LSAT
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PrepTest 7 February 1993 Test ID: LL3007 LL300 7
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Logical Reasoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION I
Analytical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION II
R eading eading Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION III
Logical Reasoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION IV
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SECTION I Time—35 minutes 25 Questions Directions: Directions: The questions questions in this this section section are based based on the reasonin reasoningg contained contained in in brief statements statements or passages passages.. For some some questions, questions, more than one of the choices choices could conceivabl conceivablyy answer the question. question. However However,, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make make assumptions that are by commonsen commonsense se standards standards implausible, implausible, superfluous, superfluous, or incompatible incompatible with the passage. passage. After you you have chosen the the best answer, answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 1. Before the printing press, books could be purchased only in expensive manuscript copies. The printing press produced books that were significantly less expensive than the the manuscript editions. The public’s public’s demand for printed books in the first years after the invention of the printing press was was many times greater than demand had been for manuscript copies. This increase demonstrates that there was a dramatic jump in the number of people who learned how to read in the years after publishers first started producing books on the printing press. Which Which one one of the follow following ing state statemen ments, ts, if true, true, casts casts doubt on the argument? (A)
(B) (B)
(C)
(D)
(E (E))
During During the first first years years after after the inven invention tion of the printing printing press, letter writing writing by people who wrote without the assistance of scribes or clerks exhibited a dramatic increase. Book Bookss prod produc uced ed on on the the print printin ingg pres presss are are often found with written comments in the margins margins in the handwriting handwriting of the people who owned the books. In the first first year yearss after after the the prin printin tingg press press was was invented, printed books were purchased primarily by people who had always bought and read expensive manuscripts but could afford a greater greater number of printed books books for the same money. Books Books that that were were printe printed d on the printin printingg press press in the first years after its invention often circulated among friends in informal reading clubs or libraries. The The first first prin printe ted d books books publ publis ished hed aft after er the the invention of the printing press would would have been useless to illiterate peo ple, since the books had virtually vir tually no illustrations. illus trations.
2. Bevex, Bevex, an artif artifici icial al sweet sweetene enerr used used only only in in soft soft drinks, drinks, is carcinogenic carcinogenic for mice, mice, but only when it is consumed in very very large quantities. To ingest an amount of Bevex equivalent to the amount fed fed to the mice in the relevant relevant studies, studies, a person would have, have, to drink 25 cans of Bevex-sweetened soft drinks per day day.. For that reason, reason, Bevex is in fact safe for people. In order for the conclusion that Bevex is safe for people to he he properly properly drawn, drawn, which one one of the following must be true? (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (E (E))
Cancer Cancer from from carci carcinog nogeni enicc substa substanc nces es devel develops ops more slowly in mice than it does in people. If all food food addi additiv tives es tha thatt are are curr curren entl tlyy used used in in foods were tested, some would be found to be carcinogenic for mice. People drink fewer than 25 cans of Bevexsweetened soda per day. People People can obtain obtain impor importan tantt health health benef benefits its by by controlling their weight through the use of artificially sweetened soft drinks. Some Some of the the stud studie iess don donee on Bevex Bevex were were not not relevant relevant to the question of whether whether or not Bevex is carcinogenic for people.
3. Harry: Harry: Airline Airliness have have made made it it possibl possiblee for anyo anyone ne to to travel around the world in much less time than was formerly possible. poss ible. Judith: Judith: That is not true. true. Many Many nights are are too expensive for all but the rich. Judith’s Judith’s response shows that she interprets Harry’s statement to imply that (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E)
the the maj major orit ityy o off peop people le are are ric rich h every everyon onee has has an equa equall right right to to exper experie ienc ncee world travel world world trav travel el is only only possib possible le via via route routess service serviced d by airlines most mo st form formss of world world tra trave vell are not not aff affor orda dabl blee for most people anyo anyone ne can can affo afford rd to to travel travel long long dista distance ncess by air
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1 4. Nutritionists have recommended that people eat more fiber. Advertisements for a new fiber-supplement pill state only that it contains “44 percent fiber.” The advertising claim is misleading in its selection of information information on which which to to focus if which one one of the following is true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E (E))
There There are are othe otherr produ products cts on the market market that that are advertised as providing fiber as a dietary supplement. Nutrit Nutrition ionist istss base base their their recomm recommend endati ation on on medical findings that dietary fiber protects against against some kinds of cancer cancer.. It is is possibl possiblee to become become addict addicted ed to to some some kinds kinds of advertised advertised pills, pills, such as as sleeping sleeping pills and and painkillers. The The lab label el of the the adv advert ertis ised ed prod product uct recommends taking 3 pills every day. The The reco recomm mmen ende ded d daily daily inta intake ke of of fiber fiber is 20 20 to to 30 grams, and the pill contains one-third one-third gram.
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6. Adve Adverti rtisem semen ent: t: Anyo Anyone ne who who exe exerc rcis ises es know knowss fro from m firsthand experience that exercise leads to better performance of such physical organs as the heart and and the lungs, as well as to improvement in muscle tone. And since your your brain is a physical organ, your actions can improve improve its performance, performance, too. Act now. now. Subscribe to Stimulus: timulus: read the magazine that exercises your brain. The advertisement advertisement employs employs which one of the following argumentative strategies? (A) (B) (B)
(C) (D)
5. Many Many environm environmentali entalists sts have urged environmen environmental tal awareness awareness on consumers, consumers, saying that that if we accept accept moral responsibility for our effects on the environment, then products that that directly or indirectly harm the environment ought to be avoided. Unfortunately it is usually impossible for consumers to assess the environmental impact of a product, and thus impossible for them to to consciously restrict their purchases to environmentally benign products. products. Because of this impossibili impossibility ty there can can be no moral duty to choose products in the way these environmentalists urge, since ______. Which one of the following principles provides the most appropriate completion for the argument? (A) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E (E))
a mora morall duty duty to to perfo perform rm an acti action on is is neve neverr based solely on the effects the action will have on other people a perso person n cann cannot ot poss possibly ibly have have a moral moral duty duty to do what he or she is unable to do moral moral cons conside iderati rations ons should should not be the the sole sole determinants of what products are made available to consumers the morally morally right right acti action on is is alway alwayss the the one one whose effects produce the least total harm wher wheree a mora morall duty duty exist exists, s, it super supersed sedes es any any legal duty and any other kind of duty
(E)
It cite citess experi experimen mental tal evidenc evidencee that that subs subscrib cribing ing to the product being advertised has desirable consequences. It rid ridic icul ules es peopl peoplee who who do not not sub subsc scrib ribee to Stimulus b timulus b y suggesting that they do not believe that exercise will improve brain capacity. It explain explainss the the proce process ss by by which which the produc productt being advertised brings about the result claimed for its use. It suppo supports rts its its reco recomme mmenda ndatio tion n by a caref careful ul analysis analysis of the conce concept pt of exercise. exercise. It implies implies that that brain brainss and and musc muscle le are are similar similar in one respect because they are similar in another respect.
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Questions Quest ions 7–8 Coherent solutions for the problem of reducing health-care costs cannot be found within the current piecemeal piecemeal system of of paying paying these costs. costs. The reason is is that this system gives health-care providers and insurers every incentive incentive to to shift, wherever wherever possible, possible, the costs costs of treating treating illness onto each other or any other party, party, including the patient. patient. That clearly clearly is the lesson lesson of the various various reforms of the 1980s: 1980s: push in on one one part of this pliable pliable spending spending balloon and an equally eq ually expensive bulge pops up elsewhere. For example, when the government health-care insurance program for the poor cut costs by disallowing payments for some visits to physicians, patients with advanced advanced illness later presented themselves at hospital emergency rooms in increased numbers.
9. The commercial commercial news media emphasize emphasize exceptiona exceptionall events such as airplane crashes at the expense of those such as automobile accidents, accidents, which occur far more frequently and represent a far greater risk to the public. Yet the public tends to interpret the degree of emphasis emphasis the news media give give to these occurrences as indicating the degree of risk they represent. If the statem statements ents above above are true, true, which one of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by them? (A) (A) (B)
7. The The arg argum umen entt pro proce ceed edss by by (A) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D) (E)
showing showing that that shift shifting ing costs costs onto onto the patien patientt contradicts contradicts the premise premise of health-care health-care reimbursement attribu attributin tingg with without out justifi justificat cation ion fraudul fraudulent ent intent to people empl employi oying ng an an analo analogy gy to cha charac racte teriz rizee interrelationships deny denyin ingg the the poss possib ibili ility ty of of a solu soluti tion on by by disparaging each possible alternative system demons demonstra tratin tingg that that coopera cooperatio tion n iiss feas feasible ible by citing an instance
8. The argum argument ent prov provide idess the most most suppo support rt for whic which h one of of the followin following? g? (A)
(B)
(C) (D) (E)
Under Under the condit condition ionss in which which the current current system operates, the overall overall volume of health-care health-care costs costs could could be shrunk, shrunk, if at all, only by a comprehensive approach. Relativ Relativee to to the the resour resources ces availa available ble for health-care health-care funding, funding, the income income of of the higher-paid health-care professionals is too high. Health Health-ca -care re costs costs are expandi expanding ng to meet meet additional funds that have been made available for them. Advan Advances ces in medi medical cal tech technol nology ogy hav havee raised raised the expected expected standards standards of medical medical care but have proved expensive. Since Since unfille unfilled d hospita hospitall beds beds contri contribut butee to to overhead charges on each each patient’s patient’s bill, it would be unwise to hold unused hospital capacity in reserve for large-scale emergencies.
(C)
(D) (E (E))
Prin Printt med media ia,, such such aass new newspa spaper perss and and magazines, magazines, are a better better source source of information information than are broadcast media. The emphas emphasis is giv given en in the commer commercia ciall news news media to major catastrophes is dictated by the public’s taste for the extraordinary. Event Eventss over over whic which h people people feel they they hav havee no control are generally perceived as more dangerous than those which people feel they can avert or avoid. Where Where comm commerc ercial ial news news medi mediaa const constitut itutee the the dominant dominant source source of of information, information, public perception perception of risk does not reflect reflect actual risk. A mas massiv sivee outb outbre reak ak of chole cholera ra will will be cov cover ered ed more extensively by the news media than will the occurrence occurrence of a rarer but less serious disease.
10. A large large grou group p of hyperac hyperactiv tivee child children ren whose whose regul regular ar diets included food containing large amounts of additives was observed by researchers trained to assess the presence presence or absence of behavior problems. The children were then placed on a low-additive diet for several weeks, after which they were observed again. Originally Originally nearly 60 percent percent of the children children exhibited behavior problems; after the change change in diet, diet, only 30 30 percent percent did did so. so. On the basis of these data, data, it can be concluded that food additives can contribute to behavior problems in hyperactive children. The evidence cited fails to establish the conclusion because (A) (B)
(C)
(D) (D) (E)
there there is no no eviden evidence ce that that the the reduc reduction tion in behavior problems was proportionate prop ortionate to the reduction in food-additive intake there there is no no way way to know know what what chan changes ges would would have occurred occurred without the change of diet, since only children who changed to a low-additive diet were studied exactl exactlyy how how many many chil childre dren n exhibit exhibited ed beha behavior vior problems after the change in diet cannot be determined, determined, since the size size of the group group studied is not precisely given ther theree is no no evide evidenc ncee that that the the beh behav avio iorr of some some of the children was unaffected by by additives the evidenc evidencee is consist consistent ent with with the the claim claim that that some children exhibit more frequent behavior problems after being on the low-additive diet than they had exhibited when first observed GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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1 11.
In 1990 major engine repairs were performed on 10 percent of the cars that had been built by the the National Motor Company in the 1970s and that were still registered. registered. However However,, the corresponding corresponding figure for the cars that the National Motor Company had manufactured in the 1960s was only five percent. Which Which one one of the follo following wing,, if true, true, most most helps helps to explain the discrepancy? (A)
(B) (B) (C) (C)
(D)
(E)
12.
Govern Governmen mentt motor motor vehic vehicle le regulat regulation ionss generally require all cars, whether old or new, to be inspected for emission levels prior to registration. Owners Owners of new new car carss ten tend d to to driv drivee thei theirr cars cars more carefully carefully than than do owners of old cars. The The olde olderr a car car is, is, the the more more lik likely ely it is is to be be discarded for scrap rather than repaired when major engine work is needed to keep the car in operation. The cars cars that that the the Nati Nationa onall Moto Motorr Compa Company ny built in the 1970s incorporated simplified engine designs that made the engines less complicat complicated ed than those of earlier models. models. Many Many of the the repa repairs irs that that wer weree perfo performe rmed d on on the the cars that the National Motor Company built in the 1960s could could have been avoided avoided if periodic routine maintenance had been performed.
No mathematic mathematician ian today today would would flatly refuse to accep acceptt the results of an enormous computation computation as an adequate adequate demonst demonstration ration of the truth truth of a theorem. theorem. In 1976, however however,, this was was not the the case. Some mathematicians at that time refused to accept the results results of a complex complex computer computer demonstratio demonstration n of a very simple mapping theorem. Although some mathematicians still hold a strong belief that a simple theorem theorem ought to have have a short, simple proof, proof, in fact, some simple theorems have required enormous proofs. If all of the stateme statements nts in the passage passage are are true, true, which one of the following following must also also be true? (A)
(B) (C)
(D)
(E)
Today oday, some some math mathema ematic tician ianss who who believe believe that that a simple theorem ought to have a simple proof would consider consider accepting accepting the results of an enormous computation as a demonstration demonstration of the truth truth of a theorem. theorem. Some Some indi individu viduals als who believ believee that that a simp simple le theorem theorem ought to have have a simple proof are not mathematicians. Today oday, some some indi individu viduals als who refuse refuse to accept accept the results results of an enormous enormous computation computation as a demonstration demonstration of the truth truth of a theorem theorem believe that a simple theorem ought to have a simple proof. Some Some indiv individu iduals als who do not not belie believe ve that that a simple theorem ought to have a simple proof would not be willing will ing to accept the results of an enormous enormous computation computation as proof proof of a complex theorem. Some Some nonm nonmath athema ematic tician ianss do do not not believe believe that that a simple theorem ought to have a simple proof.
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13. If you climb climb mounta mountains, ins, you will not live live to to a ripe old age. But you will be bored bored unless you climb mountains. mountains. Therefore, Therefore, if you live live to to a ripe ripe old age, you will have been bored. Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning in the argument above? (A) (A)
(B) (B)
(C) (C)
(D) (D)
(E (E))
If you you do do not not try to swim, swim, you you will will not not lea learn rn how to swim. But you will not be safe in boats if you do not not learn how how to swim. swim. Therefore, Therefore, you must try to swim. If you you do do not not play play golf, golf, you you will will not not enjo enjoyy the the weekend. But you will be tired next week unless you relax relax during the weekend. weekend. Therefore, to enjoy the the weekend, weekend, you will have have to relax by playing golf. If you you work work for for you yourr ccan andi dida date te,, you you will will not not improve your your guitar playing. But you will neglect your civic duty unless you work for your candidate. Therefore, if you improve your guitar playing, you will have negle cted your civic duty. If you you do do not not train train,, you you will will not not be be a good good athlete. But you will become exhausted easily unless unless you you train. train. Theref Therefore ore,, if you you train, train, you will not have become e xhausted easily. If you you spe spend nd all all of of your your mo mone neyy, you will will not not become wealthy. wealthy. But you will become hungry unless you you spend all of your money money.. Therefore, Therefore, if you become become wealthy wealthy,, you will not become hungry. hungr y.
14. Marine Marine biologist biologistss had hypothesiz hypothesized ed that that lobste lobsters rs kept kept together in lobster traps eat one another in response to hunger hunger.. Periodic checking of lobster traps, however, however, has revealed instances instances of lobsters sharing traps traps together for weeks. Eight lobsters even shared shared one trap together for two months without eating one another. another. The marine biologists’ hypothesis, therefore, is clearly wrong. The argument against the marine biologists’ hypothesis hypothesis is based on which one one of the following following assumptions? (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E (E))
Lobste Lobsters rs not not caugh caughtt in lobster lobster traps traps have have been been observed eating one another. Two mon month thss is the the long longest est know known n period period during which eight or more lobsters have been trapped together. It is unusu unusual al to to find find as man manyy as as eight eight lobster lobsterss caught together in one single trap. Memb Member erss of othe otherr marin marinee speci species es some someti time mess eat their own kind when no other food sources are available. Any Any food food tha thatt the the eight eight lob lobst ster erss in the the tra trap p might have obtained was not enough to ward off hunger hunger.. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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Eight years ago hunting was banned in Greenfield County on the grounds that hunting endangers public safety. Now the the deer population in the county is six times what it was before the ban. Deer are invading residential areas, damaging property and and causing motor vehicle accidents that result in serious injury to motorists. Since there were never any hunting-related injuries in the county, county, clearly the ban was not only unnecessary unnecessar y but has created a danger to public safety that would not otherwise exist. Which Which one one of the follo followin wing, g, if true, true, provid provides es the strongest additional support for the conclusion above? (A) (A) (B) (C)
(D) (D) (E (E))
In surr surroun oundi ding ng cou count ntie ies, s, wher wheree hunt huntin ingg is permitted, permitted, the size of of the deer populatio population n has not increased in the last eight years. Motor Motor vehic vehicle le acci acciden dents ts inv involvi olving ng deer deer often often result in damage to the vehicle, injury to the motorist, motorist, or both. both. When When deer deer populat population ionss increa increase se beyond beyond optimal optimal size, disease and malnutrition malnutrition become more widespread among the deer herds. In res resid iden enti tial al area areass in the the count countyy, many many residents provide food and salt for deer. Deer Deer can can caus causee exte extens nsiv ivee dam damag agee to to ornamental shrubs and trees by chewing on twigs and saplings.
16. Comets Comets do not not give give off off their their own own light light but reflec reflectt light from other other sources, sources, such as the Sun. Scientists Scientists estimate estimate the mass of comets comets by their brightness: brightness: the greater a comet’s comet’s mass, the more light that comet will reflect. reflect. A satellite satellite probe, however however,, has revealed revealed that that the material of which Halley’s Halley’s comet is composed reflects reflects 60 times less light per unit of mass than had been previously thought. The stateme statements nts above, above, if true, give the the most most support support to which one one of the following? following? (A) (A)
(B) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D) (E)
Some Some com comet etss are are com compo posed sed of mate materia riall that that reflects reflects 60 times more light per unit of mass than the material material of which Halley’s Halley’s comet is composed. Previ Previous ous estim estimat ates es of the the mass mass of Halle Halley’ y’ss comet which were based on its brightness were too low. The The tot total al amou amount nt of light light refl reflect ected ed from from Halley’s comet is less than scientists had previously thought. The The refl reflec ecti tive ve pro prope perti rties es of the the mate materia riall of which comets are composed vary var y considerably from comet to comet. Scient Scientists ists need need more more inform informatio ation n befor beforee they they can make make a good estimate estimate of the mass of Halley’s comet.
17. Office Office mana manager: ger: I will not order order recy recycle cled d paper paper for for this office. Our letters to clients must must make a good impression, so we cannot cannot print them on inferior paper. Stationery supplier: Recycled paper is not necessarily necessarily inferior. inferior. In fact, fact, from the the beginning, beginning, the finest finest paper has has been made made of recycled recycled material. material. it was only in the 1850s that paper be gan to be made from wood wood fiber, and then only because there were no longer enough rags to meet the demand for paper. In which one of the following ways does the stationer’s response fail to address the office manager’s objection to recycled paper? (A) (B) (C) (C) (D) (E)
It does does not not reco recogniz gnizee that that the the office office manage manager’ r’ss prejudice against recycled paper stems from ignorance. It uses irrelev irrelevant ant facts facts to to justif justifyy a claim claim about about the quality of the disputed disputed product. product. It assu assume mess that that the the offi office ce man manag ager er is is concerned about environmental issues. It presupp presuppose osess that that the office office manage managerr understand understandss the basic technology technology of paper manufacturing. It ignores ignores the office office manage manager’ r’ss legiti legitimat matee concern about quality.
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1 Questions Quest ions 18–19 When Alicia Green borrowed a neighbor’s car without permission, the police merely gave her a warning. However, However, when Peter Peter Foster did the same thing, he was charged with automobile theft. Peter came to the attention of the police because because the car he was driving was was hit by a speeding taxi. Alicia was stopped because the car she was driving had defective taillights. It is true that the car Peter took got damaged and the car Alicia took did not, but since it was the taxi that caused the damage this difference was not due to any difference in the blameworthiness of their behavior. Therefore Alicia should also have have been charged with automobile theft.
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Accord According ing to to sources sources who can can be expected expected to to know know,, Dr. Maria Esposito is going to run in the mayoral election. election. But if Dr. Dr. Esposito Esposito runs, Jerome Jerome Krasman Krasman will certainly not run against her. Therefore Dr. Esposito will be the only candidate in the election. The flawed reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels parallels that in which one of the following? following? (A)
(B) (B) 18. The state statemen mentt that that the car car Peter Peter took took got dama damaged ged and the car Alicia took did not plays which one of the following roles in the argument? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E (E)) 19. 19.
It pres present entss a reaso reason n that that dire directl ctlyy suppor supports ts the the conclusion. It justifies the difference in the actual outcome in the two cases. It demonstrates awareness of a fact on which a possible objection might be based. It illus illustrat trates es a gene general ral prin principl ciplee on which which the the argument relies. It sum summa mariz rizes es a posi positio tion n agai agains nstt whic which h the the argument is directed.
If all of the the clai claims ms offer offered ed in suppor supportt of of the the conclusion conclusion are accurate accurate,, each of the following following could be true EXCEPT: EXCEPT: (A) (A) (B) (C)
(D)
(E)
The The inter interes ests ts of justi justice ce wou would ld hav havee been been bette betterr served if the police had released Peter Foster with a warning. Alicia Alicia Gree Green n had had neve neverr befo before re driv driven en a car car belonging to someone else without first securing the owner’s permission. Peter Peter Foste Fosterr was was hit hit by the taxi taxi while while he was was running a red light, whereas Alicia Green Green drove with extra care to avoid drawing the attention attention of the police to the the car she had taken. Alicia Alicia Green Green barely barely miss missed ed hitti hitting ng a pede pedestri strian an when she sped through a red light lig ht ten minutes before she was stopped by the police for driving a car that had defective taillights. Peter Peter Foste Fosterr had had been been cited cited for for speed speeding ing twice twice in the preceding month, whereas Alicia Green had never been cited for a traffic violation.
(C) (C)
(D)
(E (E))
Acco Accordi rding ng to to its its mana managem gement ent,, Brown Brown’’s Store Storess will move next year. Without Brown’s Brown’s being present, no new large store can can be attracted to the downtown downtown area. Therefore the downtown downtown area will no longer be viable as a shopping district. The The press press rele release ase say sayss that that the the roc rock k grou group p Rollercoaster is playing a concert on Saturday. It won’t won’t be playing on Friday if it plays on Saturday. Saturday. So Saturday will be the only day this week on which Rollercoaster will perform. Josh Joshua ua says says the the inte intervi rviewi ewing ng pan panel el was was impressed impressed by Marilyn. Marilyn. But if if they were were impressed by Marilyn, they probably thought less of of Sven. Sven. Joshua Joshua is probably probably right, right, and so Sven will probably not get the job. An inform informant ant says says that that Rusti Rustiman mann n was was involved involved in the bank robbery robbery.. If Rustimann Rustimann was involved, Jones was certainly not involved. Since these two are the only people who could have been involved, Rustimann is the only person the police need to arrest. The The revie review w said said tha thatt this this book book is the the best best one one for beginners beginners at programmi programming. ng. If this book book is the best, that other other one can’t can’t be as good. So this one is the book we should buy.
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The initial causes of serious accidents accidents at nuclear nuclear power plants have not so far been flaws in the advancedadvanced-tech technology nology portion of the plants. Rather, Rather, the initial causes have been attributed to human error, as when a worker at the Browns Mills Mills reactor in the United States dropped a candle and started a fire, or to flaws flaws in the plumbing, plumbing, exemplified exemplified in a recent incident in Japan. Japan. Such everyday events cannot be thought unlikely to occur over the long run. Which Which one of the following following is most strongly strongly supported by the statements above? (A) (A)
(B) (B) (C) (C)
(D) (E (E))
Now tha thatt nucl nuclear ear pow power er gene generat ratio ion n has become a part of o f everyday life, an ever-increasing yearly incidence of serious accidents at the plants can be expected. If nucl nuclear ear pow power er plan plants ts con conti tinu nuee in opera operati tion on,, a serious accident at such a plant is not improbable. The The like likelih lihood ood of huma human n erro errorr at the the opera operati ting ng consoles of nuclear power generators cannot be lessened by thoughtful design o f dials, switches, switches, and displays. displays. The design design of nuclea nuclearr powe powerr plan plants ts attemp attempts ts to compensate compensate for possible possible failures failures of the materials used in their construction. No serio serious us acc accid iden entt will will be be cause caused d in the the future by some flaw in the advancedadvanced-tech technology nology portion of a nuclear power plant.
22. There There is a widespr widespread ead belief belief that that people people can can pred predict ict impending earthquakes from unusual animal behavior. ior. Skeptics Skeptics claim that that this belief belief is based on selecselective coincidence: coincidence: people whose dogs behaved behaved oddly just before an ea rthquake will be especially likely to remember remember that fact. At any given given time, the skeptics skeptics say, say, some of the world’s world’s dogs dogs will be behaving oddly. oddly. Clarification Clarification of of which one of the following following issues would be most impor tant to an evaluation of the skeptics’ skeptics’ position? position? (A) (A) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E)
Which hich is lar large gerr, the the num numbe berr of skept skeptic icss or the the number number of people who believe believe that animal behavior can foreshadow earthquakes? Are there there means means othe otherr than than the observa observatio tion n of animal behavior that nonscientists can use to predict earthquakes? Are there there animal animalss about about whose whose beha behavior vior people know too little to be able to distinguish unusual from everyday behavior? Are Are the the sorts sorts of beha behavio viorr ssupp uppose osedl dly y predictive predictive of earthquakes earthquakes as pronounced pronounced in dogs as they are in other animals? Is the animal animal behavio behaviorr ssuppo upposed sedly ly predic predictiv tivee of earthquakes earthquakes specific specific to impending earthearthquakes quakes or can it be any kind of unusual behavior?
23. Defendants Defendants who can afford expensive expensive private defense defense lawyers have a lower conviction rate than those who rely on court-appointed public defenders. This explains why criminals who commit lucrative crimes like embezzlement or insider trading are more successful at avoiding conviction than are street criminals. The explanation offered above would be more persuasive persuasive if which one one of the following following were were true? (A) (A) (B)
(C) (C)
(D) (D)
(E (E))
Many Many stre street et crim crimes, es, such such as drug drug dea dealin ling, g, are are extremely lucrative and those committing them can afford expensive private lawyers. Most Most pros prosecu ecutor torss are are not not comp compete etent nt to handle handle cases involving highly technical financial evidence and have more success in prosecuting prosecuting cases cases of robbery robbery or simple assault. The The num numbe berr of of crimi crimina nals ls conv convic icte ted d of street street crimes is far greater than the number of criminals criminals convicted convicted of embezzlement embezzlement or insider trading. The The perce percent ntage age of of defe defend ndan ants ts who who actual actually ly committed committed the crimes crimes of which they are accused is no greater for publicly defended than for privately defended defendants. Jurie uries, s, out out of symp sympat ath hy for for the the vict victim imss of crimes, are much more likely to to convict defendants defendants accused accused of violent crimes crimes than they are to convict defendants accused of “victimless” “victimless” crimes or crimes against against property.
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Many major scientific discoveries of the past were the product product of serendipity serendipity,, the chance chance discovery discovery of valuable findings that investigators had not purposely sought. sought. Now, Now, however however,, scientific scientific research research tends to be so costly that investigators are heavily dependent on large grants to fund their research. Because such grants require investigators to provide the grant sponsors sponsors with clear projection projectionss of the outcome outcome of the proposed researc research, h, investigat investigators ors ignore anything that does not directly bear on the funded research. research. Therefore, Therefore, under the prevailing prevailing circumstances, serendipity can no longer play a role in scientific discovery.
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25. Police Police statistic statisticss have have shown shown that automobile automobile antitheft antitheft devices reduce reduce the the risk of car theft, theft, but a statistical statistical study of automobile automobile theft by the automobile automobile insurance industry claims that cars equipped with antitheft antitheft devices are, paradoxically paradoxically,, more likely to be stolen than cars that are not so equipped. Which Which one one of the follo following wing,, if true, true, does does the most most to resolve the apparent paradox? (A) (A)
(B)
Which Which one of the following following is an assumption assumption on which the argument depends? (A) (B) (C)
(D)
(E (E))
Only Only findi findings ngs that that an investi investigat gator or purpo purposely sely seeks can directly bear on that investigator’s research. In the past few scient scientific ific inves investiga tigator torss attempted to to make clear clear predictions of the outcome outcome of their research research.. Depend Dependenc encee on large large grants grants is prev prevent enting ing investigators from conducting the type of scientific research that those investigators would personally prefer. All scie scienti ntific fic inv investi estigat gators ors who who provid providee grant grant sponsors sponsors with clear projections projections of the outcome of their research receive at least some of the grants for which they apply. In gen gener eral al the the mos mostt valua valuabl blee scien scienti tific fic discoveries are are the product of serendipity.
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(C) (C)
(D)
(E (E))
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Owner Ownerss of stole stolen n cars cars alm almost ost inva invaria riabl blyy repo report rt the theft immediately to the police but tend to delay notifying their insurance company, company, in the hope that the vehicle will be recovered. Most Most cars cars that that are are stolen stolen are not equipped equipped with antitheft devices, and most cars that are are equipped with antitheft devices are not stolen. The The most most comm common on auto automo mobi bile le anti antith thef eftt devices are audible alarms, which typically produce ten false alarms for every actual attempted theft. Autom Automobi obile le owner ownerss who who hav havee partic particula ularly rly theft-prone cars and live in areas of greatest incidence incidence of car theft are are those who are most likely to have antitheft devices installed. Most Most aut autom omob obil ilee thef thefts ts are are the the work work of professional thieves against whose efforts antitheft devices offer scant protection.
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2 SECTION II Time—35 minutes 24 Questions
Direction Directions: s: Each group group of questions questions in this section is based on on a set of conditions. conditions. In answering answering some some of the questions, questions, it may be useful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. Questions 1–7 Seven consecutive time slots for a broadcast, broadcast, numbered in chronological order 1 through through 7, will be filled by six song tapes—G tapes—G,, H, L, O, P, S—and S—and exact exactly ly one one news news tape. tape. Each Each tape is to be assigned to a different time slot, and no tape is longer than any other tape. The broadcast is subject to the following restrictions: L must be played immediately before O. The news tape must be played at some time after L. There must be exactly two time slots between G and P, regardless regardless of whether whether G comes before before P or whether G comes after P. 1. If G is is play played ed sec secon ond, d, whic which h one one of the the follo followin wing g tapes must be played third? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
the news H L O S
2. The news news tape tape can can be play played ed in in any any one one of of the following time slots EXCEPT the (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
second third fourth fifth sixth
3. If H and S are are to to be schedu scheduled led as far far from from each each other other as possible, possible, then the the first, first, the second, second, and the the third third time slots could could be filled, respectively respectively,, by (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
G, H, H , an a nd L S, G, and th the ne news H, G, G , an a nd L H, L, L , an a nd O L, O, O, an a nd S
4. If P is is pla playe yed d fift fifth, h, L must must be play played ed (A) (B) (C) (D) ( E)
first second third fourth sixth
5. What What is the the maxi maximum mum number number of tapes tapes that that can separate S from the news? (A) (B) (C) (D) ( E)
1 2 3 4 5
6. Which Which one of the followi following ng is is the the latest latest time time slot slot in which L can be played? (A) (B) (C) (D) ( E)
the third the fo fourth the fifth the sixth the seventh
7. The time time slot slot in in which which O must must be play played ed is completely determined if G is assigned to which one of the following following time time slots? (A) (B) (C) (D) ( E)
the first the third the fourth the fifth the sixth
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2 Questions Quest ions 8–12 Doctor Yamata Yamata works only on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, ednesdays, Fridays, Fridays, and Saturdays. Saturdays. She performs four different different activities—lec activities—lecturing, turing, operating, operating, treating treating patients, patients, and conducting research. research. Each working day day she performs exactly one activity in the morning and exactly one activity in the afternoon. During each week her work schedule must satisfy the following restrictions: She performs operations on exactly three mornings. If she operates operates on Monday Monday,, she does not operate operate on Tuesday. She lectures in the afternoon on exactly two consecutive calendar days. She treats patients on exactly one morning and exactly three afternoons. She conducts research on exactly one morning. On Saturday she neither lectures nor performs operations.
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10. Which Which one of of the follo following wing statem statement entss must must be true? true? (A) (B) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D) (E (E))
(A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (C) (D)
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Friday Saturday
(E (E)) 12. 12.
9. On Wednesd Wednesday ay Doctor Doctor Yamata could be scheduled scheduled to to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
conduc conductt resea researc rch h in the mornin morningg and and opera operate te in the afternoon lecture lecture in the the morn morning ing and treat treat pati patient entss in the afternoon operate operate in the morning morning and lectur lecturee in the afternoon operate operate in in the the mornin morningg and and condu conduct ct resea researc rch h in the afternoon treat treat patient patientss in the morning morning and treat treat pati patient entss in the afternoon
There There is one day on whic which h the the doct doctor or trea treats ts patients both in the morning and in the afternoon. The The doct doctor or con condu duct ctss resea researc rch h on one one of the the days on which she lectures. The The doct doctor or con condu duct ctss resea researc rch h on one one of the the days on which she treats patients. The The doct doctor or lec lectu ture ress on one one of the the days days on on which she treats patients. The The doc docto torr lec lectu ture ress on on one one of the the day dayss on on which she operates.
11. If Doctor Doctor Yamata amata opera operates tes on Tuesd Tuesday ay,, then then her her schedule for treating patients could be
8. Which Which one of the followi following ng must must be a day day on which which Doctor Yamata Yamata lectures? l ectures? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E )
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Mond Monday ay morn mornin ing, g, Mond Monday ay aft aftern ernoon oon,, Friday riday morning, morning, Friday Friday afternoon afternoon Mond Monday ay morn mornin ing, g, Frid Friday ay aft aftern ernoo oon, n, Satu Saturd rday ay morning, morning, Saturday Saturday afternoon afternoon Mond Monday ay aftern afternoon oon,, Wedne ednesd sday ay morni morning ng,, Wednesday afternoon, Saturday afternoon Wednesd ednesday ay morni morning, ng, Wednesd ednesday ay afte afternoo rnoon, n, Friday afternoon, Saturday afternoon Wedne ednesd sday ay afte aftern rnoon oon,, Frid Friday ay afte afterno rnoon on,, Saturday morning, Saturday afternoon
Whic Which h one one of the the follo followin wingg is a pai pairr of days days on on both both of which Doctor Yamata must treat patients? (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D) (E) (E)
Monda ondayy and and Tuesd uesday ay Monda ondayy and and Satu Saturd rdaay Tuesd uesday ay and and Frida riday y Tuesd uesday ay and and Sat Satur urda day y Frid riday and and Sat Satur urda day y
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Questions Quest ions 13–18 Each of seven judges voted voted for or else against granting Datalog Corporation’s Corporation’s petition. Each judge is categorized as conservativ conservative, e, moderate, moderate, or liberal, liberal, and no no judge is assigned more more than one of those labels. labels. Two judges are are conservativ conservatives, es, two are moderates, moderates, and three are liberals. The following is known about how the judges voted: If the two conservatives conservatives and at least one liberal voted the same way as each other, other, then both moderates voted that way. way. If the three liberals voted the same way as each other, other, then no conservative conser vative voted that way. At least two two of the judges judges voted for for Datalog, Datalog, and at least two voted against Datalog. At least one conservative voted against Datalog. 13. If the two two moderat moderates es did did not not vote vote the same same way way as each other other,, then which which one of the following following could could be true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
No conserva conservativ tivee and exactly exactly two two liber liberals als vote voted d for Datalog. Exactl Exactlyy one conserva conservativ tivee and and exactly exactly one liberal voted for Datalog. Exactl Exactlyy one one conse conservat rvativ ivee and and all all three three liberals liberals voted for Datalog. Exactl Exactlyy two two conse conservat rvative ivess and and exact exactly ly one one liberal voted for Datalog. Exactl Exactlyy two two cons conserva ervativ tives es and exactly exactly two two liberals voted for Datalog.
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2 16. If exactl exactlyy two two judges judges voted voted agains againstt Data Datalog, log, then then which one of the following must be true? (A) (A) (B) (C) (C) (D) (E (E))
Both Both mod modera erate tess vot voted ed for for Dat Datalo alog. g. Exactl Exactlyy one one cons conservat ervativ ivee vote voted d for for Data Datalog log.. No cons conserv ervat ativ ivee vote voted d for for Datalo Datalog. g. Exactl Exactlyy two two liberal liberalss vote voted d for for Data Datalog. log. Exac Exactl tlyy thre threee libera liberals ls vot voted ed for for Data Datalog log..
17. Each Each of the followi following ng could could be a compl complete ete and accurate list of those judges who voted for Datalog EXCEPT (A) (B) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D) (E (E))
two liberals one one con conse serv rvat ativ ive, e, one one lib liber eral al two two mode modera rate tes, s, thre threee libe libera rals ls one one conse conserva rvati tive ve,, two two modera moderate tes, s, two two libera liberals ls one one cons conserv ervat ativ ive, e, two two mode modera rate tes, s, thre threee liber liberal alss
18. If the two two conse conservat rvative ivess voted voted the same same way way as each each other, but the liberals did not all vote the same way as each other other,, then each each of the following following must be true true EXCEPT: (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (E (E))
Both Both ccons onserva ervativ tives es vote voted d again against st Datalog Datalog.. Both Both mo mode derat rates es vot voted ed for for Dat Datalo alog. g. At least least one one libera liberall vote voted d again against st Data Datalog log.. Exactl Exactlyy two two liberal liberalss vote voted d for for Data Datalog. log. Exac Exactl tlyy fiv fivee o off the the jud judges ges vote voted d agai agains nstt Datalog. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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Whic Which h one one of the the follo followin wingg must must be be true? true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E (E))
At least least one one cons conserva ervativ tivee vote voted d for for Datal Datalog. og. At least least one one liberal liberal voted voted against against Datalog Datalog.. At least least one liberal liberal voted voted for Datalog Datalog.. At least least one mode moderat ratee voted voted against against Datalog Datalog.. At lea least st one one mod modera erate te vot voted ed for for Dat Datal alog. og.
15. If the three three libera liberals ls all all vote voted d the the same same way way as each each other, other, which one one of the following following must must be true? (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (E (E))
Both Both mod modera erate tess vot voted ed for for Dat Datalo alog. g. Both Both mod modera erate tess vote voted d again against st Dat Datal alog. og. One conserv conservati ative ve voted voted for Datalog Datalog and one conservative voted against Datalog. One moderat moderatee vote voted d for for Data Datalog log and one moderate voted against Datalog. All All thre threee libe libera rals ls vot voted ed for for Dat Datalo alog. g.
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Questions Quest ions 19–24
21. 21.
An official official is assigning assigning five five runners—Larry, runners—Larry, Ned, Olivia, Patricia, and Sonja—to parallel lanes lanes numbered consecutively consecutively 1 through 5. The official will also assign each runner runner to represen representt a different different charity—F charity—F,, G, H, J, and K— not necessarily in order order of the runner’s runner’s names as given. The following ordering restrictions apply: The runner representing K is assigned to lane 4. Patricia is assigned to the only lane between the lanes of the runners representing F and G. There are exactly two lanes between Olivia’s lane and the lane of the runner representing representing G. Sonja is assigned to a higher-numbered higher-numbered lane than the lane to which Ned is assigned. 19. Which Which one one of the fol follo lowing wing is is a possib possible le assig assignme nment nt of runners to lanes lanes by the charity they represent? represent? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
1
2
3
4
5
F G G H J
G H K J H
H J F G F
K K J K K
J F H F G
(D) (E)
Charity
Lane
(A)
F
1
(B)
G
5
(C)
H
1
(D)
H
3
(E)
J
5
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Larry, Ned Patricia, Sonja Larry rry, Ned, Olivia via Larry rry, Ned, Sonja Ned, Patric ricia, Sonja
23. If Ned Ned is the runne runnerr repre represen sentin tingg J, J, then then it mus mustt be true that (A) (B) (C) (C) (D) (E)
next to the lane next lane to which which Larry Larry is is assig assigned ned nextt to the lane nex lane to which which Ned Ned is is assig assigned ned separat separated ed by by exactl exactlyy one lane lane from from the the lane lane to to which Ned is assigned separat separated ed by by exactl exactlyy one lane lane from from the the lane lane to to which Olivia is assigned separat separated ed by by exact exactly ly one one lane lane from from the the lane lane to to which Sonja is assigned
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If Olivi Oliviaa is assi assign gned ed to to lane lane 2, whic which h one one of of the the following assignments must be made?
22. Which Which one of the follo following wing,, is a compl complete ete and accurate accurate list list of runners runners each of whom could could be the runner representing F?
20. The lane lane to to which which Patricia Patricia is assigne assigned d must must be a lane lane that is (A) (B) (C)
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If Larry Larry rep repre rese sent ntss J, J, whic which h one one of the the foll follow owin ing g could be the assignment of runners to lanes? lanes? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
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the run runner ner repr represe esenti nting ng G is is assign assigned ed to to lane lane 1 the runner runner repres represent enting ing H is ass assign igned ed to to lane lane 2 Larry Larry is is the the runn runner er rep repre rese sent ntin ingg K Olivia Olivia is the runne runnerr repr represe esenti nting ng F Patric Patricia ia is the runner runner repres represent enting ing H
1 Larry Larry Larry Ned Ned
2 Olivia Ned Sonja Olivia Sonja
3 Ned Olivia Patricia Larry Olivia
4 Patricia Sonja Ned Patricia Patricia
5 Sonja Patricia Olivia Sonja Larr y
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SECTION III Time—35 minutes 27 Questions Directions Directions:: Each passag passagee in this sectio section n is follow followed ed by a group group of questions questions to to be answere answered d on the basis basis of what is stated stated or implied in the passage. For some some of the questions, questions, more than one of the choices choices could could conceivably conceivably answer the question. However, However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. The labor force force is often organized as if workers had no family responsibilities. Preschool-age Preschool-age children need full-time care; children in primary school school need care after school and during school vacations. (5) Although day-care services can resolve some scheduling conflicts between home and office, workers cannot always always find or afford suitable care. Even when they they obtain such care, parents must still cope with emergencies, emergencies, such as illnesses, that keep keep home. Moreover Moreover,, children need need more than (10) children at home. tending; they also need meaningful meaningful time with their parents. Conventional Conventional full-time workdays, especially when combined with unavoidable unavoidable household duties, are too inflexible for parents with primary child-care (15) responsibility. Although a small but increasing number of working men are single parents, those barriers against successful successful participation in the labor market that are related to primary child-care responsibilities mainly women. Even in families where both (20) disadvantage women. parents work, cultural pressures pressures are traditionally much greater on mothers than on fathers to bear the primary child-rearing responsibilities. responsibilities. In reconciling child-rearing responsibilities with market, many working working (25) participation in the labor market, mothers are forced to make make compromises. compromises. For example, approximately approximately one-third of all working mothers are employed employed only part-time, even though part-time jobs are dramatically underpaid and often (30) less desirable in comparison to full-time employment. Even though part-time work is usually available only in occupations offering minimal employee responsibility and little opportunity for advancement or self-enrichment, such employment employment does allow (35) many women the time and flexibility to fulfill their family family duties, duties, but only only at the expense expense of the advantages associated with full-time employment. Moreover Moreover,, even mothers with full-time employment must compromise opportunities in (40) order to adjust to barriers against parents in the labor market. Many choose jobs jobs entailing little challenge or responsibility or those offering flexible scheduling, often available only only in poorly paid positions, while other working mothers, mothers, although willing and able to (45) assume as much responsibility as people without children, find that their need to spend spend regular and predictable time with their children inevitably causes them to lose career opportunities to those without such demands. demands. Thus, women in education education are more (50) likely to become teachers than school administrators,
whose more conventional conventional full-time work schedules schedules do not correspond correspond to the schedules schedules of school-age children, while female lawyers lawyers are more likely to practice law in trusts trusts and estates, where they can schedules, than in litigation, litigation, where (55) control their work schedules, they cannot. Nonprofessional Nonprofessional women women are concentrated in secretarial work and department store sales, where their absences can be covered covered easily by substitutes and where they can enter and leave the (60) work force with little loss, since the jobs offer so little personal gain. gain. Indeed, as long as the labor market remains hostile to parents, parents, and family roles continue continue to be allocated allocated on the basis of of gender, gender, women will be seriously disadvantaged in that labor market.
1. Which Which one one of of the follo followin wingg best best summa summariz rizes es the the main idea idea of the passage? passage? (A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Curre Current nt trend trendss in the the labor labor for force ce indi indicat catee that that working parents, especially women, women, may not always need to choose between occupational and child-care responsibilities. responsibilities. In order order for for mothe mothers rs to have have an an equ equal al opportunity for advancement in the labor force, traditional family roles have have to be reexamined and revised. Altho Although ugh single single parent parentss who who work work have have to balance parental and career demands, demands, single mothers suffer resulting employment disadvantages that single fathers can almost always avoid. Although child-care responsibilities disadvantage many women in the labor force, professional women (such as teachers and lawyers) are better able to overcome this problem than are nonprofessional women. Traditio raditional nal work work sche schedul dules es are are too infl inflexi exible ble to to accommodate accommodate the child-care responsibilities of many many parents, parents, a fact that severel severely y disadvantages women in the labor force. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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2. Which Which one of the followi following ng statem statement entss abou aboutt part-time work can be inferred from the information presented in the passage? (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (C)
(D) (D)
(E (E))
OneOne-th thir ird d of all all partpart-tim timee work workers ers are are work workin ing g mothers. PartPart-tim timee work work gene general rally ly offe offers rs few fewer er opportunities for advancement to working mothers than to women generally. PartPart-ti time me work work,, in add additi ition on to hav havin ing g relatively poor wages, often requires that employees work during holidays, when their children children are out of school. school. PartPart-tim timee emplo employm ymen ent, t, despi despite te its its disadvantages, provides working mothers with an opportunity to address some of the demands demands of caring for children. children. Many Many mo moth thers ers wit with h prima primary ry chil childd-ca care re responsibility choose part-time jobs in order to better exploit full-time career opportunities after their children are grown.
3. It can can be inferr inferred ed from from the the passage passage that that the the author author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about working fathers in two-parent families? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E (E))
They are equally equally burden burdened ed by by the the empl employm oyment ent disadvantages placed upon all parents—male and female—in the labor market. They are so abso absorbed rbed in their their jobs jobs that that they they often do not see the injustice going on around them. They are shielde shielded d by by the the tradit tradition ional al alloc allocati ation on of family roles from from many many of of the pressures pressures associated with child-rearing responsibilities. They help help ccomp ompoun ound d the the ineq inequiti uities es in in the the labor market by keeping women from competing with men for career opportunities. They They are are respo respons nsib ible le for for man manyy of the the prob problem lemss of working working mothers mothers because of their insistence on traditional roles in the family.
4. Of the the follo followin wing, g, whic which h one wou would ld the the auth author or most most likely say is the most troublesome barrier facing working parents with primary pr imary child-care responsibility? (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (C) (D) (E (E))
the the lack lack of fullfull-tim timee job jobss open open to wome women n the the infle inflexib xibili ility ty of work work sched schedule uless the the low low wage wagess of of partpart-ti time me emplo employme yment nt the limite limited d advan advancem cement ent opportun opportuniti ities es for for nonprofessional employees the the pract practic icee of alloca allocati ting ng res respon ponsi sibi bilit lities ies in in the the workplace on the basis of gender
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5. The passag passagee suggest suggestss that day day care care is at best best a limite limited d solution to the pressures associated with child rearing for all of the following following reasons EXCEPT EXCEPT:: (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Even Even the best best day day care care avai availab lable le cann cannot ot guarantee that children will have meaningful time with their parents. Some Some paren parents ts cann cannot ot affo afford rd day-ca day-care re services. services. Working orking parent parentss sometim sometimes es hav havee diffic difficulty ulty finding suitable day care for their children. Paren Parents ts who who send send their their child children ren to day day care care still need to provide care for their children during vacations. Even Even child children ren who are in day day care care may have have to stay home when they are sick.
6. Accor Accordin dingg to the passa passage, ge, many many workin workingg parent parentss may be forced to make any of the following types typ es of career decisions EXCEPT (A) (A) (B) (C) (D)
(E (E))
decl declin inin ingg profe profess ssion ional al posit position ionss for nonprofessional ones, which typically have less conventional work schedules accepti accepting ng part-ti part-time me employm employment ent rather rather than than full-time employment taking taking jobs jobs with limite limited d respon responsibi sibility lity,, and thus more limited career opportunities, in order to have a more flexible schedule pursuin pursuingg career career spec speciali ializat zation ionss that that allow allow them them to control their work schedules instead of pursuing a more desirable specialization in the same field limiti limiting ng the the car career eer poten potenti tial al of of one one pare parent nt,, often the mother, who assumes greater child-care responsibility
7. Which Which one of the followi following ng stat stateme ements nts would would most most appropriately continue the discussion at the end of the passage? (A) (A) (B) (B)
(C) (C)
(D) (D)
(E (E))
At the the sam samee time, time, mo most st men men will will rem remai ain n bett better er able to enjoy the career and salary opportunities offered by the labor market. Of cours ourse, e, men men who who are are marr marrie ied d to to work workin ing g mothers mothers know of these employment employment barriers but seem unwilling to do anything about them. On the the oth other er han hand, d, salary salary lev levels els may may beco become me more equitable between men and women even if the other career career opportunities opportunities remain more accessible to men than to women. On the the con contra trary ry,, men men wit with h prim primary ary child-rearing responsibilities will continue to enjoy more advantages in the workplace than their female counterparts. Thus Thus,, insti institu tuti tion onss in soc societ ietyy that that fav favor or men men over women will continue to widen the gap between the career opportunities oppor tunities available for men and for women. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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3 Critics have long been puzzled by the inner contradictions of major characters in John Webster’s tragedies. tragedies. In his The Duchess Duchess of Malfi, for instanc instance, e, the Duchess is “good” “good” in demonstrating the obvious tenderness tenderness and sincerity sincerity of her love for Antonio Antonio,, but “bad” in ignoring ignoring the wishes wishes and welfare welfare of her family and in making religion a “cloak” hiding worldly self-indulgence. Bosola is “bad” in serving serv ing Ferdinan Ferdinand, d, “good” “good” in turning the Duchess’ Duchess’ thoughts thoughts toward heaven and in planning to avenge her murder. murder. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle implied that such contradictions are virtually essential to the tragic personality, personality, and yet critics critics keep coming back back to this this element of inconsistency as though it were an eccentric feature of Webster’s own tragic vision. The problem is that, as an Elizabethan playwright, playwright, Webster has become become a prisoner of our critical presuppositions. We have, have, in recent recent years, years, been dazzled by the way the earlier e arlier Renaissance and medieval theater, theater, particularly the morality play, play, illuminates Elizabethan drama. We now understand how the habit of mind that saw saw the world as a battleground between good and evil produced the morality play. play. Morality plays allegorized that conflict conflict by presenting characters whose actions were defined as the embodime embodiment nt of good or evil. evil. This model model of reality lived lived on, overlaid by by different different conventions, conventions, in the more sophisticated Elizabethan works of the following age. Yet Webster Webster seems not to have been as heavily influenced by the morality play’s model of reality as were his Elizabethan contemporaries; contemporaries; he was apparently more sensitive to the more morally complicated Italian drama than to these English sources. sources. Consequentl Consequently, y, his characters characters cannot be evaluated according according to reductive formulas formulas of good and evil, which is precisely what modern critics have have tried to do. They choose what seem to be the most promising of the contradictory values that are dramatized in the play, play, and treat those values as if they were the only basis for analyzing the moral development of the play’s play’s major characters, characters, attributing the inconsistencies in a character’s behavior to artisti c incompetence on Webster’s Webster’s part. The lack of consistency in Webster’s Webster’s characters characters can be better understood if we recognize that the ambiguity ambiguity at the heart of his tragic vision lies not in the external world world but in the duality of human nature. Webster establishes tension in his plays by setting up conflicting systems of value that appear immoral only when one value system is viewed exclusivel exclusivelyy from the perspective perspective of the other. other. He presents us not only with characters that we condemn intellectually or ethically and at the same time impulsively approve approve of, but also with judgments we must accept as log ically sound and yet f ind emotionally repulsive. The dilemma is not only dramatic: dramatic: it is tragic, because because the conflict conflict is irreconcilable, and because it is ours as much much as that of the characters. characters.
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3 8. The The prim primary ary purpo purpose se of of the the passa passage ge is is to to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
clarify an ambiguous assertion provide provide evidence evidence in support of a commonly commonly held view analyz analyzee an unresol unresolved ved question question and propose propose an answer offer offer an alte alterna rnativ tivee to a flaw flawed ed interp interpret retati ation on descri describe be and categor categorize ize opposin opposingg viewp viewpoin oints ts
9. The author author suggest suggestss which which one of the followi following ng about the dramatic works that most influenced Webster’s tragedies? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
They were were not not conc concern erned ed with with dramat dramatizi izing ng the the conflict between good and evil that was presented in morality plays. They were were not not as sophisti sophisticat cated ed as as the the Ital Italian ian sources from which other Elizabethan tragedies were derived. They have have neve neverr been been adeq adequat uately ely underst understood ood by critics. They have have only only rece recentl ntlyy been been used used to illum illumina inate te the conventions conventions of Elizabethan Elizabethan drama. They have have been been cons conside idered red by many many criti critics cs to to be the reason for Webster’s Webster’s apparent artis tic incompetence.
10. The autho author’ r’ss allusion allusion to to Aristo Aristotle tle’’s view of tragedy tragedy in in lines 11–13 11–13 serves which one one of the following following functions in the passage? (A) (A) (B) (C) (C) (D) (E (E))
It int intro rodu duce cess a comm common only ly hel held d view view of Webster’s tragedies that the author plans to defend. It supports supports the author author’’s sugge suggestio stion n that that Webster’s conception conception of tragedy is not idiosyncratic. It provi provide dess an an exa examp mple le of of an appr approa oach ch to Webster’s tragedies that the author criticizes. It esta establi blishes shes the similar similarity ity betw between een clas classica sicall and modern approaches to tragedy. It sup suppor ports ts the the aut autho hor’ r’ss asser assertio tion n that that Elizabethan tragedy cannot be fully understood understood without without the help of recent recent scholarship.
11. It can can be infe inferre rred d from from the passa passage ge that that modern modern critics’ interpretations of Webster’s tragedies would be more valid if (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
the ambi ambigui guity ty inher inherent ent in in Webst Webster’ er’ss tragic tragic vision vision resulted from the duality of human nature nature Webster ebster’’s cconc oncept eption ion of the tragic tragic persona personality lity were similar to that of Aristotle Webster ebster had been been heavi heavily ly infl influenc uenced ed by by the the morality play Elizabe Elizabetha than n dramat dramatists ists had been been more more sensitive to Italian sources sources of influence the inner inner conf conflict lictss exhib exhibite ited d by Webster ebster’’s characters characters were similar similar to those of modern audiences GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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3 12.
With which which one of the following statements statements regarding Elizabethan drama would the author be most likely to agree? (A) (A) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D)
(E (E))
The The skill skill of Eliz Elizab abet etha han n dra drama mati tist stss has has in recent years been overestimated. The conven convention tionss that that shaped shaped Elizabet Elizabethan han drama are best exemplified by Webster’s Webster’s drama. Eliza Elizabe beth than an dram drama, a, for for the the mo most st part, part, can can be be viewed as being heavily influenced by the morality play pl ay.. Only Only by by care carefu fully lly exa exami mini ning ng the the work work of his his Elizabethan contemporaries can Webster’s Webster’s achievement as a dramatist be accurately measured. Eliza Elizabe beth than an dram dramaa can can best best be be desc describ ribed ed as as influenced by a composite of Italian and classical sources.
13. It can can be inferr inferred ed from from the passag passagee that that most mode modern rn critics assume assume which one of the following following in their interpretation of Webster’s tragedies? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E (E))
Webster’ ebster’ss plays plays tended tended to alleg allegoriz orizee the the conflict between good and evil more than did those of his contempora contemporaries. ries. Webster ebster’’s plays plays were were deriv derived ed more more from from Italia Italian n than from English sources. The artis artistic tic flaw flawss in Webs Webster ter’’s tragedi tragedies es were were largely the result result of of his ignoranc ignorancee of the classical classical definition definition of tragedy. tragedy. Webster’ ebster’ss tragedi tragedies es provide provide no no relevan relevantt basis basis for analyzing the moral development of their characters. In writi writing ng his his tra traged gedies ies,, Webste ebsterr was was influenced by the same sources as his contemporaries.
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14. The author author implies that Webster’ ebster’ss concept conception ion of of tragedy was (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (E)
arti artist stic ical ally ly fla flawe wed d high highly ly conve onvent ntio iona nall largely largely deriv derived ed from from the moralit moralityy play play somewh somewhat at diff differe erent nt from from the conven convention tional al Elizabethan Elizabethan conception conception of tragedy uninfl uninfluen uenced ced by the classic classical al concep conception tion of tragedy
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3 Cultivation ultivation of a single crop on a given tract tract of land leads eventually eventually to decreased yields. One reason for this is that harmful bacterial phytopathogens, organisms parasitic on plant hosts, increase in the soil surrounding plant roots. The problem can be cured by crop crop rotation, denying the pathogens a suitable suitable host for for a period of time. However However,, even if if crops are are not rotated, rotated, the severity severity of diseases diseases brought on by such phytopathogens often of ten decreases after a number or years as the microbial population of the soil changes changes and the soil becomes becomes “suppressive” to those those diseases. While there may may be many reasons for this phenomenon, it is clear that levels of certain certain bacteria, bacteria, such as P seudomonas seudomonas fluorescens, fluorescens, a bacterium antagonistic to a number of harmful phytopathogens, are greater in suppressive than in nonsuppressive nonsuppressive soil. This suggests that the the presence presence of such bacteria bacteria suppresses suppresses phytopathogens. There is now considerable considerable experimental support for this view. view. Wheat yield increases of 27 percent have been obtained in field trials by treatment treatment of wheat seeds with fluorescent pseudomonads pseudomonads.. Similar Similar treatment treatment of sugar beets, beets, cotton, and potatoes has had similar results. These improvements in crop yields through the application of P P seudomonas seudomonas fluorescens suggest that agriculture agriculture could benefit from from the use of bacteria genetically genetically altered for specific purposes. For example, a form of phytopathogen phytopathogen altered altered to remove its harmful properties could be released into the environment in quantities favorable to its competing with and eventually eventually excluding excluding the the harmful normal normal strain. Some experiments suggest that deliberately deliberately releasing altered nonpathogenic P seudomonas seudomonas syringae c syringae could crowd out the nonaltered variety that causes frost damage. damage. Opponents Opponents of such research research have have objected that the deliberate and large-scale release of genetically altered bacteria might have deleterious results. Proponents, Proponents, on the other hand, hand, argue that that this this particular strain is altered altered only by the removal removal of the gene responsible for the strain’s propensity to cause frost damage, thereby rendering it safer than the phytopathogen from which it was derived. Some proponents have gone further and suggest that genetic alteration techniques could create organisms with totally totally new combinations combinations of desirable traits not found in nature. For example, genes responsible for production production of insecticidal compounds compounds have been transposed from other bacteria into pseudomonads that colonize colonize corn roots. Experiments of this kind kind are difficult and and require require great care: such bacteria are developed in highly artificial environments and may not compete well with natural soil bacteria. bacteria. Nevertheless, proponents contend that the prospects for improved agriculture through such methods seem excellent. excellent. These prospects lead many many to hope that current efforts to assess the risks of deliberate release of altered microorganisms microorganisms will successfully answer answer the concerns concerns of opponents and create a climate in which such research can go forward without undue impediment.
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3 15. Which Which one of the followin followingg best best summari summarizes zes the main idea idea of the passage? passage? (A)
(B)
(C)
(D) (D)
(E (E))
Recent Recent field field experime experiments nts with with gene genetic tically ally altered P seudomonas ba seudomonas bacteria cteria have shown that releasing genetically altered bacteria into the environment would not involve any significant danger. Encoura Encouraged ged by curren currentt resear research ch,, advoca advocates tes of agricultural agricultural use of genetically genetically altered bacteria bacteria are optimistic that such use will eventually result in improved agriculture, though opponents remain war y. Curren Currentt resea researc rch h indi indicat cates es that that adding adding genetically altered P seudomonas seudomonas syringae bacteria ba cteria to the soil surrounding crop plant roots will have many beneficial effects, such as the prevention prevention of frost damage damage in certain crops. Gene Geneti ticc altera alterati tion on of a numb number er of harm harmful ful phytopathogens has been advocated by many researchers who contend that these techniques will eventually replace such outdated methods as crop rotation. Gene Geneti ticc altera alterati tion on of bact bacteri eriaa has has been been successful in highly artificial laboratory conditions conditions,, but opponents opponents of such research research have argued that these techniques are unlikely to produce organisms that are able to survive in natural environments.
16. The auth author or discu discusses sses natural naturally ly occurr occurring ing cteria in the first P seudomonas seudomonas fluorescens ba fluorescens bacteria paragraph primarily primarily in order to do which which one of the following? (A) (B) (C)
(D)
(E (E))
prove that increases in the level of such bacteria in the s oil are the sole cause of o f soil suppressivity explain explain why yields yields incr increase eased d afte afterr wheat wheat fields fields were sprayed with altered P seudomonas seudomonas fluorescens ba fluorescens bacteria cteria detail detail the the chemic chemical al proce processes sses that that such such bacte bacteria ria use to suppress organisms parasitic to crop plants, plants, such such as wheat, sugar sugar beets, and potatoes provide provide backgr backgroun ound d inform informatio ation n to to support support the argument that research into the agricultural agricultural use of genetically genetically altered bacteria bacteria would be fruitful argu arguee that that crop crop rota rotati tion on is unn unnec eces essar saryy, sinc sincee diseases brought on by phytopathogens diminish in severity and eventually disappear on their own GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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3 17.
It can be inferred from the author’s discussion of P seudomonas seudomonas fluorescens ba fluorescens bacteria cteria that which one of the following following would be true of crops impervious impervious to parasitical organisms? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E (E))
P seudomonas seudomonas fluorescens ba fluorescens bacteria cteria would be absent from the soil surrounding their roots. They would would crowd crowd out and eventu eventually ally exclud excludee other crop crop plants if their growth growth were not carefully regulated. Their Their yield yield would would not be like likely ly to to be improv improved ed by adding P seudomonas cteria seudomonas fluorescens ba fluorescens bacteria to the soil. They would would matu mature re more more quickly quickly than than crop crop plants that were susceptible to parasitical organisms. Levels Levels of of phyt phytopa opath thog ogen enic ic bac bacte teria ria in in the the soil soil surrounding their roots would be higher compared with other crop plants.
18. It can can be be inferred inferred from the passage that crop rotation rotation can increase yields in part because (A) (A) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D) (E)
movingg crop movin crop plan plants ts aro aroun und d make makess them them hardier and more resistant to disease the number of P P seudomonas seudomonas fluorescens bacteria ba cteria in the soil usually increases when crops are rotated the the root rootss of many many crop crop plant plantss pro produ duce ce compounds that are antagonistic to phytopathogens harmful to other crop plants the the prese presenc ncee of phyt phytop opat atho hogen genic ic bact bacteri eriaa is responsible responsible for the majority majority of plant diseases diseases phytop phytopath athoge ogens ns typical typically ly attack attack some some plant plant species but find other species to be unsuitable hosts
19. Accor Accordin dingg to to the the passage passage,, propone proponents nts of the use of genetically altered bacteria in agriculture argue that which one of the following is true of the altered bacteria used in the frost-damage experiments? (A) (B) (B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
The altere altered d bact bacteria eria had a genet genetic ic cons constit titutio ution n differing differing from that of the normal normal strain only in that the altered variety had one less gene. Altho Although ugh the the alte altere red d bact bacteri eriaa comp compet eted ed effectively with the nonaltered strain in the laboratory, they were not not as viable in natural environments. The altere altered d bact bacteria eria were were much much safer safer and more more effective than the naturally occurring cteria used in P seudomonas seudomonas fluorescens ba fluorescens bacteria earlier experiments. The altere altered d bact bacteria eria were were antag antagoni onistic stic to several several types of naturally naturally occurring occurring phytopathogens in the soil surrounding the roots of frost-dama frost-damaged ged crops. The altere altered d bact bacteria eria were were relea released sed into into the the environment in numbers sufficient to guarantee guarantee the validity of experimental experimental results. results.
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Whic Which h one one of the the follo followin wing, g, if true, true, would would mo most st seriously weaken the proponents’ proponents’ argument regarding regarding the safety of using altered altered P seudomonas seudomonas syringae bacteria bacteria to control frost damage? (A) (B) (B) (C) (D)
(E (E))
P seudomonas seudomonas syringae bacteria bacteria are primitive and have a simple genetic constitution. The altere altered d bact bacteria eria are derive derived d from from a strain strain that is parasitic to plants and can cause damage to crops. Curren Currentt genet geneticic-eng enginee ineerin ringg techn technique iquess permit permit the large-scale commercial production of such bacteria. Often Often gene geness whose whose pres presenc encee is respo responsi nsible ble for one harmful characteristic must be present in order to prevent other harmful characteristics. The The fros frostt-da dama mage ge expe experim rimen ents ts with with P seudomonas seudomonas syringae bacteria bacteria indicate that the altered variety would only replace the normal strain strain if released in sufficien sufficientt numbers. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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3 In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United United States for Native Native Americans. The act allotted plots of 80 acres to each Native Native American American adult. However, However, the Native Americans were not granted outright title to their lands. The act defined each grant as a “trust patent,” patent,” meaning that the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the governmental agency in charge of administering policy regarding Native Americans, would hold the allotted land l and in trust for 25 years, during which time the Native American owners could use, use, but not alienate alienate (sell) the the land. After the the 25-year period, the Native Native American allottee would receive a “fee patent” awarding full legal ownership of the land. land. Two main reasons were advanced for the restriction on the Native Native Americans’ ability to sell their lands. lands. First, First, it was claimed that free free alienability alienability would lead to immediate transfer of large amounts of former reservation land to to non-Native non-Native Americans, consequently threatening threatening the traditional way of life on those reservations. A second objection to free alienation was that Native Americans were unaccustom unaccustomed ed to, and did not desire, desire, a system of private private landownership landownership.. Their custom, custom, it was said, favored favored communal communal use of land. However However,, both of these arguments arguments bear only only on the transfer of Native American lands to non-Native non-Native Americans; neither offers a reason for prohibiting Native Americans from transferring land among themselves. Selling land to each other other would not threaten the Native American culture. Additionally, Additionally, if communal land use remained preferable to Native Americans after allotment, free alienability would have allowed allottees to sell their lands back to the tribe. When stated rationales for government policies prove empty, empty, using an interest-group model often provides an explanation. While neither Native Americans nor the potential non-Native American purchasers benefited from the restraint on alienation contained in the Dawes Act, one clearly defined group did benefit: benefit: the BIA bureaucrat bureaucrats. s. It has been been convincingly demonstrated that bureaucrats seek to maximize maximize the size of their staffs and their their budgets in order to compensate compensate for the the lack of other sources sources of fulfillment, fulfillment, such as power and prestige. Additionally Additionally,, politicians politicians tend to favor the growth of governmental governmental bureaucracy bureaucracy because because such growth provides provides increased increased opportunity opportunity for the exercise of political patronage. patronage. The restraint on alienation vastly increased the amount of work, and hence the budgets, budgets, necessary to implement the statute. Until allotment was ended in 1934, granting fee patents and leasing Native American lands were among the principal activities of the United United States government. government. One hypothesis, hypothesis, then, for the temporary restriction on alienation in the Dawes Act is that it reflected a compromise between non-Native Americans favoring immediate alienability so they could purchase land and the BIA bureaucrats who administered administered the the privatization privatization system. system.
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3 21. Which Which one of the followi following ng best summari summarizes zes the main idea idea of the passage? passage? (A)
(B) (B)
(C)
(D)
(E (E))
Unite United d Stat States es govern governmen mentt polic policyy tow toward ard Native Americans has tended to disregard their needs and consider instead the needs of non-Native American purchasers of land. In orde orderr to to prese preserv rvee the the uniq unique ue way way of life life on on Native Native American American reservations, reservations, use of Native Native American lands must be communal rather than individual. The Dawes Dawes Act’ Act’ss restri restricti ction on o on n the the right right of Native Americans to sell their land may have been implemented primarily to serve the interests interests of politicians politicians and bureaucrats. bureaucrats. The clau clause se restri restricti cting ng free free alien alienabi ability lity in the the Dawes Act Act greatly expanded United United States government governmental al activity in the area of land administration. Sinc Sincee pass passag agee of the the Daw Dawes es Act Act in in 188 1887, 7, Nativ ativee Americans have not been able to sell or transfer their former reservation land freely.
22. Which Which one of the following following statemen statements ts concernin concerningg the the reason reason for for the the end end of allotment, allotment, if true, would would provide provide the most support for the author’s author’s view of politicians? (A) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E)
Politi Politicia cians ns realiz realized ed that that allot allotmen mentt was was damaging the Native Native American way of life. Politi Politicia cians ns deci decided ded that that allot allotmen mentt would would be more congruent with the Native American custom of of communal communal land use. use. Politi Politicia cians ns believe believed d that that allot allotmen ment’ t’ss continuation would not enhance their opportunities to exercise patronage. Politi olitici cian anss felt felt that that the the staff staff and and budg budget etss of the the BIA had grown too large. Politi Politicia cians ns were were conc concern erned ed that that too too much much Native American land was falling into the hands of non-Native non-Native Americans. Americans. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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3
Which one of the following best describes the organization organization of the passage? passage? (A) (A)
(B) (B) (C) (C)
(D) (E (E))
The The pass passag agee of a law law is is analy analyze zed d in in det detai ail, l, the the benefits and drawbacks of one of its clauses are studied, studied, and a final final assessment assessment of the law is offered. The The hist history ory of a law law is narr narrat ated ed,, the the effec effects ts of one of its clauses on various various populations populations are studied, studied, and repeal repeal of the law is advocat advocated. ed. A law law is exami examine ned, d, the the poli politic tical al and and soc social ial backgrounds of one of its clauses are characterized, and the permanent effects of the law are studied. A law law is is descr describe ibed, d, the rationa rationale le put put forward forward for one of its clauses clauses is outlined outlined and dismisse dismissed, d, and a different rationale for the clause is presented. The The lega legall stat status us of of an eth ethni nicc group group is exa exami mine ned d with respect to is sues of landownership and commercial autonomy, autonomy, and the benefits to rival groups due to that status are explained.
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26. Accor Accordin dingg to to the the passage passage,, the type of landow landowner nership ship initially obtainable by Native Americans under the Dawes Act Act differed from the type of ownership obtainable after a 25-year period in that only the latter allowed (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E (E)) 27. 27.
(B) (B) (C)
comp comple lete tely ly cred credul ulou ouss part partia iall llyy app appro rovi vin ng basi basica call llyy inde indeci cisi sive ve mild mildly ly ques questi tion onin ing g highl ghly sk skeptica ical
(D) (D) (E)
25. It can can be inferr inferred ed from from the the passage passage that that which which one one of the following was true of Native American life immediately before passage of the Dawes Act? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
owner wnerss of of lan land to to far farm m it owner wnerss of land land to sell sell it governm government ent some some cont control rol over over how how owners owners dispose disposed d of land land owne owners rs of of land land to buil build d on it it with with rela relati tive vely ly minor governmental restrictions gove governm rnmen entt to to cha charg rgee own owners ers a fee fee for for developing their land
Whic Which h one one of the the follo followin wing, g, if true, true, would would mo most st strengthen the author’s argument regarding the true motivation for the passage of the Dawes Act? (A) (A)
24. The author’ author’ss attitude attitude toward toward the reasons reasons advanced advanced for the restriction on alienability in the Dawes Act at the time of its passage passage can best be described described as (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D) (E )
The The legis legisla lato tors rs who who vote voted d in favo favorr of the the Dawes Act owned land adjacent to Native American reservations. The The maj majori ority ty of of Nativ ativee Ame Americ rican anss who who wer weree granted fee patents did not sell their land back to their tribes. Nativ Nativee Americ Americans ans managed managed to prese preserve rve their their traditional culture even when they were geographically dispersed. The The legis legisla lato tors rs who who vot voted ed in in favo favorr of the the Dawes Act were heavily influenced by BIA bureaucrats. Non-N Non-Nati ative ve America Americans ns who purcha purchased sed the majority majority of Native Native American American lands consolidated them into larger farm holdings.
Most Most Nati Native ve America Americans ns suppo supported rted themse themselve lvess through farming. Not Not man manyy Nati Native ve America Americans ns perso personal nally ly owned owned the land on which they lived. The land land on on which which most most Nati Native ve America Americans ns lived had been bought from their tribes. Few Few Nati Native ve Ameri American canss had much much cont contact act with with their non-Native American neighbors. Few Few Nati Native ve America Americans ns were were willing willing to sell sell their their land to non-Native Americans.
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SECTION IV Time—35 minutes 25 Questions Direction Directions: s: The questions questions in this this section are are based on on the reasoning reasoning contai contained ned in brief brief statements statements or passages. passages. For some some questions, questions, more than than one of the choices choices could conceiva conceivably bly answer answer the question. question. However However,, you are to choose choose the best answer; that is, the response that most most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make make assumptions that are by commonsen commonsense se standards standards implausible, implausible, superfluous, superfluous, or incompatible incompatible with the passage. passage. After you you have chosen the the best answer, answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 1. In 1974 1974 the speed speed limit on highwa highways ys in the United United States was reduced to 55 miles per hour in order to save fuel. fuel. In the first 12 months months after the change, change, the rate of highway highway fatalities fatalities dropped dropped 15 percent, percent, the sharpest one-year drop in history. Over the next 10 years, the fatality rate declined by another 25 percent. It follows that the 1974 reduction in the speed limit saved many lives. Which Which one one of the followi following, ng, if true, true, most most strengt strengthen henss the argument? (A) (B) (B) (C) (D)
(E)
The 1974 1974 fuel fuel short shortage age cut driving driving sharply sharply for more than a year. Ther Theree was was no decl declin inee in the the rate rate of high highwa way y fatalities during the twelfth year following the reduction in the speed limit. Since Since 1974 1974 autom automobi obile le manu manufac factur turers ers have have been required by law to install lifesaving equipment, equipment, such as seat belts, belts, in all new cars. cars. The fatalit fatalityy rate rate in high highwa wayy accid accident entss involving motorists driving faster than 55 miles per hour is much higher than in highway accidents that do not involve motorists driving at such speeds. Motor Motorist istss are are more more like likely ly to to avoid avoid accide accidents nts by matching matching their their speed to that of the surrounding highway traffic than by driving at faster or slower speeds.
2. Some Some legislat legislators ors refuse refuse to to commit commit publi publicc funds funds for new scientific research research if they cannot be assured that the research will contribute to the public welfare. Such a position ignores ignores the lessons of experience. experience. Many important contributions to the public welfare that resulted from scientific research were never predicted as potential outcomes of that research. research. Suppose that a scientist in the early twentieth century had applied for public funds to study molds: who would have predicted that such research would lead to the the discovery discovery of antibiotics— antibiotics—one one of the greatest contributions ever made to the public welfare? Which one one of the following most accurately expresses the main point point of the argument? argument? (A) (A) (B) (B)
(C)
(D)
(E (E))
The The com commi mitt ttal al of publi publicc fun funds ds for for new new scientific research will ensure that the public welfare will be enhanced. If it were were possib possible le to to pre predi dict ct the the gene genera rall outcome of a new scientific research effort, then legislators would not refuse to commit public funds for that effort. Scient Scientific ific disc discov overie eriess that that have have cont contribu ributed ted to to the public welfare would have occurred sooner if public funds had been committed to the research that generated those discoveries. In ord order er to ensure ensure that that scient scientific ific resear research ch is is directed toward contributing to the public welfare, legislators must commit public funds to new scientific research. Lack Lack of of guara guarant ntees ees tha thatt new new scien scientif tific ic rese resear arch ch will contribute to the public welfare is not sufficient reason for legislators to refuse to commit public funds to new scientific research. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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3. When When work workers ers do do not find find their their assignm assignment entss challenging, they become bored bored and so achieve less than their abilities would allow. allow. On the other hand, when workers find their assignments a ssignments too difficult, they give up and so again achieve less than what they are capable capable of achieving. achieving. It is, therefore, therefore, clear that no worker’s full potential will ever be realized. Which Which one of the following following is an error error of reasoning reasoning contained in the argument? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E (E))
mistak mistakenly enly equatin equatingg what what is is actua actuall and and what what is is merely possible assumin assumingg with without out warrant warrant that that a situ situatio ation n allows only two possibilities relying relying on subjecti subjective ve rather rather than than objec objectiv tivee evidence confusi confusing ng the coinci coinciden dence ce of two two event eventss with with a causal relation between the two depe depend ndin ingg on on the the ambi ambiguo guous us use of a key key term term
4. Our tomato tomato soup soup provid provides es good good nutriti nutrition: on: for instance, instance, a warm bowl of it contains contains more more units of vitamin C than does a serving servi ng of apricots or fresh carrots! The advertisemen advertisementt is misleading misleading if which one one of the following is true? (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (D)
(E)
Few Few people people depend depend exclusi exclusive vely ly on on apric apricots ots and carrots to supply vitamin C to their diets. A liqu liquid id can can los losee vita vitami mins ns if it stan stands ds in contact with the air for a protracted period of time. Tomato omato soup conta contains ins importan importantt nutri nutrient entss other than vitamin C. The The amo amoun untt of of vitam vitamin in C pro provid vided ed by a serving of the advertised advertised soup is less than the the amount amount furnished furnished by a serving of fresh strawberries. Aprico Apricots ts and and fresh fresh carr carrots ots are widely widely know known n to to be nutritious, but their contribution consists primarily in providing a large amount of vitamin A, not a large amount of vitamin C.
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Questions 5–6 The government provides insurance for individuals’ bank deposits, but requires the banks to pay the premiums for this insurance. Since it is depositors who primarily benefit from the se curity this insurance provides, the government should take steps to ensure that depositors who want this secur ity bear the cost of it and thus should make depositors pay the premiums for insuring their own accounts. 5. Whic Which h one of the the follo followin wingg princ principl iples, es, if esta establ blish ished ed,, would do most to justify justif y drawing the conclusion of the argument argument on the basis of the reasons reasons offered in its support? (A) (A) (B) (B) (C)
(D) (D) (E)
The The peopl peoplee who who stan stand d to to bene benefit fit from from an an economic service should always be made to bear the costs of that service. Any Any rati ration onal al sys syste tem m of insu insuran rance ce must must base base the size size of premiums premiums on the degree degree of risk involved. Govern Governmen ment-b t-back acked ed secu security rity for invest investors ors,, such as bank depositors, should be provided only when it does not reduce incentives for investors to make responsible investments. The The choic choicee of not not acce accepti pting ng an an offer offered ed servi service ce should alway alwayss be available, available, even if there is is no charge for the service. The governm government ent should should avoid avoid any any acti actions ons that that might alter alter the behavior of corporations corporations and individuals in the market.
6. Which Which one of the followi following ng is is assum assumed ed by by the the argument? (A) (B) (C) (C)
(D) (E)
Banks Banks are not insure insured d by by the the govern governmen mentt against default on the loans the banks make. Private Private insuran insurance ce compan companies ies do not have have the the resources to provide banks or individuals with deposit insurance. Bank Bankss do not not alw alway ayss cov cover er the the cost cost of of the the deposit-insurance premiums by paying depositors lower interest rates on insured deposits than the banks would on uninsured deposits. The governm government ent limits limits the insuran insurance ce protection it provides by insuring accounts up to a certain legally defined amount only. The governm government ent does does not not allow allow bank bankss to to offer offer some kinds of accounts in which deposits are not insured. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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7. When When individ individual ual studen students ts are all all treated treated equall equallyy in that they have identical exposure to curriculum material, material, the rate, quality, quality, and quantity quantity of learning learning will vary var y from student to student. If all students are to master master a given curriculum, curriculum, some of them need need different different types types of help than than others, others, as any experienced teacher knows. If the statements statements above above are are both true, which one one of the following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of them them?? (A) (A)
(B) (B)
(C) (C) (D) (E (E))
Unequ nequal al trea treatm tmen ent, t, in a sens sense, e, of indi individ vidual ual students is required in order to ensure equality with respect to the educational tasks they master. The The rat ratee and and qual quality ity of learn learnin ing, g, with with lea learni rning ng understood understood as the acquiring acquiring of the ability ability to solve problems within a given curriculum area, depend depend on the quantity quantity of of teaching teaching an individual student receives in any given curriculum. The The more more experi experien ence ced d the the teach teacher er is, is, the the more more the students will learn. All stud student entss should should hav havee identi identical cal expos exposure ure to to learn the material being taught in any given curriculum. Teach eachers ers sho should uld help help each each of of thei theirr stud studen ents ts to to learn as much as possible.
8. George: George: Some Some scient scientist istss say that that global global warm warming ing will will occur because people are releasing large amounts amounts of carbon dioxid dioxidee into the atmosphere by burning trees and fossil fuels. We can see, though, though, that the predicted predicted warming is occurring already. In the middle of last winter winter,, we had a month month of springlike springlike weather in our area, and this fall, because of unusually mild temperatures, the leaves on our town’s trees were three weeks late in turning color. Which one of the following would it be most relevant to investigate in evaluating the conclusion of George’s argument? (A) (B) (C) (C) (D) (E)
whethe whetherr ccarbo arbon n diox dioxide ide is the the only only cause cause of of global warming when when leav leaves es on on the the trees trees in the town town usual usually ly change color what what propo proporti rtion on of globa globall emi emissi ssion onss of of carbo carbon n dioxide dioxide is due to the burning of trees by humans whethe whetherr air air pollut pollution ion is causi causing ng some some trees trees in in the area to lose their leaves whethe whetherr unus unusuall uallyy warm weathe weatherr is is occu occurrin rring g elsewhere on the globe more frequently than before
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9. Studen Studentt repre represen sentat tative ive:: Our univ univers ersity ity,, in expell expelling ing a student who verbally harassed his roommate, has erred by penalizing the student for doing what he surely has a right to do: speak his mind! Dean of students: students: But what you’ you’re re saying is that our university should endorse verbal harassment. Yet surely if we did that, that, we would threaten threaten the free flow of of ideas that that is the essence essence of university life. Which Which one of the following following is a questionable questionable technique technique that the dean dean of students students uses in attempting to refute the student representative? (A) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E (E))
challen challengin gingg the the stude student nt repres represent entati ative ve’’s knowledge knowledge of the process process by which the student was expelled invok invoking ing a falla fallacio cious us distin distincti ction on betwee between n speech and and other sorts of behavior behavior misdes misdescri cribin bingg the the studen studentt repre represen sentat tative ive’’s position, thereby making it easier to challenge quest questio ioni ning ng the the motiv motives es of of the the stud studen entt representative rather than offering reasons for the conclusion defended relyi relying ng on a posit position ion of powe powerr to to sile silenc ncee the the opposing viewpoint with a threat
10. Famou Famouss person personali alities ties found found guilty guilty of many many types types of crimes in well-publicized trials are increasingly sentenced to to the performance of community service, though unknown defendants convicted of similar crimes almost always serve prison sentences. However However,, the principle principle of equality before before the law rules out using fame and publicity as relevant considerations in the sentencing sentencing of convicted criminals. The statemen statements ts above, above, if true, most strongly strongly support support which one of the following conclusions? (A) (A) (B) (B)
(C) (C) (D) (D)
(E (E))
The The prin princi cipl plee of equal equality ity befor beforee the the law law is is rigorously applied in only a few types of criminal trials. The The numbe numberr of conv convic icte ted d celeb celebrit rities ies sen sente tenc nced ed to community service should equal the number of convicted unknown defendants defendants sentenced to community service. The The prin princi cipl plee of equal equality ity befor beforee the the law law can can properly be overridden by other principles in some cases. The The sente sentenc ncin ingg of celeb celebrit ritie iess to comm commun unity ity service instead instead of prison constitut constitutes es a violation of the principle of equality before the law in many cases. The The prin princi cipl plee of equal equality ity befor beforee the the law law does does not allow for leniency in sentencing. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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Scientific research at a certain university was supported in part by an annual grant from a major foundation. When the university’s physics department embarked on weapons-related weapons-related research, research, the foundation, foundation, which has a purely humanitarian mission, threatened to cancel cancel its grant. The university university then then promised promised that none none of the foundation’s money would be used for the weapons research, whereupon the foundation withdrew its threat, concluding that the weapons research would not benefit from the foundation’s grant.
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In order for the conclusion above to be properly drawn, drawn, which one of the following following assumptio assumptions ns would have to be made? (A)
(A)
(B)
(B)
(C) (D) (E (E))
12. To suit suit the the need needss of corpora corporate te clien clients, ts, adverti advertisin sing g agencies have successfully modified a strategy originally developed for political campaigns. This strategy aims to provide clients with free publicity and air time by designing an advertising campaign that is controversial, controversial, thus drawing prime-time media coverage and evoking public comment by officials. The statements statements above, above, if true, most seriously undermine undermine which one of the following following assertions? (A) (A)
(B) (B) (C) (C)
(D)
(E (E))
The The usefu usefuln lnes esss of an adv advert ertisi ising ng cam campai paign gn is is based solely on the degree to which the campaign’s campaign’s advertisements p ersuade their audiences. Only Only a small small perce percent ntag agee of eligib eligible le vot voter erss admit to being influenced by advertising campaigns in deciding how to vote. Camp Campaig aign n mana manage gers rs have have tran transf sform ormed ed political campaigns by making increasing use of strategies strategies borrowed borrowed from corporate corporate advertising campaigns. Corpora Corporatio tions ns are are typical typically ly more more concer concerned ned with maintaining public recognition of the corporate name than with enhancing goodwill toward the corporation. Adve Adverti rtisi sing ng agen agenci cies es that that spec specia ializ lizee in campaigns for corporate clients are not usually chosen for political campaigns.
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13. The Nati Nationa onall Associ Associati ation on of Fire Fire Fighte Fighters rs says says that that 45 percent percent of homes now have have smoke smoke detectors, detectors, whereas whereas only 30 percent of homes had them 10 years ago. This makes makes early detection detection of house fires no more more likely, likely, however however,, because because over half of the domestic domestic smoke detectors are either without batteries or else inoperative for some other reason.
Which one of the following describes a flaw in the reasoning underlying the foundation’s foundation’s conclusion? It overlook overlookss the the possib possibility ility that the availabi availability lity of the foundation’s money for humanitarian uses will allow the the university university to redirect redirect other funds funds from humanitarian uses to weapons research. It overlo overlooks oks the possibil possibility ity that that the the phy physic sicss department’s weapons research is not the only one of the university’s university’s research activities with other than purely humanitarian purposes. It over overlook lookss the possibil possibility ity that that the the unive universi rsity ty made its promise specifically in order to induce the foundation to withdraw its threat. It confuse confusess the the intent intention ion of not using using a sum of money for a particular purpose with the intention intention of not using using that sum of of money at all. all. It assum assumes es tha thatt if if the the mea means ns to achi achiev evee an an objective are humanitarian humanitarian in character, character, then the objective is also humanitarian in character.
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Fifteen percent of domestic smoke detectors were installed less than 10 years ago. The number number of fires per year in homes with smoke detectors has increased. Not all of the smoke detectors in homes are battery operated. The proportion of domestic smoke detectors that are inoperative has increased in the past ten years. Unlike automatic water sprinklers, a properly functioning smoke detector cannot by itself increase fire safety in a home. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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Advertiseme Advertisement: nt: HomeGlo HomeGlo Paints, Paints, Inc., has won the the prestigious Golden Paintbrush Award Award given to the one paint manufacturer in the country that has increased the environmental environmental safety of its product most over the past three years for HomeGlo Exterior Enamel. The Golden Paintbrush is awarded only on the basis of thorough tests by independent testing laboratories. So when you choose HomeGlo Exterior Enamel, you will know that that you have have chosen the most environmentally safe brand of paint manufactured in this country today. The flawed reasoning in the advertisement most closely parallels parallels that in which one of the following? following? (A)
(B)
(C) (C)
(D)
(E)
The ZX ZXC audio audio syste system m recei received ved the over overall all top top ranking ranking for looks, performance, performance, durability durability,, and value in Listeners’ Report magazine’s magazine’s ratings of currently currently produced produced systems. Therefore, the ZXC ZXC must have have better sound quality than any other currently produced sound system. Mornin Morningg Suns Sunshin hinee break breakfast fast cereal cereal cont contain ains, s, ounce for ounce, ounce, more of the nutrients nutrients needed for a healthy diet than any other breakfast cereal on the market today. today. Thus, when you eat Morning Sunshine, you will know you are eating the most nutritious food now on the market. The The numb number er of of cons consum umer er visi visits ts inc incre reas ased ed mor moree at Countryside Market last year than at any other market in the region. Therefore, Countryside’s profits must also have increased more last year than than those of any other market in the region. Jerro Jerrold’ ld’ss teache teachers rs recogni recognize ze him as as the stude student nt who has shown more academic improvement than any other student in the junior class this year. Therefore, if Jerrold and his classmates are ranked according to their current academic performance, Jerrold must hold the highest ranking. Marga Margaret ret Durring Durring’’s short short story story “The Power Power Lunch” Lunch” won three separate awards for best short fiction of the year. year. Therefore, Therefore, any of Margaret Durring’s earlier stories certainly has enough literary merit to be included in an anthology anthology of the best recent recent short fiction.
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15. The cons consist istenc encyy of ice crea cream m is adver adversely sely affect affected ed by by even slight temperature changes in the freezer. freezer. To counteract this problem, manufacturers add stabilizers to ice cream. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, stabilizers, though inexpensive, adversely affect flavor. flavor. Stabilizers are less needed if storage temperatures are are very low. However, However, since energy costs are constantly going up, those costs constitute a strong incentive in favor of relatively high storage temperatures. Which Which one of the following following can be properly inferred from the passage? (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Even Even slight slight deviatio deviations ns from from the the proper proper consistency for ice cream sharply impair its flavor. Cost Cost cons consid idera erati tion onss favor favor sacrif sacrific icin ing g consistency over sacrificing flavor. flavor. It would would not not be be costcost-eff effecti ective ve to to develop develop a new new device to maintain the constancy of freezer temperatures. Stabili Stabilizer zerss funct function ion well well only only at at very very low low freezer temperatures. Very low, low, stable stable freeze freezerr temp temperat erature uress allo allow w for for the best possible consistency consistency and flavor of ice cream.
16. Edwina Edwina:: True apprec appreciati iation on of Mozart Mozart’’s music music demands that you hear it exactly as he intended intended it to be heard; heard; that is, exactly exactly as he heard it. Since he heard it on eighteenthcentury instruments, it follows that so should we. Alberto: But what makes makes you think that Mozart ever ever heard his music played as he had intended it to be played? After all, Mozart was writing at a time when the performer was expected, as a matter matter of course, course, not just to to interpret interpret but to modify the written score. Alberto adopts adopts which one of the following following strategies in criticizing Edwina’s Edwina’s position? (A) (B)
(C) (C) (D) (D) (E (E))
He appeals appeals to an academ academic ic auth authorit orityy in in order order to challenge challenge the factual factual basis of her conclusion. He attack attackss her judgme judgment nt by by sugge suggestin stingg that that she she does not recognize recognize the importance importance of the performer’s creativity to the audience’s appreciation appreciation of a musical composition. composition. He defe defend ndss a comp competi eting ng view view of of musi musica call authenticity. He atta attack ckss the the logi logicc of her her argu argume ment nt by suggesting that the conclusion she draws does not follow from the premises she sets forth. He offer offerss a reaso reason n to to beli believ evee tha thatt one one of the the premises premises of her argument argument is false. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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Since the introduction of the Impanian National Health scheme, Impanians (or their private insurance companies) have had to pay only for the more unusual and sophisticated medical procedures. When the scheme was introduced, introduced, it was hoped that private insurance to pay for these procedures would be available at modest cost, since the insurers would would no longer be paying paying for the bulk bulk of health care care costs, costs, as they had done previously. previously. Paradoxic Paradoxically ally,, however, however, the cost of private health insurance did not decrease but has instead increased dramatically in the years since the scheme’s introduction.
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(B) (B)
(C) (C)
(D)
(E (E))
The Nation National al Healt Health h ssche cheme me has greatly greatly reduced reduced the number of medical medical claims handled annually by Impania’s Impania’s private insurers, enabling these firms to reduce overhead costs substantially. su bstantially. Befor Beforee the the Nat Nation ional al Hea Healt lth h sche scheme me was was introduced introduced,, more than than 80 percent percent of of all Impanian medical costs were associated with procedures that are now covered by the scheme. Impa Impani nian anss who pre previo vious usly ly wer weree unabl unablee to afford regular medical treatment now use the National Health Health scheme, but the number of Impanians with private health insurance has not increased. Impani Impanians ans now now buy buy priva private te medi medical cal insu insuran rance ce only at times when they expect that they will need care care of kinds kinds not available available in the National Health scheme. The The prop proport ortio ion n of tota totall expen expendi ditu ture ress with within in Impania that is spent on health care has declined declined since the introductio introduction n of the National Health scheme.
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In cli clini nica call trial trialss of new new medi medici cine nes, s, half half of the the subjects receive the drug being tested and half receive a physiologically inert substance—a placebo. Trials are designed with the intention that neither subjects nor experimenters will find out which subjects are actually being given the drug being tested. However, However, this intention is frequently frustrated because_______. Which Which one of the followi following, ng, if true, true, most most appropriately completes the explanation? (A)
Which Which one one of the follo following wing,, if true, true, does does most most to explain the apparently paradoxical outcome? (A)
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(B)
(C) (C)
(D) (D) (E)
often often the the subj subject ectss who who recei receive ve the drug drug being being tested develop symptoms that the experimenter experimenterss recognize recognize as side effects effects of the physiologically active drug subjec subjects ts who believe believe they are receivi receiving ng the drug being tested often display improvements in their conditions regardless regardless of whether what is administered to them is physiologically active or not in gen genera eral, l, when when the the tria triall is inte intend nded ed to establish the experimental drug’s safety rather than its its effectivenes effectiveness, s, all of the subjects subjects are are healthy volunteers when when a tria triall runs runs a long long time time,, few few of of the the experimenters will work on it from inception to conclusion the people people who who are subject subjectss for for clinic clinical al trial trialss must, by law, law, be volunteers volunteers and must be informed informed of the possibility possibility that they they will receive a placebo
19. It tak takes es 365.2 365.25 5 days days for for the Earth Earth to make make one one complete revolution around the Sun. Long-standing convention makes makes a year 365 days long, with an extra day added every fourth year, year, and the year is divided into 52 seven-day seven-day weeks. But since 52 times 7 is only 364, anniversaries anniversaries do do not fall on the same same day of the week each year. Many scheduling problems could be avoided avoided if the last day day of each year year and an addition additional al day every fourth year belonged to to no week, so that January 1 would be a Sunday every year. The proposal above, above, once put into into effect, would be most likely to result in continued scheduling conflicts for which which one of the following following groups? groups? (A) (A) (B) (B) (C) (D) (E)
people people who who hav havee birth birthda days ys or or othe otherr anniversaries on December 30 or 31 emplo employe yed d peop people le whos whosee stric strictt relig religio ious us observances require that they refrain from working every seventh day school school syst systems ems that that requir requiree stude students nts to atte attend nd classes a specific specific number of days each each year employ employed ed peopl peoplee who who have have threethree-day day breaks breaks from work when holidays are celebrated on Mondays or Fridays people people who who have have to to plan plan events events several several years years before those events occur GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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Graphologists claim that it is possible to detect permanent character traits by examining people’s handwriting. handwriting. For example, example, a strong cross cross on the “t” is supposed to denote denote enthusiasm. enthusiasm. Obviously, Obviously, however however,, with practice and p erseverance people can alter their handwriting to include this feature. So it seems that graphologists must hold that permanent character traits can be changed. The argument against graphology proceeds by (A) (B) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D) (E)
citing citing apparen apparently tly incont incontest establ ablee evidenc evidencee that that leads to absurd consequences when conjoined with the view vie w in question demo demons nstra trati ting ng that that an app appar aren entl tly y controversial and interesting claim is really just a platitude argu arguin ingg that that a parti particu cula larr techn techniq ique ue of analy analysis sis can never be effective when the people analyzed know that it is being used show showin ingg that that pro propon ponen ents ts of of the the view view have have no no theoretical justification for the view attack attacking ing a tech techniq nique ue by by argui arguing ng that that what what the the technique is supposed to detect can be detected quite readily without it
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Questions 21–22 Historian: There is no direct evidence that that timber was traded between the ancient nations of Poran and Nayal, Nayal, but the fact that a law setting tariffs on timber imports from Poran was enacted during the third Nayalese dynasty does suggest that during that period a timber trade was conducted. Critic: Your reasoning is flawed. During its third dynasty, dynasty, Nayal may well have imported timber from Poran, but certainly on today’s today’s statute books there remain many laws regulating activities that were once common but in which people no longer engage. 21. The critic’ critic’ss response response to the historia historian’ n’ss reasoning reasoning does which one of the following? (A) (B) (B) (C) (C) (D) (E)
It implies implies an analogy analogy betwee between n the the pres present ent and the past. It ide ident ntif ifies ies a gen genera erall princ principl iplee that that the the historian’s historian’s reasoning v iolates. It dis distin tingui guish shes es betw between een wha whatt has has been been established as a certainty and what has been established as a possibility. It esta establi blishes shes explici explicitt criteri criteriaa that that must must be be used used in evaluating indirect evidence. It points points out out the the dissi dissimil milar ar roles roles that that law law plays plays in societies that are distinct from one another.
22. The criti critic’ c’ss respons responsee to the hist historia orian n is flawed flawed because it (A)
(B) (C) (D)
(E (E))
produc produces es eviden evidence ce that that is cons consist istent ent with with there there not having been any timber trade between Poran and Nayal during the third Nayalese dynasty cites cites curre current nt laws laws witho without ut indi indicat cating ing whethe whetherr the laws cited are relevant to the timber trade fails fails to to reco recogniz gnizee that that the historia historian n’s conclusion was based on indirect evidence rather than direct evidence takes takes no accoun accountt of of the differ differenc encee betw between een a law’s enactment at a particular time and a law’s law’s existence existence as part of a legal code at a particular time acce accept ptss witho without ut quest question ion the the assu assump mpti tion on about the purpose purpose of laws that that underlies underlies the historian’s historian’s argument GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.
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The workers at Bell Manufacturing will shortly go on strike unless the management increases their wages. As Bell’s president is well aware, however, however, in order to to increase increase the workers’ workers’ wages, Bell would have have to sell off some some of its subsid subsidiari iaries. es. So, So, some some of of Bell’ Bell’s subsidiaries will be sold. The conclusion above above is properly drawn drawn if which one of the following following is assumed? assumed? (A) (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Bell Bell Manu Manufa fact cturi uring ng will will begi begin n to suf suffer fer increased losses. Bell’ Bell’s manag manageme ement nt will refuse refuse to increa increase se its its workers’ wages. The worker workerss at Bell Manufac Manufacturi turing ng will will not be going on strike. Bell’ Bell’s presid president ent has has the the autho authority rity to offer offer the the workers their desired wage increase. Bell’ Bell’s work workers ers will not accept accept a p pack ackage age of improved improved benefits benefits in place of their desired desired wage increase.
The pattern of reasoning displayed displayed above most closely parallels that displayed in which one of the following arguments? (A)
(B)
(C)
The method described above for determining how quickly a new idea is taking hold relies on which one of the following following assumptions assumptions??
(B) (B) (C) (D) (D) (E)
(D)
Diction Dictionary ary editor editorss are are not profes profession sionally ally interested in words that are only rarely used. Dict Dictio iona nary ry edit editor orss have have exact exact num numeri erica call criteria for telling when a word has passed into common usage. For For a new idea idea to to take take hold, hold, diction dictionary ary editor editorss have to include the relevant word or words in their dictionaries. As a word word passes passes into into com commo mon n usage usage,, its its meaning does not undergo any severe distortions in the process. Words ords deno denotin tingg new new ideas ideas tend tend to to be be used used before the ideas denoted are understood.
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(E (E))
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25. Because Because migran migrantt worker workerss are typica typically lly not not hired hired by any one employer for longer than a single season, migrant workers can legally be paid less than the minimum hourly wage that the government requires employers to pay all their permanent employees. Yet most migrant workers work long hours each day for eleven or twelve months a year and thus are as much full-time workers as are people hired on a year-round basis. Therefore, the law should require that migrant workers be paid the same minimum hourly wage that other full-time workers must be paid.
24. One sure sure way way you you can tell tell how how quickl quicklyy a new idea idea— — for example, the idea of “privatizat “privatization ion”—is ”—is taking hold among the population is to monitor how fast the word or words expressing that particular idea are passing into common common usage. Professional opinions of whether or not words can indeed be said to have passed into common usage are available from dictionary editors, who are vitally concerned with this question.
(A)
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Because Because dayday-car caree facili facilities ties are now regula regulated ted at the local local level, the quality quality of care availab available le to children in two different cities can differ widely. Since such differences in treatment clearly are unfair, day care should be be federally rather than locally regulated. Because Because many many rural rural areas areas hav havee few few restr restrict iction ionss on development, housing estates in such areas have been built where no adequate supply of safe drinking water water could be ensured. Thus, rural areas should adopt building codes more like those large cities have. Because Because some some coun countrie triess rregul egulate ate gun sales sales more strictly than do other countries, countries, some people can readily purchase a gun, whereas others cannot. cannot. Therefore, Therefore, all countries countries should cooperate in developing a uniform international policy regarding gun sales. Because Because it it is a democ democrati raticc princi principle ple that that laws laws should have the consent of those affected by them, liquor laws should be formulated not by politicians but by club and restaurant owners, since such laws laws directly affect the profitability profitability of their businesses. businesses. Becau Because se food food addi additi tive vess are are not con consi side dere red d drugs, they have not had to meet the safety standards the government applies to drugs. But food additives can be as dangerous as drugs. Therefore, Therefore, food additives additives should should also be subject to safety regulations as stringent s tringent as those covering drugs.
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IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME TI ME IS CALLED, CALLE D, YOU MAY MAY CHECK YOUR WORK WORK ON THIS SECTION SE CTION ONLY. ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.
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LSAT LSA T WRITING SAMPLE TOPIC The city of Stockton must choose an event to inaugurate its new auditorium, an open-air stage with seats for about 15,000 people and a surrounding lawn with room for 30,000 more. Write an argument in favor of hiring either of the following performers with these considerations in mind. • The city hopes the inaugural performance will raise as much money as possible to pay off the auditorium’s construction loans. • The city wants to obtain considerable positive publicity for the new auditorium. Astrani, one of the legends of popular music, is giving a farewell concert tour before retiring. He has proposed holding the final three concerts in Stockton; because of his elaborate sets and costumes, tickets would be sold only for the auditorium’s seats and no lawn seating would be available. Astrani never allows souvenirs to be sold at his concerts, but the city will receive 20 percent of the proceeds from ticket sales. If the tour ends in Stockton, a well-known director will film the historic event and plans to release a full-length feature which will share the final shows with fans around the world. A number of prominent bands have organized “Animal-Aid” to raise money for endangered species. The concert has already generated significant attention in the press and a number of important arenas competed for the privilege of hosting the event. Stockton’s new auditorium is the organizer’s first choice s the site for the all-day concert and the city would be allowed to design and sell souvenirs commemorating commemorating the event. While tickets would be available for both the seats and surrounding lawn, all of the proceeds rom ticket sales would go to “Animal-Aid.” The auditorium’s security expert is concerned that the facility’s novice staff may not yet have the experience to handle a large crowd during an all-day event.
4 DIRECTIONS:
CONVERSION CHART
1. Use the Answer Key on the next page to check your answers. 2. Use Use the Scoring Scoring Worksheet orksheet belo below w to compu compute te your your Raw Score. 3. Use Use the Score Score Conve Conversion rsion Chart to to conv convert ert your your Raw Score into the 120–180 scale.
SCORING WORKSHEET 1. Enter the number number of questions you you answered correctly in each section NUMBER CORRECT
SECTION I. . . . . . . . . . . SECTION II . . . . . . . . . . SECTION III . . . . . . . . . SECTION IV . . . . . . . . . 2. Ente Enterr the the sum sum her here: e:
HIS IS YOUR OUR THIS RAW SCORE.
For converting Raw Score to the 120–180 LSAT Scaled Score LSAT LSAT Prep Test Test VII REPORTED SCORE 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120
LOWEST RAW SCORE 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 90 89 88 87 86 84 83 82 80 79 77 76 74 73 71 69 68 66 65 63 61 60 58 56 55 53 51 50 48 56 45 43 42 40 39 37 36 34 33 31 30 29 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 18 17 —* 0
HIGHEST RAW SCORE 101 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 89 88 87 86 85 83 82 81 79 78 76 75 73 72 70 68 67 65 64 62 60 59 57 55 54 52 50 49 47 45 44 42 41 39 38 36 35 33 32 30 29 28 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 17 —* 16
*There *The re is no raw score that will produce this scaled score for this test.
4 SECTION I
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
C C E E B E C
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
A D B C A C E
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
A B B C C B B
22. 23. 24. 25.
E D A D
E A E B E D B
22. 23. 24.
D B A
B D C E A D C
22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
C D E B B D
E E D A B A A
22. 23. 24. 25.
D C D E
SECTION II
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
C A C C E C D
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
B C E E E B C
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. SECTION III
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
E D C B D A A
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
D A B C C E D
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. SECTION IV
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
D E B E A C A
8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
E C D A A D D
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
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