LSAT_PT_13.pdf

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PrepTest 13 Test ID: LL301 LL3013 3

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A complete version of PrepTest XIII has been reproduced with the permission of Law School Admission Council, Inc. Prep Test XIII © 1995 Law School Admission Council, Inc.

All actual LSAT questions printed within this work are used with the permission of Law School Admission Council, Inc., Box 2000, Newton, PA 18940, the copyright owner. LSAC does not review or endorse specific test preparation or services, and inclusion of licensed LSA LSAT T questions within this work does not imply the review or endorsement of LSAC.

© 2004 Kaplan, Inc.















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Analytical Reasoning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION I

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Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION SECTION II

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Reading Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION III

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Logical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION SECTION IV















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SECTION I Time— Time —35 minutes 24 Questions Directions: Each group Directions: group of questions in this section is based on on a set of conditions. In answering answering some of the questions, questions, it may be useful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. Questions 1–6 Exactl Exa ctlyy eight eight cons consume umers— rs—F F, G, H, J, K, L, M, and N—wi N—will ll be interviewed by market researchers. The eight will be divided into exactly two 4-person groups—group 1 and group 2—before 2—before interviews begin. Each person is assigned to exactly one of the two groups according according to the following following conditions: F must be in the same group as J. G must be in a different group from M. If H is in group group 1, then L must must be in group group 1. If N is in group group 2, then G must must be in group group 1. 1. Gr Grou oup p 1 cou could ld co cons nsis istt of (A) (A) (B)) (B (C)) (C (D)) (D (E)) (E

F, G, H, an and dJ F, H, L, an and dM F, J, K, an and dL G, H, L, an and dN G, K, M, an and dN

2. If K is is in in the the sa same me gr grou oup p as as N, N, wh whic ich h one one of th thee following must be true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

G is in group 1. H is in group 2. J is in group 1. K is in group 2. M is in group 1.

3. If F is is in in the the sa same me gr grou oup p as as H, H, wh whic ich h one one of th thee following must be true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

G is in group 2. J is in group 1. K is in group 1. L is in group 2. M is in group 2.

4. If L and and M are in grou group p 2, the then n a pers person on who who coul could d be assigned either to group 1 or, alternatively alternatively,, to group 2 is (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

F G H J K

5. Each Each of of the fo follo llowin wingg is a pair pair of of pe peopl oplee who who cou could ld be in group 1 together EXCEPT EXCEPT (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

F and G F and H F and L H and G H and N

6. If L is is in gro group up 2, the then n each each of the fo follo llowin wingg is is a pai pairr of people who could could be in group 1 together together EXCEPT EXCEPT (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

F and M G and N J and N K and M M and N

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1 Questions 7– 7–11 Five people— people—Harry Harry,, Iris, Kat Kate, e, Nan Nancy cy,, and Vic Victor tor— —are to be scheduled as contestants contestants on a television show, one contestant per day, day, for five consecutive days from Monday through Friday. Friday. The following restrictions governing governing the scheduling of contestan contestants ts must be observed: Nancy is not scheduled for Monday. If Harry is scheduled scheduled for Monday Monday,, Nancy is scheduled scheduled for Friday. If Nancy is scheduled scheduled for Tuesday Tuesday,, Iris is scheduled for Monday. Kate is scheduled for the next day after the day for which Victor Victor is scheduled. 7. Vict Victor or can can be sche schedule duled d for for any any day day EXCEPT EXCEPT (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

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10. If Ka Kate te is sc sched hedule uled d for for Fri Friday day,, whi which ch one of the following must be true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Harr y is scheduled for Tuesday. Harry Harryy is scheduled for Wednesday. Harr Iris is scheduled for Monday. Iris is scheduled for Wednesday. Nancy is scheduled for Wednesday.

11. If Iri Iriss is sc sched hedul uled ed for for Wedn ednes esday day,, whi which ch one one of of the following must be true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Harry is scheduled for an earlier day than the day for which Nancy is scheduled. Harry is scheduled for an earlier day than the day for which Kate is scheduled. Kate is scheduled scheduled for an earlier day than the day for which Harry is scheduled. Nancy is scheduled for an earlier day than the day for which Kate is scheduled. Nancy is scheduled for an earlier day than the day for which Iris is scheduled.

8. If Iri Iriss is sche schedu duled led fo forr the nex nextt day day after after Harry Harry,, whi which ch one of the following lists lists all those days any any one of which could be the day for which Harry is scheduled scheduled?? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Monday, Tuesday Monday, Monday,, Wednesday Monday Monday, Thursday Monday, Monday,, Tuesday Monday uesday,, Wednesday Monday, Wednesday Monday, ednesday,, Thursday

9. If Ka Kate te is sche schedul duled ed for for Wedn ednesd esday ay,, whi which ch one one of of the following could be true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Iris is scheduled for Friday. Nancy is scheduled for Tuesday. Nancy is scheduled for an earlier day than the day for which Harry is scheduled. Nancy is scheduled for an earlier day than the day for which Iris is scheduled. Nancy is scheduled for an earlier day than the day for which Kate is scheduled.


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Questions 12–17

14.

An art teacher will schedule exactly six of eight lectures— fresco, history, lithography, naturalism, oils, pastels, sculpture, and watercolors—for three days—1, 2, and 3. There will be exactly two lectures each day—morning and afternoon. Scheduling is governed by the following conditions: Day 2 is the only day for which oils can be scheduled. Neither sculpture nor watercolors can be scheduled for the afternoon. Neither oils nor pastels can be scheduled for the same day as lithography. If pastels is scheduled for day 1 or day 2, then the lectures scheduled for the day immediately following pastels must be fresco and history, not necessarily in that order. 12.

(B) (B) (C) (C) (D) (D) (E) (E)

Morni orning ng:: Afternoon: Afternoon: Morni orning ng:: Afternoon: Afternoon: Morni orning ng:: Afternoon: Afternoon: Morni orning ng:: Afternoon: Afternoon: Morni orning ng:: Afternoon: Afternoon:

lith lithog ograp raphy hy,, hist history ory,, scul sculpt ptur uree pastels, fresco, fresco, naturalism naturalism natu natura rali lism sm,, oils oils,, fres frescco lithography, lithography, pastels, pastels, history history oils oils,, hist histor oryy, natu natura rali lism sm pastels, fresco, fresco, lithography lithography scul sculpt ptur ure, e, lith lithog ograp raphy hy,, nat natur ural alis ism m watercolors, watercolors, fresco, fresco, pastels pastels scul sculpt ptur ure, e, past pastel els, s, fres frescco lithography, lithography, history, history, naturalism

If lithography lithography and fresco are scheduled for the afternoons of day 2 and day 3, respectively, which one of the following is a lecture that could be scheduled for the afternoon of day 1? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

history oils pastels sculpture watercolors

If lithography lithography and history are scheduled for the mornings of day 2 and day 3, respectively, which one of the following lectures could be scheduled for the morning of day 1? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

15.

16.

fresco history naturalism pastels sculpture

If neither fresco nor naturalism naturalism is scheduled for any any day, which one of the following must be scheduled for day 1? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

17.

fresco naturalism oils pastels sculpture

If oils and lithography are scheduled scheduled for the mornings of day 2 and day 3, respectively, which one of the following CANNOT be scheduled for any day? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Which one of the following is an acceptable schedule of lectures for days 1, 2, and 3, respectively? (A) (A)

13.

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history lithography oils pastels sculpture

If the lectures scheduled for the mornings are fresco, history, and lithography, not necessarily in that order, which one of the following could be true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Lithography Lithogr aphy is scheduled for day 3. Naturalism is scheduled for day 2. Fresco is scheduled for the same day as naturalism. History is scheduled for the same day as naturalism. History is scheduled for the same day as oils.


















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1 Questions 18–24 The population of a small country is organized into five clans—N, O, P, S, and T. Each year exactly three of the five clans participate in the annual harvest ceremonies. The rules specifying the order of participation of the clans in the ceremonies are as follows: Each clan must participate at least once in any two consecutive years. No clan participates for three consecutive years. Participation takes place in cycles, with each cycle ending when each of the five clans has participated three times. Only then does a new cycle begin. No clan participates more than three times within any cycle. 18.

N, O, S N, O, T N, P, S O, P, T O, S, T

(B) (C) (D) (E)

N participates in the first, second, and third years. N participates in the second, third, and fourth years. Both O and S participate in the first and third years. Both N and S participate in the the first, third, and fifth years. Both S and T participate in the second, third, and fifth years.

Any cycle for the clans’ clans’ participation in the

Which one of of the following must be true about the the three clans that participate in the ceremonies in the first year? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

22.

23.

N participates in the second and third years. O participates in the third and fourth years. N and O both participate in the third year year.. P and T both participate in the the fifth fifth year year.. S and T both participate in the fifth year year..

If, in a particular cycle, N, O, O, and T participate in the first year and if O and P participate in the fourth year,, any of the following could be a clan that year participates in the third year EXCEPT (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

24.

At most two of them participate together in the third year. At least two of them participate together in the second year. All three of them participate together in the fourth year. All three of them them participate together in the fifth year. None of them participates in the third year year..

If, in a particular cycle, N, O, O, and S participate in the ceremonies in the first year, which one of the following must be true? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Which one of of the following can be true about the clans’ participation in the ceremonies ceremonies?? (A)

20.

21.

If the clans participating in the first year of of a given given cycle are N, O, and P, which one of the following could be the clans participating in the second year of that cycle? (A) (B) (C) (D)) (D (E)

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N O P S T

If, in a particular cycle, N, O, O, and S participate in the ceremonies in the first year and O, S, and T participate in the third year, then which one of the following could be the clans that participate in the fifth year? (A) (B)

N, O, P N, O, S

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2 SECTION II Time— Time —35 minutes 26 Questions

Directions: The questions questions in this section are based based on the reasoning reasoning contained contained in brief statements or passages. passages. For some questions, more than one one of the choices could conceivably conceivably answer answer the question. question. Howev However, er, you are to to choose the the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately accurately and completely completely answers the question. question. You should not make make assumptions that are by commonsense commonse nse standards standards implausible, superfluous superfluous,, or incompatible incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best best answer answer,, blacken the corresponding corresponding space on your answer answer sheet. 1. Paperback Paperback book bookss wear wear out out more more quic quickly kly than hardcover hardcov er books do, but paperback books cost much less.. Ther less Therefo efore, re, user userss of publ public ic libraries libraries would be better served if public libraries bought only paperback books, since by so doing these libraries could increase increase the number of new book titles added to their collections without increasing their budgets. Which one Which one of the fol followin lowing, g, if true, most serio seriously usly weakens the argument? argument? (A)) (A (B) (C) (D)

(E)

If a pu public library ’s overall budget budget is cut, the budget budg et for for new acqu acquisitio isitions ns is usual usually ly cut cut back more than is that for day-to-day operations. Paperback books can very inexpensivel inexpensivelyy have their covers reinforced in order to make them last longer. Many paperback books are never published in hardcover. Library users users as a group depend on their public library for access to a wide variety of up-to-date reference reference books that are published in hardcover only. People are more likely to buy for themselves a copy of a book they had previously previously borrowed from the public library if that book is available in paperback.

3. When When compa compact ct discs discs first first ente entered red the the marke market, t, the they y were priced significantly higher than vinyl records. Manufacturers Manufactur ers attributed the differenc differencee in price to the difference difference in production costs, costs, saying that compact disc production was expensive because the technology was new and unfamiliar. unfamiliar. As the technology became more efficient, the price of the discs did indeed come down. But vinyl records, records, whose production technology has long been established, then went up in price to approach approach that of compact discs. Which one of the following most most helps to explain why the price of vinyl records went up? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D) 2. Garbage Garbage in this this neigh neighborh borhood ood pro probabl bablyy will not be collected collec ted until Thursday this week. Garbage is usually

Consumers were so enthusiast enthusiastic ic about the improved sound quality offered by compact disc technology that they were willing to pay a higher price to obtain it. Some consumers who continued to buy vinyl records instead instead of compact discs did so because they were unwilling to pay a higher price for compact discs. As consumers bought compact discs instead of vinyl records, the number of vinyl records produced decreased, decreased, making their production less cost-efficien cost-efficient. t. Compact disc player technology continued to change and develop even after compact discs first entered the market.

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2 4. Conservatio Conservationists nists hav havee establi established shed land rese reserves rves to preserve the last remaining habitat for certain species whose survival depends on the existence of such habitat. A grove grove of trees in Mexico that provide habitat for North American monarch butterflies in winter is a typical ty pical example of such a land reserve. If global warming occurs as predicted, however however,, the temperature bands within which various types of vegetation can grow will shift into regions that are currently cooler. If the statements statements above are true, they provide provide the most support support for which one of the following? following? (A) (B) (C)

(D) (E)

If glob global al warmin warmingg occu occurs rs as pred predicted icted,, the conservation land reserves will cease to serve their purpose. Monarch butterflies will succeed in adapting to climatic change by shortening their migration. If glob global al warmin warmingg occu occurs, rs, it will melt polar ice and so will cause the sea level to rise so high that many coastal plants and animals will become extinct. The natural world has adapted many times in the past to drastic global warming and cooling. If global warming occurs rapidly rapidly,, species of plants and animals now protected in conservation land reserves will move to inhabit areas that are currently used for agriculture.

5. Financial Financial suc success cess does not guara guarantee ntee happ happiness iness.. This claim is not mere proverbial wisdom but a fact verified by statistics. In a recently concluded concluded survey, only one-third of the respondents respondents who claimed to have achieved financial success reported that they were happy. happy. Which one Which one of of the foll following owing,, if true, most stro strongly ngly supports the conclusion drawn from the survey

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6. The distan distance ce that that animals animals travel travel each day and and the the size size of the groups in which they live are highly correlated correlated with their diets. And diet itself depends in large part on the sizes sizes and shapes shapes of animals animals’’ teeth and faces. The statements above provide the most support for which one of the following? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Animals that eat meat travel in relatively small groups and across relatively small ranges compared to animals that eat plants. Animals that have varied diets can be expected to be larger and more robust than animals that eat only one one or two kinds kinds of food. When individual herd animals lose their teeth through age or injury, injury, those animals are likely likely to travel travel at the rear rear of their herd. Information about the size and shape of an animal’’s face is all that is needed to identify animal the species to which that animal belongs. Information about the size and shape of an extinct animal’ animal’s teeth and face can establish whether that animal is likely to have been a herd animal.

7. It is is not not correc correctt that that the the peopl peoplee of of the Uni United ted Stat States, es, relative to comparable comparable countries, are the most lightly taxed. True, the United United States has the lowest lowest tax, tax, as percent perc ent of gros grosss domestic domestic product, product, of the Weste Western rn industrialized countries, countries, but tax rates alone do not tell the whole story. Peop People le in the United States pay out of pocket for for many goods goods and services provided from tax revenues elsewhere. elsewhere. Consider universal universal health care, which is an entitlement supported supported by tax revenues in every other Western industrialized country. United States government government health-care expenditures are equivalent equivalent to about 5 percent percent of the gross domestic product, product, but private health-care expenditures represent represent another another 7 percent. This 7 percent, perc ent, then, amou amounts nts to a tax. The argument concerning concerning whether whether the people of of the

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8. Various mid-f mid-fourte ourteenth enth-cen -century tury Euro European pean writers show an intere interest st in games, games, but no writer writer of this period mentions mentions the playing of of cards. Nor do any any of the mid-fourteenth-century mid-fourteenth-century statutes that proscribe or limit the play of of games mention cards, cards, though they do mention mention dice, dice, ches chess, s, and other other games. games. It is therefore likely likely that, contrary to what is sometimes claimed, at that time playing cards cards was not yet yet common in Europe. The pattern pattern of reas reasoning oning in in which one one of the following is most similar to that in the argument above? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Neither today ’s newspapers nor this evening ’s television news mentioned a huge fire that was rumored to have happened in the port last night. Therefor Therefore, e, there probably probably was no such fire. This evening ’s television news reported that the cruise ship was only damaged in the fire last night, whereas the newspaper newspaper reported that it was destroyed. destroyed. The television news is based on more recent information, information, so probably the ship was not destroyed. Among the buildings that are near the port is the newspaper’ newspaper’s printing plant. Early editions editions of this morni morning ng ’s paper were very late. Therefore,, the fire at the port Therefore port probably affected areas beyond the port itself. The newspaper does not explicitly say that the port reopened after the fire, but in its listing of newly arrived ships it mentions mentions some arrival times after the the fire. Therefore Therefore,, the port was probably not closed for long. long. The newspaper is generally more reliable than the television news, news, and the newspaper newspaper reported that the damage from last night’ night ’s fire in the port was not severe. severe. Therefore Therefore,, the damage probably was not severe.

2 9. In a matu mature re touris touristt market market such such as Bell Bellaria aria there there are only two ways hotel hotel owners can increase profits: profits: by building more rooms or by improving what is already there. Rigid land-use laws in Bellaria Bellaria rule out construc con struction tion of new hotels hotels or, inde indeed, ed, any expansion expansion of hotel capacity. capacity. It follows follows that hotel hotel owners cannot increase their profits in Bellaria since Bellarian hotels ______________. Which one of the following logically logically completes completes the argument? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

are already operating at an occupancy rate approaching 100 percent year-round could not have been sited any more attractively than they are even even in the absence absence of land-use laws have to contend with upward pressures on the cost of labor which stem from from an incipient shortage of trained personnel already provide a level of luxury that is at the limits of what even wealthy wealthy patrons are prepared to pay for have shifted from serving mainly Bellarian tourists to serving foreign tourists traveling in organized tour groups

10. Every Every politi political cal philo philoso sophe pherr of the early early twent twentiet ieth h century who was either a socialist or a communist was influenced by Rosa Rosa Luxemburg. No one who was influenced by Rosa Luxemburg advocated a totalitarian state. If the statem statements ents abov abovee are true, true, which one of of the following must must on the basis basis of them also be true? (A) (B) (C)

No early-twentieth-c early-twentieth-century entury socialist political philosopher advocated advocated a totalitarian state. Every Eve ry early-twentieth-c early-twentieth-century entury political philosopherr who did not advocate a totalitarian philosophe state was influenced by Rosa Luxemburg. Rosa Luxemburg was the only person to influence every early-twentieth-c early-twentieth-century entury

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2 Questions 11– 11–12 Harris: Curr Harris: Currentl entlyy, hybri hybrid d animals animals are not prote protected cted by by international endangered-species endangered-species regulations. regulations. But new techniques in genetic research suggest that the red wolf, long thought to be an independent species, species, is a hybrid of the coyote coyote and the gray wolf. wolf. Hence, since the the red wolf clearly deserves deserves protection, protection, these regulations should be changed to admit the protecti pro tection on of hybri hybrids. ds. Vogel ogel:: Yet hybrids hybrids do not not need prote protection ction.. Sinc Sincee a breeding population population that arises through hybridization descends descends from independent independent species, if any such population population were to die out, it could easily be revived by interbreeding interbreeding members of the species from which the hybrid is descended. 11. Which Which on onee of the fo follo llowing wing is a poin pointt at iss issue ue between Harris and Vogel? Vogel? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

whether the red wolf descends from the gray wolf and the coyote whether there are some species that are currently considered endangered that are not in fact in any danger whether the packs of red wolves that currently exist are in danger of of dying out whether there are some hybrids that ought to be protected by endangered-species endangered-species regulations whether new techniques in genetic research should be used to determine which groups of animals constitute species and which constitutee hybrids constitut

12. Which Which one one of of the foll followi owing ng is an assum assumpti ption on on on which Vogel Vogel’’s argument relies? (A)

The techniques currently being used to determine whether whether a population population of animals is a hybrid of other species have have proven to to be reliable.

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13. From From an analy analysis sis of of bro broke ken n potte pottery ry and statu statuary ary,, archaeologists archaeologis ts have estimated that an ancient settlement in southwestern Arabia was established around 1000 B.C. B.C. Howev However, er, new evidence suggests suggests that the settlement settlement is considerably older: tests show that a piece of building timber recently recently uncovered uncovered at the site is substantially older than the pottery and statuary. Which one Which one of of the foll following owing,, if true, most serio seriously usly undermines the conclusion drawn from the new evidence? (A) (B) (C)

(D) (E)

The building timber bore marks suggesting that it had been salvaged from an earlier settlement. The piec pieces es of pott pottery ery and fragm fragments ents of stat statues ues that were analyzed come from several parts of the site. The tests used to determine the age of the pottery and statuary had been devised more recently than those used to determine the age of the building building timber. The site has yielded many more samples of pottery and statuary statuary than of building timber. timber. The type of pottery found at the site is similar to a type of pottery associated associated with civilizations that existed before 1000 B.C.

14. The bo book To Save the Earth is so persuasive that no one who reads it can fail to heed its environmentalist message. Members of the Earth Association have given away 2,000 copies copies in the last month. Thus the Earth Association can justly claim credit for at least 2,000 people in one month converted to the environmentalist environmental ist cause. Which one of of the following following is an assumption assumption on which the argument depends? (A)

No other environment environmental al organizat organization ion gave away copies of To of To Save the Earth during the month in which the Earth Association gave away its 2,000 copies.

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15. Smoke Smokers rs of pip pipes es or or cigars cigars run run a distin distinctl ctlyy lower lower risk risk to their health than do cigarette smokers. Howev However, er, whereas cigarette smokers smokers who quit smoking altogether sharply sharply reduce their their risk of smoking related health problems, problems, those who give up cigarettes and take up pipes or cigars remain in as much danger as before. Which one Which one of the foll followin owing, g, if true, off offers ers the best best prospects for for an explanation of why the two changes changes in smoking habits do not both result in reduced health risks? (A) (B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

Smokers of pipes or cigars who quit smoking thereby reduce reduce their risk of smoking-rel smoking-related ated health problems. Cigarette smokers who quit smoking for a time and who then resume cigarette smoking do not necessarily necessarily reduce their their risk of smokingrelated health problems. The kinds of illnesses that smokers run an increased risk of contracting develop develop no earlier in cigarette smokers than they do in smokers of pipes or cigars. At any given period in their lives, virtually all smokers smoke either cigarettes exclusively or cigars exclusively exclusively or pipes exclusively, exclusively, rather than alternating freely among various ways of smoking. People who switch from cigarette smoking to

2 Questions 16– 16–17 Production Productio n manager: manager: The buildin buildingg materials materials that that we produce meet industry safety codes but pose some safety risk. Since we have recently recently developed the technology to make a safer version version of our product, product, we should stop producing our current product and sell only the safer version in order to protect public safety. Sales manag manager: er: If we stop sell selling ing our curre current nt prod product, uct, we will have no money to develop and promote promote the safer product. We need to continue to sell the less-safe product in order to be in a position to market the safer product successfully. 16. Which Which one of the fo follo llowing wing pri princi nciple ples, s, if es estab tablis lished hed,, most helps to justify the production manager’ manager ’s conclusion? (A) (B) (C)

(D)

Companies should be required to develop safer products if such development development can be funded from sales sales of existing products. products. That a product does not meet industry safety codes should be taken as sufficient indication that the product poses some safety risks. Companies should not sell a product that poses safety safety risks if they are technologically technologically capable capab le of prod producing ucing a safer safer version version of that product. Product safety codes should be reviewed whenever an industry replaces one version version of

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2 Questions 18–19 Each year, an official estimate of the stock of cod in the Grand Banks is announced. This This estimate is obtained by averaging two separate estimates of how many cod are available, one based on the number of cod caught by research vessels vessels during a once-yearly sampling of the area and the other on the average number of tons of cod caught by various commercial vessels vessels per unit of fishing effort expended there in the past year—a unit of fishing effort being one kilometer of net set out in the water for one hour. In previous decades, the two estimates usually agreed closely. However, for the last decade the estimate based on commercial tonnage tonnage has been increasing markedly, by about the same amount as the sampling based estimate has been decreasing. 18.

2 20.

Pretzels can cause caviti cavities. es. Interestin Interestingly, gly, the longer that a pretzel remains in contact with the teeth when it is being eaten, the greater the likelihood that a cavity will result. What is true of pretzels in this regard is also true of caramels. Therefore, since since caramels dissolve more quickly in the mouth than pretzels do, eating a caramel is less likely to result in a cavity than eating a pretzel is. The reasoning in the argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument (A) (B) (C)

If the statements in the passage are true, which one one of the following is most strongly supported by them? (A) (B) (C)

Last year’ year’ss official estimate was probably not much different from the official estimate ten years ago. The number of commercial vessels fishing for cod in the Grand Banks has increased substantially over the past decade. The sampling-based estimate is more accurate than the estimate based on commercial tonnage in that the data on which it relies is less likely to be inaccurate.

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(D) (E)

treats a correlation that holds within individual categories as thereby holding across categories as well relies on the ambiguous use of a key term makes a general claim based on particular examples that do not adequately represent the respective classes classes that they are each intended to represent mistak mis takes es the cau cause se of a par partic ticula ularr phenomenon phenomen on for the effect of that phenomenon is base based d on on premi premises ses tha thatt canno cannott all all be tru truee GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.

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Questions 21– 21–22 Mark: Plast Plastic-f ic-foam oam cups, cups, which con contain tain envir environme onmentall ntally y harmful chlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, should no longer be used;; pape used paperr cups are prefer preferable. able. Styren Styrene, e, a carcinogenic by-product, by-product, is generated in foam productio prod uction, n, and foam cups, cups, once used, used, pers persist ist indefinitely in the environment environment.. Tina:: You overloo Tina overlook k the environ environment mental al effects effects of of pape paperr cups. A study done 5 years years ago showed that making making paper for their production burned more petroleum than was used for foam cups and used 12 times as much steam, steam, 36 times as much electricity electricity,, and twice as much cooling water. water. Because paper cups weigh more, their transportation takes more more energy. energy. Paper mills produce water water pollution, and when the cups decay they produce produce methane, a gas that contributes to harmful global warming. So they are a worse choice. choice.

2 23. When When people people experie experience nce thro throbbing bbing in their their teeth teeth or gums,, they have gums have serious serious denta dentall problems problems,, and if a dental problem problem is serious, it will be a problem either of toot tooth h decay decay or or of gum dise disease. ase. Ther Therefo efore, re, sinc sincee throbbing in the teeth or gums gums is a sign of serious dental problems, problems, and neither Sabina Sabina’’s teeth nor her gums are throbbing, throbbing, Sabina can be suffering from from neither tooth decay nor gum disease. Which one of the following contains contains an error of reasoning most similar to that made in the argument above? (A)

(B) 21.. Whic 21 Which h one one of th thee foll follow owin ing, g, if tru true, e, co coul uld d Mark Mark cit citee to counter evidence offered by Tina? (A) (B) (C)

The use of energy for chain saws that cut down trees and for trucks trucks that haul logs is part of the environmental environmen tal cost of manufacturing paper. paper. Foam cups are somewhat more acceptable to consumers than paper cups because of their better insulating qualities. The production and transportation of petroleum occasions serious environmen environmental tal

(C)

People who drink a lot of coffee are said to People have jittery nerves. Ther Therefor efore, e, medi medical cal students who drink a lot of coffee should should not become neonatologists neonatologists or surgeons since neither neonatology nor surgery should be practiced by people with jittery nerves. A legally practicing psychiatrist must have both a medical degree and psychiatric training. trainin g. Thus Thus,, sinc sincee Emmett Emmett has not undergon unde rgonee psychiatric psychiatric training training,, if he is practicing as a psychiatrist, psychiatrist, he is not doing doing so legally. Someone with severe nasal congestion has a sinus infection or else is suffering from an allergy aller gy.. Ther Therefor efore, e, if Barto Barton n does not not have have a sinus infection, infection, Barton probably does not have severe nasal congestion.

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2 24. A certain certain airport airport secu security rity scanne scannerr designed designed to detec detectt explosives in luggage will alert the scanner’ scanner ’s operator whenever the piece of luggage passing passing under the scanner contains an explosive. explosive. The scanner will erroneously alert the operator for only one percent of the pieces of luggage that contain no explosives. explosives. Thus in ninety-nine out of of a hundred alerts alerts explosives will actually be present. The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

ignores the possibility of the scanner scanner’’s failing to signal an alert when the luggage does contain an explosive draws a general conclus conclusion ion about reliability on the basis of a sample that is likely likely to be biased ignores the possibility of human error on the part of the scanne scannerr’s operator once the scanner has alerted him or her fails to acknowledge the possibility that the scanner will not be equally sensitive to all kindss of expl kind explosiv osives es substitutes one group for a different group in the statement statement of of a percentage percentage

25. Unless Unless nego negotiatio tiations ns begin begin soon soon,, the ceas cease-fi e-fire re will will be be violated by one of the two sides to the dispute. Negotiations will be held only if other countries countries have pressured the two two sides to negotiate; negotiate; an agreement

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26. If Blan Blanken kenship ship Ente Enterprise rprisess has has to switc switch h suppl suppliers iers in the middle middle of a large production run, the company company will not show a profit for the year. Therefore Therefore,, if Blankenship Blankens hip Enterprises in fact turns out to show no profit for the year, year, it will also turn out to be true that the company had to switch suppliers during a large production run. The reasoning in the argument is most v ulnerable to criticism on which one of the following following grounds? (A) (B)

(C) (D) (E)

The argument is a circular argument made up of an opening claim followed followed by a conclusion conclusion that merely paraphrases that claim. The argument fails to establish that a condition under which a phenomenon is said to occur is the only condition under which that phenomenon occurs. The argument involv involves es an equivocation, in that the word “profit profit”” is allowed to shift its meaning during the the course of of the argument. The argument erroneously uses an exceptional, isolated case to support a universal conclusion. The argument explains one event as being caused by another event, event, even though both events must actually have been caused by some third, third, unidentified event.

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SECTION III Time—35 minutes 27 Questions Directions: Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated stated or implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the questi on. However, However, you you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. A major tenet of the neurosciences has been that all neurons (nerve cells) in the brains of vertebrate animals are formed early in development. An adult vertebrate, it was believed, must make do w ith a (5) fixed number of neurons: those lost through disease or injury are not replaced, and adult learning takes place not through generation of new cells but through modification of connections among existing ones. However,, new evidence for neurogenesis (the However (10) birth of new neurons) has come from the study of canary song. Young Young canaries and other songbirds learn to sing much as humans learn to speak, by imitating models provided by their elders. Several weeks after birth, a young bird produces its first (15) rudimentary attempts at singing; over the next few months the song becomes more structured and stable, reaching a fully developed state by the time the bird approaches its first breeding season. But

would enable the human brain to repair itself through neurogenesis. Whether such replacement of neurons would disrupt complex learning processes or long-term memory is not known, but (55) songbird research challenges scientists to identify the genes or hormones that orchestrate neurogenesis in the young human brain and to learn how to activate them in the adult brain. 1.

Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? (A)

(B)

New evidence of neurogenesis in canaries challenges an established neurological theory concerning brain cells in vertebrates and suggests the possibility that human brains may repair themselves. The brains of canaries canaries differ from the brains of other vertebrate animals in that the brains of

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3 2. Acco Accordi rding ng to to the the passa passage, ge, whi which ch one one of of the foll followi owing ng is true of the typical adult adult canary during the late summer and fall? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

The canary ’s song repertoire takes on a fully structured and stable quality quality.. A process of neurogen neurogenesis esis replaces the songlearning neurons that were lost during the preceding months. The canary begins to learn an entirely new repertoire of songs based on the models models of other canaries. The regions in the canary ’s brain that are central to the learning learning of song decrease decrease in size. The canary performs slightly modified versions of the songs it learned during the preceding breeding season.

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5. The The us use of of the word “ vocabulary ” (line 23) serves primarily to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

demonstrate the presenc presencee of a rudimentary grammatical structure in canary song point out a similarity between the patterned groupings of sounds in a canary ’s song and the syllabic syllabic structures of words stress the stability and uniformity of the canary ’s song throughout its lifetime suggest a similarity between the possession of a repertoire of of words among among humans and a repertoire of songs among canaries imply that the complexity of the canary ’s song repertoire is equal equal to that of of human language language

6. Acco Accordi rding ng to to the pas passag sage, e, whi which ch one one of of the foll followi owing ng factors may help account for the occurrence of

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For too many many years scholars of of African American history focused on the harm done by slaveholders slavehol ders and by the institution of of slavery slavery,, rather than on what Africans in the United States were accomplish despite the effects effects of that (5) able to accomplish institution instit ution.. In In Myne Myne Owne Ground , T. H. Br Bree een n and and Stephen Innes contribute significantly to a recent, welcome shift from a white-centered white-centered to a blackcentered inquiry inquiry into the role of African Americans colonial period. Breen and Innes Innes (10) in the American colonial focus not on slaves, slaves, but on a small group group of freed indentured servants in Northampton County (in the Chesapeake Bay region region of Virginia) who, who, according to the authors, maintained their freedom, freedom, secured property,, and interacted interacted with persons of different (15) property races and economic standing from 1620 through the 1670s. African Americans living on the the Chesapeake were to some extent disadvantaged, disadvantaged, say Breen and

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3 9. The auth author or of the pass passage age obje objects cts to to many many schol scholarl arly y studies of African American American history for which one of the following reasons? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Their emphases have been on statutor statutoryy law rather than on customary law. They have ignored specific historical situations and personages personages in favor favor of broad interpretations. They have focused on the least eventful periods in African American history. They have underemphasi underemphasized zed the economic system that was was the basis of the institution of of slavery. They have failed to focus to a sufficient extent on the achievements achievements of African Americans. Americans.

10. Wh Which ich one one of of the foll followi owing ng can can be infe inferre rred d from from the the

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3 11. The auth author or of the pass passage age most most prob probabl ablyy refers refers to to Anthony Johnson Johnson and his family in order to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

provide a specific example of the potential shortcomings of Breen and Innes Innes’’s interpretation of historical events provide a specific example of relevant data overlooked by Breen and Innes in their discussion of historical events provide a specific example of data that Breen and Innes might profitably have used in proving their thesis argue that the standard interpretation of historical events is superior to Breen and Innes’’s revisionist interpretation Innes argue that a new historiographical method is needed to provide a full and coherent reading of hist historical orical events events

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12. The att attitu itude de of the aut author hor of the pas passag sagee tow toward ard Breen and Innes’ Innes’s study can best be described as one of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

condescending dismissal wholehearted acceptance contentious challenge qualified approval sincere puzzlement

13. The pri primary mary pur purpos posee of of the pas passag sagee is to (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

summarize previous interpretations advocate a new approach propose and then illustrate a thesis present and evaluate an interpretation describe a historical event

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Late-nineteenth-century Late-ninetee nth-century books about the French artist Watteau (1684– (1684–1721) betray a curious blind spot: more than any single artist before before or since, Watteau provided his age with an influential image (5) of itself, and nineteenth-ce nineteenth-century ntury writers accepted this image as genuine. This was largely due to the the enterprise of Watteau atteau’’s friends who, who, soon after after his death,, orga death organized nized the printing printing of engra engraved ved reproduc repr oductions tions of of the great great bulk of his work — both (10) his paintings and his drawings— drawings—so that Watteau’ Watteau’s total artistic output became and continued to be more accessible accessible than that of any other artist until the twentieth-century twentieth-century advent advent of art monographs illustrated with photographs. photographs. These engravings engravings (15) presented aristocratic (and would-be aristocratic) eighteenth-century eighteenth-ce ntury French society with an image of itself that was highly acceptable acceptable and widely imitated by other artists, however little relationship relationship that

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3 14. Which Which one one of of the foll following owing best desc describes ribes the ove overall rall organization of the passage? (A) (B)

(C)

(D) (E)

A particular phenomeno phenomenon n is discussed, the reasons that it is atypical are put forward, forward, and these reasons are evaluated and refined. An assumption is made, results deriving from it are compared with what is known to be true, and the assumption assumption is finally rejected rejected as counterfactual. A point of view is desc described, ribed, one hypo hypothes thesis is accounting for it is introduced and rejected, and a better hypothesis is offered for consideration. A general characterization is offered, examples supporting it are introduced, introduced, and its special applicability to a particular group is asserted. A particular viewpoint is explained, its

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3 16.

According to the passage, explanations of artistic According production based on determinism were unthinkable to Watteau admirers for which one of the following reasons? (A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

If such explanations were widely accepted, too many people who would otherwise have admired Watteau Watteau would cease to appreciate Watteau’s works. If such explanations were adopted, they would make it difficult for Watteau Watteau admirers to explain why Watteau’s works were purchased and admired by foreigners. If such such explan explanatio ations ns were were cor correc rect, t, man manyy artist artistss who, like Watteau, Watteau, considered themselves French would have to be excluded from histories of French art. If such simple explanations were offered, other

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It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s author’s view of Watteau’ atteau’ss works differs most significantly from that of most late-nineteenth-century Watteau Watteau admirers in which one of the following ways? (A)

(B) (C)

(D)

Unlike most late-nineteenth-century Watteau admirers, the author appreciates the importance of Watteau’ atteau’ss artistic art istic accomplishment. The author finds Watteau’ atteau’ss works to be much less lyrical and charming than did most latenineteenth-century admirers of the works. In contrast to most late-nineteenth-century Watteau admirers, the author finds it misleading to see Watteau’s works as accurately reflecting social reality. The author is much more willing to entertain deterministic explanations of the origins of

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Faced with the problems of insufficient evidence, evidence, of con conflict flicting ing evidence evidence,, and of eviden evidence ce relaye relayed d through the flawed flawed perceptu perceptual, al, retentive, and narrativee abilities narrativ abilities of witnes witnesses, ses, a jury is forced to (5) draw inferences in its attempt to ascertain the tr uth. By applying the same cognitive tools they have

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3 21. Which Which one one of of the foll followi owing ng best best expr express esses es the the main main idea of the passage passage?? (A)

When making decisions in certain predictable situations, juries may commit commit inferential inferential errors that obscure rather than reveal the

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3 24. Which Which one one of of the foll followi owing ng best best desc describe ribess the the author’’s attitude toward author toward the majority majority of judges today? (A)

apprehensive about whether they are apprehensive consistentt in their consisten their instruction of juries

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26. It can be inferred inferred from the passag passagee that that the autho authorr would be most likely to agree with which one of the following generalizations about lawyers lawyers?? (A)

They have a less sophisticated understanding of human cognition than do psychologists. psychologists.

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SECTION IV Time—35 minutes 24 Questions Directions: Direction s: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning reasoning contained in brief statements or or passages. For For some

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5. Planetary Planetary bodies bodies diff differ er from from one anoth another er in their composition, but most most of those in the Solar System have solid solid surfaces. surfaces. Unles Unlesss the core core of such a planetary body generates enough heat to cause volcanic action, the surface of the body will not be renewed for millions millions of years. Any planetary body

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7. Mu Murray rray:: You cla claim im Sen Senato atorr Bran Brando don n has has ac accep cepte ted d gifts from lobbyists. You are wrong to make this criticism. That it is motivated by personal dislike is shown by the fact that you deliberately avoid criticizing other politicians who have done what you accuse Senator Senator

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Questions 8–9 Oscar: Emerging information information technologies technologies will soon make speed of information processing the single most important factor in the creation of individual, corporate, and national nat ional wealth. Consequently, the

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At the beginning of each month, companies report to the federal government their net loss or gain i n jobs over the past month. These reports are then consolidated consolidat ed by the government and reported as the total gain or loss for the past month. Despite accurate reporting by companies and correct tallying

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LSAT_PT_13.pdf

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