weight: UEs sorted in terms of their geometric weight with exterior UEs scheduled first, using a Random Start Index.



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Definitions

• Ês- Received energy per RE (power normalized to the subcarrier spacing) at the UE antenna connector during the useful part of the symbol, i.e., excluding the cyclic prefix.

• Io – The total received power density, including signal and interference, as measured at the UE antenna connector.

• Iot - The received power spectral density of the total noise and interference for a certain RE

(power integrated over the RE and normalized to the subcarrier spacing) as measured at the UE antenna connector.

• Noc - The power spectral density of a white noise source (average power per RE normalized to the subcarrier spacing), simulating interference from cells that are not defined in a test procedure, as measured at the UE antenna connector.



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Transmit Diversity Case

Similar calculation can be assumed for Transmit Diversity. In this case, the total eNB power would be split equally between both branches, and ideal combining at the receiver can be assumed.



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Correlation Factor

The standards provide correlation matrices for each case: low, medium, and high. For transmission, the correlation matrix provides the coefficient Tx 1 to Rx 1 (1 typically), Tx 2 to Rx1 (0, 0.3, or 0.9 depending on the correlation), Tx 1 to Rx 2 and Tx 2 to Rx 2.



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Inter-technology Measurements

In addition to the LTE specific measurements listed, for interoperability purposes other technologies need to be measured as well. Such inter-technology measurements include: •

UTRA FDD CPICH RSCP

•

UTRA FDD carrier RSSI

•

UTRA FDD CPICH Ec/No

•

GSM carrier RSSI

•

UTRA TDD carrier RSSI

•

UTRA TDD P-CCPCH RSCP

•

CDMA2000 1xRTT Pilot Strength

•

CDMA2000 HRPD Pilot Strength



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Notes



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Iob

Although it is not defined formally in the standard, Iob represents the Received Power, within 1 RB. This measurement enables the load on a particular RB to be estimated, and thus can be used for scheduling.



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Notes



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Number of Antennas and Measurements

According to the standard, for a UE equipped with more than one Rx antenna, the measurement may consider more than one antenna. This is left to the discretion of the vendor.



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RSRQ

E-UTRA carrier RSSI comprises the linear average of the total received power (in [W]) observed only in OFDM symbols containing reference symbols for antenna port 0, over N number of resource blocks by the UE from all sources, including co-channel serving and nonserving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, etc. If the UE is using receiver diversity, the reported value shall not be lower than the corresponding RSRQ of any of the individual diversity branches. Number of antenna and measurements By standard, for UE equipped with more than one Rx antenna, the measurement may consider more than one antenna. This is left to the vendor discretion.



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RSRP, RSSI, and RSRQ To clarify the definition of RSRQ in 38.214, it needs to be compared with the value defined in the conformance testing (36.521-3). Taking the example of test 9.2.1 (RSRQ, FDD intra frequency accuracy), the test conditions lead to an expected RSRQ value of -14.76 dB, which can only be achieved assuming that RSSI is measured over all the subcarriers during the symbol times containing RS. RSPR

• • •

Effectively, average energy per RE when the RS is transmitted. Number of RE used for averaging is left to vendor implementation, but should be representative of the entire bandwidth. For example, RSRP can be estimated over the circled RE: only 3 RB are considered, spread over the entire bandwidth (6 RB)

RSSI

• • •

Effectively, Wideband Signal Received Level when RS is transmitted. Standard does not specify the number of RB (N) that should be used for the estimation, but the estimation should indicative of the entire bandwidth. As an example, RSSI can be the sum of the (time) average RE that carry RS (R0 for antenna 0). In this example, N is chosen to be 3.

RSRQ

• •

Related to SNR, but not directly indicative of SNR. RSSI is measured over all subcarriers when RS signals are transmitted (12 subcarriers per RB), but RSPR is averaged per RE • Effectively, RSPQ and RS SNR relates by a factor depending on the loading. – Unloaded, isolated cell, power would be detected only on RS RE: effectively -3 dB is the lowest possible value for RSRQ – Fully loaded, isolated cell, power would be evenly distributed over all RE of the RB: in such condition, maximum RSRQ would be 10*log(1/12) = -10.79 dB © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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RSRQ Example

Using the RSRQ sheet in the link budget, we can estimate the effect of path loss and loading on the RSRQ. This example considers a single RB, but when multiple RBs are used for calculation, the value is averaged to provide a single value representative of the entire bandwidth.



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CQI Reporting for Scheduling

The time and frequency resources used by the UE to report CQI are under the control of the eNB. CQI reporting can be either periodic or aperiodic. A UE can be configured to have both periodic and aperiodic reporting at the same time. If both periodic and aperiodic reporting occur in the same subframe, only the aperiodic report is transmitted in that subframe. For efficient support of localized, distributed, and MIMO transmissions, E-UTRA supports three types of CQI reporting:

• Wideband type: Provides channel quality information of entire system bandwidth of the cell. • Multi-band type: Provides channel quality information of some subset(s) of system bandwidth of the cell. • MIMO type: Delta CQI is used to report eventual channel conditions on different spatial channels. Periodic CQI reporting is defined by the following characteristics:

• When the UE is allocated PUSCH resources in a subframe where a periodic CQI report is

configured to be sent, the periodic CQI report is transmitted together with Uplink data on the PUSCH. Otherwise, the periodic CQI reports are sent on the PUCCH.

Aperiodic CQI reporting is defined by the following characteristics:

• The report is scheduled by the eNB via the PDCCH, • Transmitted together with Uplink data on PUSCH. When a CQI report is transmitted together with Uplink data on PUSCH, it is multiplexed with the transport block by L1 (i.e., the CQI report is not part of the Uplink the transport block). The eNB configures a set of sizes and formats of the reports. Size and format of the report depends on whether it is transmitted over PUCCH or PUSCH and whether it is a periodic or aperiodic CQI report. © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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Notes



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LTE Network Planning

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Section 3: Overlay and Coexistence with other Technologies

Notes



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Defining LTE Tx Emissions in 3GPP 3GPP 36.104 Base Station radio transmission and reception Table 6.6.2.1-1: Base Station ACLR in paired spectrum

E-UTRA transmitted signal channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz]

BS adjacent channel centre frequency offset below the first or above the last carrier centre frequency transmitted

Assumed adjacent channel carrier (informative)

Filter on the adjacent channel frequency and corresponding filter bandwidth

ACLR limit

BWChannel E-UTRA of same BW Square (BWConfig) 45 dB 2 x BWChannel E-UTRA of same BW Square (BWConfig) 45 dB 1.4, 3.0, 5, 10, 15, 20 BWChannel /2 + 2.5 MHz 3.84 Mcps UTRA RRC (3.84 Mcps) 45 dB BWChannel /2 + 7.5 MHz 3.84 Mcps UTRA RRC (3.84 Mcps) 45 dB NOTE 1: BWChannel and BWConfig are the channel bandwidth and transmission bandwidth configuration of the E-UTRA transmitted signal on the assigned channel frequency. NOTE 2:

The RRC filter shall be equivalent to the transmit pulse shape filter defined in TS 25.104 [6], with a chip rate as defined in this table.



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Defining Receiver Response in LTE 3GPP TR36.101 (UE Reference Sensitivity) 3GPP TR36.104 (eNode B Reference Sensitivity)   



 

kTB = Thermal noise at standard temperature in 1 Hz, 174 dBm/Hz NF = Noise figure of receiver (5 dB eNB and 9 dB UE) SINR = Signal to interference plus noise ratio for given modulation and coding (for example QPSK 1/3, SINR = 1.5 dB) IM = 1.5 to 2 dB depending on the link = Implementation Margin (not intermodulation in this case) the margin provided in the specification for receiver tolerance -3 = diversity gain 3GPP TR36.104, Table 7.5.1-3: Adjacent channel selectivity and wanted signal for eNode B



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Prefsens and other requirements Note that for the UL, PREFSENS changes per band due to varying duplexer isolation. In addition, 3GPP TR36.104, Table 7.5.1-3 provides the level for Adjacent channel selectivity and wanted signal for eNode B.

E-UTRA Interfering signal centre Interfering channel Wanted signal mean frequency offset from signal mean Type of interfering signal bandwidth power [dBm] the channel edge of the power [dBm] [MHz] wanted signal [MHz] 1.4 PREFSENS + 11dB* -52 0.7025 1.4MHz E-UTRA signal 3 PREFSENS + 8dB* -52 1.5075 3MHz E-UTRA signal 5 PREFSENS + 6dB* -52 2.5075 5MHz E-UTRA signal 10 PREFSENS + 6dB* -52 2.5025 5MHz E-UTRA signal 15 PREFSENS + 6dB* -52 2.5125 5MHz E-UTRA signal 20 PREFSENS + 6dB* -52 2.5025 5MHz E-UTRA signal Note*: PREFSENS depends on the channel bandwidth as specified in Table 7.2.1-1.



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Notes



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Near-Far Effect Near-far effect occurs when Base Stations (BTS, or eNB for LTE) for the wanted and interfering systems are located far apart. This scenario is the worst case for OOBE or adjacent channel interference (ACI), as described below:  

 

The F1 mobile connects to the F1 BTS at a remote distance. The F1 BTS receiver is experiencing significant ACI from the F2 mobile due its higher power being transmitted to reach the distant F2 BTS and the close proximity to the F1 BTS. Similarly, the F2 mobile is connected to the F2 BTS at a remote distance.

The F2 BTS receiver is also receiving high ACI from the F1 mobile due to the close proximity of the F1 mobile to the F2 BTS.



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Co-Existence Scenarios Source: TR 36.942 V8.1.0, Section 6.1, Co-existence scenarios 3GPP considers the following scenarios: 

5 MHz E-UTRA – UTRA (victim), Downlink



10 MHz E-UTRA – 10 MHz E-UTRA (victim), Downlink



10 MHz E-UTRA – 10 MHz E-UTRA (victim), Uplink



5 MHz E-UTRA – UTRA (victim), Uplink



1.4 MHz E-UTRA –UTRA 1.4 MHz (victim), Downlink



1.4 MHz E-UTRA –UTRA 1.4 MHz (victim), Uplink

Channel bandwidth BWChannel [MHz]

1.4

3

5

10

15

20

Transmission bandwidth configuration N RB

6

15

25

50

75

100

Total BW (NRB * 180 kHz) (Hz) Total Guard Band (Hz) Guard Band % of Channel Guard Upper/Lower (kHz)


1080000 320000 29.6% 160

2700000 300000 11.1% 150

4500000 500000 11.1% 250

9000000 13500000 18000000 1000000 1500000 2000000 11.1% 11.1% 11.1% 500 750 1000


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3GPP LTE Operating Bands By examining where LTE is expected to be deployed and observing what other signal are present in the same band, we can better understand what scenarios need to be considered for co-existence. This chart depicts the planned 3GPP LTE Band Classes and shows the overlap between UMTS, GSM, CDMA2000, and WiMAX band classes.



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Guard Bands for LTE


1.4

3

5

10

15

20

Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB

6

15

25

50

75

100

Total BW (NRB * 180 kHz) (Hz)

1080000

2700000

4500000

320000

300000

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

Guard Band % of Channel

29.6%

11.1%

11.1%

11.1%

11.1%

11.1%

Guard Upper/Lower (kHz)

160

150

250

500

750

1000

Total Guard Band (Hz)


9000000 13500000 18000000


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Reference: 3GPP TS 36.104, Tables: Table 6.6.3.1-3: General operating band unwanted emission limits for 1.4 MHz channel bandwidth (E-UTRA bands >1GHz) for Category A Table 6.6.3.1-4: General operating band unwanted emission limits for 3 MHz channel bandwidth (E-UTRA bands >1GHz) for Category A Table 6.6.3.1-5: General operating band unwanted emission limits for 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz channel bandwidth (E-UTRA bands <1GHz) for Category A



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Reference for the Tolerance Values ACI tolerance, UE is provided by 36.101, Table 7.5.1-2. For 5 MHz bandwidth, the wanted signal is expected to be +14 dB above Prefsens (see 36.101, Table 7.3.1-1), while the interfering power can be + 45.5 dB above Prefsens. From these, only 31.5 dB ACS would result, instead of the 33 dB noted in Table 7.5.1-1. The difference is due to implementation margin.



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Increasing Isolation In this case, the isolation between antennas is not sufficient to satisfy the OOBE requirements. Note that this example did not consider the actual antenna pattern, which may increase the isolation considering the typical null below the antenna.



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Increasing Isolation In this case, the isolation between antenna is not sufficient to satisfy the OOBE requirements. Note that this example did not consider the actual antenna pattern, which may increase the isolation considering the typical null below the antenna.



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Notes



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Guard Bands for LTE


1.4

3

5

10

15

20

Transmission bandwidth configuration NRB

6

15

25

50

75

100

Total BW (NRB * 180 kHz) (Hz)

1080000

2700000

4500000

9000000

13500000

18000000

320000

300000

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

Guard Band % of Channel

29.6%

11.1%

11.1%

11.1%

11.1%

11.1%

Guard Upper/Lower (kHz)

160

150

250

500

750

1000

Total Guard Band (Hz)



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Reference: 3GPP TS 36.104, Tables: Table 6.6.3.2-4: General operating band unwanted emission limits for 1.4 MHz channel bandwidth (E-UTRA bands >1GHz) for Category B Table 6.6.3.2-5: General operating band unwanted emission limits for 3 MHz channel bandwidth (E-UTRA bands >1GHz) for Category B Table 6.6.3.2-6: General operating band unwanted emission limits for 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz channel bandwidth (E-UTRA bands >1GHz) for Category B



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LTE Spectrum Worldwide Initial deployments are expected with a large number of tier one operators throughout the world. In the United States announcements have been made to use the 700 MHz upper band, with other operators are considering the lower 700 MHz band and AWS bands. Several operators in Japan have also announced their intent to launch LTE. In many cases the spectrum does not follow IMT2000 band planning and will need to be examined on a case-by-case basis for its potential to coexist with incumbent technologies. Europe and Scandinavian countries are targeting the 2.6 GHz IMT bands first followed by the yet to be auctioned Digital Dividend Band (700 MHz). Many other countries have operators who have announced their intensions to pursue LTE, but banding and colocation are still not solidified as of this writing. In most cases lightly or unused spectrum will be the first to launch, followed by spectrum currently used for 2G where heavy offloading and refarming must take place.



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Spectrum Usage by Band and Location  







Europe: 900 MHz (Cellular), 1800 MHz (DCS) and 2100 MHz (IMT-2000) bands Americas: 850 MHz (US Cellular), 1900 MHz (PCS), AWS, 700 MHz (Lower & Upper UHF) bands Asia: 900 MHz (Cellular), 1800 MHz (DCS) and 2100 MHz (IMT-2000) bands, Partial 850 MHz (US Cellular), 1700 MHz (Korean PCS), 1500 MHz (Japan specific) bands Africa: 900 MHz (Cellular), 1800 MHz (DCS), Partial 850 MHz (US Cellular) and 2100 MHz (IMT-2000) bands Australia: 900 MHz (Cellular), 1800 MHz (DCS) and 2100 MHz (IMT-2000) bands



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U.S. 700 MH Band Plan

Source: www.fcc.gov 700MHzBandPlan.pdf graphic © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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FCC License Areas Maps: Source www.FCC.gov



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IMT-2000 Extension Band CEPT - Commission of European Post and Telecommunications



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Comments/Notes



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LTE Network Planning Section 4: RF Propagation & Modeling

Notes



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RF Propagation Model for LTE

The radio wave propagation model (or path loss model) plays a significant role in the planning of any wireless communication system. The main classes of radio wave propagation models are:

• Empirical – Equations and parameters are derived based on field measurements. Examples include (notably) Hata models and COST-231 extension.

• Deterministic – Based on the fundamental mechanisms of radio wave propagation: refraction, diffraction, scattering, etc. No typical examples (this model is typically proprietary), but Deterministic models rely on ray tracing or ray launching algorithms.

• Semi-deterministic – Combines good properties of both models.



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Sample RF Propagation Models for LTE

All the propagation models mentioned above are empirical in nature, model coefficients are developed based on field measurements. Measurements typically are performed in the field to measure path loss, delay spread, or other channel characteristics. For accurate prediction, it is necessary to calibrate/tune these coefficients based on actual field measurements for a specific area or market.



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Note



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Comparative Path Loss Plots

The above plot demonstrates path loss variation against frequency.

• • • • •

Okumura-Hata model Frequency Range: 400 MHz to 1400 MHz COST-231 model Frequency Range: 1500 MHz to 2000 MHz Distance between transmitter & receiver: 1 km Morphology classification: default suburban Transmit antenna height: 30 m

Both graphs show an abrupt path loss increase of approximately 3 dB between 1400 and 1500 MHz. This occurred due to a change of RF propagation model and indicates differential path loss prediction by the two model using default coefficients. Note that this difference is independent of clutter (approximately 3 dB for both urban and suburban morphologies).



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Comparative Path Loss

This plot demonstrates comparative path loss variation against distance for various terrain types defined in Erceg/SUI against COST-231 and standard propagation models. The above calculations are done for 2600 MHz transmission. Note that the COST-231 model is not valid at 2600 MHz; therefore these calculations are for academic interest only. Morphology classification : default suburban Transmit antenna height : 30 m Receive antenna height : 1.5 m Suburban clutter loss (for SPM) : -5 dB (with respect to default urban; 0 dB)

K1 (for SPM at 2600 MHz) : 23.8 Recall that the ERCEG/SUI model is referenced for suburban morphology. Additional clutter adjustments must be added for path loss calculations in other clutter configurations.



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Note



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Propagation Model Tuning / Calibration

For best accuracy, propagation models must be optimized. However, for low accuracy analysis (e.g., a quick market analysis or very preliminary analysis), the propagation models can be used without optimization. Please refer to Qualcomm document 80-W1655-1 Propagation Model Tuning for more information on this topic.



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Propagation Model Optimization Example

This comparison shows the importance of propagation model tuning. Using default Okumura-Hata models, reasonably good RF coverage was predicted during a nominal design phase with ~60 sites. However, tuned models showed significant reduction in cell radius. This required adding more sites to meet coverage targets. The final site count became ~80 (approximately 30% increase compared to the nominal design).



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References

• W. C. Stone, "Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation in Construction Materials," NISTIR 6055, NIST, 1997.

• K. J. Bois, A. D. Benally, P. S. Nowak, and R. Zoughi, “Cure-state monitoring and w=c ratio determination of fresh Portland cement-based materials using near field microwave techniques,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 47, pp. 628–637, June 1999

• H. C. Rhim and O. Buyukozturk, 1998, “Electromagnetic properties of concrete at microwave frequency range,” ACI Materials Journal, v. 95, p. 262-271

• D. Pena, R. Feick, H. Hristov, and W. Grote. “Measurement and Modeling of Propagation losses in Brick and Concrete Walls for the 900 MHz band,” IEEE Trans Antennas and Propagation 51, p.31, 2003.



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Notes



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Penetration of Signal Through Glass Material

Glass is a homogeneous material with a known range of parameters. Up to the top end of the LTE frequency range (2.6 GHz), the wavelength is not that small compared to the thickness of the material (generally a couple of centimeters). Therefore, the transmission and reflection characteristics of this material can be approximated by multi-ray models. Penetration of Signal Through Concrete Material In theory, we can consider concrete to be a slab of a certain thickness. However, unlike glass, concrete is not homogeneous with predefined electrical properties. The dielectric constant of a concrete amalgamation and its equivalent electric conductivity depends on many variables such as: mixture, water to cement ratio, cure time / conditions, etc.

Impact of Various Frequencies on Penetration Through Concrete The imaginary part of the dielectric constant exhibits a general increase with frequency. However, since the effect of polarization diminishes as frequency increases, the real part of the dielectric constant decreases with frequency.



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Impact of Frequency Band on Penetration Loss – Example

This test was performed on a building in the United States that was made of slightly reinforced concrete. Penetration loss depends on many factors including angle of incidence, water/cement ratio, curing time, etc. Significant variations may exist for other buildings. Impact of Various Other Factors on Penetration Through Concrete Mixture Concrete is made of various mixtures of cement. Each mixture has a unique effect on penetration loss. Different mixes of concrete result in different dielectric constants and conductivity, which may result in 30% to ~50% variation in penetration losses. Water/Cement (W/C) ratio Cement concrete with a higher w/c ratio would be expected to have a higher dielectric constant due to higher pore water content. Even a small amount of free water significantly affects the imaginary part of the dielectric constant due to an increase in electric conductivity. Cure time/ Conditions As curing time increases, the amount of free water in the cement decreases due to cement hydration. The water changes from a free state to an adsorbed state, which reduces ionic polarization and also conductivity, due to decreased ion production. After an adequate amount of time, the mixture will be fully cured and changes in electrical parameters would be minimal, making the attenuation loss approximately constant from that point on. © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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Statistical BPL

Statistical data is based on measurements in a large number of buildings across Asia and Europe. BPL measurements are based on Pilot RSCP of UMTS networks, in both frequency band. Such measurements take into account transmission through both the material and the openings.



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Exercises



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Exercises - Answers



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Okumura-Hata Model

The Okumura-Hata model is developed for the 400 MHz to 1500 MHz frequency range using measurements done by Okumura and equations by Hata that fit to the path loss curves. Because of the reliance on empirical data, the model can be considered valid only for those values and a limited extension under which the experiment was conducted. That is, the model is only valid for the data it was tuned for. For final network design and dimensioning, it is essential to use a tuned Okumura-Hata model.



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Hata Model and Urban Model

When optimizing a Hata model, one should understand which parameter is being optimized and how that affects the model. The easiest way to optimize the model is to add a coefficient, C. In this case, only the intercept is affected, not the slope. If the model is used over a wide range of distances, this yields a low mean error (typically 0 dB), but the standard deviation can be important. A better way to optimize the model is to affect both the slope and intercept, to minimize both the error and the standard deviation. In this case, the slope should be optimized for the typical cell range. This idea that slope can differ depending on the range for which it is optimized leads to the necessity of having two (or more) breakpoint models. These models behave like the Hata model, but the slope and intercept change at set distances (the breakpoints). Other Morphologies For all other morphologies, the Urban model is used as a reference and loss is reduced (or increased) by an additional term. Because the added term is not distance-dependent, this is again equivalent to shifting the slope by a fixed (at a given frequency) value, irrespective of the increased (or decreased) useful range.



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Plots

This illustration plotting path loss against distance with a logarithmic scale clearly shows that the Hata model is linear. The idea that only the intercept changes—but not the slope—is also clearly shown, as the plots for the different morphologies are parallel to each other, shifted by a morphology-dependent constant.



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Notes



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COST-231 Model for Urban Morphology

LHU = c1 + c2 log(f) – 13.82 log(hB) – a(hM) + [44.9 – 6.55 log(hB)]log(d) where: f

Frequency in MHz

hB

Base Station antenna height in meters

hM

Mobile Station antenna height in meters

d

Distance from Base Station in km

c1

46.3 for 1500 ≤ f ≤ 2000

c2

33.9 for 1500 ≤ f ≤ 2000

a(hM) Same as Okumura-Hata model

For other morphologies, the C1 and C2 coefficient change in the same way with changes in frequencies.



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Walfisch-Ikegami versus Hata-Okumura

When considering antenna height range, factor in the height above average terrain. For sites located on top of local elevations (hills or mountains), the antenna height above terrain might be within the limits of validity. But for surrounding areas, the apparent antenna height will be the sum of antenna height (Above Ground Level) plus the difference in terrain elevation (Above Sea Level). If the sum falls outside the range of model validity, the model for the considered site should be optimized.



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Notes



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Rooftop-Street Diffraction Loss

w

Average street width in meters

f

Frequency in MHz

Dmobile

hroof - hmobile

hroof

Average building roof height in meters

hmobile

Mobile antenna height in meters

Lrts

Rooftop to street diffraction and scatter loss

Lstreet

Correction factor to account for street orientation

f

Road orientation with respect to the direct radio path in degrees (typically 90° for worst case)



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Multi-Screen Diffraction Loss

Lmed

Correction factor to account for antenna height relative to clutter height

Lmsd

Multi-screen diffraction loss

Dbase

hbase - hroof

hbase

Base Station antenna height in meters

hroof

Average building roof height in meters

b

Average building separation in meters



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Notes



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Lee’s Model

Typical Lo and γ based on empirical data: Morphology

Lo (dB)

Free Space

91.3

20

Open (rural)

91.3

43.5

Suburban

104.0

38.5

• Philadelphia

112.8

36.8

• Newark

106.3

43.1

• Tokyo

128.0

30

g

Urban:

For f < fo , n=20, else n=30 Note that although Lee’s model was originally developed for applications in the 850 to 900 MHz bands, studies conducted by various groups show that it is useful for the PCS (1900 MHz) band as well, when the model coefficients are tuned based on actual field measurement data. Reference: The Optimization and Application of the W.C.Y. Lee Propagation Model in the 1900 MHz Frequency Band, ISBN 0-7803-3659-3, IEEE Xplore Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/VETEC.1997.59632 © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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Standard Propagation Model

The reference for the above model was obtained from the following network planning tools:

• ATOLL (from Forsk; www.forsk.com) • Asset3G (from AIRCOM International)



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Standard Propagation Model (continued)

This model has several additional features to enhance its flexibility and accuracy, such as the inclusion of clutter offset and diffraction. The model is suitable for macro-cell environments and can incorporate dual-slope with respect to the distance from the Base Station, if needed. Typical parametric values of this model are provided below:


Freq [MHz]

K1

900

12.5

1800

22

1900

23

2100

23.8


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ITU-R P.1546 Model

This model explores the method of point-to-area predictions for terrestrial services in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 3000 MHz. This model introduces the concept of terrain clearance angle (TCA) within a pre-defined distance. The model incorporates the following:

• the effective height of the transmitting/base antenna, • correction as a function of receiving/mobile antenna height, and • correction as function of TCA, among other factors.



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Erceg/SUI Path Loss Model

The Stanford University Interim (SUI) and Erceg models are based on extensive experimental data collected across the United States. The measurements were mostly made in suburban areas of New Jersey, Seattle, Chicago, Atlanta, and Dallas. The Erceg/SUI model has three variants, based on terrain type:

• Type A is applicable to hilly terrain with moderate to heavy tree density. • Type B is applicable to hilly terrain with light tree density or flat terrain with moderate to heavy tree density.

• Type C is applicable to flat terrain with light tree density. Unlike the Okumura-Hata model, which predicts only the median path loss, the Erceg/SUI model has both a median path loss and a shadow-fading component, a zero-mean Gaussian random variable.



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Erceg/SUI Path Loss Model

The novelty of this model is the introduction of the path loss exponent and the weak fading standard deviation, s, as random variables obtained through a statistical procedure. The model distinguishes three types of terrain: A, B and C.

• Type A is applicable to hilly terrain with moderate to heavy tree density. • Type B is applicable to hilly terrain with light tree density or flat terrain with moderate to heavy tree density.

• Type C is applicable to flat terrain with light tree density. The above equation can be simplified as follows : PL = 20*log(4Пfd0/c) + 10*γ*log(d) – 10*γ*log(d0) + 6*log(f) – 6*log(2000) + Xh + s Or PL = 20*log(4Пd0/c) + 20*log(f) + 10*γ*log(d) + 10*γ + 6*log(f) – 6*log(2000) + Xh + s Or PL = {20*log(4Пd0/c) – 6*log(2000)}+ 26*log(f) + 10*γ*[1 + log(d)] + Xh + s Or PL = -7.366+ 26*log(f) + 10*γ*[1 + log(d)] + Xh + s


(f is expressed in MHz)


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Ericsson 9999 Model

The information presented for this model is from the following source:

• Driss Bouami, El Mostapha Aboulhamid (ed), “Comparison of Propagation Models Accuracy for WiMAX on 3.5 GHz,” ICECS 2007 14th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems, Marrakech, Maroko, 11-14.12.2007. 111-114 (ISBN: 1-4244-1378-8).



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Comparative Path Loss Plots

The plots shown here demonstrate comparative path loss variation over distance. Morphology classification: default suburban Transmit antenna height: 30 m Receive antenna height: 1.5 m



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Indoor Propagation Model

In many ways, an indoor propagation channel is more hostile than a typical outdoor channel. Lack of a line of sight, heavy attenuation, diffraction by objects in the propagation path, and multipath all contribute to impair a system’s ability to communicate over an RF channel. In addition, the close proximity of interference sources and rapid variations in the channel make definitive or deterministic channel characterization difficult, if not impossible. Site-specific Indoor Propagation Modeling Requires detailed information on building layout, furniture, and transceiver locations. These can be developed using ray-tracing methods. For large-scale static environments, this approach may be viable. For most environments however, knowledge of the building layout and materials is limited and the environment itself can change, for example simply by moving furniture or closing doors. These models generally take the form of free space loss with additional attenuation for walls, floors, and other obstructions. General Indoor Propagation Modeling This type of modeling provides gross statistical predictions of path loss for link design and is a useful tool for performing initial design and layout of indoor wireless systems.



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Keenan-Motley Model

The Keenan-Motley model is often used for site-specific indoor propagation models. It models indoor propagation as free space propagation with added losses for each wall and floor that is in the radio path. This site-specific model is general enough to accommodate a broad range of frequencies with the appropriate choice of attenuation factors. It is also suitable for computer automation. Reference J.M. Keenan & A. J. Motley, “Radio Coverage In Buildings,” British Telecom Journal, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan.1990, pp.19-24.



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Generic Model – ITU Indoor Propagation Model

The ITU model can be shown to be equivalent to the equation for free space loss with N = 20 (when not traversing floors). Thus, the ITU model is essentially a modified power law model. This can be seen as follows: The expression for free-space loss expressed in dB is given by: L = -20 log(λ)+ 20 log(4π)+Nlog(d) Where: λ : wavelength of operation N : Path loss exponent (N=20 for free space) Also: 20log(λ) = 20log(c) – 20log(f) Where: C : speed of light (m/s) F : frequency of operation (MHz) Further simplification yields: 20log(λ) = 49.54 – 20log(f) Where: f : frequency of operation (MHz) Thus, L becomes as follows: L = 20log(f) + Nlog(d) – 27.54 The above formula is similar to the ITU indoor propagation model. © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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Generic Model – Log-Distance Indoor Path Loss Model

The log-distance indoor path loss model is a modified power law equation with a log-normal variability, similar to log-normal shadowing.



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LTE Network Planning Section 5: LTE Link Budget

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LTE Link Budget – Definition A Link Budget is used to calculate power and noise levels between the transmitter and the receiver (Uplink or Downlink), taking into account all gain and loss factors. The Link Budget outputs operating values of SNR and above threshold associated to a specific BLER target. In Release 8, LTE is primarily for data service. Therefore, the requirements (SNR) should be associated with a desired spectral efficiency, which, when associated with a bandwidth, can be defined as a target data rate at cell edge.



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LTE Link Budget – Limitations Basic coverage dimensioning provides simply a rough estimate of the radius of a cell. Initially, specific terrain features are not taken into account. Instead, a set of simplified assumptions regarding traffic distribution are used. The initial output is given in terms of cell range, or the site coverage area that is obtained by calculating the maximum allowable path loss defined by the Link Budget. Cell range is calculated according to a propagation model formula, which gives the relationship between the maximum path loss and the cell range. The site coverage area depends on the site configuration and the cell range. Capacity is assumed and given in terms of number of simultaneous users per cell. At this stage of dimensioning, coverage estimations are done for the required cell edge data rate for expected RF conditions. For example, the Uplink coverage is given in terms of a cell range at a certain Rise over Thermal (ROT), which itself is representative of loading; a change in link loading affects the cell radius. Coverage may also depend on the specific data rate under consideration, the site configuration, the environment (the channel model specifically used for the environment), and the configuration per morphology.



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LTE Link Budget – Channels Considered The main Downlink channels are PBCH, PDSCH, and PDCCH. The rest are mainly acquisition signals. The DL Link Budget based on Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) reveals the maximum achievable coverage, because a UE should demodulate that channel as a prerequisite to camp on a cell. The addition of the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) provides an estimation of the maximum achievable data rate under the specified design targets. PDCCH is more robust and has been conservatively designed. It can be transmitted in different slots (1 slot, 4 slots, 8 slots, etc.) so it does not represent a limiting condition from the Link Budget perspective. Therefore it is not included in this analysis. The main Uplink channels are PUSCH, PUCCH, and RACH. The rest are mainly reference signals. Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) utilizes different modulations (QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM) to carry either Uplink Control Information (UCI) or payload (Control and User). The Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) carries UCI, but is coded (MCS) conservatively, and thus not expected to be limiting. The RACH channel also is coded conservatively, and benefits from a repeat mechanism. Therefore, adding it to the Link Budget is not required.



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LTE Link Budget (DL) – Process Description LTE initially (Rel. 8) is a data only technology. Therefore the critical coverage constraint when designing a LTE network would be the expected data rate at cell edge. As such, this requirement should be identified (1), then translated in terms of required SNR (2). For practical purposes in this Link Budget, the achievable data rate is estimated considering mainly the following inputs: SNR, system bandwidth, and antenna configuration. Secondary inputs would be the link curve, which maps the SNR to an efficiency. This required SNR is based on the 3GPP standard 36.942 in the provided Link Budget, but should be replaced by the vendor (UTRAN or UE) recommendation for actual dimensioning. Once the required SNR to achieve the required cell edge data rate is identified, this SNR is used to estimate the MAPL (3), based on design constraints (4), notably the expected geometry at cell edge. The design constraints should also be compatible with the required SNR in order to estimate MAPL. If MAPL cannot be solved for the required SNR, either the requirements (data rate) or parameters (bandwidth notably) should be modified (5). The final design outputs represent the final cell count based on the coverage objectives in the design. The cell count can be directly derived from the cell radius estimation and the expected service area per cell in the more restricting link.



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LTE Link Budget (DL) – Inputs and Assumptions Once the target SNR has been defined, the proposed DL Link Budget can be summarized in four major components:

1. Estimation of the per-subcarrier (i.e., per RE) ERP. 2. Sensitivity (or in this case, the MAPL at the UE antenna connector), ignoring any propagation components. 3. Estimation of propagation and UE-specific gains and losses. 4. Calculation of MAPL based on the previously defined parameter, and cell count estimation. These component are defined in the following slides.



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LTE Link Budget (UL) – Inputs and Assumptions Once the target SNR has been defined, the proposed UL Link Budget can be summarized in four major components:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Estimation of the per-subcarrier (i.e., per RE) ERP. Sensitivity, considering the expected RoT. Estimation of propagation and eNB-specific gains and losses. Calculation of MAPL based on the previously defined parameter, and cell count estimation.

These components are defined in the following slides.



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Determining Limiting Link and Cell Count Per Morphology The high-level LTE Link Budget calculation steps are shown below:

1. Establish Downlink and Uplink Link Budgets to maintain service at a specific data rate. 2. Estimate the Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL) for each link. 3. Determine the limiting link (Downlink or Uplink) based on MAPLs: MAPL = min(MAPLDL, MAPLUL)

4. Estimate the cell radius per morphology based on the limiting link, using an appropriate radio propagation model.

5. Estimate the number of cells required to fulfill the network coverage requirements (cell count). 6. Estimate the cell area per morphology.



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Notes



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CQI or Bearers In a network planning tool, the data rate typically is not calculated based on the RF conditions (link level), but static SNR based on path loss is calculated. To determine the data rate, the static SNR is mapped to an efficiency (bit/Hz). In a simplified view, this behavior is similar to the CQI reported by the UE. Note: This course uses CQI and bearers interchangeably. Both CQI and bearers correlate to a modulation and coding scheme (MCS). In turn, the MCS implies an efficiency.



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CQI CQI is reported in two steps:

• CQI that represents the main RF condition. This CQI can be reported over the entire bandwidth or for a sub-band. This CQI is defined in the standard (36.213 § 7.2.3-1).

• CQI offset – The CQI difference between CWO and CW1. If rank > 1, different data rates (actually different TBS) are allowed on the different spatial channels. CQI offset is defined in the standard (36.213, Table 7.2.2). The effective number of symbols must consider that the first slot of each sub-frame contains control symbols (2 to 4 depending on the available bandwidth), and RS symbols (8 for antennas 1 and 2, or 6 for antennas 3 and 4) are spread over the RB. Overhead The provided sample spreadsheet only estimates overheads. The effective number of symbols is averaged based on the typical number of control symbols, even though these can be implementation dependent.



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SNR to CQI (or Data Rate) This curve should be generated using a system level simulator. If this simulator is not available, the standard (36.942) provides information for evaluating an LTE system, and is presented above. This curve corresponds to TU 10 km/h for a 1 * 2 configuration. For a 2 * 2 configuration, MIMO gain can be used (as presented later in section 6).



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SNR to CQI (or Data Rate) For the Uplink, the curve should be generated using a system level simulator (same as for the Downlink). If this simulator is not available, the standard (36.942) provides information to evaluate an LTE system, as presented above. This curve corresponds to TU 3 km/h for a 1 * 2 configuration. For the Uplink, MIMO is not expected to be deployed initially (Rel 8); therefore MIMO gains are not applicable. The concept of CQI is not defined in the Uplink. CQI should be read as (code rate, modulation), as defined earlier.



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SNR and MAPLUE Calculation

• • • • • •

PRE: Power Per Resource Element Tu: Useful Symbol Time Tcp: Cyclic Prefix Time G: Geometry, defined as the ratio of same-cell to other-cell received signal Loading: Average number of REs used at any given time Nth: Thermal Noise, calculated as ktB+NF



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Ioc – Other-Cell Interference In a flat-earth model, the ratio of other-cell interference to same (or target) cell interference (Ioc/Ior) is a function of position within the cell. This ratio is highest at the cell edge and is lowest near the cell tower. For network planning, the ratio of Ioc/Ior is determined from the chosen reuse efficiency, Fe, which is considered near the edge of the cell but not exactly at the cell edge.

• Typical Fe = 0.65, Ioc/Itc = ξ ~ - 2.5 dB, approximately r/Rc = 0.7 • Near the cell edge, Ioc/Itc = ξ ~ 2.5 to 3 dB, approximately r/Rc = 0.9 • Rc = cell radius, r = distance from the BS In the real world Ioc can vary significantly with small changes in position, depending on the propagation environment. Controlling Ioc is one of the primary concerns of the network planner.



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LTE Link Budget Spreadsheet Minimum Requirements: Microsoft® Office Excel 2007® (12.0.6341.5001) SP1 MSO (12.0.6320.5000) The sample spreadsheet was developed in Excel using the Visual Basic programming language.



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Path loss versus Target SNR

• For this case study, the Link Budget parameters should be set as shown in the above table. Required SNR will be varied to estimate its impact.



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Path loss versus Frequency Band

• Based on Cell Edge Confidence of 90% and Log Normal Fading Margin of 8 dB • Antenna Gain across morphologies = 18 dBi • Body Loss = 0 dB SNR is assumed constant for all frequency bands; thus the resulting data rate would be constant. In addition to BPL, other parameters are frequency dependent. These parameters include: Propagation Standard Deviation, Antenna gain (both UE and eNB), Noise figure, and cable and body losses. For simplicity, only the BPL has been modified in this exercise.



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Case 2 of 2: Cell Radii versus Frequency Band

• As expected, propagation properties at lower frequencies result in longer cell radii. • A 700 MHz network will need a lower cell count to serve a specific coverage objective area compared to high frequencies.



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Exercises



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Exercises



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Channel Types The associated root-mean-square (RMS) Delay Spreads are: 45 ns (EPA), 357 ns (EVA), and 991 ns (ETU), leading to maximum delays of 410 ns (EPA), 2.51 µs (EVA), and 5 µs (ETU). The selected model type in 3GPP will determine the assumed antenna configuration (1x2, 2x2) for that specific simulation environment. This assumption needs to be considered in later stages of the design because of the impact on required network configuration.



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UE Antenna Gain UE antenna gain is affected by the implementation; therefore it should be compared to the actual (measured) antenna gain of the typical UE deployed. This slide illustrates general guidelines based on:

• Qualcomm internal measurements based on commercial UEs (MSs). • Standards: – EBU – TECH 3317, Planning parameters for hand held reception – DVB-SH Implementation Guidelines, DVB Document A120



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Key Parameters in LTE DL Budget – Doppler

• • • • •

EPA5: EPA 5 Hz = Extended Pedestrian A with 5 Hz Doppler frequency EVA5: EVA 5 Hz = Extended Vehicular A with 5 Hz Doppler frequency EVA70: EVA 70 Hz = Extended Vehicular A with 70 Hz Doppler frequency ETU70: ETU 70 Hz = Extended Typical Urban with 70 Hz Doppler frequency ETU300: ETU 300 Hz = Extended Typical Urban with 300 Hz Doppler frequency

The adjusted speed at a specific frequency is calculated considering the relation fd = (v/c) x fc

where:

• • • •

fc is the carrier frequency fd is the Doppler frequency v represents the corresponding user speed c represents the speed of light



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Key Parameters in LTE DL Budget – Eb/Nt Reference: 3GPP TS 36.104 V8.5.0 (2009-03). 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (Release 8) Test 10.1, Bandwidth = 1.4 MHz, Reference Channel = R.21, Propagation Condition = ETU70, Antenna configuration and correlation Matrix = 1 x 2 Low Test 10.2, Bandwidth = 1.4 MHz, Reference Channel = R.22, Propagation Condition = EPA5, Antenna configuration and correlation Matrix = 2 x 2 Low Test 10.3, Bandwidth = 1.4 MHz, Reference Channel = R.23, Propagation Condition = EVA5, Antenna configuration and correlation Matrix = 4 x 2 Medium



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Key Parameters in LTE DL Budget – PBCH The PBCH channel has 4 repetitions in each TTI. The PBCH is composed of 24 information bits followed by 16 CRC bits in a 40 ms period; the payload is repeated every 10ms. Example: Based on MPS simulations provided, for 1% BLER the achieved Ês/Nt is -7.2 dB for the 10.1 test case (3GPP TS 36.104 V8.5.0). This value represents the equivalent Ês/Nt of each symbol per TTI. Following the same reasoning, the Eb/Nt value required in a 40 ms period can be computed as: nÊs/Nt + 10log10(40/24) + 10Log10(4) = Ês/Nt + 8.2 dB For test case 10.1, the resulting Eb/Nt = 1 dB. However the Link Budget requires a per 10ms TTI computation. Therefore, the required Eb/Nt is computed as: Ês/Nt + 10log10(40/24) = -5 dB

This represents the value required for the Link Budget computation for PBCH for test case 10.1. A similar analogy can be used for the other test cases. © 2010 QUALCOMM Incorporated


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LTE Overhead In LTE, several types of overhead need to be considered:

• • • •

Physical channel, or Reference Signal: depends on the number of antennas deployed Acquisition channels: PSS, SSS, and PBCH Physical overhead (Cyclic prefix): depends on the CP length Control overhead: Represents the number of symbols used for PDDCH

The following table shows typical total overheads for different bandwidths and antenna configurations, assuming normal CP.

BW [MHz]

1 antenna

2 antennas

4 antennas

1.4

42

46

48

5

39

42

44

10

38

41

43

20

32

35

37



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Frequency Band Reference: Section 5.5 in 3GPP TS 36.104 V8.5.0 (2009-03) 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception (Release 8)



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Maximum UE Transmit Power Reference: Section 6.2 in 3GPP TS 36.101 V8.5.1 (2009-03). 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (Release 8)



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Cable and Connector Losses This item accounts for the loss between the antenna and the Node B reference point and is mainly related to the site configuration, such as:

• • • • •

Feeder type and length Jumper length and type Splitter Combiner

Whether a tower mounted amplifier (TMA) is installed



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Noise Figure The noise figure is the ratio of the output noise power of a device to the portion thereof attributable to thermal noise in the input termination at standard noise temperature T0 (usually 290 K). The noise figure is, thus, the ratio of actual output noise to that which would remain if the device itself did not introduce noise. This number can be used to specify the performance of a radio receiver.



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Es/Nt Depending on the channel condition (channel type), different Es/Nt would correspond to a given CQI. Note that Es/Nt to CQI is UE implementation dependent. The UE only reports the data rate (i.e., the efficiency) that it can support with a Sub-Packet Error Rate (SPER) of 10%.



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LTE Network Planning Section 6: RF Network Planning

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Efficiency

In LTE, the allocated bandwidth for any given user changes over time. Therefore, the concept of efficiency needs to be introduced. Efficiency can be defined as the number of bits that can supported for a given allocated bandwidth (bits per Hertz). Higher efficiency would translate into higher order modulation and higher coding rate. Efficiency is also affected by the number of overhead symbols during transmission.



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GIS Data Several layers are available from GIS data. Some of these layers are mandatory, while others are simply nice to have. In the list below, the first two are mandatory, then the nice-to-have layers are listed in order of importance:

• Digital Elevation Map (DEM), also called Digital Terrain Map (DTM) – This is the most •

• •

•

fundamental map required, because the RF propagation model uses it to calculate the path loss at every bin. Clutter map, also called Land-Use map – During RF propagation model optimization, correction factors are assigned to each clutter type to increase the accuracy of the prediction. Clutter types can also be used for traffic distribution. For MIMO planning, this layer can also reflect the scattering observed within a particular clutter. Different MIMO gains can be assumed for different clutter types. Vectors – Vectors are primarily used to verify site positioning. However, depending on the capabilities of the tool, they also can be used for traffic distribution. Ortho-corrected or Satellite images – Typically not used by the tool directly. RF engineers use them to verify site location, clutter classification, or any changes that have occurred since the site picture was taken. This information now is typically available online, so it is less important to include such data as part of the GIS dataset. Building data – This type of data is mandatory for some RF models, such as ray tracing. For RF propagation models, actual building data may be replaced with clutter height information. Clutter height typically is not as accurate as actual building data, but prediction time from statistical models is less than the time needed for ray tracing.



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Coverage Objectives

To predict clutter-specific coverage probability, several inputs should be defined per clutter. In the absence of clutter-specific information, only threshold-based coverage probability can be defined, where the different coverage thresholds are based on the Link Budget. Main Clutter-Specific Information

• Standard deviation - For RF predictions: per model tuning results. For indoor predictions, the standard deviation can be set to a combined value (indoor + outdoor), if the BLP is set to a mean value, or to outdoor only, assuming that the BPL is set to a value that represents the expected indoor coverage probability. - For C/I estimation: depends on the assumptions for HO latency. For planning, since simulations are statics, we can ignore the impact of long HO or reselection and only consider the best server that the UE would camp on. In this case, the deviation is impacted only by fading on the best server. Typical deviation would further vary, depending on the location in the cell: in good coverage (high RSRP) condition, C/I deviation will be less than 1 dB; at cell edge, variations of ~ 3 dB are expected.

• Indoor loss, either car, or building. Typically tools provide only a single BPL value, which the user can set to a mean value or to X percentile of the indoor area.



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Site configuration flexibility

During the design phase, understanding the flexibility of options for the site configuration would eliminate the need for multiple site visits to verify if the required configuration can be implemented. In addition, if an Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) tool is used to optimize the physical configuration, this information is used to configure the ACP. For each sector, the information shown below should be available: Parameter

Range

Antenna Azimuth

Either absolute or relative to the current setting

Antenna Height

Typically discreet values

Maximum Antenna Size

Physical dimension and weight

Antenna Mechanical Tilt

Based on antenna mounting


Comment

Range should take into account any near field obstructions

Weight limitation is a critical parameter to ensure that tower loading is kept within limits


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LTE Required Input

Spectrum and Bandwidth Spectrum allocation (frequency bands) typically would be selected from the 3GPP defined bands (see LTE Frequency Bands in Section 1). Bandwidth allocation should be based on available spectrum and limitations from 3GPP (see Section 1). When designing for coverage, planning for the whole band available is preferable. Power Allocation The following variables should be considered for power allocation:

• Maximum HPA rating: maximum power that can be allocated to a given symbol (typically RS power)

• Offset between RS and other channels Note that in the Downlink, power control is not defined, as it is for 3G technologies. PDSCH power (if available) can be varied, but as an implementation-specific power control scheme that typically would be controlled by the scheduler.



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Bearers

In a network planning tool, the data rate typically is not calculated based on the RF conditions (link level), but static SNR based on path loss is calculated. To determine the data rate, the static SNR is mapped to an efficiency (bit/Hz). At a basic level, this behavior is similar to the CQI reported by the UE.



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Notes



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Detection Threshold

As a reminder, the detection thresholds listed in Section 1 are reported below.

RSRP Threshold [dBm]

Frequency Band

Ês/Iot conditions [dB]

-124

1, 4, 6, 10, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40

-3

-123

9

-3

-122

2, 5, 7, 11, 17

-3

-121

3, 8, 12, 13, 14

-3



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Cell Reselection Illustration

In the illustration above, the UE chose not to measure neighbors when the Srxlev, s > Sintrasearch. Thus despite the fact that Cell B has a better Srxlev, Cell B , the UE neither measures nor considers Cell B for reselection. However when the SservingCell meets Sintrasearch, the UE measures other neighbors and immediately finds Cell B. With QHyst and Qoffset considered 0, Cell B is ranked higher than Cell A. But the UE waits for TReselection timer before performing the reselection to Cell B. If the SIB3 had not included the Sintrasearch , the UE would have detected and measured the neighbor cell much sooner and might have reselected Cell B. But since SservingCell is better, it does not impact UE performance. In other words, correctly configuring the value of Sintrasearch does not necessarily improve performance, but it does improve UE battery life by reducing the measurement cycles.



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P/S-SCH

No coding, only physical information. Modulation and coding rate do not apply. Similar to the P/S-SCH in UMTS. PBCH Fix coding and modulation. Effectively, 24 (+ 16 bits CRC) bits of information sent every 10 ms TTI, repeated four times. Sent over the central 6 RB (72 subcarrier). 1 slot per frame, 4 symbols. PDSCH The standard (36.311) only makes reference of the coding rate to be used for transmission of the BCH (SIB) over the PDSCH. Modulation is not specified and is open for implementation. QPSK is assumed to minimize the required transmit power for this channel, or to maximize the coverage. Additional Comments All values assume 10 MHz for the indicated antenna configuration (n*m). All values are based on minimum performance specifications (36.101). The 36.101 document provides SNR values for different channel models, where a channel model is defined as:

• Multipath conditions (EVA, ETU…) • Doppler frequency (5, 70…) • Correlation matrix (low, high…)



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PDSCH

The standard (36.211) only makes reference of the coding rate (1/3) to be used for transmission of the BCH (SIB) over the PDSCH. Modulation is not specified and is open for implementation. For Minimum Performance Specification (36.101) QPSK is assumed, which maximizes the coverage. All values assume 10 MHz for the indicated antenna configuration (n x m). All values are based on minimum performance specifications (36.101).



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Notes



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SNR to CQI (or Data Rate)

This curve should be generated using a system level simulator. If this simulator is not available, the standard (36.942) provides information for evaluating an LTE system, and is presented above. This curve corresponds to TU 10 km/h, for a 1 * 2 configuration. For a 2 * 2 configuration, MIMO gain can be used (as presented later in this section).



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Antenna Configuration Considerations

Multi-user MIMO is not considered for coverage, but for capacity. The spatial diversity is used to serve multiple users with the same RB, but transmitted in different spatial channels.



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MIMO Performance in Macro-Cellular Networks

Because of the small number of current MIMO deployments, MIMO gain can be estimated only from simulations and limited field results from similar technologies. MIMO gain can be attributed to two components:

• Transmit diversity • Spatial diversity (using multiple code words – MCW).



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MIMO-SCW Performance

From this figure, the diversity gain can be estimated by comparing the achieved throughput in a 1 * 2 configuration (receive diversity only) and a 2 * 2 configuration. This comparison shows that no gain is achieved at SNR lower than ~ 8 dB. If receive diversity is already implemented (1 * 2), marginal gain is obtained at low geometry from the addition of transmit diversity (2 * 2). Gain from receive diversity can be estimated only by comparing the 1 * 1 and 1 * 2 configurations. Since LTE always assumes the availability of receive diversity, the 1 * 1 configuration is not presented in this figure. Qualcomm internal simulations studied the effectiveness of equalizer (Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)) and successive interference cancellation (SIC) receivers. Only MMSE results are provided, as these are more likely to be deployed initially.



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Spatial Diversity Gain

For reference, “Spectral Efficiency Assessment and Radio Performance Comparison between LTE and WiMAX” by Ball, Hindelang, Kamborov, and Eder provides an indication of the expected spatial diversity gain over diversity only. From these results, it can be shown that the spatial diversity gain for a VA30 channel is only observed at very strong SNR (18 dB in this specific case). C. Ball, T. Hindelang, I. Kambourov, and S. Eder, “Spectral Efficiency Assessment and Radio Performance Comparison between LTE and WiMAX,” in Proceedings of 19th Annual IEEE. International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC. 2008), Cannes, 2008.



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SNR to CQI (or Data Rate)

For the Uplink, the curve should be generated using a system level simulator (same as for the Downlink). If this simulator is not available, the standard (36.942) provides information to evaluate an LTE system, as presented above. This curve corresponds to TU 3 km/h, for 1 * 2 configuration. For the Uplink, MIMO is not expected to be deployed initially (Rel 8); therefore MIMO gains are not applicable. The concept of CQI is not defined in the Uplink. CQI should be read as (code rate, modulation), as defined in Section 5.



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Notes



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Planning for Capacity

Load is related to capacity only; therefore it is not discussed in this course. For coverage studies, prediction and simulation at the maximum load would give the worst case scenario performance, while 30% (control channel and overhead) would provide the most optimistic performance. Fractional load planning would assume that X2 interfaces are available between eNBs and that information carried over is actually used. In the current standard development, this is only expected when the same vendor’s eNBs are deployed throughout the network. During the initial coverage planning of an LTE network, factional load planning is not critical because it is mainly EPS vendor dependent. Therefore, this is not addressed in this course. Inter-system interference was discussed in Section 3.



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Space Diversity Additional tower/rooftop space will be required to ensure desired separation between the two antennas (discussed in the next slide). This separation is necessary to ensure that the signals transmitted by the two antennas maintain minimum correlation.



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Space Diversity

Diversity gain results from the creation of multiple independent channels between the transmitter and receiver. Array gain achieves its performance enhancement by coherently combining the energy received by each antenna and does not depend on statistical diversity between the channels. Minimum physical antenna separation of 10λ is derived from theoretical calculations supplemented by field trial results. Although theoretically either horizontal or vertical separation should be sufficient for space diversity deployment, vertical separation is not recommended because the different antenna heights would create variation of coverage span.



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Polarization Diversity

Single X-pole Antenna This is a typical MIMO deployment scenario: a single antenna package with dual antennas with ±45º antenna-element-array to provide both receive and transmit diversity. This configuration is currently the most common deployment scenario (without a second transmit chain) and can be very easily transformed into 2 x 2 MIMO with few physical changes (inclusion of a second transmit chain is all that is necessary). The disadvantages of this configuration are the need for an additional duplexer for the second port and the associated loss. Two X-pole Antennas with Spatial Gap In this configuration, two dual-polar antennas are physically separated (distance) with a single branch of each antenna exclusively carrying a transmit path while the other branch carries the receive path. This configuration eliminates any losses associated with the required duplexers for each transmit and receive chain. While there is a cost for the additional cabling and the associated ancillary equipment, an advantage of this configuration is it can also be utilized for 4x2 MIMO deployment.



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Space vs. Polarization Diversity The first table in the slide shows that both space and polarization diversity perform equally in an urban environment, assuming than 20 wavelength can be used for space diversity. This spatial gap may be difficult to achieve (especially at low frequencies), thus giving an advantage to polarization diversity. The polarization diversity advantage is reduced in a suburban morphology, but is still maintained if 10 wavelength cannot be achieved for the spatial gap. In a rural morphology (due to the absence of scattering), space diversity has an advantage, even when only 5 wavelengths can be achieved. Reference: C. Chevallier et al., WCDMA (UMTS) Deployment Handbook, Wiley and Sons, 2006. MIMO Channel Correlation The second table in the slide shows that the combination of space and polarization diversity provide the lowest correlation between MIMO spatial channels, thus would lead to the maximum gain. Polarization diversity provides the second best results, while space diversity only provides the highest correlation, thus the lowest expected MIMO gain. These correlations are measured in light urban/industrial morphologies. Reference: H. Teague, C. Patel, D. Gore, H. Sampath, A. Naguib, T. Kadous, A. Gorokhov, A. Agrawal, “Field Results on MIMO Performance in UMB Systems,” Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE 67th Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC Spring 2008.



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Polarization Diversity and MIMO Performance in Rural environment

In a rural environment:

• Limited MIMO gain is expected, due to the absence of scattering. • Near cell condition where high SNR is detected represents only a fraction of the cell. Given these limitations, space diversity is recommended in a rural environment due to expected higher diversity gain.



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Intermodulation in Shared Antenna System Intermodulation occurs when the input to a non-linear system is comprised of two or more frequencies. Consider an input signal that contains three frequency components at fa, fb, and fc. x(t) = Masin(2πfat+Φa) + Mbsin(2πfbt+Φb) + Mcsin(2πfct+Φc) where M and Φ are the amplitudes and phases of the three components, respectively. The output signal, y(t), is obtained by passing the input through a non-linear function: y(t) = G(x(t)) y(t) will contain the three frequencies of the input signal (fa, fb & fc), known as the fundamental signals, as well as a linear combination of the fundamental frequencies, known as intermodulation products, in the arbitrary form of (kafa + kbfb + kcfc ) where ka , kb , kc are integral coefficients. The order of a given intermodulation product is the sum of the absolute values of the coefficients. So in above example, third order intermodulation product occurs when |ka| + |kb| + |kc| = 3 Intermodulation issues can be mitigated by ensuring that high quality components are utilized and all physical joints between cables, antennas, and other components are of the highest quality. These actions should be routinely performed regardless of the specific deployment type, as should regular maintenance. It is likely that antenna sharing schemes with increasing complexity will multiply with MIMO deployments. This should be carefully considered with an increased focus on appropriate deployment practices, including clearly defined operational guidelines for the maintenance of such systems.



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Note



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Antenna Parameter Recommendations • Passive Intermodulation Product is very important and should be treated as one of the most critical parameters.

• • • •

Return loss >20 dB indicates superior performance across a wider range of frequencies. In Beam Power Percent is the amount of power an antenna radiates into the desired azimuth. Front to Back Ratio is the ratio of peak amplitudes of the main and back lobes. Peak Power > 300 Watt will prevent possible arc-over within the antenna, especially when multiple technologies are supported.

• Polarization Discrimination applies to X-pole antennas only. A recommended value of 20 dB corresponds to a cross-correlation of 0.2.

• Maximum Mechanical Downtilt should be restricted to VBW / 2 to avoid beam deformity. • DIN connectors, unlike N-type, are designed to be low loss and yield better passive intermodulation performance.

• Connector Location: For most antennas, the power divider usually starts in the center of the antenna. Feeding the antenna from the center thus minimizes losses for high antenna efficiency. On the other hand, a bottom-fed antenna may be convenient for wall mounting or for extreme weather conditions (excessive snowfall / rain).



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Indoor or Outdoor RSRP

Depending on the tool used and the settings, the coverage threshold may include the coverage reliability (LNF margin) or the building penetration loss (BPL). The threshold for detection of a cell is not a guarantee of service. Service would be guaranteed only if the SNR threshold (see following slides) is met.



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PBCH Coverage

For PBCH coverage no MIMO gain should be defined, because PBCH is only transmitted with rank 1, but with transmit diversity. When PBCH coverage (SNR) is verified, no information is available on the possibility of a UE to acquire service on the system. To determine this, PDSCH coverage should be verified, considering the modulation considered for SIB transmission.



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PDSCH SNR

If SNR is optimized the best possible data rate would be achieved, based on available bandwidth (or assigned number of RBs). For RSRP, PDSCH SNR can be considered indoors or outdoors, with or without margin (for reliability). Tool implementation for the SNR margin should be fully understood and configured properly. MIMO Gain PDSCH coverage (SNR) should consider any possible gain due to transmit diversity. MIMO gain, due to multiple codewords, will not be observed on SNR, but only on throughput coverage maps.



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PDSCH Throughput

PDSCH coverage (throughput) presents only the maximum possible data rate based on the assumptions and settings. The actual throughput achieved by a user would depend on the user location (effectively achieved SNR) and the available bandwidth. Available bandwidth, in turn, depends on the number of simultaneous users and the scheduler implementation.



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Tracking Area, MME, and MME pool

Because these boundaries or connections are not limited by the standard but rather by vendor implementation, planning for these parameters is not detailed in this workshop. At a higher level, planning these parameters would be similar to the RNC, BSC, LAU, and Paging Zone planning for 3G.



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Black List

In LTE terminology, the black list is a list of cells that the UE should neither reselect nor report. A list of black listed cells typically would be sent to the UE to ensure that the UE does not consider such a cell as a reselection candidate, or report the cell if it fulfills the handover condition.



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LTE Handover

In LTE, 5 main events are defined for intra-system handover:

• • • • •

Event A1: Serving Cell becomes better than a defined threshold Event A2: Neighbor Cell becomes worse than a defined threshold Event A3: Neighbor Cell becomes better than Serving Cell by a defined Offset value Event A4: Neighbor Cell becomes better than a defined threshold Event A5: Neighbor Cell becomes worse than a defined threshold and Neighbor Cell becomes better than a defined threshold

Event A3 best matches the UMTS intra-frequency handover.

Acceptable Signal Difference Between Serving Cell and Neighbor Cells The acceptable difference between these cells should be determined based on the network layout and the relative loading of the neighboring cells.



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Ranking Neighbors

Ranking of neighbor cells varies according to the tool used for Neighbor List analysis. Ranking can depend on the percentage of area overlapping, the symmetry, or other criteria.



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NL – Cell-Specific Parameters

• Qoffsets,n – The effect of this parameter should be evaluated together with Qhyst (global

parameter for the serving cell). Qhyst is used to prioritize the serving cell, while Qoffset is used to (de-)prioritize a given neighbor in relation to the serving cell. – Setting Qoffset to a positive value prioritizes the neighbor – Setting Qoffset to a negative value de-prioritizes the neighbor.

• IntraBlackCellList is defined as a range of PCIs, where the range starts for a given PCI. The range can be 1 (single PCI) or a number of PCIs (from 4 to 504). For parameter definitions and usage guidelines, see:

• 3GPP TS 36.311 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification

• 3GPP TS 36.304 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode



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Channel Model and Delay Spread

An other important impact of channel model for LTE is the correct estimation of delay spread, which would impact the setting of the CP. This delay spread estimation can be obtained from the same type of data used to estimate the channel model. During network planning, delay spread cannot be estimated unless a ray tracing model is used.



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Exercises



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Exercises



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What is MIMO?

The benefits of a MIMO system depend on independence (low cross-correlation) of the transmit paths. Spatial diversity or polarization diversity (±45º X-poles) are the most commonly used antenna configurations.



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LTE Downlink MIMO

The spatial channel is decomposed into its eigenfunctions to create independent spatial channels for maximum spatial diversity. In practice, the decomposition may be approximated to get reasonable gains.



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LTE Downlink MIMO

For good performance over a broad range of scenarios, LTE provides an adaptive multistream transmission scheme in which the number of parallel streams can be continuously adjusted to match the instantaneous channel conditions. When channel conditions are very good, up to four streams can be transmitted in parallel, yielding data rates up to 300 Mbps in a 20 MHz bandwidth. When channel conditions are less favorable, fewer parallel streams are used. The multiple antennas could also be used for beamforming to improve cell edge coverage. Beamforming may also be used to achieve SDMA for multi-user MIMO. When coordinated across cells, this can lead to significant reduction in interference. To achieve good coverage (for instance, in large cells or to support higher data rates at cell edges), one can employ single stream beamforming transmission as well as transmit diversity for common channels.



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Spatial Multiplexing of SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO

SDMA is used with MU-MIMO; however, transmission on each UE in the UE-MIMO mode is restricted to one layer. Thus, in beamforming mode, only SCW MIMO is allowed.



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Transmit Diversity

Open Loop Transmit Diversity The most popular open loop transmit diversity scheme is space/time coding, where a code known to the receiver is applied at the transmitter. Of the many types of space/time codes, the most popular is orthogonal space/time block codes (OSTBCs), or Alamouti code. This code has become the most popular means of achieving transmit diversity, owing to its ease of implementation—linear at both the transmitter and the receiver—and its superior diversity order. Closed Loop Transmit Diversity When feedback is added to the system, the transmitter may use the channel state information. Because the channel quality changes quickly in a mobile environment, closed loop transmission schemes tend to be feasible primarily in fixed or low-mobility scenarios. There could, however, be a substantial gain in many cases from possessing channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, particularly in the spatial multiplexing setup.



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Transmit Diversity in LTE

Space Frequency Block Code (SFBC) In SFBC, adjacent subcarriers are coded. This assumes that adjacent subcarriers have the same amplitude and phase, which typically is approximately true in practice. Space Frequency Block Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (SFBC-OFDM) can be used to increase the resultant Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) at the receiver, which increases coverage area in a cellular system. Frequency Shift Time Diversity (FSTD) In an FSTD scheme, two orthogonal preambles occupying different groups of subcarrier frequencies are transmitted through each antenna. The receiver correlates the received samples with two preambles and then performs a non-coherent combining for the detection of OFDM symbol timing. Thus, in a fading environment, the correlation value experiences less amplitude variation, which is in agreement with the conventional diversity concept.



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Comments/Notes



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LTE Network Planning Section 7: Predicting Overlay and Coexistence with Other Technologies

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Coverage Prediction & Analysis – High Level View At the outset, a project needs to be created for any market using a network planning tool. Use of recent and up-to-date GIS data with resolution <50 m is recommended for this purpose. Next, the site, cell, and transmitter configurations should be defined using relevant inputs such as frequency band of operation, carrier bandwidth, coverage targets, propagation models, RF parameters, vendor-specific inputs, and LTE-related configurations. For coverage predictions, in the absence of known traffic projection/capacity demand, a fixed network loading for both Downlink and Uplink is recommended. This fixed loading would represent the statistical impact of the loading on coverage performance. Finally, the coverage prediction analyses presented earlier (see Section 5) should be performed to assess the quality of the designed network. This should be done in an iterative manner until the design targets are met. Although not specifically mentioned in the flow diagram above, use of an Automatic Cell Planning (ACP) tool is recommended for determination of the final RF configuration (azimuth, downtilt, height, etc.).



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Prediction Tool – Description 1AtollTM

is an overall RF planning prediction tool developed by Forsk.



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Case Studies: LTE Deployment with 1:1 Overlay 850 MHz CDMA 1xEV-DO This analysis of LTE coverage and throughput estimation is relevant for North American operators. The following were used for this case study:

• • • • •

One cluster with 48 eNBs. 3-sector sites for analysis. Default Okumura-Hata propagation model. Average Base Station antenna height of 25 m and UE height of 1.5 m. 65-degree antenna with 17 dBi gain. ACP tool to optimize azimuth and downtilt for the best combination of Ec and Ec/Io.

2100 MHz UMTS/HSPA This analysis of LTE coverage and throughput estimation is relevant for European operators. The following were used for this case study:

• • • • •

One cluster with 77 eNBs. 3-sector sites for analysis. Default Standard Propagation Model. Average Base Station antenna height of 25 m and UE height of 1.5 m. 65-degree antenna with 17 dBi gain. ACP tool to optimize azimuth and downtilt for the best combination of RSCP and Ec/No.



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80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-13


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-14


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 1: Ec/No Prediction Map For accurate analysis and estimation of Ec/Io, the 48-site cluster was divided into two categories:

• A Computation Zone was defined with all 48 sites (the red boundary above) to facilitate the calculation of interference (Io) from all sites.

• In addition, a smaller category of a 34-site cluster was defined as a Focus Zone for calculation of quality (Ec/Io). The Focus Zone basically excluded 14 sites located at the outer periphery of the Computation Zone. Since these sites were located at the boundary areas, interference experienced by them would have been lower than the remaining sites. As a result, inclusion of these sites for statistical calculations would have unfairly skewed the overall Ec/Io statistics. To accurately represent the Ec/Io distribution, Ec from the sites located within the Focus Zone and Io from all 48 sites were used for calculation .



Megafon Use Only

7-15


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 1: Ec Prediction Map In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, Ec distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for Ec prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-16


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 1: LTE Prediction – Key Settings (1 of 2) For details on assumed system configuration, see Section 6.



Megafon Use Only

7-17


80-W2559-1 Rev B




Megafon Use Only

7-18


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-19


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 1: LTE-700 Reference Signal (1 of 6) To maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSRP distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSRP prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-20


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 1: LTE-700 Reference Signal (2 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSRQ distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSRQ prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-21


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 1: LTE-700 PBCH C/I Distribution (3 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, PBCH C/I distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-22


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 1: LTE-700 PDSCH C/I Distribution (4 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, PDSCH C/I distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-23


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 1: LTE-700 Best Bearer Distribution (5 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, best bearer distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-24


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 1: LTE-700 RLC Throughput (6 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, peak RLC throughput distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-25


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-26


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-27


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-28


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 2: UMTS Network – Ec/No Prediction Map For accurate analysis and estimation of Ec/No, the 77-site cluster was divided into two categories:

• A Computation Zone was defined with all 77 sites (the red boundary above) to facilitate the calculation of interference (No) from all sites.

• In addition, a smaller category of a 63-site cluster was defined as a Focus Zone for calculation of quality (Ec/No). The Focus Zone basically excluded 14 sites located at the outer periphery of the Computation Zone. Since these sites were located at the boundary areas, interference experienced by them would have been lower than the remaining sites. As a result, inclusion of these sites for statistical calculations would have unfairly skewed the overall Ec/Io statistics. To accurately represent the Ec/No distribution, RSCP from the sites located within the Focus Zone and No from all 48 sites were used for calculation.



Megafon Use Only

7-29


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 2: UMTS Network – RSCP Prediction Map In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSCP distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSCP prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-30


80-W2559-1 Rev B




Megafon Use Only

7-31


80-W2559-1 Rev B




Megafon Use Only

7-32


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-33


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 2: LTE-2600 Reference Signal (1 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSRP distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSRP prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-34


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 2: LTE-2600 Reference Signal (2 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, RSRQ distribution was perfomed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for RSRQ prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-35


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 2: LTE-2600 PBCH C/I Distribution (3 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, PBCH C/I distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-36


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 2: LTE-2600 PDSCH C/I Distribution (4 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, PDSCH C/I distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-37


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 2: LTE-2600 Best Bearer Distribution (5 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, best bearer distribution was performed based on sites located within the Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-38


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Case Study 2: LTE-2600 RLC Throughput (6 of 6) In order to maintain parity with previous statistical calculations, peak RLC throughput distribution was performed based on sites located within the Focus Zone only. An indoor penetration loss of 15 dB was assumed for prediction.



Megafon Use Only

7-39


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-40


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-41


80-W2559-1 Rev B

Notes



Megafon Use Only

7-42

LTE 80-W2559-1_RevB

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